2012年考研英语模拟题八

合集下载

2012年职称英语考试《综合类》押题试卷(8)-中大网校

2012年职称英语考试《综合类》押题试卷(8)总分：100分及格：60分考试时间：120分第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

(1)The firm of Bonnin and Morris in Philadelphia was probably the first American company to manufacture porcelain.(2)The major portion of writer Benjamin Brawley's work was in social criticism.(3)People have always been both fascinated by the spectacle of volcanic eruptions and terrified of their power.(4)Tung oil is a powerful drying agent used in varnishes and paints.(5)In the 1870's Alexander Graham Bell developed the first practicable telephone.(6)Joan's prediction that there would be an earthquake dismayed her friends.A. verificationB. evidenceC. prophecyD. reflection(7)Psychologists think of attitudes as being predispositions toward objects or events that determine the way people react to different stimuli.A. prior inclinationsB. prescriptionsC. precautionsD. principal commitments(8)The predominant activities in rural societies are those that involve the production of food and raw materials.A. principalB. predictableC. necessaryD. routine(9)Her first year at school away from home，she suffered qualms of homesickness.A. quakesB. regretsC. lapsesD. pangs(10)Home economists recommend buying basic food items in large quantities.A. storesB. amountsC. bagsD. boxes(11)At the age of 77，computer pioneer Grace Hopper was awarded the military rank of commodore by President Ronald Reagan.A. prizeB. positionC. benefitD. presentation(12)A good teacher must establish rapport with his or her students.A. reportB. acquaintanceC. understandingD. conversation(13)There is not enough food，so the people had to be on short rations.A. sectsB. allotmentsC. cultsD. petitions(14)The papaya is a tropical fruit usually eaten raw.A. unpeeledB. uncookedC. unsweetenedD. unsalted(15)The man was sent to prison for driving recklessly.A. cautiouslyB. attentivelyC. patientlyD. carelessly第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。

2012全国研究生英语试卷真题解析

第二页，共四十页。
▪ Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.
第八页，共四十页。
▪ Section II Reading Comprehension ▪ Part A Directions: ▪ Read the following four texts. Answer the
questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) ▪ Text 1 ▪ Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.

2012年高考英语总复习模拟试题(八)

2012年高考英语总复习模拟试题(八)年高考模拟试题英语考试表明：本卷分第ⅰ卷和第ⅱ卷两部分，满分分后，考试时间分钟。

（1）答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚。

（2）恳请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区内答题，在草稿纸和试卷上答题视作违宪。

（3）保持卡面清洁，不得折叠、不要弄皱，不准使用涂改液和刮纸刀等用具。

第ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案五字在试卷上。

录音内容完结后，你将存有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转回喷于答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听到下面5段对话。

每段对话后存有一个大题，从题中Rewa的a、b、c三个选项中挑选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的适当边线。

看完每段对话后，你都存有10秒钟的时间去回去有关小题和写作下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. when does this conversation take place？a. at 5：00.b. at 5：15.c. at 4：45.2. who has taken the stamps？a. the woman.b. the woman’s sister.c. the man’s classmates.3. how long will the man stay in this hotel？a. just one month.b. 32 days.c. 34 days.4. where does the conversation take place？a. in a post office.b. in a hotel.c. in a bank5. what does the man mean？a. he went mountain climbing last year.b. he doesn’t want to go at all.c. he hasn’t traveled around the world yet.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听到下面5段对话。

考研英语试题及答案解析(1986年-2012年)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Ev erybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psycho logy.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread throughnetworks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engine ered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate vo ted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. Thelegal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits o f states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s repu tation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, nowbecomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex socialstructure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a disco very claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were i n their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s bud get is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem forAmerica.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encouragethoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. N ewton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A fewgenerative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2011年考研英语一试题及参考答案SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to heath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany。

2012高考-高中英语模拟试题参考(八)

2012高考-高中英语模拟试题参考（八）导读：本文2012高考-高中英语模拟试题参考（八），仅供参考，如果能帮助到您，欢迎点评和分享。

第I卷（总分115分）第一部分：听力测试（共两节，满分30分）第一节：（共5小题；每题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．Why is the man happy? A．He's got a good job．B．He's got a letter from his father．C．His sister's got a good job in America．2．Where will the woman most probably spend the weekend?A．At home． B．At a cinema． C．At a restaurant．3．What does the man suggest the woman do? A．T ake less exercise．B．Take a new medicine．C．Take less medicine every day．4．How did the woman go to work before?A．By subway．B．By bike．C．By bus．5．Who has come to the city for a visit? A．The man's parents．B．The woman's parents． C．The man's grandchildren．第二节（共15小题；每题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

2012年考研英语完型填空冲刺试题及答案

一、美陪审团制度As former colonists of Great Britain，the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a“common law”，or la w made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislat ure. The jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__ part of our common-law system. Use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in t he United States.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__ 8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury…s de cision is likely to have the__11__ from ma ny different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what i s right. Juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__ citiz ens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government __14__ t hat individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens a nd__15__. Jurors，consisting of __16__ numbers，are called for each case requirin g a jury. The judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge；in o thers，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictat ed by state law.1. [A] other than [B] rather than [C] more than [D] or rather2. [A] agency [B] organization [C] institution [D] authority3. [A] panel [B] crew [C] band [D] flock4. [A] innate [B] intact [C] integral [D] integrated5. [A]discriminating[B] distinguishing [C] determining [D] diminishing6. [A] in [B] by [C] after [D] over7. [A] that [B] which [C] than [D] as8. [A] alike [B] alone [C] altogether [D] apart9. [A] Although [B] Because [C] If [D] While10.[A] deliberations [B] meditations [C] reflections [D] speculations11.[A] outline [B] outcome [C] input [D] intake12.[A] arguments [B] controversies [C] disputes [D] hostilities13.[A] fellow [B] individual [C] personal [D] private14.[A] asserting [B] alleging [C] maintaining [D] testifying15.[A] assembled [B] evoked [C] rallied [D] summoned16.[A] set [B] exact [C] given [D] placed17.[A] allocated [B] allotted [C] appointed [D] assigned18.[A] administers [B] manages [C] oversees [D] presides19.[A] inspective [B] irrespective [C] perspective [D] prospective20.[A] bodies [B] parties [C] sides [D] units答案：1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7.C 8.B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. C 13.D 14.B 15. D 16. A 17. D 18.C 19.D 20. B总体分析本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。

2012考研英语模拟题模拟249（考卷附答案）

Model T est OneSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.Making good coffee is not a simple business. Coffee bushes must be grown in shade. A hillside is best--but it mustn't be too (1) . After three years, the bushes will start to (2) bright-red coffee "cherries", which are picked, processed to (3) the inner part, and spread out to dry for days, (4) on concrete. They are (5) again to separate the bean, which needs to rest, preferably for a few months. Only then can it be roasted, ground and brewed (6) the stuff that dreams are suppressed with.In Mexico and parts of Central America, (7) in Colombia, most coffee farmers are smallholders. They found it especially hard to (8) the recent fall in the coffee price. The (9) of their income makes it hard for farmers to invest to (10) their crop, says Fernando Celis. The fall forced many small farmers to (11) other crops, or migrate to cities.For farmers, one way out of this (12) is to separate the price they are paid (13) the international commodities markets. This is the (14) of Fair-trade, an organization which certifies products as "responsibly" sourced. Fair-trade determines at what price farmers make what it considers a (15) profit. Its current (16) is that the appropriate figure is 10% above the market price.(17) , sales of Fair-trade-certified coffee have increased from $ 22. 5m per year to $ 87m per year since 1998. This is still a tiny fraction of the overall world coffee trade, worth $10 billion (18) But there are plenty of other markets for high-quality coffee. Some small producers can (19) more by marketing their coffee as organic or "bird-friendly" because, unlike large, mechanized plantations, they have (20) shade trees.1. [A] steep [B] high[C] big [D] wide2. [A] make [B] form[C] produce [D] manufacture3. [A] deduct [B] discard[C] remove [D] expel4. [A] partly [B] ideally[C] particularly [D] especially5. [A] milled [B] broken[C] burst [D] cracked6. [A] on [B] up[C] of [D] into7. [A] thus [B] as[C] with [D] by8. [A] face up with [B] deal with[C] come up with [D] bring with9. [A] mobility [B] shortage[C] volatility [D] regularity10. [A] sustain [B] contain[C] undergo [D] grow11. [A] move to [B] turn to[C] come to [D] switch to12. [A] situation [B] problem[C] dilemma [D] matter13. [A] in [B] for[C] from [D] to14. [A] aim [B] attitude[C] option [D] approach15. [A] comfortable [B] reasonable[C] sensible [D] available16. [A] judgment [B] calculation[C] intension [D] suggestion17. [A] However [B] Around[C] In fact [D] Worldwide18. [A] annually [B] usually[C] mainly [D] entirely19. [A] cost [B] apply[C] charge [D] take20. [A] revealed [B] retracted[C] retained [D] reshapedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.TEXT 1Like every dog, every disease now seems to have its day. World Tuberculosis (infections disease in which growths appear on the lungs) Day is on Saturday March 24th.Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable. Dying of "consumption" seems to have been a favorite activity of garret-dwelling 19th-century artists, h has, however, been neglected of late. Researchers in the field never tire of pointing out that TB kills a lot of people. According to figures released earlier this week by the World Health Organization, 1.6 million people died of the disease in 2005, compared with about 3m for AIDS and l m for malaria. But it receives only a fraction of the research budget devoted to AIDS. America's National Institutes of Health, for example, spends 20 times as much on AIDS as on TB. Nevertheless, everyone seems to getting in on the TB-day act this year.The Global Fund an international organization responsible fur fighting all three diseases but best known for its work on AIDS, has used the occasion to trumpet its tuberculosis projects. The fund claims that its anti-TB activities since it opened for business in 2002 have saved the lives of over 1m people. The World Health Organization has issued a report that contains some good news. Although the number of TB cases is still rising, the rate of illness seems to have stabilized; the caseload, in other words, is growing only because the population itself is going up.Even drug companies are involved. In the nm-up to the day itself, Eli Lilly announced a $ 50m boost to its MDRTB Global Partnership. MDR stands for multi-drug resistance, and it is one of the reasons why TB is back in the limelight. Careless treatment has caused drug-resistant strains to evolve all over the world. The course of drugs needed to clear the disease completely takes six mouths, anti persuading people lo stay that course once their symptoms have gone is hard. Unfortunately, those infected with MDR have to be treated with less effec tive, more poisonous and more costly drugs. Naturally, these provoke still more. non-compliance and thus still more evolution.The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS. The (global Fund's joint responsibility for the diseases is no coincidence. AIDS does not kill directly. Rather, HIV, the virus that causes it, weakens the body's immune system and exposes the sufferer to secondary infections. Of these, TB is one of the most serious. It kills200 000 AIDS patients a year. However, some anti-TB drugs interfere with the effect of some anti-HIV drugs. Conversely, in about 20% of cases where a patient has both diseases, anti-HIV drugs make the tuberculosis worse. The upshot is that 125 years after human beings worked out what caused TB, it is still a serious threat.21. The first sentence "Like every dog, every disease now seems to have its day." means ______.[A] every dog enjoys good luck or success sooner or later.[B] human beings can deal with problems caused by disease.[C] Tuberculosis becomes a serious infectious disease.[D] people attach importance to Tuberculosis recently.22. By referring to AIDS in Paragraph 2, the author intends to show ______.[A] the US government is reluctant to spend millions of dollars for Tuberculosis.[B] the death rate of AIDS is higher ,than that of Tuberculosis.[C] the officials did not pay much attention to the research of Tuberculosis in the past.[D] compared with AIDS, Tuberculosis can be cured effectively.23. Which of the following best defines the word "upshot" (Line 5, Paragraph 5 )?[A] Outcome. [B] Uphold. [C] Achievement. [D] Project.24. Eli Lilly devoted itself to MDR-TB, because ______.[A] TB kills more and more AIDS patients.[B] TB has something to do with AIDS.[C] multi-drug resistance makes Tuberculosis fashionable again.[D] Eli Lilly is a member of the MDR-TB Global Partnership.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest in meaning to the message the text tries to convey?[A] Forgive and forget. [B] Forgotten, but not gone.[C] When the wound is healed, the pain is forgotten. [D] Every dog is valiant at his own door.TEXT 2Not many 25-year-olds can reasonably claim to have changed the world. The IBM personal computer, which was launched in 1981 and celebrates its 25th birthday in August, is a rare exception. Other personal computers had been launched before; but it was the IBM PC that ended up defining the standard around which a vast new industry then coalesced. IBM, the titan of the computing World at the time, quickly lost control of its own creation, allowing others to reap the benefits. But leave aside what the PC has done for the fortunes of particular companies, and instead step back and consider what the PC has done for mankind.The PC's most obvious achievement has been to help make computers cheaper, more widely available and more useful than ever before. Before it appeared, different computers from different manufacturers were mostly incompatible with each other. The PC's architecture was not perfect, but its adoption as an industry standard made possible economies of scale in both hardware and software. This in turn reduced prices and enabled the PC to democratise computing.But although the PC has its merits, it also has its faults. Its flexibility has proved to be both a strength and a weakness: it encourages innovation, but at the cost of complexity, reliability and security. And for people in the developing world, PCs are too bulky, expensive and energy-hungry. W. hen it comes to extending the benefits of digital technology--chiefly, cheap and easy access to information to everyone on the planet, the PC may not be the best tool for the job.Look on the streets of almost any city in the world, however, and you will see people clutching tiny, pocket computers, better known as mobile phones. Already, even basic handsets have simple web-browsers, calculators and other computing functions. Mobile phones are cheaper, simpler and more reliable than PCs, and market forces--in particular, the combination of pie-paid billing plans and microcredit schemes--are already putting them into the hands of even the world's poorest people. Initiatives to spread PCs in the developing world, in contrast, rely on top-down funding from governments or aid agencies, rather than bottom-up adoption by consumers.All kinds of firms, from giants such as Google to start-ups such as CellBazaar, are working to bring the full belle, fits of the web to mobile phones. There is no question that the PC has democratised computing and-unleashed innovation, but it is the mobile phone that now seems most likely to carry the dream of the "personal computer" to its conclusion.26. Why dose the author hold the opinion that the IBM personal computer is a rare exception?[A] Personal computer is an amazing invention.[B] IBM lost control of personal computer.[C] The birth of IBM personal computer makes drastic changes in our society.[D] Among the firms making the biggest splash in personal computer world is IBM.27. As a result of an industry standardization, PC becomes ______.[A] more and more popular. [B] more and more effective[C] more and more efficient. [D] more and more portable.28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that ______.[A] it is hard to find a job as a computer engineer.[B] PC is not the best option as a tool to gather information.[C] PCs are so expensive and energy-hungry.[D] every advantage has its disadvantage.29. By saying "from giants such as Google to start-ups such as CellBazaar" ( Line 1, Paragraph 5 ) , the author implies that ______.[A] Google is more profitable than CellBazaar.[B] they are Search-engine vendors.[C] they are rushing to provide services to mobile phones.[D] they have reaped the benefits from mobile phone industry.30. What is the author's attitude towards mobile phone?[A] Optimistic. [B] Critical. [C] Biased. [D] Prospective.TEXT 3Y ou could say on the court, these are the best days in the history of NBA. So why isn't the world is singing the praise of the NBA? Why isn't today's NBA outperforming the NFL, NASCAR, and Major League of Baseball (MLB), all of which have been rocked by scandals large and small over the last few years? Simple Because today's NBA scares the white people.The NBA stands at the dead-center intersection of two rampant social dynamics: the ascendancy of hip-hop culture and 21st-centrury marketing's sworn duty to easily definable demographic group. Break yourself into generalized demographic qualities: gender, age, race, economic class. There is full range of music, TV shows, movies, and website explic itly designed to keep you warm and toasty in your comfort zone, free from sharp edges.The NBA as it stands today has plenty of sharp edges and has a serious image problem; more than any other sports. For years, whites make up a majority of fan base, blacks make up a majority of players. And those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling paychecks, they've exercised their influence' to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image.But the NBA is still all about improvisation, artistry, jazz, poetry on the way to and above the rim. And while we appreciated the artistry in and of itself, the fact that we can't do it puts many fans at some kind small, but measurable emotional distance from the game. For the white audience, the skill divide one thing. There always been players that could do things the rest of us couldn't. What's freaking white Americans out is the way NBA is embracing every element' of hip-hop culture--the music, the fashion, the attitude, everything...Many events, stories hurt NBA, cementing its lawless-blacks image in observers' minds. Referring to the word "thug", that's operative in short-handing the new NBA culture, as many observers noted. "Thug" was so-opted by black culture sometime during the Tupac Era. When people slag NBA' players as "thug", it's good betthey're not taking about Adam Morris or J. J. Redic. It's absolutely a racial tag.The NBA, more than any other sports entity, has potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some best athletes of any color. It's already produced Jordan, the most widely known athlete in history, and it's gaining ground fast on soccer as the world's best known sport. But it's fragile indeed, with fans in colors viewing basketball as a zero-sum game, where every stereotypically black or white culture apparently forces out it's ethic opposite. But with serious image problems, another slat falls out of the bridge. And it's not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over.31. Why isn't the world singing the praise of the NBA?[A] NFL, NASCAR, MLB are better than NBA.[B] Because of the racialism in NBA.[C] The NBA today has a serious image problem.[D] White people don't like NBA games.32. What can we infer from this passage?[A] Black people buy tickets to see white people play games in NBA.[B] NBA players who have ever-upward-spiraling paychecks shape the league's bad image.[C] Emotional distance between NBA and the whites is NBA players' skills.[D] Hip-hop culture is harmful to NBA.33. We can infer from the fifth paragraph ______.[A] the word "thug" means racial tag.[B] the blacks always let people associate to "thug" during the Tupac Era.[C] pepole considered NBA as lawless-blacks image.[D] Adam Morris and J. J. Redic are not black people.34. What's the author's attitude about NBA as a "bridge" ?[A] Optimistic. [B] Indifferent. [C] Neutral. [D] Skeptical.35. What's the best title of this passage?[A] No Room for White in NBA? [B] NBA's Best Ages[C] Black and White [D] Edges of NBATEXT 4Walt Disney could have built his biggest theme park anywhere. He chose Florida. The weather is balmy, and when it gets too hot there are lots of pools to cool off in, says. Meg Crofton, Walt Disney World's CEO'. Florida also offers plenty of space to expand. Disney World, which was first carved out of wild woodland in 1971, has swollen to four parks covering 40 square miles ( 104 sq km) and employing 60 000 "cast members". Contrary to the stereotype of rapid flow in the service sector, the average full-time employee sticks around for nine years.Florida's business climate is sunny, too. The Milken Institute, a think-tank in California, compiles an index of "best-performing cities" in America, a composite measure of such things as job creation, wage growth and whether businesses are thriving. In the most recent index, six of the top ten metropolitan areas are in Florida. ( Orlando-Kissimmee is sixth. ) And 18 of the top 30 are in the South.For a long time the South's weather got in the way of its development. Richard Pillsbury, a geography professor at Georgia State University, describes traditional life in the lowland South, a region stretching from northern V irginia down to the Gulf coast of Texas: "Smallish barren farms almost lost in the white heat of a hot and humid summer sun as the owners and their help fought swarms of mosquitoes to plant, cultivate and harvest the meagre cotton crop for market." Then air-conditioning came. As it spread after the World War Ⅱ, the South became suddenly more comfortable to live and work in. From the 1940s until the 1980s the region boomed. In his book Old South, New South, Gavin Wright lists four reasons why Federal defence spending stimulated growth. Sunshine attracted skilled professionals. The South, having developed so little in the past, was a "clean slate", without strong labour unions, entrenched bureaucracies, restrictive laws or outdated machinery. Lastly, given howmuch catching up the South had to do, the potential returns were higher than in the north.Southerners have prospered in part by playing to their traditional strengths. The fame of southern hospitality has bolstered the region's hotel chains, such as Holiday Inn. That of southern cuisine helps local restaurants, such as Waffle House, Cracker Barrel and KFC. Arkansas-based Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, has kept costs low by refusing to recognize unions. And Coca-Cola owes at least some of its success to its southern origins.36. In contrast to Disney World, one of the characters in the service sector is that ______.[A] most of the staff are full-time.[B] most of the staff are part-time.[C] workers are reluctant to be employed in a company for long.[D] most companies run smoothly less than nine years.37. When mentioning "the South's weather got in the way of its development" (Line I, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about ______.[A] the reason why Walt Disney chose Floridaing.[B] the reason why air-conditioning spread in the South.[C] the South's weather obstructs the progress of development.[D] the key factor to the success of the South.38. In Old South, New South, Gavin Wright believes that ______.[A] the more investment the more returns in the South.[B] labour unions get in the way of development of the North.[C] more experts came to the South because of its climate.[D] the legal environment plays a part in the development of the South.39. Which of the following best defines the word "bolster" ( Line 2, Paragraph 4)?[A] Flourish. [B] Reinforce. [C] Cushion. [D] Blossom.40. The text intends to express the idea that ______.[ A] the reason why Walt Disney chose Florida. [B] the reason why the South is a great place to work.[C] the history of the development of the South. [D] the reason why the South is superior to the North.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] writ into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. Y ou might make it worse.Y ou probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.Sadly, it's not that easy. (41) . People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics.Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends on what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11 000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale.(42) . Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world's current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn't be much room left for the rainforest.Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers' incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, witha subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction,(43) .Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles" and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain's food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i. e. , miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer's market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuffWhat's more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44) . And the local-food movement's aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point.(45) . The problems lie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethical-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signal that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the environment, reform world trade or encourage development.[A] The aims of much of the ethical-food movement--to protect the environment, to encourage development and to redress the distortions in global trade--are admirable.[B] By maintaining the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices--thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do.[C] Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help,poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retailers would then have an incentive to source locally if it saved energy. [D] There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.[E] But following the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation.[F] And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer--most goes to the retailer-the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.[G] Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zealand is less energy-intensive.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.WHO was the first modern artist.9 How about Giorgione? (46)A far-fetched notion, perhaps, but this Renaissance V enetian revolutionized painting--and his work, focusing on subjects such as bodies, landscapes and female beauty, was titled "modern" by the leading art commentator of the day, V asari.Giorgione was not alone, as illustrated by the excellent catalogue accompanying the exhibition "Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, and the Renaissance of V enetian Painting" now showing at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. (47)What made him, and the generation of artists he inspired, so special was his ability to absorb the new currents of culture then flowing through V enice. A catalyst was Leonardo da V inci, who briefly visited V enice in 1500. In Leonardo's drawings, Giorgione, as well as the younger artist, Titian, and their master, Giovanni Bellini, glimpsed a new conception of the human form, based on observation and expressed in smoky contours and subtle shades of light and dark.Over the subsequent 30 years, one of the most exciting periods in the history of art unfolded. In readable, engaging essays, David Brown and Sylvia Ferino-Pagden, the exhibition's curators, together with a team of top scholars, tell its story. We learn how this triumvirate of V enetian painters devoured not only Leonardo's ideas, but also those of Albrecht Darer, the German artist whose realistic rendering of nature was known in V enice through prints, even before his sojourn there in 1506-7. (48)Darer's work taught V enetian artists that landscape could be an independent element of a painting, rather than just a symbolic backdrop for religious subjects.The result was a new style full of natural movement, sensuality and poetic atmosphere. (49) V enetian painting had long been characterized by its jewel-like color--obtained by grinding colored glass and minerals--but now it was applied in a way that gave art the kiss of life.Giorgione blazed the trail. A top student of Bellini, he later forged his own style, inspired by the current vogue for pastoral love poetry based on recently discovered ancient texts, then the bestsellers of V enice's flourishing printing industry. (50) He excelled at what was known among the educated elite as the model a competition between painting and poetry in which painters sought to prove that they could rival poets in conveying beauty by appealing to the eyes, as well as to the mind. This was revolutionary because it implied that painting originated in the imagination of the artist, rather than being a simple recording of the great and the good, history and religion. It proved painters were creators and not just craftsmen.Section ⅢWriting51. Directions: Last Sunday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.52. Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) support your view with an example/examples.Y ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.答案Key to Model Test OneSection ⅠUse of English1．[A] [直击题眼] 对a hillside is best 和but引导的从句之间的语义逻辑关系的正确理解。

2012考研英语兰州交通大学特训班模拟题(含答案)

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语冲刺试卷ⅢSection I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Many countries will not allow cigarette advertising in their newspaper or on TV-especially (1) the advertisements are usually written with young people in mind. (2) advertising, the tobacco companies have begun to (3) sports events. They give money to football, motor racing, tennis and a number of (4) sports (5) condition that the name of the cigarette is (6) This is now (7) concern, because it does exactly (8) many ads try to do-suggest that smoking has some connection (9) being strong and athletic.In all this, the point of view of the non-smokers has to be (10) as well: "3 wish smoker would stop (11) the air. I wish I could eat in a restaurant (12) having to smell cigarettes smoke." It has been (13) that, in a room where a large number of people are smoking, a non-smoker will breathe in the (14) of two or three cigarettes during an evening. (15) , non-smokers are now majority in many western countries. More and more people are giving up the habit, discouraged by high prices, influenced by(16) advertising or just aware that smoking is no longer really a polite thing to do.Faced with lower sales, the western tobacco companies have begun to look outside their own countries. They have begun advertising (17) to persuade young people in developing countries that smoking American or British or French cigarette is a sophisticated western habit, which they should copy. As a result, more and more young people are spending (18) money they have on a product which the west recognizes (19) unhealthy and no longer wants. The high number of young smokers in India, in South America and in South East Asia will become some of tomorrow's (20) .1. [A] that [B] when [C] where [D] since2. [A] In the place of [B] In place of [C] Besides [D] Except3. [A] promote [B] develop [C] sponsor [D] help4. [A] other [B] another [C] others [D] some5. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] under6. [A] suggested [B] claimed [C] mentioned [D] declared7. [A] causing [B] making [C] giving [D] setting8. [A]that [B] which [C] as [D] what9. [A]with [B]of [C] for [D] to10. [A] believed [B] thought [C] considered [D] regarded11. [A] damaging [B] spoiling [C] decaying [D] destroying12. [A] in spite of [B] rather than [C] because of [D] without13. [A] reported [B] calculated [C] said [D] believed14. [A] same [B] comparable [C] equal [D] equivalent15. [A] However [B] Actually [C] Then [D] So16. [A] non-smoking [B] no-smoking [C] anti-smoking [D] against smoking17. [A] struggles [B] fights [C] campaigns [D] battles18. [A] the little [B] a little [C] little [D] some little19. [A] by [B] for [C] as [D]with20. [A] difficulties [B] phenomena [C] problems [D] situationsSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MyS pace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S.The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual users as "they" or "themself." "We've gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles," Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement.In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun "they." That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. "People who haven't selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex," Gleit wrote.Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained.The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- shipprofile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. "We've received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting," Gleit said.21. What does the word "traffic" (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?[A] The number of visits to a certain website.[B] The change of website rankings.[C] The amount of profit a website able to generate annually.[D] The trend in communication industry.22. Which one of the following is true about Facebook?[A] The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way.[B] Registered user's profiles are open to anyone on the internet.[C] Only friends and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles.[D] The website is in English only since English is a universal language now.23. From the passage, we know that Facebook is now faced with the problem that[A] less and less people are paying visits to it[B] people are cheating about their real gender on it[C] it is difficult to tell whether an user is male or female[D] users are using impropriate language there24. From the passage, we know that in some other language than English,[A] there is no difference between male and female in pronouns[B] it is very rude to ask about the gender question on internet[C] even plural form of pronouns have gender tendencies[D] the singular form and plural form is the same25. Which one of the following is true under the new regulations of Facebook?[A] The users are encouraged to include their gender information in their extended profiles.[B] Only the new registrations are influenced by this new regulation.[C] Users can still choose not to specify their gender.[D] Everyone is welcoming this new regulation since it brings ahout clarity and convenience.Text 2The term massage therapy (also called massage, for short; massage also refers to an individual treatment session) covers a group of practices and techniques. There are over 80 types of massage therapy. In all of them, therapists press, rub, and otherwise manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body, often varying pressure and movement. They most often use their hands and fingers, but may use their forearms, elbows, or feet. Typically, the intent is to relax the soft tissues, increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas, warm them, and decrease pain.Massage therapy dates back thousands of years. References to massage have been found in ancient writings from many cultures, including those of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Japan, China, Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent. In the United States, massage therapy first became popular and was promoted for a variety of health purposes starting in the mid-1800s. In the 1930s and 1940s, however, massage fell out of favor, mostly because of scientific and technological advances in medical treatments. Interest in massage revived in the 1970s, especially among athletes.More recently, a 2002 national survey on Americans' use of CAM (published in 2004) found that 5 percent of the 31,000 participants had used massage therapy in the preceding 12 months, and 9.3 percent had ever used it. According to recent reviews, people use massage for a wide variety of health-related intents: for example, to relieve pain ( often from musculoskeletal conditions, but from other conditions as well); rehabilitate sports injuries; reduce stress; increase relaxation; address feelings of anxiety and depression; and aid general wellness.Massage therapy appears to have few serious risks if appropriate cautions are followed. A very small number of serious injuries have been reported, and they appear to have occurred mostly because cautions were not followed or a massage was given by a person who was not properly trained. Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors about their own health conditions.Scientists are studying massage to understand what effects massage therapy has on patients, how it has those effects, and why. Some aspects of this are better understood than others. There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically. More well-designed studies are needed to understand and confirm these theories and other scientific aspects of massage.26. Which one of the following statements about massage is NOT correct according to the passage?[A] Many different practices and techniques can all be called massage.[B] Soft tissues of the body are usually the target of massage.[C] Hands and fingers aide the only body parts that therapists use when practicing massage.[D] Massage can do much more than just providing relaxation.27. Which one of the following statements is true about the history of massage?[A] It has a history of about several hundred years.[B] It is only found in ancient Asia countries like China and Japan.[C] It lost its popularity after 1970s because of medical advances.[D] It had twists and turns in its development in U.S.28. In the survey mentioned in paragraph 3, we know that 9.3 percent of the participants[A] used massage therapy in 2002 [B] used massage therapy in 2004[C] had used massage therapy at least once [D] used massage therapy in 200129. Paragraph 4 is mainly concerned about[A] side effects and risks of massage therapy[B] safety of massage therapy[C] cautions that the therapists need to follow[D] the training processes of a qualified therapists30. From the passage, we know that the study of massage[A] have not got started yet[B] needs more research on therapy practice[C] can not explain therapy practice at all[D] can provide full explanations for therapy practiceText 3School shootings across the country continue to discuss the story of the student who is outcast by fellow peers and decides to lash out. These reports may leave some wondering if ostracism is a legitimate cause for violence. Kip Williams believes it is. Williams, a professor of psychology at Purdue University, recently came to campus to speak about the effects of being ostracized. These effects can be distressing, but they often go unnoticed, he said. "I would have rather been beaten or bullied than be ignored," Williams said, reflecting on what some of the participants in his experiments felt after they were left out of a game of toss. "Even two minutes of invisibility is painful," he said.Ostracism, the act of ignoring or excluding, is a phenomenon not only found in the adult world, according to Williams. Children play simple games which leave peers out without being taught to do so. Even animals use forms of ostracism, Williams said. Lions, wolves and bees, for example, use the tactic to keep out burdensome members of their groups, which often results in death for the excluded member. Exclusion among humans can be similarly detrimental, he said.Williams conducted a computer game of toss, and showed the results for those who did not receivethe ball. Their angry, disappointed and saddened faces showed just how important inclusion is in human interaction. In another experiment, the excluded participants had no control over loud noises entering their headphones. The result was that they chose to act out against fellow participants.That lack of control is what Williams believes triggers aggression. "When control is robbed, then people don't care about how they are being liked anymore," Williams said. "They just want to establish control by being recognized. People are more likely to be violent in order to get that recognition," Williams said.His research has found that people are generally ostracized at least once a day, like the waiter who refills water glasses without notice, or the person who sits next to you on the bus without a glance. These interactions may not seem like much, but Williams asserts that even the slightest situations in which people feel invisible can have a negative impact on them. In his studies, a total of 70 percent of people said they had been given the "silent treatment" by their loved ones.31. The central concept of the passage "ostracism" most probably refers to[A] the problem of distressing experienced by school students[B] the phenomenon of some students being excluded by peers[C] the violence happening on campus witnessed by students[D] the issue of some students unwilling to communicate with peers32. Which one of the following is true about ostracism?[A] It is a problem only experienced by children.[B] Only humans will ever have such behaviors.[C] Children learn about ostracism from their parents.[D] Children can learn to use ostracism by themselves.33. From paragraph 3, we know that Williams got his research result from[A] literature review [B] face-to-face interview[C] computer games [D] social experiment34. According. to Williams, the victims of ostracism tend to be[A] caring [B] careful[C] controlling [D] violent35. Which one of the following is true about the experience of ostracism?[A] It is often and harmful. [B] It is rare but harmful.[C] It is often but harmless. [D] It is rare and harmless.Text 4"I was just like you--I' thought I was invincible," says Adam Blomberg, standing before 400 students in a darkened auditorium at Miami's Coral Reef Senior High School. A photo of a bloodied and unconscious teenager, a breathing tube protruding from his mouth, flashes on the wall."That was me," he says. There's a collective gasp before the room grows silent and Blomberg,31, an anesthesiologist who trained at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, begins the story of what happened one night in February 1995.He created a presentation illustrating the dangers of behaving irresponsibly in a car, from not buckling up to speeding to driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. He tracked down photos of teen crash victims from the center's archives, then incorporated statistics and his own experience. He spoke the first time to a local Boy Scout troop and was soon giving his talk, "A Survivor's Story," at high schools around the state.The Blomberg family had reason to celebrate. Adam had fully recovered and was on his way to fulfilling his lifelong dream of becoming a doctor. But in January 2000, Blomberg's 22-year-old step-brother, Michael, was killed in a crash while driving to his Atlanta home late one night. He wasn't wearing a seat belt. After the accident, Blomberg stopped telling his story to crowds, racked with guilt over his inability to reach Michael. If Blomberg had failed his own brother, he reasoned, how could he possibly make a difference to a roomful of strangers? Requests from schools continued to roll in, but he turned down every one.Then Blomberg got a call from a high school counselor. As he started into his standard excuse-lack of time—he looked across the room at a stack of thank-you notes from students who had heard him speak. He realized that kids needed to hear what he had to say. He agreed to visit the school and began contacting otherson the waiting list for his talks.Blomberg leaves the school hoping he has changed someone's behavior. He recalls a letter he received from a student who heard him speak and got into a crash later that same day but was unharmed. " She told me she was wearing her seat belt because of me."Letters like this reinforce his belief that he survived the accident for a reason. "There are a lot of physicians in the world, and we all save lives," he says. "I have a special opportunity to save lives not just as a doctor but also as a human being."36. The word "invincible" most probably means[A] capable of doing everything [B] incapable of being destroyed[C] totally unlikely to happen [D] beyond belief or understanding37. Which one of the following is NOT a part of the author's presentation?[A] Photos. [B] Statistics.[C] V ideos. [D] His own experience.38. Why did the author stop giving speeches for a while?[A] The death of his stepbrother makes him feel guilty.[B] The development of seat belt avoided most accidents.[C] There are no more requests from schools inviting him.[D] He did not have enough time to give lectures at that time.39. What makes him regain his belief in the value of his speeches?[A] Constant invitation calls from schools.[B] The death of his stepbrother Blomberg.[C] The thank-you letters confirming his speeches' values.[D] Numerous accidents he heard of.40. Which one of the following is the best title for this passage?[A] Teen Driving Risks Are Highest[B] V ehicle Safety Trends Will Drive Interior[C] Road Safety Management and Emergency Response[D] Teaching Teens Safe DrivingPart BDirections:Y ou are going to read a text about the Y ellowstone National Park in the U. S. , followed by a list of explanations. Choose the best explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra explanation which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(41) OrientationY ellowstone is much more than hot ground and gushing steam. Located astride the Continental Divide, most of the park occupies a high plateau surrounded by mountains and drained by several rivers. Park boundaries enclose craggy peaks, alpine lakes, deep canyons, and vast forests. In 1872, Y ellowstone became the world's first national park, the result of great foresight on the part of many people about our eventual need for the solace and beauty of wild places.(42) When to GoMore than half of the 3 million annum visitors come in July and August. In September and early October, the weather is good, the visitors few, and the wildlife abundant. In May and June, you can see newborn animals, but the weather may be cold, wet, and even snowy. Between about No-vember 1 and May 1 most park roads are closed to vehicles.(43) Getting There(44) How to V isitThe 142-mile (228.5-kilometer) Grand Loop Road forms a figure eight, with connecting spurs to the five entrances. On any visit, start with the geyser basins and Mammoth Hot Springs to see wildlife and thermal features (caution: both can be hazardous if approached too closely). On the second day, travel to the Grand Canyon of the Y ellowstone, Hayden V alley, and Y ellowstone Lake.(45) Park InformationPark opens year-round.[A] Road from North Entrance to Northeast Entrance open all year; most other park roads closed to cars November through April. Call headquarters for latest weather and road conditions.[B] Facilities for Disabled Visitor centers, Madison and Fishing Bridge Campgrounds, most rest rooms, amphitheaters, numerous ranger-led activities, walks, and exhibits are wheelchair accessible. Free brochure available.[C] On a longer stay, visit the Northern Range, or consider a boating or fishing trip on Y ellowstone Lake;a backcountry excursion on foot or horse; or any of the numerous easy nature trails throughout the park.[D] In early years, what made Yellowstone stand out was the extravaganza of geysers and hot springs. The wild landscape and the bison, elk, and bears were nice but, after all, America was still a pioneer country filled with scenic beauty and animals.[E] By PlaneWest Y ellowstone Airport (WYS) at the West Entrance of Y ellowstone. (This airport is open June through September.)Cody Airport (COD) about 50 miles (81 kilometers) from the park.[F] During the winter season, mid-December to mid-March, Y ellowstone becomes a fantasy of steam and ice; facilities are limited but sufficient. Only the road between the North and Northeast Entrances stays open to cars, but snowmobiling is permitted on unplowed roads. Heated snow coaches offer tours and give cross-country skiers access to the 50 miles (80.5 kilometers ) of groomed trails.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm the United States. (46) Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management call be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief officer is almost always second in command. (47) The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm hierarchy.(48) While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.(49) If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States. (50) More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:In almost every vocation, college students are supposed to undertake such activities as offering their knowledge to those who need most, performing some social investigations, taking part time jobs, or volunteering to do whatever that the society needs.Write something you did that was worth mentioning in previous summer vocation as a letter to one of the editors of a newspaper.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Y ou do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:1) describe the phenomenon;2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.Y ou should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语冲刺试卷Ⅲ答案与解析Section ⅠUse of English1．[答案] D。

2012年考研英语完形填空真题及答案解析

2012年考研英语完形填空The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9.[A]line [B]barrier[C]similarity [D]conflict10.[A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy[C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result1.【答案】B?【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_?_法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。

名师解析：2012考研英语语法八问八答

名师解析：2012考研英语语法八问八答考研英语中的英语语法虽说不会以试题的形式直接出出现，但是也会贯穿试卷的始终。

所以，万学海文提醒2012年的考生们对于语法也是不可忽视的。

下面，我们就给大家列出常见的八个问题。

1. 现在研究生考试中不再单独考察语法知识，所以我认为考研复习中不需要拿本语法书从头到尾看，做题的时候碰到不懂的语法知识时再翻书看看就行了。

这样可以吗?虽然语法在研究生英语考试中不再单独考察，但是语法知识贯穿在整个英语考卷中。

完型填空题会直接考查语法知识;阅读理解题和英译汉中有大量的长难句，这些句子只有具备一定的语法知识才能正确分析;作文中要写出正确无误的句子，也需要语法知识。

所以说，语法知识是英语学习的基础。

所以如果考生的语法知识不是非常扎实，万学海文建议大家买本语法书系统地复习一遍，语法书最好是专门针对考研的，系统讲解的同时还有历年真题和例句分析。

2. 英语英译汉主要考查哪些语法知识?主要考查非谓语动词、从句以及一些插入语。

非谓语动词包括不定式，ING分词和ED 分词，它们几乎占到英译汉这部分语法知识的三分之一。

不定式主要考查不定式的完成式、进行式和完成进行时以及它的被动式;ING分词主要考查哪些词后必须接ING分词以及它的独立主格结构，完成时、被动态和否定形式。

ED分词主要考查ED分词与逻辑主语的关系和在复合结构中的运用。

从句包括定语从句和状语从句等，他们的存在使句子的结构更为复杂，让考生更难看明白句子的成分，从句也是英译汉的重要考查点，需要2012年的考生好好复习。

3.考研还需要专门复习语法吗?我考英语六级都没有专门复习语法。

我觉得还是要专门复习一下语法。

因为你们的语法知识主要是在高中学的，大学期间并没有学多少语法知识。

所以相对于高中，你们的语法掌握程度是退步了，而不是进步。

很多同学不重视语法，也不知道语法对英语成绩的提高起到多么重要的作用，我觉得这样不好。

英语要阅读大量的文章，要做大量的题目，同时也要重视词汇、语法这些基本功。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Many countries will not allow cigarette advertising in their newspaper or on TV-especially (1) the advertisements are usually written with young people in mind. (2) advertising, the tobacco companies have begun to (3) sports events. They give money to football, motor racing, tennis and a number of (4) sports (5) condition that the name of the cigarette is (6) This is now (7) concern, because it does exactly (8) many ads try to do-suggest that smoking has some connection (9) being strong and athletic. In all this, the point of view of the non-smokers has to be (10) as well: "3 wish smoker would stop (11) the air. I wish I could eat in a restaurant (12) having to smell cigarettes smoke." It has been (13) that, in a room where a large number of people are smoking, a non-smoker will breathe in the (14) of two or three cigarettes during an evening. (15) , non-smokers are now majority in many western countries. More and more people are giving up the habit, discouraged by high prices, influenced by (16) advertising or just aware that smoking is no longer really a polite thing to do. Faced with lower sales, the western tobacco companies have begun to look outside their own countries. They have begun advertising (17) to persuade young people in developing countries that smoking American or British or French cigarette is a sophisticated western habit, which they should copy. As a result, more and more young people are spending (18) money they have on a product which the west recognizes (19) unhealthy and no longer wants. The high number of young smokers in India, in South America and in South East Asia will become some of tomorrow's (20) . 1. [A] that [B] when [C] where [D] since 2. [A] In the place of [B] In place of [C] Besides [D] Except 3. [A] promote [B] develop [C] sponsor [D] help 4. [A] other [B] another [C] others [D] some 5. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] under 6. [A] suggested [B] claimed [C] mentioned [D] declared 7. [A] causing [B] making [C] giving [D] setting 8. [A]that [B] which [C] as [D] what 9. [A]with [B]of [C] for [D] to 10. [A] believed [B] thought [C] considered [D] regarded 11. [A] damaging [B] spoiling [C] decaying [D] destroying 12. [A] in spite of [B] rather than [C] because of [D] without 13. [A] reported [B] calculated [C] said [D] believed 14. [A] same [B] comparable [C] equal [D] equivalent 15. [A] However [B] Actually [C] Then [D] So 16. [A] non-smoking [B] no-smoking [C] anti-smoking [D] against smoking 17. [A] struggles [B] fights [C] campaigns [D] battles 18. [A] the little [B] a little [C] little [D] some little 19. [A] by [B] for [C] as [D]with 20. [A] difficulties [B] phenomena [C] problems [D] situations Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Text 1 According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008. According to Alexa, the website's ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S. The Internet phenomenon, which boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when members share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months. And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual users as "they" or "themself." "We've gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles," Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement. In English, when users fail to specify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun "they." That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. "People who haven't selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex," Gleit wrote. Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained. The site will now ask users to specify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages about their activities. "We've received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting," Gleit said. 21. What does the word "traffic" (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean? [A] The number of visits to a certain website. [B] The change of website rankings. [C] The amount of profit a website able to generate annually. [D] The trend in communication industry. 22. Which one of the following is true about Facebook? [A] The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way. [B] Registered user's profiles are open to anyone on the internet. [C] Only friends and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles.