(完整版)工程造价外文及翻译
工程造价 英语 短语翻译
⏹（一）1.政府机构governmental agency2.承包商contractor3.分包商subcontractor4.建筑师architect5.保险公司insurance company6.担保公司surety company7.材料商material dealer/supplier8.施工现场construction site⏹（二）项目规划设计和施工project planning, design and construction临时设施temporary job facilities项目预算project budget投资和合同授予过程bidding and contract award process质量控制quality control项目的监督project supervision7.进度款progress payment合同变更contract change满足业主要求suit the individual owner's requirements以业主的名义in the name of the owner◆（三）卷入诉讼------ be involved in litigation公共工程------ public work承包商的注册-- contractors’ register某此因素------ certain factors合同工期------ duration of contract相对重要性---- relative importance担保能力------ bonding capacity现有工作任务-- current workload⏹（四）投标公告notice to bidders招标邀请函invitation to bidders标书格式bid forms标书分析bid analysis主要供应商major supplier投标保函bid bonds未预见情况unforeseen circumstances质量保证期quality guarantee period标书接收的地点和时间the time and place for the receipt of bids警察，消防和街道代表police, fire, and street department representatives●（五）材料价格material price分包商的报价subcontractor's quotation机具设备租赁费equipment hire rates向供应商询价enquire supplier工程量清单bill of quantitie s墙砖wall tiles / brick防潮层damp-proof courses水泥cement粗骨料coarse aggregates回扣discount◆（刘）平面布置图和立面图schematic layouts and elevations规划许可planning permission建筑业管理许可building regulations approval工程质量project quality装修工程的造价the cost of decoration projects合同文本contract documents合同图纸contract drawings承包人义务contractor's obligations指定供应商和分包商specified suppliers and subcontractors 开工和竣工时期the start and completion dates中期付款interim payments缺陷责任期the defects liability period⏹（七）法律框架legal framework相关各方parties concerned标准文本standard forms标准条款standard clauses特殊条款special clauses业主姓名the name of the employer工料测量师quantity surveyor公共机构public bodys签名和印章signature and seal印花税stamp duty●（八）投标明细或价值明细表bid breakdown or schedule of values污水处理厂wastewater treatment plant地下管线underground utility lines道路改建roads improvements开挖与回填excavation and backfill筑堤embankment延长英尺linear feet平方英尺square feet延期罚款条款liquidated damages clauses for delay工程造价construction pricing /cost of construction管理费和利润overhead and profit合同管理contract administration（九）造价师/工料测量师quantity surveyor建筑设计阶段building design stage 可行性分析阶段feasible analysis stage概算approximate estimate施工图设计阶段construction drawing design stage建筑面积floor spac e成本效益分析cost and profit analysis养护费maintenance cost◆（十一）项目经理project manager现场管理Management of construction field项目成本和时间控制project cost and time control技术复杂性technical complexity施工方法construction methods设计阶段design stage材料替代material substitute/alternatives管理机构regulatory agency材料和设备供应商material and equipment suppliers材料和设备的运输时间the delivery times of materials and project equipment●Twelve总承包商the general contractor业主the owner影响费用impact costs间接损失consequential damages项目总进度计划overall project schedule项目网络图project network变更条款change clauses备忘录memoranda延迟提交索赔defer claims submission提出索赔file a claim。
外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译Research on the Construction Project's Engineering Cost摘要：工程造价是指在建设项目中所发生的各类费用，包括建筑材料采购费、施工费、劳动力费用、设备费用等。
如何准确预估工程造价，对于项目管理和决策具有重要意义。
本文通过对国内外工程造价研究文献的梳理和分析，总结了工程造价的基本理论和方法，并提出了一种利用建筑信息模型（BIM）技术进行工程造价估算的新方法。
关键词：工程造价；建设项目；预估；建筑信息模型引言：工程造价是建设项目实施过程中的一个重要方面，对于项目的财务状况和进度控制具有直接影响。
因此，准确预估和控制工程造价对于项目的成功实施至关重要。
随着科技的发展，建筑信息模型（BIM）技术逐渐成为工程造价估算的新趋势。
本文首先回顾了国内外工程造价研究的现状，并总结了相关的基本理论和方法。
然后，通过对比分析各种方法的优劣，提出了一种基于BIM技术的工程造价估算方法。
该方法基于建筑信息模型（BIM）技术，通过将建筑设计和工程造价估算相结合，实现了工程造价的精确预估。
具体而言，该方法通过BIM软件模拟建筑物的三维模型，并根据材料和工艺的要求，自动计算出建筑物的各项费用。
同时，该方法还能够根据设计变更和优化方案，及时调整工程造价的预估结果。
通过实例应用，本文验证了该方法的可行性和准确性。
结果表明，利用BIM技术进行工程造价估算能够提高预估结果的准确性和工作效率。
综上所述，利用建筑信息模型（BIM）技术进行工程造价估算是一个行之有效的方法。
这一方法能够准确预估工程造价，提高项目管理和决策的精确度，对于建设项目的顺利完成具有重要意义。
Abstract: Engineering cost refers to various expensesincurred in construction projects, including procurement costsof building materials, construction costs, labor costs, equipment costs, etc. Accurate estimation of engineering cost is of great significance for project management and decision-making. This paper reviews and analyzes the research literature on engineering cost both domestically and internationally, summarizes the basic theories and methods of engineering cost, and proposes a new method using Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology for engineering cost estimation.Keywords: Engineering cost; Construction project; Estimation; Building Information ModelingThrough practical application examples, the feasibility and accuracy of this method are verified. The results show thatusing BIM technology for engineering cost estimation can improve the accuracy and efficiency of estimation results.。
外文翻译--工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性
外文文献：The significance of control constructioncosts manages on entire processFirst，The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account。
Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account。
Be that in advance，the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost，or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed。
工程造价专业英语课文翻译
通用条件1 一般规定1.1 定义在合同条件(“本条件”)，包括专用条件和本通用条件中，下列词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义。
除上下文另有要求外，文中人员或当事各方等词语包括公司和其他合法实体。
1.1.1 合同1.1.1.1 “合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和合同协议书列出的其他文件(如果有)。
1.1.1.2 “合同协议书”系指第1.6款[合同协议书]中所述的合同协议书及所附各项备忘录。
1.1.1.3 “雇主要求”系指合同中包括的，题为雇主要求的文件，其中列明工程的目标、范围、和(或)设计和(或)其他技术标准，以及按合同对此项文件所作的任何补充和修改。
1.1.1.4 “投标书”系指包含在合同中的由承包商提交的为完成工程签署的报价，以及随同提交的所有其他文件(本条件和雇主要求除外，如同时提交)。
1.1.1.5 “履约保证”和“付款计划表”系指合同中包括的具有上述名称的文件(如果有)。
1.1.2 各方和人员1.1.2.1 “当事方(或一方)”根据上下文需要，或指雇主，或指承包商。
1.1.2.2 “雇主”系指在合同协议书中被称为雇主的当事人及其财产所有权的合法继承人。
1.1.2.3 “承包商”系指合同协议书中被称为承包商的当事人及其财产所有权的合法继承人。
1.1.2.4 “雇主代表”系指由雇主在合同中指名的人员，或有时由雇主根据第3.1款[雇主代表]的规定任命为其代表的人员。
1.1.2.5 “承包商代表”系指由承包商在合同中指名的人员，或有时由承包商根据第4.3款[承包商代表]的规定任命为其代表的人员。
1.1.2.6 “雇主人员”系指雇主代表、第3.2款[其他雇主人员]中提到的助手、以及雇主和雇主代表的所有其他职员、工人和其他雇员，以及雇主或雇主代表通知承包商作为雇主人员的任何其他人员。
1.1.2.7 “承包商人员”系指承包商代表和承包商在现场聘用的所有人员，包括承包商和每个分包商的职员、工人和其他雇员，以及所有其他帮助承包商实施工程的人员。
工程造价工程预算中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)在斯里兰卡建筑承包商中建立的估算数据流当一个预算员在编写工程量清单时，为了计算建设项目的成本他会收集大量的数据。
收集的数据可用于承包商的后续管理，承包商在投标后的管理中使用这些数据时应格外注意。
本文从斯里兰卡建筑承包商的十个案例研究组织中得到的信息确定了承包商的管理部门、管理任务和管理团队，而且还明确了估算数据流在各管理部门之间和管理部门内部的功能。
这些数据流强调了在投标后进行修正数据的必要性。
人们认为当前估计数据的形式和描述数据的主要原因是为了在斯里兰卡的重新使用。
然而，人们发现任何传统格式的革命性变革都不会受行业的欢迎。
任何新的提议在可接受性的限制下的传统做法内被制定。
单位价格由材料消耗量、劳动力消耗量和机械设备消耗量组成，单位价格各组成量可以提供所有的数据供直接使用，因此减少了一些重复工作。
进一步的研究应该着手于单位价格的最佳格式和结构的组成。
关键词：工程量清单、案例研究、数据管理、评估、斯里兰卡。
简介在过去的四十年里，许多研究人员调查了工程量清单在承包商投标后的管理中的应用。
已经出现的可供参考的工程量清单格式：操作清单（教育部和科学部，1957），地方性贸易清单（Nott，1963），工程量清单-操作格式-（Skoyes，1968），BPF系统-活动日程-（英国房地产联合会，1983）和建造者的数量（Pasquire and McCaffer，1968）。
然而使用了标准的测量方法（皇家特许测量协会。
1968）的工程量清单在传统的实践准备过程中仍然被广泛用于标准的工程量清单的准备。
（Kodikarq，1990）。
这并不意味着在承包商投标后的合同管理中使用工程量清单是有效的（Skinner，1981）。
工程量清单是投标人在所获取的主要文件，本文是对在1989年的一项调查承包商评估数据所作的报告。
这项工作的目的是观察在斯里兰卡建筑承包商组织中的估计数量流，并确定承包商的数据管理效率低下的原因。
工程造价英语文献翻译
AbstractProject cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy.Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on.With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects:ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability.ⅲCapital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.ⅳTo strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design,Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: ⅰAs the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do thebudget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units.ⅱPromoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality, strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.ⅲStrengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program, in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved, excluding unfavorable factors may generally isexcluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control, construction began at best to save and invest 20%, the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates, to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options, the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study, to the design staff costs, to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek aone-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.ⅳDesign actively promote the so-called cap limit design, even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates, guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget, according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits, and every one professional, each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process, designers should progress to more programs, design optimization, ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable, innovative, stylish, and do not break the limit investment objectives, thus eliminating the engineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the technical feasibility of the program, rather than economic rationality phenomenon, the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis, is a modern scientific management technique, is a new techno-economic analysis, is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on costreduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies, construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period, a lot of wastage, poor quality, high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object, on average; from comparison choose the best design.1985 summary, project cost control is a whole process of control, it should be said that every link is no room for complacency, and each one links are also important. With China's entry into the WTO, China was the main investment diversification, investment side of cost reduction, cost control, improves returns on investment increasing attention. Therefore, changes to the original construction cost estimate, budget, budget, contract prices, and the settlement price accounts for the completionof the move. Lack of continuity of the situation, the launch control system investment projects, investment in construction projects to improve the level of control. Can promote the country's socialist market economic development, adapt to the global economic integration process.摘要工程造价管理的基本内容,确定合理和有效控制工程造价。
外文翻译--工程造价管理全过程控制的重要性
外文文献：The significance of control constructioncosts manages on entire processFirst，The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs，that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account。
Be that in advance，the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts,apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed。
住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译2019-2020最新
住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译英文Examining the role of value management in controlling cost overrun [application on residential construction projects in Egypt]Laila Khodeira，Alaa GhandourAbstractActual cost of construction projects generally differs from planned cost, where this could reach a value between 21% and 55%. In Residential construction, cost overruns form a crucial problem. A suggested methodology to mitigate this problem is Value Management (VM), which has proven to be an effective approach. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to examine the role of VM in Controlling Cost Overrun, with special reference to Residential Projects in Egypt. A literature review was applied on the basics of project cost implementation. In addition, a qualitative analysis of case studies was performed. Finally, a questionnaire survey that assessed the impact of applying VE on Residential projects in Egypt was performed. Findings of this paper highlighted the value added from applying Methodologies of VM, where it was observed that it could achieve 15–40% savings of the total project cost.Keywords: Cost management, Residential Construction, Value management, Cost overrunIntroductionThe commonly known definition of the term “Project Cost” is the financial sum needed to accomplish the production of construction-related products; for example, buildings. The cost of any building contractor-related project is a representation of all those items under the name of “expenditures”. In general, project's cost is determined by quantitative assessments of the expected sum amount of resources required to accomplish all necessary activities; labor, materials, supplies, etc. Thus, the project's cost is all about the amount of cash that is to be paid for the sake of completion of all activities concerning this particular project. Moving on to cost overrun, it can simply be estimated by dividing the change in the contract amount by the contract award amount. Therefore, Cost Overrun = Final Actual Cost − Original Estimated Budget Cost. It can als o be defined as “excess of actual cost over budget”. Cost Overrun is also referred to as “Cost Escalation”, “Cost Increase”, or “Budgets Overrun”.This paper is mainly concerned with control processes of the construction projects cost overruns. The main objective of this paper is thus to examine the role of Value Management (VM) in controlling such overrun, with special reference to residential projects in Egypt. In addition, the paper attempts to identify the determinants and basis of the total cost of implementing such type of projects, that can help in reducingthe gap between the estimated/planned time and actual time and cost of residential constructional projects implementation. This paper suggests the usage of value management approach which is based on structured steps and phases that finally aim at reaching a fair balancing of cost and quality.Historically, value management emerged in the United States of America as a result of running out of materials used in manufacturing during World War II. Mr. Lawrence Miles (founder of Value Management, then known as Value Analysis) of General Electric was hugely responsible for this technique's creation in 1942, and since then it has been a preferred method in a wide range of industries. Currently, the US government and other countries as the UK, Australia, KSA, Japan, and Korea rely on the “Value Management ” among other countries, and it is expected that such technology will have a vital role within capital projects.Literature reviewThe first step towards achieving the aim of this research is undergoing a comprehensive literature review of recent researches that dealt with the concepts of cost overruns, Value management and the significance of residential construction projects in Egypt.Defining cost overrunThe term “Cost Overrun” can be defined as the state when: “whenthe final cost of the project exceeds the original estimates”. The cost has no doubt proven to be an essential component to accomplish any project's success, as well as one of the most factors that impact the project's quality. It is believed that construction projects should be experiencing an increase of about 33% on average. According to a comprehensive research that was performed on cost overruns in international construction projects, it was discovered that 9 out of 10 projects have passed the previously set estimations, 50–100% excesses were postulated to be common and had a constant for 70 years through which data was available.In most developing countries, the trend is different; at times projects reach as much as a 100% of cost variance. Low quality materials might have a clear impact on construction cost, even higher than the expected/estimated, which is mainly caused by material loss during the implementation process. This problems, and others are the resultant of lack of standards that could mitigate cost overrun and decrease construction costs, causing many construction firms to fail. Therefore, the development of an accurate cost management strategy is essential, moreover, the application of the strategy of, “Proactive Cost Management” will be the way through.One of the most important and largely impacting factors in the project mana gement's life cycle is “Cost”; it can be considered as a driverof the project success. Aside from its previously proved vitality, it is very redundant to witness the failure of a project's objective achievement within the previously set cost. Cost deviation from the initial plan is dominating in most construction project sites. However, there were not enough efforts exerted to eliminate this proved phenomenon.In the coming part of this research attempts to closely study, search, identify and estimate the importance of different factors that could affect cost deviation and variance within Egyptian residential projects according to their impact and importance respectively; it also offers possible methodologies to get along with this vast spread phenomenon.Residential projects in EgyptOne of the most current active industries in the Egyptian economy is the construction industry, as the residential units continue to grow rapidly to cope with the expansion of the population in Egypt. The composition of the country's population is one of the most aggressive contributors to the booming of this kind of projects. Construction projects consist of complex operations that cannot be predicted. It is as well very scarce to find unchanged construction projects in terms of different aspects of the process. This, of course, leads to quite a noticeable variation orders, which in turn causes cost overrun, time delay, quality defects and other negative impacts. Moreover, they lead as well to the uncertainty of flow processes and the increase of non-value-adding processes which reducethe value of the output.Definition of value management methodologyTo define the VM methodology, it could be described as a structured and systematic methodology which improves projects' end-products and activities. The main function of VM methodology is to analyze products changes in construction and design projects. In the meanwhile, management processes as well as business help to equilibrate tasks that are necessary, along with cost and other resources needed to accomplish. To sum up, “Value Methodology” is the foundation of “Value Analysis”, “Value Management” and “Value Engineering”. “Value analysis is a system of thinking based on the function of Identifying and eliminating all unnecessary costs while maintaining all types of quality in any industry, construction or service or anywhere the dollar is spent”.“Value Engineering is a management technique installed using a structured approach to find the best functional balance between lost reliability and product performance or enterprise search programs to improve management capacity of people and promote gradual change by identifying and transferring unnecessary costs”. The “Value Engineering” methodology formulated by SA VE's usage is not wide-spread in Egypt, awing to the fact that the organizations are not aware of it and don’t put an effort to understand it properly. The risk is taken by practitioners themselves, as their main aim is to reduce cost, so other componentfunctions get affected as well. In addition, creative alternatives do not seem to be provided due to the composition of teams that are non-coordinated, although the formulation of teams determines whether value engineering is to succeed or fail .Analysis of the application of VM on residential projects examples Information phasein this phase, The VM team leader has prepared a cost model from the assessed cost provided by the project's team. The model is beneficial in the identification of the major construction trade categories, the estimated cost that will be required by the designer, and finally the total project cost for significant cost items' percentage. By the end of this phase, the cost drivers already have a clear vision for the project by cost models and continue to guide the VM team during the VM study.In the analyzed example projects, the VM team had specific observations regarding projects costs. These include the importance of producing a generic study regarding the project's elements as a whole and their cost ratio to that of the whole project, so that the cost of each item is recorded and all data regarding this project is detailed. Within this stage, reviewing of the drawings associated with quantities and quality tables were necessarily checked in. In addition, the determination of the effect of each item on the business total cost should be performed. Finally, the items with great impact should be determined and entered in trials ofevaluation.Function analysis phaseThe importance of functional analysis is the production of a unique view for the project study, and it is the essential process that distinguishes VM from any other problem-solving practice. It transforms different elements of a certain project into functions, and this mentally separates the VM team away from original design and excels into a functional concept approach of the project. Functions are addressed by verb-noun sentences in order to accomplish a reduction of the project's needs to a possible elemental level. This helps to identify the major functions of the design elements of the project and allows the team to have a broader understanding and consideration of alternative methods to achieve their optimum functions.Creative phase & evaluation phaseThe creativity phase generally involves the listing of creative ideas, Whilst, throughout the evaluation phase the VM team, along with the Clients and/or Users work collaboratively on evaluating the generated ideas. These two phases are directly explained through the analysis of their actual application on the two examples shown in Table . The main procedures of each phase was similarly applied on each example project, however the outputs of each process varied according to the particularity of each one.Generic findingsBased on the analysis of the results extracted from the applied questionnaire survey, literature review and the analysis of examples, the authors observed the agreed upon role of value management in residential construction projects. This is shown. It could be mentioned accordingly that there are potentials that are gained upon the application of VM, these potentials are either related to cost overruns, quality of the products or related to building team.ConclusionsIt was obvious from the study that the analysis of residential projects cases in Egypt showed that the cost overrun percentage ranges from 21% to 55.19% in projects of constructional nature, which encourages the application of value management process in order to achieve cost control. Where, the first example achieved 40% savings in cost concerning roof layers, in addition to the improvement of thermal insulation reaching 55%. Whereas, the second example reduced the openings of doors and windows according to requirements of the design code, which achieved cost savings in the wooden work item and also in the work of aluminum item. This example managed to achieve 15% cost saving from the original cost of all architectural works in projects.Based on the findings of this study the role played by VM in Residential construction was clearly identified where the followingpotentials were extracted from the findings of the study:Improvement in cost control of the project.Fulfillment of cost reductions without compromising value.The client gains more value of money.The process results in a quality product being delivered.The process results in successful team working.To sum up, it can be stated that obvious improvement of value occurs when VM methodology and phases are effectively applied. The paper clarified that the proposed alter natives through value management’s research considerations reached from 15% to 40% cost savings as observed in Fig. 18due to saving cost from specific item(s). This result was supported by the findings of the survey questionnaire as well. Where, the survey results showed that applying Value Management in Residential Construction projects has high impact in residential project specially cost reduction.中文埃及住宅工程造价控制：价值管理的具体应用摘要建设项目的实际成本通常与计划成本不同，后者可能达到21％至55％之间的值。
工程造价专业英语
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Unit Two
一．New Words and Expressions
二．Text Study 三．Exercises
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一．New Words and Expressions
1.consulting n.咨询，顾问；a.咨询的，顾问的
consult
v.请教（别人），查阅（书）等
consultant n.顾问
e.g. A firm of management consultants(管理咨询公司)
4.constraint n.约束，强制；限制性或约束事物
constrain v.强迫某人做某事
constrained a.勉强的，受拘束的，不自然的
11.expedite v.加快
e.g. Please do what you can to expedite the building work.(请尽快加快建筑工作）
他有意购买那个俱乐部作为投资.
undertake v.承担（某事物），负起…责任
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一． New Words and Expressions
successive a.连续的，接连的
e.g. The team has won five successive games.
succeed v.成功，做成，达到目的；接替 success n.成功，成就，胜利；成功者 succession n.一连串的事物，一系列
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Ⅴ.Put the following Chinese into English
1.项目规划设计和施工 2.临时设施 3.项目预算 4.投资和合同授予过程 5.质量控制 6.项目的监督 7.进度款 8.合同变更 9.满足业主要求 10.以业主的名义
工程造价外文翻译
工程造价外文翻译 The stage of the project cost management
Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, 1、Project cost management Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits. 2、the status of construction cost management Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performance 工程造价外文翻译 of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. 3、engineering cost management cost management union With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy. In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role. As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology, First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to 工程造价外文翻译 achieve long-term goals. Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. 4、The decision-making phase of the project cost management Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control. China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.
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The Cost of Building Structure1. IntroductionThe art of architectural design was characterized as one of dealing comprehensively with a complex set of physical and nonphysical design determinants。
Structural considerations were cast as important physical determinants that should be dealt with in a hierarchical fashion if they are to have a significant impact on spatial organization and environmental control design thinking.The economical aspect of building represents a nonphysical structural consideration that, in final analysis， must also be considered important。
Cost considerations are in certain ways a constraint to creative design。
But this need not be so。
If something is known of the relationship between structural and constructive design options and their cost of implementation, it is reasonable to believe that creativity can be enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’observation that most enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’ observation that most creative design innovations succeed under competitive bidding and not because of unusual owner affluence as the few publicized cases of extravagance might lead one to believe。
One could even say that a designer who is truly creative will produce architectural excellence within the constraints of economy. Especially today， we find that there is a need to recognize that elegance and economy can become synonymous concepts.Therefore, in this chapter we will set forth a brief explanation of the parameters of cost analysis and the means by which designers may evaluate the overall economic implications of their structural and architectural design thinking。
The cost of structure alone can be measured relative to the total cost of building construction. Or， since the total construction cost is but a part of a total project cost, one could include additional consideration for land（10～20percent），finance and interest（100～200 percent)，taxes and maintenance costs (on the order of20 percent）。
But a discussion of these so-called architectural costs is beyond the scope of this book， and we will focus on the cost of construction only.On the average， purely structural costs account for about 25 percent of total construction costs, This is so because it has been traditional to discriminate betweenpurely structural and other so—called architectural costs of construction. Thus， in tradition we find that architectural costs have been taken to be those that are not necessary for the structural strength and physical integrity of a building design.“Essential services” forms a third construction cost category and refers to the provision of mechanical and electrical equipment and other service systems. On the average， these service costs account for some 15 to 30 percent of the total construction cost， depending on the type of building。
Mechanical and electrical refers to the cost of providing for air-conditioning equipment and he means on air distribution as well as other services， such as plumbing， communications， and electrical light and power.The salient point is that this breakdown of costs suggests that， up to now, an average of about 45 to 60 percent of the total cost of constructing a typical design solution could be considered as architectural。
But this picture is rapidly changing. With high interest costs and a scarcity of capital， client groups are demanding leaner designs。
Therefore, one may conclude that there are two approaches the designer may take towards influencing the construction cost of building.The first approach to cost efficiency is to consider that wherever architectural and structural solutions can be achieved simultaneously， a potential for economy is evident. Since current trends indicate a reluctance to allocate large portions of a construction budget to purely architectural costs, this approach seems a logical necessity。
But， even where money is available， any use of structure to play a basic architectural role will allow the nonstructural budget to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be applied to fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be cut back. The second approach achieves economy through an integration of service and structural subsystems to round out one’s effort to produce a total architectural solution to a building design problem。
The final pricing of a project by the constructor or contractor usually takes a different form。