Mole Calculations
无机化学常用公式小全
无机化学常用公式小全无机化学是研究无机物质的性质、结构、合成方法及其化学反应的学科。
在无机化学中，有一些常用公式被广泛应用，能够帮助我们分析和理解无机化合物的性质和反应机制。
本文将介绍一些无机化学中常用的公式。
1. 摩尔浓度（Molarity，C）摩尔浓度（C）是溶液中溶质的摩尔数与溶液的体积之比，通常用单位mol/L表示。
摩尔浓度的计算公式为：C=n/V其中，C为摩尔浓度，n为溶质的摩尔数，V为溶液的体积。
2. 摩尔质量（Molar mass，M）摩尔质量是一个物质的摩尔数与其质量之比。
通常用单位g/mol表示。
摩尔质量的计算公式为：M=m/n其中，M为摩尔质量，m为物质的质量，n为物质的摩尔数。
3. 摩尔分数（Mole fraction，χ）摩尔分数是指溶液中一些组分的摩尔数与总摩尔数之比。
摩尔分数的计算公式为：χ=n1/(n1+n2+…)其中，χ为摩尔分数，n1为一些组分的摩尔数，n2为另一个组分的摩尔数，以此类推。
4. 摩尔体积（Molar volume，Vm）摩尔体积是指一个物质占据的体积与其摩尔数之比。
通常用单位L/mol表示。
摩尔体积的计算公式为：Vm=V/n其中，Vm为摩尔体积，V为物质所占据的体积，n为物质的摩尔数。
5. 摩尔吸光度（Molar absorptivity，ε）摩尔吸光度是指光在其中一种溶液中通过单位长度所吸收的能量与溶液中溶质的摩尔浓度之间的比例关系。
通常用单位L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹表示。
摩尔吸光度的计算公式为：A = εcl其中，A为吸光度，ε为摩尔吸光度，c为摩尔浓度，l为光程长度。
6. 摩尔溶解度积（Molar solubility product，Ksp）摩尔溶解度积是指溶质在溶液中达到溶解平衡时与其离解产生的离子浓度之间的乘积。
通常用Ksp来表示。
摩尔溶解度积的计算公式为：Ksp = [A^m+][B^n-]其中，Ksp为摩尔溶解度积，[A^m+]为正离子浓度，[B^n-]为负离子浓度。
化学实验知识点高考英语
化学实验知识点高考英语Chemistry Experiment Knowledge for the College Entrance ExaminationChemistry is a fundamental subject that plays a significant role in our daily lives. Not only does it help us understand the natural world, but it also has practical applications in various fields. For students preparing for the College Entrance Examination, commonly referred to as the Gaokao, having a good understanding of chemistry experiments is crucial. In this article, we will explore some important knowledge points related to chemistry experiments that are likely to appear in the Gaokao English paper.1. Laboratory SafetySafety should always be the top priority in any chemistry experiment. While conducting experiments in the laboratory, students must adhere to certain safety precautions. Wearing protective clothing such as lab coats and goggles, handling chemicals cautiously, and being aware of emergency exits and safety equipment are essential. It is vital to remember that prevention is better than cure, especially when it comes to handling hazardous substances or using fire.2. Lab EquipmentUnderstanding the different equipment used in chemistry experiments is essential for successfully conducting them. Some common lab equipment includes beakers, test tubes, flasks, pipettes, and Bunsen burners. Each piece of equipment has its specific purpose and usage. For instance, beakers are used to measure and mix liquids, while test tubes are employed for small-scale chemical reactions. Familiarizing oneself with the names and functions of these materials will help students comprehend the instructions and questions in the exam accurately.3. Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions are at the core of chemistry experiments. Students must be well-versed in various types of reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions. Understanding the reactants, products, and balanced chemical equations for these reactions is essential. Additionally, knowing how to identify the speed of reactions, factors influencing the rate of reactions, and the concept of activation energy can help students answer relevant questions with ease.4. Solution PreparationPreparing solutions is a common task in chemistry experiments. Students should be aware of the correct method for preparing a solution with a desired concentration. This involves accurately measuring and dissolving the solute in a solvent. It is crucial to determine the balanced equation and the number of moles involved in order to calculate the mass of solute required. Furthermore, understanding concentration units such as molarity and percentage can help in both the preparation and dilution of solutions.5. StoichiometryStoichiometry is a key concept in chemistry that involves calculating the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It is crucial to understand the concept of mole and how it relates to the Avogadro's number. By utilizing balanced equations and stoichiometric calculations, students candetermine the amounts of substances involved in a reaction. This knowledge is vital for solving problems related to limiting reactants, percent yield, and theoretical yield.6. Data AnalysisInterpreting and analyzing experimental data is an integral part of chemistry experiments. Students should be familiar with various methods of representing data, such as graphs, tables, and charts. They should also be able to identify trends, make comparisons, and draw conclusions based on the data provided. Moreover, understanding the concept of uncertainties and error analysis is crucial when evaluating the accuracy and reliability of experimental results.In conclusion, having a strong foundation in chemistry experiment knowledge is essential for students preparing for the Gaokao. By focusing on laboratory safety, understanding lab equipment, chemical reactions, solution preparation, stoichiometry, and data analysis, students can excel in the chemistry section of the exam. Remember, practice and thorough understanding are the keys to success in any subject, including chemistry.。
mole fraction单位
mole fraction单位mole fraction（摩尔分数）是物质组成中某一组分的摩尔数量占总摩尔数量的比例。
它是描述溶液中各组分相对含量的重要参数，通常用字母X来表示。
mole fraction的计算公式为：X = n / N，其中n是某一组分的摩尔数量，N是总摩尔数量。
mole fraction的应用非常广泛。
在化学中，我们经常用它来描述溶液中溶质和溶剂的相对含量。
例如，当我们在水中溶解盐的时候，水是溶剂，盐是溶质。
我们可以用mole fraction来表示溶质和溶剂的摩尔比例，从而了解溶液的浓度。
此外，mole fraction也可以用来计算气体混合物中各种气体的分压。
在实际应用中，mole fraction的计算可以通过实验数据得出。
例如，我们可以通过质谱仪等仪器测量气体混合物中各种气体的分子数或质量，并据此计算出mole fraction。
另外，我们还可以通过化学平衡反应的摩尔关系来计算mole fraction。
例如，在酸碱中和反应中，我们可以根据反应物的摩尔比例来计算生成物的mole fraction。
mole fraction在化学实验和工业生产中有着重要的应用价值。
首先，它可以帮助我们控制和调节溶液的浓度。
通过调整溶质和溶剂的mole fraction，我们可以得到不同浓度的溶液，满足不同实验或工业生产的需求。
其次，mole fraction也可以用于计算气体混合物的性质。
例如，在空气中，氮气、氧气、水蒸气等气体的mole fraction不同，而这些气体的存在会影响大气的成分和性质。
除了在化学领域中的应用，mole fraction在其他学科中也有重要的意义。
在生物学中，我们可以用mole fraction来描述生物体内不同化学物质的相对含量，从而了解其代谢和功能。
在地球科学中，mole fraction可以用于描述大气中各种气体的分布和组成，从而研究大气的变化和环境影响。
英国化学教材 IGCSE第3章-Chemical Caculation
Why we use the Avogadro number?
(1)The mass of one atom, or even 1000 atoms, is too small to be weighed on a balance;
So the substances taking part in the reaction are always in the same proportion.
And note that the mass on each side of the arrow is the same mass before and after the reaction. That is to say,the mass does not change in a chemical reaction.
limiting
excess
calculate the mass of product
6 g
Easyfor calculation of mass of product
Quick test:
onepiece of marble, 0.3 g, was added to a solution of hydrochloric acid containing 0.05molofHCl.
7. Knowing simple method for getting empirical formula and do related calculation;
8.Knowing the principle, process and calculating the concentration related to titrations.
分析化学实验名词术语汉英对照
常用分析化学实验名词术语汉英对照绝对误差absolute error 吸光度absorbance(A)吸收曲线absorptioncurve 吸收峰absorption peak吸收系数absorptivity; absorption coefficient偶然误差accident error 准确度accuracy酸碱滴定acid-base titration 酸效应系数acidic effective coefficient酸效应曲线acidic effective curve 酸度常数acidity constant活度activity 活度系数activity coefficient吸附剂adsorbent 吸附adsorption吸附指示剂adsorptionindicator 亲和力affinity陈化aging 无定形沉淀amorphous precipitate两性溶剂amphiprotic solvent 两性物质amphoteric substance放大反应amplificationreaction 分析天平analytical balance分析化学analytical chemistry 分析浓度analytical concentration分析试剂analytical reagent(AR) 表观形成常数apparent formation constant 水相aqueous phase 仲裁分析arbitration analysis银量法argentimetry 灰化ashing原子光谱atomic spectrum 质子自递常数autoprotolysis constant 助色团auxochrome group 反萃取back extraction带状光谱band spectrum 带宽bandwidth红移bathochromic shift 烧杯beaker空白blank 指示剂的封闭blocking of indicator溴量法bromometry 缓冲容量buffer capacity缓冲溶液buffer solution 滴定管夹burette holder滴定管架burette support 滴定管burette钙指示剂calconcarboxylic acid 校准曲线calibrated curve校准calibration 催化反应catalyzed reaction铈量法ceriometry 电荷平衡charge balance螯合物chelate 螯合物萃取chelate extraction化学分析chemical analysis 化学因数chemical factor化学需氧量chemical oxygen demand 化学纯chemical pure色谱法chromatography 发色团chromophoric group变异系数coefficient of variation 显色剂color reagent颜色转变点color transitionpoint 比色计colorimeter比色法colorimetry 柱色谱column chromatography 互补色complementary light 络合物complex络合反应complexation 络合滴定法complexometry, complexometric titration 氨羧络合剂complexone 浓度常数concentration constant条件萃取常数conditional extraction constant 条件形成常数conditional formation constant 条件电位conditional potential 条件溶度积conditional solubility product 置信区间confidence interval 置信水平confidence level共轭酸碱对conjugate acid-base pair 恒重constant weight沾污contamination 连续萃取continuous extraction连续光谱continuous spectrum 共沉淀coprecipitation校正correction 相关系数correlation coefficient坩埚crucible 晶形沉淀crystalline precipitate累积常数cumulative constant 凝乳状沉淀curdy precipitate自由度degree of freedom 解蔽demasking导数光谱derivative spectrum 干燥剂desiccant; drying agent保干器desiccator 可测误差determinate error氘灯deuterium lamp 偏差deviation平均偏差deviation average 二元酸dibasic acid二氯荧光黄dichlorofluorescein 重铬酸钾法dichromate titration介电常数dielectric constant 示差光度法differential spectrophotometry 区分效应differentiating effect 直读天平direct reading balance色散dispersion 解离常数dissociation constant蒸馏distillation 分配系数distribution coefficient分布图distribution diagram 分配比distribution ratio双光束分光光度计double beam spectrophotometer 双盘天平dual-pan balance双波长分光光度法dual-wavelength spectrophotometry电子天平electronic balance 电泳electrophoresis淋洗剂eluant 终点end point终点误差end point error 富集enrichment曙红eosin 平衡浓度equilibrium concentration等摩尔系列法equi molar series method 铬黑T eriochrome black T(EBT)锥形瓶erlenmeyer flask; conical flask 误差error乙二胺四乙酸ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)蒸发皿evaporating dish 交换容量exchange capacity交联度extent of crosslinking 萃取常数extraction constant萃取率extraction rate 萃取光度法extraction spectrophotometric method 法扬司法Fajans method 邻二氮菲亚铁离子ferroin漏斗filler 滤光片filter滤纸filter paper 过滤filtration熔剂flux 荧光黄fluorescein形成常数formation constant 分步沉淀fractional precipitation频率frequency 频率密度frequency density频率分布frequency distribution 熔融fusion气相色谱gas chromatography(GC) 玻璃比色皿glass cell玻璃棒glass rod 光栅grating重量因数gravimetric factor 重量分析gravimetry保证试剂guarantee reagent(GR)高效液相色谱high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)均相沉淀homogeneous precipitation 电热板hot plate氢灯hydrogen lamp 紫移hypochromic shift灼烧ignition 指示剂indicator诱导反应induced reaction 惰性溶剂inert solvent不稳定常数instability constant 仪器分析instrumental analysis国际标准化组织International Standardization Organization(ISO)国际纯粹与应用化学联合会International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC) 固有酸度intrinsic acidity 固有碱度intrinsic basicity固有溶解度intrinsic solubility 碘滴定法iodimetry碘钨灯iodine-tungsten lamp 滴定碘法iodometry离子缔合物萃取ion association extraction 离子色谱ion chromatography(IC)离子交换ion exchange 离子交换树脂ion exchange resin离子强度ionic strength 等吸光点isoabsorptive point卡尔·费歇尔法Karl Fischer titration 凯氏定氮法Kjel dahl determination 朗伯-比尔定律Lambert-Beer law 拉平效应leveling effect配位体ligand 光源light source线状光谱line spectrum 线性回归linear regression液相色谱liquid chromatography(LC) 常量分析macro-analysis掩蔽masking 掩蔽指数masking index质量平衡mass balance 物料平衡material balance最大吸收maximum absorption 平均值mean,average测量值measured value 量筒measuring cylinder中位数median 汞量法mercurimetry汞灯mercury lamp [筛]目mesh金属指示剂metallochromic indicator 甲基橙methyl orange(MO)甲基红methyl red(MR) 微量分析micro-analysis混晶mixed crystal 混合指示剂mixed indicator流动相mobile phase 莫尔法Mohr method摩尔吸光系数molar absorptivity 摩尔比法mole ratio method分子光谱molecular spectrum 一元酸monoacid单色光monochromatic light 单色器monochromator马弗炉muffle furnace 中性溶剂neutral solvent中和neutralization 非水滴定non-aqueous titration正态分布normal distribution 包藏oculusion有机相organic phase 指示剂的僵化ossification of indicator离群值outlier 烘箱oven纸色谱paper chromatography(PC) 平行测定parallel determination光程path length; light path 高锰酸钾法permanganate titrationpH玻璃电极pH glass electrode 相比phase ratio酚酞phenol phthalein(PP) 光电池photo cell光电比色计hotoelectric colorimeter 光电倍增管photomultiplier光电管phototube 吸量管pipet(te); measuring pipet移液管pipette 极性溶剂polar solvent淀帚policeman 多元酸polyprotic acid总体population 后沉淀post precipitation沉淀剂precipitant 沉淀形precipitationform沉淀滴定法precipitationtitration 精密度precision预富集pre-concentration 基准物质primary standard substance棱镜prism 概率probability质子proton 质子条件proton condition质子化protonation 质子化常数protonation constant纯度purity1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN) 定性分析qualitative analysis 定量分析quantitative analysis四分法quartering 随机误差random error全距(极差) range 试剂空白reagent blank试剂瓶reagent bottle 自动记录式分光光度计recording spectrophotometer回收率recovery 氧化还原指示剂redox indicator氧化还原滴定redox titration 参考水平reference level标准物质reference material(RM) 参比溶液reference solution相对误差relative error 分辨力resolution比移值R f value 游码rider常规分析routine analysis 式样,样品sample取样sampling 自身指示剂self-indicator半微量分析semi-microanalysis 分离separation分离因数separation factor 副反应系数side reation coefficient显著性检验significance test 有效数字significant figure多组分同时测定simultaneous determination of multicomponents单光束分光光度计single beam spectrophotometer单盘天平single-pan balance 狭缝slit二苯胺磺酸钠sodiumdiphenyl amine sulfonate 溶度积solubility product溶剂萃取solventextraction 型体(物种) species比消光系数specific extinction coefficient 光谱分析spectral analysis分光光度计spectrophotometer 分光光度法spectrophotometry稳定常数stability constant 标准曲线standard curve标准偏差standard deviation 标准电位standard potential标准系列法standard series method 标准溶液standard solution标定standardization 淀粉starch固定相stationary phase 蒸汽浴steam bath逐级稳定常数stepwise stability constant 分步滴定stepwise titration化学计量点stoichiometric point 结构分析structure analysis表面活性剂surfactant, surface active agent 过饱和supersaturation系统误差systematic error 试液test solution热力学常数thermodynamic constant 薄层色谱thin layer chromatography(TLC) 百里酚酞thymolphthalein(THPP) 被滴物titrand滴定剂titrant 滴定titration滴定常数titration constant 滴定曲线titration curve滴定误差titration error 滴定分数titration fraction滴定指数titration index 滴定突跃titration jump滴定分析titrimetry 痕量分析trace analysis变色间隔transition interval 透色比transmittance三元酸triacid 真值true value钨灯tungsten lamp 超痕量分析ultratrace analysis裁判分析umpire analysis 紫外/可见分光广度法UV/VIS spectrophotometry挥发volatilization 佛尔哈德法V olhard method 容量瓶volumetric flask 容量分析volumetry洗瓶wash bottle 洗液washings水浴water bath 称量瓶weighing bottle 称量形weighing form 砝码weights工作曲线working curve 二甲酚橙xylenol orange(XO) 零水平zerol evel。
S600菜单翻译
S600菜单翻译S600超声流量计算机菜单MENU（主菜单）:1.FLOW RATES(流量)1.1 STREAM 1(回路1)1.1.1 STR01 UVOL FR(回路1工况流量)1.1.2 STR01 CVOL FR(回路1标况流量)1.1.3 STR01 MASS FR(回路1质量流量)1.1.4 STR01 ENERGY FR (回路1能量流量)2.TOTALS（累计量）2.1 STREAM 1(回路1)2.1.1 STR01 FWD UVOL(正向工况累计量)2.1.1.1 CUMULATIVE TOTAL(总累计量)STR01 FWD UVOL(回路1正向工况累计量)2.1.1.2 MAINTENANCE TOTAL(维护模式下的累计量) STR01 FWD UVOL MAINT（回路1正向工况维护累计量）Current Period（当前小时累计量）Previous Period（前一小时累计量）2.1.1.3 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD UVOL HOURL(回路1正向工况小时累计量) Current Period(当前小时累计量)Previous Period(前一小时累计量)2.1.1.4 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD UVOL DAILY(回路1正向工况天累计量) Current Period(当天累计量)Previous Period(前一天累计量)2.1.2 STR01 FWD CVOL(正向标况累计量)2.1.2.1 CUMULATIVE TOTAL(总累计量)STR01 FWD CVOL(回路1正向标况累计量)2.1.2.2 MAINTENANCE TOTAL(维护模式下的累计量) STR01 FWD CVOL MAINT（回路1正向标况维护累计量）Current Period（当前小时累计量）Previous Period（前一小时累计量）2.1.2.3 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD CVOL HOURL(回路1正向标况小时累计量) Current Period(当前小时累计量)Previous Period(前一小时累计量)2.1.2.4 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD CVOL DAILY(回路1正向标况天累计量) Current Period(当天累计量)Previous Period(前一天累计量)2.1.3 STR01 FWD MASS(正向标况累计量)2.1.3.1 CUMULATIVE TOTAL(总累计量)STR01 FWD MASS (回路1正向质量累计量)2.1.3.2 MAINTENANCE TOTAL(维护模式下的累计量)STR01 FWD MASS MAINT（回路1正向质量维护累计量）Current Period（当前小时累计量）Previous Period（前一小时累计量）2.1.3.3 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD MASS HOURL(回路1正向质量小时累计量) Current Period(当前小时累计量)Previous Period(前一小时累计量)2.1.3.4 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD MASS DAILY(回路1正向质量天累计量) Current Period(当天累计量)Previous Period(前一天累计量)2.1.4 STR01 FWD ENGY(正向标况累计量)2.1.4.1 CUMULATIVE TOTAL(总累计量)STR01 FWD ENGY (回路1正向能量累计量)2.1.4.2 MAINTENANCE TOTAL(维护模式下的累计量) STR01 FWD ENGY MAINT（回路1正向能量维护累计量）Current Period（当前小时累计量）Previous Period（前一小时累计量）2.1.4.3 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD ENGY HOURL(回路1正向能量小时累计量) Current Period(当前小时累计量)Previous Period(前一小时累计量)2.1.4.4 BASETIME 1(基准时间1)STR01 FWD ENGY DAILY(回路1正向能量天累计量) Current Period(当天累计量)Previous Period(前一天累计量)3.OPERATOR（操作）3.1 STREAM 1(回路1)3.1.1 COMPOSITION(组分)3.1.1.1 MOLE SELECT(摩尔百分比选择)Status:CHROMAT/KEYPAD（状态:色谱/面板输入）3.1.1.2 ACCEPTANCE COMMAND（接受命令）Status:ACCEPTING/IDLE（接受中/空闲）3.1.1.3 KEYPAD MOLES（面板输入摩尔百分数）NITROGEN（氮气）CO2（二氧化碳）HELIUM（氦气）METHANE（甲烷）ETHANE（乙烷）PROPANE(丙烷)N_BUTANE(正丁烷)I_BUTANE(异丁烷)N_PENTANE（正戊烷）I_PENTANE（异戊烷）NEO_PENTANE（新戊烷）HEXANE（己烷）HEPTANE（庚烷）OCTANE（辛烷）NONANE（壬烷）DECANE（葵烷）TOTAL（总和）3.1.1.4 STR01 MOLE SPLITS（回路1摩尔百分比分离）3.1.1.5 RAW MOLE（原始摩尔百分比）UNNORM TOTAL（异常总和）3.1.1.6 SELECTED MOLES（选用摩尔百分数）3.1.1.7 TELEM STAGE（通讯进程）V ALUE（数值）3.1.1.8 TELEM POLL DELAY（通讯进行延时）3.1.1.9 TELEM RESET DELAY 1（通讯复位延时1）3.1.2 STREAM SETUP(回路设置)3.1.2.1 STR01 STREAM TYPE（回路1类型）Status:GAS ULT(状态:气体超声流量计)3.1.2.2 STR01 NAME(回路1名称)Value: GAS USONIC(数值:气体超声流量计)3.1.2.3 STR01 METER LOCATION(回路1流量计位置)Value: LINE 1(数值:管线1)3.1.2.4 STR01 STANDARD TEMP(回路1标准状态温度)3.1.2.5 STR01 STANDARD PRESS(回路1标准状态压力)3.1.2.6 STR01 LOW FLOW CUTOF(回路1小流量切除) 3.1.3 STATUS(状态)3.1.3.1 STR01 STATUS(回路1状态)Status: OFF-LINE/ILLEGAL-V(状态:离线/非法)3.1.3.2 STR01 DISABLE（回路1禁止）Status:CLEAR(状态:清除)3.1.3.3 STR01 LOW FLOW STAT(回路1小流量启动) Status:SET(状态:设置)3.1.3.4 STR01 FLOW DIR（回路1流向）Status:FORW ARD（状态:正向）3.1.4 METER SETUP(流量计设置)3.1.4.1 STR01 VEL CORRN SEL(回路1流速修正) Staus:CLEAR(状态:清除)3.1.4.2 STR01 MF CORRN SEL(回路1流量计系数修正) Staus:CLEAR(状态:清除)3.1.4.3 STR01 YOUNGS MODULUS(回路1杨氏模量)3.1.4.4 STR01 PRESS EXP COEF(回路1压力膨胀系数)3.1.4.5 STR01 SPOOL INT DIAM(回路1测量管内径)3.1.4.6 STR01 TEMP EXP COEF(回路1温度膨胀系数)3.1.4.7 STR01 CAL SPOOL TEMP(回路1管径测量温度)3.1.4.8 STR01 SPOOL EXT DIAM(回路1测量管外径)3.1.4.9 STR01 SPOOL ROUGH(回路1测量管粗糙度) 3.1.4.10 STR01 CAL SPOOL PRS(回路1管径测量压力)3.1.4.11 STR01 VISCOSITY(回路1流体黏度)3.1.4.12 STR01 COMMS TIMEOUT(回路1通讯超时设置)3.1.4.13 STR01 PORT SEL（回路1通讯口）3.1.5 METER IO(流量计输入/输出)3.1.5.1 STR01 GAS VELOCITY（回路1气体流速）In Use Value（在用值）Mode Status: CALCULATED /KEYPAD(模式状态:计算/面板输入）3.1.5.2 KEYPAD Value(键盘输入值)3.1.5.3 Limits (H/L)（报警限）3.1.5.4 VEL OF SOUND(声速)Measured Value（测量值）Calculated Value（计算值）3.1.5.5 Method(方法)3.1.5.6 STR01 LINE TEMP(回路1在线温度)3.1.5.7 STR01 LINE PRESSURE(回路1在线压力)3.1.6 CALCULATED DATA(计算数据)3.1.6.1 METER DENSITY(流量计密度)Mode Status:compress/measured/keypad/ptz(压缩法/标准法/手输法/)3.1.6.2 Zf(压缩系数)3.1.6.3 STANDARD DENSITY(标准状态密度)Mode Status:CV/compress/keypad(热值法/压缩法/手输法)3.1.6.4 Zs(标准状态下的压缩系数)3.1.6.5 REAL CV(真实热值)Mode Status: CALCULATED /KEYPAD(模式状态:计算/面板输入）3.1.6.6 REAL REL DENSITY(真实的相对密度)Mode Status:CV/compress/keypad/measured/chromat(热值法/压缩法/手输法/标准法/色谱法)3.1.6.7 SPOOL CTSM（测量管温度膨胀修正值）Mode Status: CALCULATED /KEYPAD(模式状态:计算/面板输入）3.1.6.8 SPOOL CPSM(测量管压力膨胀修正值)Mode Status: CALCULATED /KEYPAD(模式状态:计算/面板输入）3.1.6.9 INUSE MFACTOR(在用流量计仪表系数)Mode Status: CALCULATED /KEYPAD(模式状态:计算/面板输入）3.1.6.10 VEL CORRN FACTOR(流速校正系数)3.1.7 FWD A VG DATA（正向平均数据）3.1.8 REV A VG DATA（反向平均数据）4. PLANT I/O（设备输入/输出）4.1 HART INPUTS(HART输入)4.1.1 HART PRESS(HART压力)4.1.25. SYSTEM SETTINGS（系统设置）5.1 HART INPUTS(HART输入)4.1.1 HART PRESS(HART压力)5.2 ANALOG INPUTS(模拟量输入)5.5 DIGITAL I/OS(数字量输入/输出)5.6 ANALOG OUTPUTS(模拟量输出)6. TECH/ENGINEER（技术员与工程师）7.空8.CALCULATIONS（计算）。
organic chemistry有机化学 第五版 LGWade JR 答案
-
. .-
+
+
(d)
..
•
H - N - C = C - C - N - H .. 1 1 1 1 1 H H H H H mmor
• •
(g)
:0: :0 : :0 : :0 : :0 : :0 : II II 1 II II 1 H - C - C- C - H----- H - C = C - C - H ----- H - C - C = C - H 1 1 1 H H H major mITIor major these two have equivalent energy and are major because the negative charge is on the more electronegative oxygen atom
(c) :O-N=O (d) (e)
I I
+
O=N-O: ..
+
. .
-
H-C=C-C-H
H H H
I
.. H-C-C=C-H
H H H
I
I
I
da
: 0:
II
w.
H - C = C - C - H .. .. H - C - C=C - H I I I I I I H H H H H H (f) Sulfur can have up to 12 electrons around it because it has d orbitals accessible . :0 : : 0: : 0: I I II O==S-O: .. :O - S - O: .. .. :O - S=O
·8 8
H - C == C - C leD I I 8 H H
Density-Functional-Theory(DFT)-CaculationPPT课件
9
2016/3/5
The Ion structure shows longer O-H distance and shorter O-O distance than the OO structure. The Ion structure has a larger rotational constant A than the OO structure.
13
2016/3/5
conclusion
At the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory, the Ion structure is much more stable than the OO structure
most DFT calculations with various functionals favor the OO structure the DFT results with MPW1K and BH&HLYP functionals are very close to
CBS(complete basis set)-完全基组 6-311++G** aug-cc-pVDZ(aVDZ) aug-cc-pVTZ(aVTZ) aug-cc-pVQZ(aVQZ)
最小基组 劈裂价键基组 极化基组 弥散基组
高角动量基组
相关一致基组
5
2016/3/5
结果与讨论
the OO structure is much more stable than the Ion structure both structures are compatible the Ion structure is much more stable than the OO structure
有机膦离子液体的结构及性质研究
≈ IL-5 > IL-4. Under the same extraction conditions, the relationship between functionalized
asymmetry, bidentate cationic bifunctional symmetry, bidentate cationic monofunctional
asymmetry and bidentate dicationic bifunctional symmetry), and was characterized by FT-IR,
取条件下，功能化离子液体结构与萃取能力关系为：双齿双阳离子双功能化对称
性离子液体 > 双齿阳离子双功能化对称性离子液体 > 单齿阳离子单功能化不
对称性离子液体 ≈ 双齿阳离子双功能化不对称性离子液体。
关键词：功能化离子液体，
黏度，
电导率，
I
稀土，
萃取
Structure of Phosphine-functionailzed Ionic Liquids and
现添加盐析剂可以促进离子液体萃取稀土 Nd(Ⅲ)；同时通过 logD-log[IL]斜率法
表明，添加 LiNTf 2 时后，萃取机理由中性络合机理转变成了离子缔合机理。当阴
离子为 NTf 2 - 时，不同阳离子结构的有机膦功能化离子液体萃取 0.005 M LiNTf 2
的 Nd(Ⅲ)溶液的萃取能力大小为：IL-8 > IL-3 > IL-2 ≈ IL-5 > IL-4。在相同萃
Moles
The
A
mole is the amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope. There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12. This number is sometimes called the Avogadro constant.
Check answers in the back
There is a ‘secret’ to becoming really great at these basic mole calculations…
Do you want to know it?
Loads and loads of practice! Find Factsheet 2
What equation should I use to work out the mass of 5 moles of water molecules? What is the answer?
What equation should I use to work What equation should I use to out the number of moles of HCl work out the number of moles of In 85.0g of HCl HCl gas? HCl in 85.0g of gas What is the answer? What is the answer?
Tackle all the following problems; Q 1-7 (all parts) Check the answers every now and then
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3 Li2CO3
Al2(CO3)3
+
6LiCl
Identify the spectator ions and write a net ionic equation when an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate is mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide.
Stoichiometry Problems
• How many moles of KClO3 must decompose in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen gas?
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
? mol 9 mol
9 mol O2
2 mol KClO3 3 mol O2
Al3+ SO42NH41+ OH1Al3+ OH1NH41+ SO42-
aluminum sulfate +
ammonium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide
+
ammonium sulfate
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 NH4OH(aq) 2 Al(OH)3 (ppt) + 3 (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
2 (NH4)3PO4 + 3 Mg(OH)2 Mg3(PO4)2 +
ammonium phosphate magnesium hydroxide magnesium phosphate
6 NH?OH 4
ammonium hydroxide
NH41+ OH1-
Now you try… 2 AlCl3 +
Zn2+(aq) + 2 NO31–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH1–(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NO31–(aq) + Ba2+(aq)
Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
Zn2+(aq) + 2 OH1–(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
= 5 mol O2
= 112 L O2
x L O2 = 10 mol Mg
22.4 L O2 1 mol O2
= 112 L O2
3.
CaCl2 Ca + Cl2
8 mol x mol How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride? x mol Ca = 8 mol CaCl2 1 mol Ca 1 mol CaCl2 = 8 mol Ca
– – – – – Mole ratio Molar mass Mole ratio - Molarity Molar volume moles moles moles moles moles grams moles liters soln moles liters gas
Core step in all stoichiometry problems!!
Pb2+(aq) + 2 I1–(aq) PbI2(s)
Mix together Zn(NO3)2(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq):
Mix them and get… Ba(NO3)2(aq) and
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)
Solubility Chart
Zn(OH)2 (ppt)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson /communicationsarts/pages/chem
& Pressure 0°C and 1 atm
Molar Volume at STP
LITERS OF GAS AT STP
Molar Volume
(22.4 L/mol)
MASS IN GRAMS
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
MOLES
6.02 1023
particles/mol
NUMBER OF PARTICLES
Molarity (mol/L)
LITERS OF SOLUTION
Courtesy Christy Johannesson /communicationsarts/pages/chem
NaI(aq) Na1+(aq) + I1–(aq) Na1+ I1–
Mix them and get… Balance to get overall ionic equation… Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
Mix them and get…
How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride? x mol Cl2 = 8 mol CaCl2 1 mol Cl2 1 mol CaCl2 = 8 mol Cl2
I have 5 eggs. How many cookies can I make?
Ratio of eggs to cookies
5 eggs
5 dozen 2 eggs
150 cookies = 12.5 dozen cookies
Courtesy Christy Johannesson /communicationsarts/pages/chem
Proportional Relationships
• Stoichiometry
– mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction – based on the mole ratio
• Mole Ratio
– indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation
= 5 mol SbCl3
How many moles of SbCl3 are produced from 7.5 moles of Cl2 and excess Sb? 2 mol SbCl3 3 mol Cl2
x mol SbCl3 = 7.5 mol Cl2
= 5 mol SbCl3
2.
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
Visualizing a Chemical Reaction
2 Na
+
Cl2
2 NaCl
10 ___ mole Na
5 ___ mole Cl2
10 ? ___ mole NaCl
Formation of Ammonia
Proportional Relationships
2 1/4 c. flour 1 tsp. baking soda 1 tsp. salt Conversion Factor 1 c. butter 3/4 c. sugar 3/4 c. brown sugar 1 tsp vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 c. chocolate chips Makes 5 dozen cookies.
Ions in Aqueous Solution
Pb(NO3)2(s) + H2O(l) Pb(NO3)2(aq) Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO31–(aq)
Print Copy of Lab
Pb2+
NO31– NO31–
add water
NO31– Pb2+ issociation: NaI(s) + H2O(l) Na1+ I1–
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NO31–(aq) + Ba2+(aq)
Zn(NO3)2(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2 NO31–(aq)
Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH1–(aq)
NO31–
OH1–
Zn2+ NO31–
Ba2+
OH1–
Balance to get overall ionic equation…
NO31–
Balance to get overall ionic equation…
Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO31–(aq) + 2 Na1+(aq) + 2 I1–(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 NO31–(aq) + 2 Na1+(aq)
Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation…
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
Courtesy Christy Johannesson /communicationsarts/pages/chem
Stoichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation. 2. Identify known & unknown. 3. Line up conversion factors.
10 mol xL x mol
How many moles of magnesium oxide are produced from the burning of 10 mol of Mg? 2 mol MgO 2 mol Mg