The English Bourgeois Revolution Microsoft Word 文档 (2)
资产阶级革命时期英国文学
+ Pamphleteer, a
supporter of Oliver Cromwell. + Milton argued for religious freedom and stood against the authority of the bishops. + Poet: 24 sonnets + Works include: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.
+ Puritan writer who
participated in the struggle against the corrupt, dissolute feudal-aristocratic regimes of Charles II and James II.
+ The work has often been read and appreciated as a
+ It presents the
author's political views in allegorical religious form. It is built on the stories and myths in the Bible through which western people have sought to understand the meaning of their experience of life. + The work contains Milton's ambition, his love of freedom and his deep-seated Puritanism.
英国文学简史
英国文学简史笔记一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）.Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）.Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语).最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar.2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人).3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350).中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion;2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France;(2).Matter of Greece and Rome;(3).Matter of Britain.nguage: 3 language.文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。
乔叟):Chaucer's works:(1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集);(2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）；(3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇);(4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂);(5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议);(6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）.Chaucer's contribution to the English language:(1). The " father of English poetry";(2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse;(3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)";(4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language;(5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language.Chaucer's social significance:(1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life;(2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses.2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero）3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various Englishand Scottish dialects.---- Robin Hood (罗宾汉), who is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate(深情的).二、文艺复兴时期文学: The English Renaissance（15世纪后期-17世纪初）文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义.几个过渡时期：1. The Hundred Year's War: 1337--1453;2. The wars of the Rose(玫瑰战争/蔷薇战争): 源于两个皇族所选的家微。
13春华师《英美概况》在线作业策略(随机)
B. the west coast of South America
C. the east coast of North America
D. the east coast of South America
满分：3 分
B. that have a large number of British immigrants
C. that have close relations with Britain
D. that have fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars
A. Lord Protector
B. Lieutenant General
C. Commander of the New Model Army
D. President
满分：3 分
21. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by _______ during the Civil War.
C. the third most populous country in the world
D. the fourth most populous country in the world
满分：3 分
15. Among the most typical English sports, having been in existence since the 16th century, is
B. private sources
C. public funds
英国王朝复辟
It tells how Christ
overcame Satan.
The most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
+ 《Songs and Sonnets》歌谣与十四行诗
+ 《A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning》分别：莫忧伤
+
《Paradise Lost》失乐园
+
《Paradise Regained》复乐园
+
《Samson Agonistes》力士参孙
John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿 （1608-1674）
Milton is a master of the blank
verse and a great stylist（文体学家）. He towers over his
The English Bourgeois Revolution Period (17世纪)
background
伊丽莎白 矛盾激化 詹姆士一世 不可调和查 Nhomakorabea理
一
世
查理二世
复辟
克伦威尔
共和制
出 走
詹姆士二世 光荣革命
奥兰治亲王
时代的混乱，新旧善恶相攻相诈的局面，导致了人 们思想上矛盾重重，无所适从。轻浮，颓废，阴郁和悲观 等特点在不少作品里表现出来。粗俗的写实手法把王族显 贵那种花天酒地，荒淫无耻的生活状态毫无掩饰的摆到舞 台上，严重的污染了社会道德风尚。反映于文学的，除了 上述诗剧的衰败，还有在散文作品中围绕政治与宗教问题 的争论文章的急剧增多，在诗歌中出现了以多恩为代表的 玄学诗派（metaphysical）和一些称为骑士派（cavaliers） 的贵族青年所写的爱情诗，前者用新奇的形象和节奏写怀 疑与信念交替的复杂心情，显示出当时科学大进展冲击传 统文化的影响，后者则表达了一种末日情调。
英国兴衰的论文
On the Rise and Fall of Great BritainID: 2010211926Name: Sherry / 张旸Score:Class: 5摘要：英国的兴衰史犹如抛弧线一般，从一个不起眼的岛国逐渐发展到崛起到达到顶峰最后又逐渐衰落并回到欧洲，回到开始的地方——大西洋上的岛国。
在这起起伏伏的历程中，风云变化，一切都不可预测，万物瞬息变化。
到底是什么导致了它的起伏，是日益聚集的国家意识，是集中统一的王权，是暴力的革命，是生产力的大解放，还是战争？也许这一切都是，又或许它们只是冰山一角。
本文将从三个方面来论述英国兴衰的过程并探究其中的因果关系：英国的崛起，顶峰，到回到欧洲。
最后从文化中的创新和保守对制度的行与废产生的影响出发，总结全篇。
在英国的崛起过程中，本文强调国家意识的形成和统一国家在这个过程中的作用。
毫无疑问的是，英国的封建统治在一定程度上确实为其资本主义的发展创造了条件，起到了铺垫的作用。
其中，对商业贸易和海外殖民的扩张政策的鼓励尤为突出。
当然，因为本身的民族特点，它在崛起中始终保持着中立与欧洲内陆的外交政策。
这些在崛起到到达顶峰的转折过程中都不同程度上发挥着不可替代的作用。
在英国的顶峰时期，本文侧重于两个表现：“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”。
“日不落帝国”是其殖民统治发展到顶峰的表现，也是它在政治上走出欧洲，站立世界的表现，当然也为后文介绍它的衰落做了一个铺垫。
“世界工厂”，毫无疑问，点明了它在经济上取得的巨大成就。
借此本文进一步探究了英国生产力发展的原因——资产阶级革命和工业革命。
在英国回到欧洲的现状里，本文侧重讲解由于帝国的衰落，殖民地的丧失以及固有文化的保守性而导致英国的衰落。
而它衰落的过程又无一不体现在两次世界大战中，之后英国便沦为二流国家。
这一切归因于文化中的创新与保守在制度行与废上作用。
Abstract：Britain's prosperity and decline history is just like throws the arc to some extent-----develops gradually from a commonplace island country to thecrest,and then gradually declines, finally returns to Europe, returns to the place - - Atlantic's island country,from which it starts. In this fluctuation's course, the wind and cloud changes, all may not predict that myriad things twinkling change.What has caused its fluctuation, is national consciousness which gathers day by day, or is the centralism unified royal power, or is the violence revolution, or is emancipation of productivity , or is it a war? Perhaps they all played a role, or perhaps they were only the tips of the iceberg.This article will elaborate the British prosperity and decline process from three aspects : Britain's rising, the crest, returning to Europe. Simultaneously, it will find out its deep causes behind the surface . At length , it will make a summary on the basis of the influence of its cultural conservatism and creativeness which affected whether the policy was applied or not .On the growth of Great Britain , the article emphasizes the fundamental function of the national consciousness and the unified country . Undoubtedly , Britain's feudal rule, to a certain extent,has created the condition for its capitalism's development and played an upholstery role. Among them, promotion of the development of trade and industry and the encouragement of overseas expansion are outstanding because of their great influence . Of course, foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe is maintaining throughout of the growth owing to its national and cultural characteristics . All of those could not be replaced in the history due to their tremendous benefits on the development of Great Britain.On the prosperity, it attaches great importance to the two aspects :"the Sun-Never-Setting Empire" and "workshop of the world " . The former one indicated its top colonial rule in the world , as the same time , it showed that Britain had walked out of Europe and stood out in the world. Surely , it also foreshadowed the decline of Britain because of its empire . "workshop of the world " reflected its great achievement on the economy ,which led us to think over its causes :The English Bourgeois Revolution and The Industrial Revolution.On the Europe's present situation , this article stresses the explanation as a result of the empire decline, colony forfeit as well as the inherent cultural conservative nature on Britain's decline. But its decline manifests in two world wars, afterward Britain then degenerates into the second-class country. All in all , the cultural creativeness and conservatism plays great role in the application and the abandonment of policy .Key words: growth--prosperity--back to Europe creativeness--conservatismContentI Growth of England1.1The English Nation AwarenessThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain , Northern Ireland , and a number of smaller islands around them . That is to say , U.K is a island country in the Atlantic ocean , with a population of about 56 million and a total area of some 240000 square kilometres . It is a very small country in the sense of its area and population. But just as this island country , it first stood in the forest of nations , leaving us a trail of questions to evaluate and think about the reason .As far as I am concerned , in the light of community and peoples , nation awareness takes the priority over other reasons and becomes one of its foundation of strong nation . It is the nation awareness that makes people unite as a whole and fight as an one , which , undoubtedly , will be of great benefit for nation power and country prosperity . I will explain it in the following parts .Dating back to ancient times , it was more like a history of being invaded and plundered. For instance, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar , invades England in the first century B.C.. In the first century A.D., the Roman army invaded it for the second time. After that , invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England . Finally came to Anglo-Saxons , who helped English fight against its enemy ,but refused to go and settled down finally . It was not an end of invasion . There came a new wave of invasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Britain . It was an invasion by the Danes from North Europe. What should be emphasized is that those invaded Britain not at the same time . They came stringing along for more than one hundred and fifty years, a few boatloads at a time . Each batch of invaders had a chieftain or king, so England at that time was divided into many kingdoms .Though warring and fighting , the number of kingdoms was gradually reduced and finally all England was united under one king .The reduction of kingdoms takes a very small part of wakening nation awareness . It was the Hundred Y ears' War between England and France that made a big difference of nation awareness . Briefly speaking , because of the appearance of Parliament , the England gradually developed into a strong nation and the bourgeoisie had gained more say on state affairs. Since trade was still the main source of wealth for the new-born bourgeoisie , it certainly desired to expand markets while the nobility was covetous of rich land on the Continent . During about the same time , France had also become a strong state. It also wanted t enlarge its spheres of influence. Hence the conflict between these two countries along with the English king's desire to regain lost territory led to the Hundred Y ears' War.The result of the war deprived the English king of his possessions on the continent . But it wakened the nation awareness in the English people's mind . After losing their territory on the continent, the ruling Normans began to regard England as their home and think of themselves as belonging to the English nation.From then on , the English people did not take "England" just as a name of geography for granted , they knew they were different from those states in the continent . They were civilians of the same country . That meant a lot . That is to say , they were not separated as thousand but united as an one , no matter what they were going to pursue or what they were to confront with , they would be bound up together for their common interests and the future of their generations . As the saying of President Lincoln "united as we stand , divided as we fall ." . That is the magic of nation awareness --- Unity.1.2 Concentration of State PowerAs I have mentioned , in the Hundred Y ears' War , the nation awareness has been increased greatly , simultaneously , as the end of the Wars of theRoses came to the new age in English history . Simply speaking , the war has greatly reduced the power of nobles and destroyed many big feudal households , hence , the position of the Tudor Monarchy , which ascended the throne in the person of King Henry VII, was greatly strengthened . The advantages of this were the concentration of state power , which , in the other hand , was of benefit to the Growth of England . We can have a short look from its policies .●Promotion of the development of trade and industry●Foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe●Encouragement of piracy●Encouragement of overseas expansionThose policies played a great role in the growth of England , not only in international market , but also in the accumulation of wealth . It helped to prepare the conditions for the establishment of the capitalist mode of production in England and need for capitalist development .T aken the two factors into consideration , the Tudor Monarchy served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English history . It prepared soil for a centralized government and helped the increase of bourgeoisie .1.3 TransitionWith the awareness of nation and the concentration of power, the England has come to its new stage . At that stage, many adventures had happened , among which we should pay attention to three events related three aspects of its growth . That is the fast development of clothing industry,the discovery of New Lands and the Renaissance in England .●Development of clothingOwing to its warm moist climate and lush grasslands, the clothing industry has developed rapidly , under the ruling of the Tudor Monarchy . What shouldbe emphasized is that the clothing industry showed its capitalist nature -----Property right was separated from production and labour was divided into several parts . Its development encouraged other industries growth and renewed the national economy . The immediate industry was the sheep-farming industry ,which ,directly aroused the appearance of Enclosures .Tudor Monarchy did not forbid the action , on the contrary , in some degree , promoted the development of clothing industry and the Enclosures . It is the transition from attachment of mercantilism to industry. As a result , the accumulation of capital rapid . A new class , the capitalist class , was growing rapidly .●Discovery of New LandsWith the development of commodity production and international trade , England felt the impact resulting from the shortage of gold and silver , as well as the market. They desperately need to strength the links with Asia and else where .But the traditional routes from Europe to Asia were cut off because of the robbery started by the Mongols and the Turks who captured Constantinople in 1453. In order to solve the problem , during the 15th century and 16th century , many explorers flocked from Europe to Asia and America.The discovery of New Lands and adventurous voyages enlarged man's field of vision and broke the old traditional mentality, speeding up social and economic development . During this time , the England has increased its social stature around the world . It is the transition of the beginning of the world power and nation statures .●Renaissance in EnglandThe Renaissance was not started in the England firstly, and , to some degree , it came to England very late compared to European countries . It was during the Tudor Monarchy that Renaissance finally found its way to England and played a great role in the mental field of English . As a matter of fact, TudorMonarchy supported and witnessed the spreading of the Renaissance .The Renaissance was a great emancipation movement in the spiritual world. It attached great importance to the human happiness and power . From that on , people discovered their creative power and began to believe that man could make wonders through their own efforts. And they had the right to enjoy beauty in the life and strive to make it happier . It is the transition of humans knowledge and beliefs .1.4 ConflictGenerally speaking , the England has gradually grown and everything has been prepared for its prosperity but the feudalism . Even though the Tudor Monarchy seemed done much to its capitalism development, its descent chose an upright down road , which leaves us a trail of imagination of the future .II The Prosperity of EnglandAs we have discussed in the previous parts, the nation awareness ,the unity of a British kingdom and the polices during the Tudor Monarchy have prepared soil for the development of England , but its peak time is not coming yet , until the Industrial Revolution. Of course , there are more reasons contributing to its prosperity . In the following parts, we will continue discussing about some important events in the British history , together with analyses behind the surface .This part will be divided into three small parts---the English Bourgeois Revolution ,Industrial Revolution , the expansion of colonization .The English Bourgeois Revolution , politically , ended the feudalism and started the establishment of capital management . While the Industrial Revolution , basically , promoted the productivity , which absolutely has an entire impact on its society both politically and economically ,as long as culturally . The expansion of colonization , is the direct reason of being a sun-never-setting empire . Its influence will be discussed in the following part, owing to its immediate relationship with England decline .2.1 The English Bourgeois RevolutionIt broke out in the 17th century. On one hand , the Wars of the Roses , the Enclosures, the Reformation and the geographical discovery of the New World had greatly weakened the feudal noble class and sped up "primitive accumulation of capital". On the other hand , the relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie became worse after the Elizabeth's reign .James I was capable , knowledge , vigorous and energetic but very despotic . His "Diving Right of Kings " was not good for the development of capitalism . He alienated himself from so many people that class contradictions became acute and complicated because of his behaviours and stubborn beliefs . But yet , he managed his reign . However , after his death , Charles I was not that lucky like his father , JameI. Charles I was incapable , stubborn , war-like , despotic and tyranny . During those years , economic conditions were deteriorating. Finally , the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out .The revolution was not soothing but complicated . Until the parliament declared the throne vacant and proclaimed Williarm and Mary t be joint sovereign . This is called Glorious Revolution . As a matter of fact , this marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in the England . After that , the main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion .2.2 the Industrial RevolutionStarting in the textile industry in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution is an emancipation of productivity . It began after the Bourgeois Revolution ,partly because the Britain focused its effort on economic development . It means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes which transformed Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into a mainly urban and manufacturing one.As a matter of fact , the Industrial Revolution changed the whole England , ranging from the industrial transition to the social life and culture . But at thispart , we focus more on the production capacity . After the revolution , England was entitled as the "workshop of the world " . English products flooded the world market . At that time , no country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century . And this is what I called "Peak".2.3 the Sun-Never-Setting EmpireThe Industrial Revolution had greatly promoted its productivity . More factories had been built . More goods had been produced . But capital class found it hard to make them satisfied because of the shortage of market . What's more, with the application of machines , the higher unemployment gave birth to the viewpoint that Britain was overpopulated . So the expansion of colony was put on the table . As a result , England tried everything they could to expense its colony . It suppressed the revolt of the Canadians , started the Opium War against China in 1840,fought the Russians in the crimea War, and took over the control in India and so forth . At that time , England was named "the Sun-Never-Setting Empire". This is another evidence that England had reached its peak .2.4 Party's polityPolitically , England reached its peak because of being the first country of Party's polity . If we call America as the top powerful country in the world nowadays , then we could call Britian as a leader at that time .III Back to EuropeWe have discussed the growth and prosperity in the previous parts , and we will discus its decline in the following parts .Owing to its culture , Britain people are conservative. This character does no good when it comes to reforming and apply new theory . When the second industrial revolution took place, Britain was too addicted into its previous success and its glory , thus it did not catch the opportunity well . What's more , the sun-never-setting empire pulled its pace back due to the complexity of colonies and the extend of power control . Finally , it became a burden of itsdevelopment because Britain thought it could rely on the colonies and achieved what other countries did . T o some degree , it is true , but just in short terms.The War I and War II proved the decline of Britain. After that , Britain became the second-classed developed country , even nowadays .During its growth , Britain started to walk out of itself and the Europe ; at its peak, Britain dominated the world and became the leader of the world ; now, it came back to Europe and itself .IV Conclusion and ReflectionThroughout the Rise and Fall of Great Britain, there is a rule all over its history . The rule is conservatism and creativeness . When we view the history , we could find that during its growth and prosperity , it is the creativeness that lead its development . Its obvious application was the policies' establishment and abandonment . While during its decline , it is the conservatism that played the big picture . Similarly , we could find clues in the application of new theory .Studying the history will help us find our own way of developing and adjusting as we could learn lessons from it ,whether it is a success or failure . According to the rise and fall of Britain ,what we should do , as a developing country at the challenge and opportunity filling stage , is to catch the opportunity and encourage reforming and study new theory . On in this way can we pace with fast developing world and make a difference right now and in the future .Reference:An Outline Introduction to Britain and America 河南第二新华印刷厂印刷1995年11月第三版第1页到212页论文参考“英国兴衰的启示：制度创新的行与废”张玲玲/姜守明论文页数190～193页2006年2006月论文网/paper_22125841/ 《英国：从称霸世界到回归欧洲》刘成、刘金源和吴庆宏（三秦出版社，2005年5月版）。
Part 3 The period of the the English Bourgeios Revolution
EXECUTION OF CHARLES I
1.4 THE SPLIT(分裂) WITHIN THE REVOLUTIONARY CAMP
Big
Middle
Petty
Middle
Petty
Big
The revolutionary camp
• The big bourgeoisie and the middle bourgeoisie struggled for supremacy in parliament, while the petty bourgeoisie for freedom and equality.
1.5 THE BOURGEOIS DICTATORSHIP AND THE RESTORATION
• The bourgeois dictatorship was established, and Cromwell became the Protector of the English Commonwealth. (1649-1660)
II. LITERARY ACHIEVEMENTS
• English literature of this period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.
• The dominant literary genre of the early half of the 17th century is poetry. The major poets are John Milton and John Bunyan.
Charles II (1660-1685)
Mary
英国文学简史Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Part Three The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution第三部分英国资产阶级革命时期I The English Revolution and the Restoration 英国革命和复辟Literature of the Revolution Period 革命时期的文学：The spirit of unity and feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth I, and England was then convulsed with the conflict between the two antagonistic camps, the Royalists and the Puritans. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time. Milton, one of the greatest poets of England, defended the English Commonwealth with his pen.随着伊丽莎白一世统治的结束，人们统一的精神和爱国主义的感情也随之而去。
英国因为量大对抗阵营——保皇党和清教徒的冲突而骚乱。
英国革命和复辟时期的文学主要与当时的社会巨变有关。
英格兰最伟大的诗人之一弥尔顿用他的笔来捍卫英国共和制。
II Milton 弥尔顿1.Life and Work 生平和作品(1)Life: John Milton was born in London in 1608.约翰·弥尔顿1608年出生于伦敦。
智慧树知到《英国文学漫谈》章节测试答案
鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。
英国文学简史 (刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)笔记part3-4
Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
The English Civil War
Turning Point
The left wing it is necessary to change the leadership: to replace the leader right wing . They found a distinguished leader Oliver Cromwell.
The English civil war was directly caused by the conflict between Parliament and the king over the problem of supremacy, but the fundamental reason was the conflict between the economic interest of the urban middle represented by the parliament and the feudal landowners represented by the crown.It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
The Civil War
Charles I‟s deeds outraged the citizens in London who occupied the city very soon. The king escaped to York and gathered all the armies（most of them are feudal lords, known as Cavaliers[ˌkæ və'lɪəz])which stand for him. At the start of the war, the royal army won one after one battles. Once the army reached Oxford area which is 60 kilometers away from London. In such a situation ,the parliament fell into confusion.
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The English Bourgeois Revolution1. Social background of the Revolution The English Bourgeois Revolution broke out in the 17 th century. The Wars of the Roses had greatly weakened the feudal noble class. The Enclosures had dispossessed many peasants of their lands and driven them to cities. The Reformation had criticized those religious doctrines which served feudal relations and deprived the church of its lands and wealth, weakening one of the mainstays of the feudal order. The geographical discovery of the New World was followed by foreign expansion and slave trade, s peeding up “primitive accumulation of capital”. Meanwhile, ideology and morality had also witnessed big changes. A new class was rising in England. The bourgeois revolution was just arou nd the corner. During the last years of Elizabeth’s reign, relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie were strained. Elizabeth died in 1603 without a successor and James VI of Scotland was welcomed to the English throne as James I. This was the beginning of the unification of the two countries and it gave birth to the name Great Britain. James I was not as popular compared with Elizabeth and he was an uncompromising defender of the Church of England. He hated Dissenters and was less tolerant towards free believers than Elizabeth had been and persecuted the Catholics. He strongly believed in the “Divine Right of Kings” and therefore caused conflict with Parliament, especially over tax matters. Upon James’ death, his son succeeded him as Charles I who was less competent than his father. He behaved like a dictator and showed no respect to Parliament. In order to increase his power and prestige, he decided to start a war against Spain and France. But Parliament refused to give him the money he needed to support the war and even pass the bill“Petition of Rights” to forbid the king to get money in any form without consent of Parliament. Therefore the relation between Charles I and Parliament became even tenser. Charles I was in favor of Catholicism and showed his readiness to restore the old ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. He persecuted the Protestants, especially the Puritans. This caused great uneasiness among the people who hadbenefited from the Reformation. During those years, economic conditions were deteriorating. Crop failures, rising food prices and widespread unemployment added to the discontent of the broad masses. The king was sitting on a volcano.2.Events leading to the outbreak of the Revolution Charles I tried to force the Scots into accepting the English common Prayer book and this caused great anger among the Scots and they revolted. The king was ill-prepared for the sudden outbreak of the war, so he called a meeting of Parliament to raise money. But instead of giving him the money, the Parliament started a fierce criticism of the king’s policy. Charles was so angery that he dissolved the Parliament (known as the Short Parliament) which had been in existence for only two weeks. After he dismissed the Short Parliament in April, 1640, the king collected an army of all sorts and marched against the Scots. Without any chance of winning the war, he made a truce with them. He promised to respect all Scottish political and religious liberties and agreed to pay a large sum of indemnity. But he had no money to pay it, so he called another meeting of Parliament (Known as the Long Parliament) to ask the Members of Parliament to support his policies and give him the money he needed. He was again turned down. The king planned to get rid of his strong opponents in the House of Commons. On January 4 th , 1641, he led several hundreds of his armed followers to arrest five important members of the Commons, but he failed because they had already received warning. The Parliament sounded alarm, and armed men were called out to protect Parliament. The king was frightened and fled to York where he established his headquarters in opposition to Parliament. The war broke out.3. The course of the Revolution a. The Civil War broke out in 1462. b. At the beginning, the parliamentary party was controlled by the moderates (the Right Wing) and their hesitant and self-contradictory policy produced disastrous military setbacks. C . After Oliver Cromwell took the command of the revolutionary troops (the New Model Army), the tide began to turn against the Cavalie rs (the king’s supporters). d. The king was defeated and he gave himself up to theScottish army. The Scotch then sold Charles I to Parliament and for the next two years, Charles was held in custody. e. The Right Wing still wished to negotiate a compromise agreement with the king. They were ready to restore him to the throne if he could satisfy their demands. This angered the Left Wing. Colonel Pride led a body of soldiers to the House of Parliament and they excluded all the Right Wing members. The event was known as “Pride Purge”. f. After “Pride Purge”, the House of Commons was all brought under the complete control of t he revolutionary Left Wing. g. Charles I was tried and beheaded. h. England was proclaimed to be a commonwealth, a republic, and the Monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England were abolished. i. Cromwell conquered Ireland and Scotland and the 3 countries were united under him. j. He dissolved the Long Parliament in April, 1653 and began to rule England as Lord Protector.4. The Restoration (1660) a. Cause—Cromwell’s son was incompetent in governing the country, and he abdicated. A new Parliament, composed of both Houses, was again assembled. The new Parliament began to negotiate with Charles I’s son who later became Charles II. b. Result—Charles II was welcomed back to the restored English throne and the Republic came to an end. c. The king cooperated with the Parliament and religiously he favored toleration to a certain extent. Things went on quite smoothly during his reign.4. The Glorious Revolution (1688) a. Cause—Upon Charles II’s death, his successor, James II(his brother), attempted to be an absolute monarch, to ignore Parliament, and to revive Catholicism in England. b. Results—A Bill of Rights was drawn up, which clearly spelled out the powers of the people through Parliament and prohibited absolutism on the part of future monarchs, declared that in the future all kings and queens of England would be members of the Church of England. James II was dethroned, and the Dutch-born William III and his wife, Mary(James II’s daughter), were invited by Parliament to become king and queen of England. It was called Glorious Revolution of 1688 or White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed.The English king, instead of controlling Parliament, had to receive his crown from Parliament. This marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England. The coronation of William marked the beginning of a new stage in English history. The main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion. The nation would soon experience a period of speedy economic development which led to and promoted the Industrial Revolution. 更多The English Bourgeois Revolution。