3-Tier Architectures(or 3-Tier Applications)
实验室审核标准
Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.Appendix to GES-0128:Outside Lab Capability AssessmentREQUIREMENTSREPORT FORMCOMMENTS CARDCOPYRIGHT © 2008 WHIRLPOOL CORPORATIONDocument Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden. TABLE OF CONTENTSPage Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Auditee Preparation Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 11-12Suggested Outside Lab Capability Assessment Agenda ................................................................. 13 Outside Lab Capability Assessment Topics .................................................................................... 13 Requirement Statements and Guidelines ........................................................................................ 14-15 Auditee Final Assessment Status ................................................................................................... 16 Outside Lab Capability Assessment Requirements ......................................................................... 17 L1 - Quality Systems (equipment & data integrity)................................................................. 18 L2 - Materials Testing .......................................................................................................... 19 L3 - Codes & Regulatory Requirements ............................................................................... 20 L4 - Test Specifications & Procedures .................................................................................. 21 L5 - Test Plans .................................................................................................................... 22-23 L6 - Reliability ………………………………………………………………24 L7 - Lab Product Approval Process ...................................................................................... 25-26L8 – Lab Personnel Experience ………………………………….…………..27-28 L9 – Product Experience and Market Experience (29)Glossary of Terms …………………………………………………...30-31 Outside Lab Assessment Report .................................................................................................... 33 Assessment Individual Key Scores and Findings ............................................................................ 33-35 Comments Card ............................................................................................................................ 36 Comments & Suggestions ..............................................................................................................37Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.FOREWORDThe purpose of this document is to define the proper standard for the assessment of outside labs for potential data source(s) to support Whirlpool Corporation ’s product approval process. It is expected that any outside lab providing data will do so in a manner consistent with Whirlpool ’s Product Approval and Lab Operation process; thus, this Whirlpool ’s assessment is based upon the same “18 PALO Keys to Lab Improvement ” as is used internally at Whirlpool.This Outside Lab Assessment is to be used under the direction of a trained Product Approval representative.The contents of this document explain the necessary steps involved when going through a Whirlpool Outside Lab Assessment. The first section in this package is the “Outside Lab Audit Assessment Guidelines,” which are recommendations on how and what to prepare for the official assessment. Following that is the “Suggested Assessment Agenda .” This agenda is supplied to help the outside lab understand approximately how the time is allocated throughout the day while conducting the assessment. It is only a suggested agenda and does not take into account the size or complexity of the location beingassessed. The section “Guidelines for Use ” contains information about how to use this document. The biggest and most important section called “Assessment Requirements,” lists all the assessment requirements that will be used to evaluate the Outside Lab ’s Capabilities. This section is the core of the assessment process and the assessment team will evaluate the outside lab based upon this material. The sections have been organized to allow a natural flow or progression of questions while performing the Outside Lab Assessment. Finally, the last section called “Outside Lab Assessment Results &Comments Card ,” is a copy of the forms used to write the final assessment report. It includes a copy of a survey that may be filled out by the outside lab after the assessment is complete. It is through this feedback that we can continue to make the assessment process more valuable.This document shall provide all the necessary information to complete an Outside Lab Assessment and Final Report. If any more information is required, the outside lab shall contact the lead assessor. This person can answer any remaining questions.It is our intent that this process will provide Global Whirlpool Technology and Procurement personnel with a solidunderstanding of each Outside Lab ’s capabilities such that enlightened decisions can be made regarding potential testing outsourcing.AUDITEE PREPARATION GUIDELINESAUDITEE: This checklist is provided as an aid to help prepare you for your upcoming Outside Lab Capability Assessment . Basically, a Whirlpool team will be assessing your lab capabilities relative to specific Whirlpool needs and requirements. The key to a successful and efficient audit is preparation, both on the part of the auditee and the audit team. Your responsibility, as Auditee, is to make sure that the following items have been addressed and available as needed.A. Has the agenda for the day(s) of the audit been established and communicated? This is the responsibility ofWhirlpool Lead Assessor. If not complete, please contact the Lead Assessor.Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.B. Have you reviewed the Outside Lab assessment standard, understand the requirements and used them toperform a self-evaluation prior to the official visit? Have you sent a copy of your self-assessment to the Whirlpool Lead assessor? C. Do you understand the scoring system?D. Is your documentation and supporting evidence readily available? Suppliers should prepare for the assessmentby gathering initial documentation & evidence by key, summarize it, organize it in a manner that the information can be rapidly selected for discussion, and prepare for additional background evidence should the Lead Assessor desire additional material.Key Point: The audit can be conducted in a much more efficient manner if the supporting documentation isarranged in a sequence corresponding to the Whirlpool requirements.The audit documentation can be flowcharted according to your design process. You may arrange the evidence in that order and notify the lead auditor of the desired flow and the lead auditor will follow your recommendations by re-arranging the assessment keys in the order you have recommended (note: all keys must be completed).E. Have you identified the key contact person (Lab Manager or equivalent) to represent your organization andinterface with the lab assessment team? F. Do you have lead people identified for specific sections of the audit (i.e. reliability, equipment calibration,personnel experience, document management, planning, etc.)? Are they “ready ” when called upon? G. Has a conference room been reserved for the audit team to use? H. Is a telephone available? I.Given the expected complexity of the audit and the size of the facility, has the overall time duration of the audit been estimated and consideration given to necessary breaks, including lunch arrangements, if needed? (Note: In the interest of time, a quick working lunch brought to the audit location is typically preferred.)J. Is any safety equipment required (i.e. safety glasses, steel toe shoes, hearing protection, etc.)?Finally, if you have any other questions or concerns they can and should be resolved with the Whirlpool Certified Lead Assessor prior to the actual audit day.Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.SUGGESTED ASSESSMENT AGENDAACTIVITIES:EST. DURATIONIntroduction (Team members/Auditee representatives) .................................................................. 10 - 20 min. Auditee overview of Lab Operation & Facilities .............................................................................. 30 min. Lab Facility Tour ........................................................................................................................... 30 min - 1 Hr. Lab Capability Assessment ............................................................................................................ 4 - 6 Hrs. Scoring & Report Development (Whirlpool Team Only) ................................................................... 30 min – 1 Hr. Closure Meeting ............................................................................................................................ 30 - 45 min.Note: This suggested agenda does not take into account the size or complexity of the location being assessed. The estimated duration should be seen as a guideline only. A typical assessment can take anywhere from 5.0 hr. to 9.0 hrs .Outside Lab Capability Assessment TopicsKey No.KEY NAMEL1 QUALITY SYSTEMS (equipment & data integrity) L2 MATERIALS TESTINGL3 CODES & REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS L4 TEST SPECIFICATIONS & PROCEDURES L5 TEST PLANS L6 RELIABILITYL7 LAB PRODUCT APPROVAL PROCESS L8 LAB PERSONNAL EXPERIENCEL9PRODUCT EXPERIENCE AND MARKET EXPERIENCEDocument Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.REQUIREMENT STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINESAs mentioned in the Foreword, this audit was designed to evaluate all three dimensions of a lab ’s capability; the Personnel , Equipment, and Documentation . To achieve this, each assessment page is laid out in the following manner: The “KEY ” statements are the first statements written in “Bold ” letters on top of every page in the assessment. The keyDocument Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.Key ScoringAs indicated above, all keys have as a scoring technique a series of incremental points. Within each point are a number of ‘criteria statements ’ that correlate directly with increased compliance to the requirements of the key. From point-to-point these criteria build upon each other in a progressive manner toward excellence in the “Key ” subject matter.For the purposes of scoring, to achieve the “point being evaluated ” the auditee must, in the opinion of the Lead Assessor , meet or exceed all of the criteria based statements assigned to it . Only after meeting the current ‘point ’ requirements may the assessor look toward the next level of incremental criteria. Also, as noted above, to aid in scoring decisions, half-point scores (0.5, 1.5, or 2.5) are permissible.If all of the criteria are not met, the score shall be recorded at the previous “point ” level or, as appropriate, at the half-point score between the previous score and the next incremental score. Key ScoringPOINTSCRITERIA0 Non-Existent – System requirements have not been addressed; there is essentially no evidence of implementation or compliance.1 Traditional - System requirements may informally exist but they are unstructured and potentially inefficient. There is minimal compliance toward required standards.2 Learning - Adequate awareness and understanding of the preferred approach with basic proficiency and implementation levels, reasonable documentation.3 Leading – Full awareness and understanding of the preferred approach with effective and efficient implementation levels, solid documentation, an operational model.Lead Assessor QuestionsThe Lead Assessor Questions shown with each key are intended only as “thought provokers ” or “response generators ”. Their sole purpose is to stimulate supplier discussion on the key topic in a manner applicable to the key ’s scoring criteria. They are not meant to be “all inclusive ”; thus a supplier should focus their attention on the scoring criteria and not the lead assessor questions.Overlap of Key ContentFrom time-to-time it is fully expected that the content of various “Keys ” will overlap with the content of similar keys. To a degree, this is planned into the assessment. The repetition of seeing a topic in multiple areas of this assessment simply signifies the importance of its content.While this may spark some discussion regarding fairness of scoring if the auditee has a particular weakness in the duplicated area; it needs to be recognized as well that if the auditee has strength in this area, their strength will be likewise be multiplied throughout the assessment.Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.None, No, Some, Occasional, Most, Majority, All and Always in Criteria Statements:Many of the Results Oriented criteria statements are specifically designed to probe the level of results that the design system should create. There are four levels of evaluation for these questions that contain results oriented requirements. These four levels can be recognized by the use of the words “None, Some, Most and All ” (and their synonyms) in the evaluation criteria. The meaning of these words can be reasonably quantified as shown in the following table:LEVEL RANGE None, no 0 – 5 % Some, occasional 6 - 50 % Most, majority 51 - 85 % All, always86 - 100 %Multiple Outside Lab OperationsIf an Outside Lab has multiple lab operations (i.e. an automotive lab, an appliance lab, a lab for all others, etc.) for the purpose of managing development, cost, and efficiency, the Whirlpool Outside Lab Assessment shall be applied to the section of the Outside Lab ’s business that would typically be utilized to test Whirlpool parts and product.ASSESSMENT STATUSAuditee Status:In addition to the assessment scores, auditees are classified under one of the four different status choices. This status is with regard only to the capability assessment. Additional reviews of specific facility, equipment, fixtures, and test procedure reviews are necessary for final determination of qualification level. These four status choices are Full Qualification , Conditional Qualification, Qualification in Process, and No Qualification . See matrix below:Assessment StatusCriteria(assumes all Keys are being assessed)Full Qualification Assessment that has a minimum score of 2 points or more for each key.Conditional Qualification Assessment that has less than a minimum score of 2 points for any key, but has documented an improvement plan that is acceptable to Whirlpool, with regard to quality and schedule.Qualification InProcessAssessment that is not complete, but plans are in place.No QualificationNo plans or desire to qualify currently.Document Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.OUTSIDE LABASSESSMENTREQUIREMENTSDocument Name:Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised:21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.KEY #L1 - QUALITY SYSTEM (EQUIPMENT & DATA INTEGRITY)Description: This ‘Key ’ is designed to understand the process for maintaining integrity of their test equipment, test and equipment procedures (work instructions), and test records. Lead Assessor Questions:1. What is your process to calibrate & update laboratory test equipment?2. What is your process for updating test / equipment procedures or work instructions?3. What is your document control process for test records?4. What independent lab certifications or accreditations do you currently hold? (ie. ISO-17025, UL, etc.) 0 pts There is no evidence of test equipment calibrationNo evidence of a process to maintain control of test procedures (work instructions) andtest records.1 ptSome evidence of acceptable test equipment calibration; some examples of expiredcalibration tagsAn informal process to maintain control of test data & documentation exists (procedures,work instructions, etc.).Some test procedures are out-of-date or do not match actual practice2 ptsMost equipment has acceptable calibration and measurement systems analysis evidenceavailableA formal process to maintain control of test data & documentation exists (procedures,work instructions, etc.).Most test procedures are up-of-date and match actual practiceThere exists evidence that key test procedures are reviewed periodically3 ptsThe lab is currently ISO-17025 accredited OR meets the following requirements:All equipment has acceptable calibration and measurement systems analysisevidence availableAll test data (records) is stored in an easily accessible location, controlled through aformal document control system, and are kept for set periods of time (e.g. records retention)All test procedures are up-of-date and match actual practiceAll test procedures are reviewed per schedule or process trigger (evidence required) Equipment is calibrated based upon MSE / MSA needs or control chartingNotes* - calibratedbased upon factual, demonstrated evidence that ‘control ’ has been lost in the measurement device as opposed to calibration based upon a selected time interval.Document Name: Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised: 21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.KEY #L2 – MATERIALS TESTINGDescription: The Auditee may be expected to have a fully equipped materials testing lab to analyze and test materials for proper formulation and material properties analysis during design and development. Expected scope would be materials applicable to the industry of the products being tested.Lead Assessor Questions:1. What material testing capability do you have at this location?2. Do you have all the material testing equipment needed for your products?3. Do you have plans to update the materials testing lab? 0 pts There are no materials testing capabilities at this locationAll materials are contracted out for testing and/or analysis1 ptsSome material testing is completed at this locationThe more difficult material testing is contracted outMost auditee test personnel have less than (2) years of test experienceMost materials testing is done based upon informal, unapproved procedures2 pts Most materials testing is completed at this locationMost material testing is completed with formal, detailed test procedures and analysisreports.Most test result records are archived for future referenceSome auditee test personnel have greater than (5) years of test experienceSome test personnel have (2) or more years of formal college training3 pts All material testing is completed with formal, detailed test procedures and analysisreports.All test result records are archived for future referenceAll test result records are archived and easily retrieved for future referenceSome auditee test personnel have greater than (10) years of test experienceMost test personnel are degreed engineersNotesDocument Name: Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised: 21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.KEY #L3 – CODES & REGULATORY REQUIREMENTSDescription: This ‘Key ’ is intended to understand how codes and regulatory requirements are implemented and validated at the auditee ’s facility. It also is intended to assess the competency of personnel associated with the codes and regulatory operations.Lead Assessor Questions:1. Please describe the methods used in your product development group to ensure adherence to regulatory agency codesand product safety requirements.2. Please describe your level of certification (of lab and technicians) by appropriate codes agencies (e.g. UL, CSA, IEC,etc.).0 pts No identified codes function at this design locationNo codes agency certification of lab and/or technicians Auditee expects all codes & regulatory requirements to be their customer ’s responsibility 1 ptSome engineering change notice approvals include a sign-off from a codes/safety standpoint There is some evidence that outside codes houses are leveraged to minimize the risk that regulatory gaps may exist 2 ptsSome codes engineer(s) are in place at auditees design facility Some codes agency certification of auditees lab and/or technicians – or - some evidence that outside codes houses are leveraged Most engineering change notices are reviewed and signed-off by a codes/safety expert Most codes requirements are completed by product release Most code engineer test requirements are fully documented 3 ptsLead codes engineer has more than 5 years experience in the Product Approval and Lab Operations All engineering change notices AND temporary change authorizations have a codes/safety sign-off All appropriate labs and technicians are certified by regional appropriate codes agency All codes requirements are completed by product release All code engineer test requirements are fully documented NotesDocument Name: Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedure Date Revised: 21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.KEY #L4 - TEST SPECIFICATIONS & PROCEDURESDescription: Test specifications and procedures are the backbone of the testing and validation process. Their accuracy and use drive the verification and fitness for use decisions that must be made for new and revised products. This key investigates the auditee ’s test specification management system.Lead Assessor Questions:1.What is your process to develop and update test specifications? 1.Is there linkage of test specifications to customer needs? 2.How is data from the field used to create or improve specifications? 3.Who reviews newly created specifications prior to formal release? What is their authority? 4.How are specifications / test procedures reviewed over time? 5. What independent lab certifications or accreditations do you currently hold? (ie. ISO-17025, UL, etc.)0 ptsThere is no process to develop or update test specifications 1 pt There is limited input from design, customer, and field test results into test specificationcreationTest specifications are informally written by individuals who individually put them to useProcedures / test specifications are informally reviewed2 pts A formal process exists for the development and updating of test specifications; however, itmay not always be used as individually generated test specifications still occasionally existThere is some input from ‘the customer ’ and ‘field test results ’ into test specificationdevelopmentThere is some collaboration between design and the lab organizations in test specificationcreationReleased procedures / test specifications are formally reviewed to ensure correctness;review schedule is variable3 pts The lab is currently ISO-17025 accredited OR meets the following requirements:A formal, approved process for the development and updating of specifications existsand its use is a business requirement.Most specifications are developed based upon customer intended functions and are tiedto customer needs / benefits with historical data from the fieldA great deal of collaboration exists between design and lab organizations in testspecification creationReleased procedures / test specifications are regularly reviewed by a cross-functionaltechnical team according to a developed scheduleNotesDocument Name: Global Outside Lab QualificationProcedureDate Revised: 21-May-08© 20yy – 20yy Whirlpool Corporation. The subject matter shown hereon is disclosed in confidence to the extent it is original with Whirlpool.Disclosure to other parties except in filling Whirlpool orders is forbidden.KEY #L5 – TEST PLANSDescription: This ‘Key ’ evaluates the process used to develop and implement test plans for testing and approving products that meet customer requirements. It includes how test plans are continuously improved with new requirements such that results achieved from approved product lead to better products.Lead Assessor Questions:1.How are test plans for new features / products developed? Who has input to their creation? 2.Please describe how DFMEA ’s provide directional content to the creation of your test plans. 3.Is there a standardized template used for test plan development? 4.When in the development cycle are test plans created and how are they linked to the customer specifications? 5.Are new tests developed when new specifications are created? 0 ptsAuditee has no formal test plans - they do minimal testing Auditee does not create their own test plans (customer assumes this responsibility) 1 pt Evidence shows only standard tests are used and minimal or no critical thought is given for newtests.Tests plans are typically created close to product launch (reacting to the timetable)The Product Approval Group & Design Engineering only occasionally interact in test plandevelopmentThere is evidence that DFMEA ’s are used in some test plan creation.2 pts Test plans are based on prior test documents; no specific regional /global template is usedNew, unique tests are developed for unique features or new product based upon customerinsightsSome test plans are developed early in the process.Test plans are jointly developed between the Product Approval Group and Design EngineeringGroup with the Product Approval Group having the overall authority on most test plan content.There is some test plan coordination / interaction with customers (i.e. effect on other customerparts).There is evidence that DFMEA ’s are used in most test plan creation.3 ptsTest plan development template (w/standard tests) used to drive critical thought for all projecttest plans.There is clear evidence of new tests proactively developed and based upon customer insights.These tests are shown to be linked to newly developed product specificationsTest plans are jointly developed with the Product Approval Group and Design Engineering, andit is clearly documented that the Product Approval engineer has the final authority on all test plan content.There is considerable test plan coordination / interaction with customers (i.e. effect on othercustomer parts).There is evidence that DFMEA ’s are used in all test plan creation.Most test plans are developed early in the process.。
Distributed System Architectures
A client-server system
Computers in a C/S network
Layered application architecture
Presentation layer Concerned with presenting the results of a computation to system users and with collecting user inputs. Application processing layer Concerned with providing application specific functionality e.g., in a banking system, banking functions such as open account, close account, etc. Data management layer Concerned with managing the system databases.
A client-server ATM system
Three-tier architectures
In a three-tier architecture, each of the application
architecture layers may execute on a separate processor. Allows for better performance than a thin-client approach and is simpler to manage than a fat-client approach. A more scalable architecture -as demands increed.
西南财大学术期刊等级分类目录
西南财经大学学术期刊等级分类
进行分级认定。 2．期刊分级。以 JCR 为依据，将英文期刊目录分为 A 级、B 级
（含学科 B 级）和 C 级。 （1）A 级期刊。A 级为国际公认顶级学术期刊，其影响因子排名
为所属学科前 8%的期刊。 （2）B 级期刊。B 级为国际知名学术期刊，其影响因子排名为所
学术期刊等级分类目录
（2013 年版）
西南财经大学科研处 编印 二〇一三年五月
西南财经大学学术期刊等级分类
根据《西南财经大学教师教学科研社会服务成果认定标准及奖励 办法》（西财大办[2013]3 号）中关于期刊分类与分级标准的相关规定， 编制《西南财经大学学术期刊等级分类目录（2013 版）》。
西南财经大学科研处 2013 年 5 月
3．同时被不同学科收录的少数期刊，按照影响因子排名的就高 原则进行认定。
三、中、英文期刊等级调整原则 在每类每级期刊数量保持不变的前提下，可进行适当调整。按照 有上有下的原则进行等量置换。英文类期刊置换原则上须满足上调的 期刊影响力大于下调的期刊的影响力，CSSCI 期刊须就上调期刊的影 响力给出充分理由，CSCD 期刊原则上须满足上调期刊的 H 指数大于 下调期刊的 H 指数。
1
西南财经大学学术期刊等级分类
期刊分类与分级标准
一、中文期刊分类与分级 1．基本依据。人文社会科学类期刊以南京大学社会科学评价中 心发布的中文社会科学索引（2012-2013 版,简称 CSSCI）为基本依据, 自然科学类期刊以中国科学院文献情报中心与中国学术期刊电子杂 志社联合开发的中国科学引文数据库（2011-2012 版,简称 CSCD）为 基本依据。 2．中文期刊分级 （1）A 级期刊。所属学科排名前 10%的期刊。如果某学科期刊少 于 10 本，则排名第一的为 A 级期刊。 （2）B1 级期刊。所属学科排名前 50%但未进入前 10%的期刊。 （3）B2 级期刊。未进入 A 级和 B1 级的 CSSCI 和 CSCD 学术期 刊以及北京大学图书馆《中文核心期刊要目总览》的学术期刊。 3．中文 B1 级及以上期刊的英文版作为同级别中文期刊予以认 定。被《新华文摘》全文转载的学术论文，视同 A 级学术论文予以 认定。 4．综合性社科期刊分类中除《中国社会科学》作为 A 级期刊外， 只遴选保留 5 本学术性较强的期刊作为 B1 级期刊，其余期刊均作为 B2 级期刊。 5．民族学与文化学类期刊中，保留《民族研究》作为 A 级期刊， 不设置 B1 级期刊，其余均为 B2 级。 6．遵从我校期刊目录惯例，高校综合性学报不设 A 级期刊，只 设 10 本 B1 级期刊。 二、英文期刊分类与分级 1．基本依据。采用 Thomson-ISI 发布的国际公认的《期刊引证 分析报告（JCR）》（含自然科学版 SCI 和社会科学版 SSCI），按照其 学科分类体系，主要根据收录期刊影响因子大小（非唯一考量因素）
介绍中国南北差异的英语作文简单易懂
介绍中国南北差异的英语作文简单易懂全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Differences Between Northern and Southern ChinaHello, my name is Li Ming and I am a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Today, I want to share with you some interesting differences between Northern China, where I live, and Southern China.The first big difference is the weather and climate. In the North, we have very cold winters with lots of snow and freezing temperatures. We need to wear heavy coats, hats, and gloves to stay warm. But in the summer, it gets really hot and dry. In the South, the weather is much milder. The winters are not as cold, and it rains more often. The summers can be hot and humid, but not as extreme as in the North.Another major difference is the food. Northern Chinese food is known for being quite salty and made with lots ofwheat-based products like noodles and dumplings. Some popular Northern dishes are Beijing Roast Duck, Kung Pao Chicken, and different types of baozi (steamed buns). In theSouth, the food is generally sweeter and lighter, with more rice, seafood, and vegetables. Famous Southern dishes include Dim Sum, Cantonese Roast Goose, and different kinds of congee (rice porridge).The landscapes and geography also vary a lot. In the North, we have huge plains, deserts, and mountain ranges like the Gobi Desert and the Kunlun Mountains. The cities are also more spread out. In the South, there are more rivers, hills, and dense cities along the coastlines. Places like the Li River in Guilin and the karst hills are very beautiful.Even the languages and dialects are quite different! In the North, most people speak Mandarin Chinese or other northern dialects. But in the South, you'll hear Cantonese, Hokkien, Shanghainese, and many other dialects that can sound very different from Mandarin.The traditions and customs can also be quite unique. In the North, we celebrate things like the Lunar New Year with fireworks, lion dances, and dumplings. But in the South, they might have different ways of celebrating, like giving out red envelopes with money or eating special sticky rice balls.Despite all these differences, China is still one big country with a rich culture and history. I'm really lucky to be able to learnabout both the Northern and Southern parts. Maybe one day, you can visit China too and see these differences for yourself!Those are some of the main differences I've noticed between Northern and Southern China. Of course, there are many more small details, but I've tried to share the biggest ones. I hope you found this essay interesting and learned something new about the diverse regions of my country!篇2The Differences Between Northern and Southern ChinaChina is a huge country with lots of different regions. Even though we're all Chinese, people from the north and south can seem quite different sometimes! I'm going to tell you about some of the biggest differences between northern and southern China.First, let's talk about the weather and geography. In the north, the climate is much colder and drier. Places like Beijing can get really freezing in the winter with lots of snow and ice. But in the south, it stays pretty warm all year round. Cities like Guangzhou rarely ever see snow. The landscapes are different too. In the north, you'll find huge plains, deserts, and mountains.But the south has more rivers, hills, and coastlines along the ocean.Because of these geographic differences, the foods are quite different too! In the north, people eat lots of noodles, dumplings, and wheat-based foods. The dishes tend to be heavier and oilier to keep you warm in the cold weather. My favorite northern dish is beef noodle soup - so yummy and filling! In the south, they eat more rice, vegetables, and seafood. The flavors are often lighter and include more tropical fruits like lychee. I really love southern-style dim sum!Not only are the foods different, but so are some of the traditions and cultures. In the north, mainstream culture was heavily influenced by communities from the Yellow River basin like the Han Chinese. So you'll find traditions that can be traced back thousands of years. But in the more tropical south, there are bigger minorities like the Cantonese, Hakka, and ethnic groups who brought their own customs too. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a huge deal in southern provinces like Guangdong.The languages people speak are pretty different too. In Beijing and most of the north, people speak various northern dialects of Mandarin that are quite similar to the standardPutonghua. But in Guangdong and other southern areas, the main local languages are Cantonese, Hokkien, and other dialect groups. Cantonese sounds completely different from Mandarin to me! It's really hard for northerners and southerners to understand each other sometimes.Even people's personalities and ways of living seem distinct. Northerners are often seen as being more reserved, straightforward, and hardworking because of the tough climate they had to survive in. My dad says northern people can seem a bit blunt at times! Southerners tend to have a more laid-back, relaxed attitude to life. They're known for being sociable and putting a lot of emphasis on hospitality, relationships, and etiquette.Architectures and arts reflect these cultural differences too. In Beijing, you'll find lots of grand imperial-style buildings, gardens, and cultural relics from dynastic periods. But in Guangzhou, the mix of influences like colonial European, Lingnan, and Cantonese styles create a totally different vibe. I love looking at the beautiful carved window panes and pottery from the south!Finally, even everyday customs can be quite different between the north and south. Northern families tend to eateverything with chopsticks, even noodle soups. But in Guangdong, it's common to use spoons for soupy dishes. When I visited my Beijing relatives, I found it so hard to eat noodles with just chopsticks! Northerners also have interesting traditions like putting a pea inside one of the dumplings for the family to find during New Year's Eve dinner.So in conclusion, while we're all part of the same amazing country, there's a lot of cultural diversity between China's northern and southern regions due to geography, history, ethnicities and more. From food to language to personalities, we have some pretty big differences! But that's what makes China so fascinating to explore. I feel lucky to be able to experience the unique cultures of the north and south. They're quite distinct but both incredibly rich in their own ways.篇3The Differences between Northern and Southern ChinaHave you ever noticed that people from different parts of China can be quite different? Even though we all live in the same country, the way we speak, the food we eat, and the customs we follow can vary a lot depending on whether we're from the northor the south of China. Let me tell you about some of the fascinating differences between these two regions.Language and AccentsOne of the most obvious differences is the way people speak. In the north, people generally speak Mandarin Chinese with a distinct northern accent. Their pronunciation of certain words can sound quite different from the way people in the south speak. For example, northerners tend to drop the final consonant sounds, while southerners pronounce them more clearly.In the south, you'll hear a wider variety of dialects and languages. While Mandarin is still widely spoken, many southerners also speak Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, or other regional dialects. These dialects can sometimes sound completely different from Mandarin, almost like separate languages!Cuisine and FlavorsAnother major difference lies in the food and flavors enjoyed in the north and south. Northern Chinese cuisine is known for its hearty dishes, often featuring wheat-based foods like noodles, dumplings, and steamed buns. The flavors tend to be saltier and richer, with liberal use of soy sauce, vinegar, and garlic.In contrast, southern Chinese cuisine is often lighter and more delicate, with a greater emphasis on fresh seafood, rice dishes, and subtle flavors. Dishes from the south tend to be sweeter and sourer, featuring ingredients like ginger, chili peppers, and rice vinegar.Even something as simple as a dumpling can taste quite different depending on whether it's from the north or the south. Northern dumplings are often larger and filled with meat and vegetables, while southern dumplings are usually smaller and may contain more delicate fillings like shrimp or pork with vegetables.Customs and TraditionsThe cultural traditions and customs of the north and south also differ in interesting ways. For example, in the north, it's common to celebrate the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) by setting off firecrackers and enjoying dumplings with family. In the south, lion dances and visiting temples are more popular traditions during this festival.Weddings in the north and south can also look quite different. Northern weddings often involve more elaborate ceremonies and rituals, with the bride wearing a traditional red dress and the groom's family presenting betrothal gifts.Southern weddings tend to be more relaxed and informal, with the bride and groom sometimes wearing modern Western-style attire.Climate and ArchitectureEven the climate and architecture of the north and south differ due to their geographical locations. Northern China has a more continental climate, with hot summers and bitterly cold winters. As a result, buildings in the north are often designed to withstand extreme temperatures, with thick walls and heated floors or kang bed-stoves to keep warm in the winter.In contrast, southern China has a more subtropical or tropical climate, with milder winters and hot, humid summers. Buildings in the south are designed to stay cool, with open courtyards, tile roofs, and plenty of ventilation to let in breezes.Despite these differences, we are all part of the rich tapestry of Chinese culture. It's fascinating to learn about the diverse traditions and customs that exist within our vast country. Whether you're from the north or the south, there's always something new and exciting to discover about the other region!篇4The Big Differences Between Northern and Southern ChinaChina is a really big country with lots of different places. Even though we are all Chinese, people in the north and south can seem quite different sometimes. Let me tell you about some of the biggest differences between the north and south of China.Weather and ClimateOne of the biggest differences has to do with the weather. In the north, the winters are really cold with lots of snow and ice. Cities like Beijing can get down to freezing temperatures and have blizzards. But in the south, the winters are much milder and it rarely snows except in the mountains. Places like Guangzhou and Hong Kong have warm, humid weather almost all year round.In the summer, the north is dry and hot while the south is wet and hot. The north gets most of its rain in the summer, but the south has a long rainy season from around April to September called the plum rains. Because of the different climates, the crops grown in the north and south are often quite different.Food and CuisineSpeaking of crops, this leads me to another big difference - the food! In the north, people eat lots of noodles, dumplings, and bread made from wheat. Popular northern dishes include noodles with beef and vegetables, dumplings, and bread soups. They also eat a lot of lamb and other meats.But in the south, the main staple food is rice instead of wheat. Southern Chinese cuisine features lots of rice, noodles, seafood, and veggie dishes. Some classic southern dishes are dim sum, Cantonese roast meats, hot pot, and rice noodle rolls. Southern food also tends to be a bit sweeter compared to northern food.Even within the north and south, there are regional variations too. Like in the northeast, they have their own unique salt-cured and pickle dishes. And in Sichuan, the food is famous for being really spicy! No matter where you go in China, you'll find delicious foods to try.Languages and DialectsDid you know that even though we all speak some form of Chinese, the dialects between the north and south can be completely different and impossible to understand each other sometimes?In the north, people speak various northern dialects and Mandarin is the official language used in schools, media, and business. But in the south, dialects like Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, and Hakka are very commonly spoken, especially within families at home.Lots of southerners can speak both their local dialect and Mandarin. But some can only speak their local dialect and don't understand Mandarin at all, especially older people. This can make communication difficult between northerners and some southerners.Architecture and HomesHave you ever noticed that the architecture of houses and buildings often looks quite different in northern and southern China? In the north, traditional residential homes tend to be compounds with one-story houses arranged in a courtyard setting. The roofs are made with gray/blue clay tiles and curve up at the corners.But in the south, you'll find more multi-story houses and apartment buildings crowded together. The roofs down south tend to have a straighter slope and be made from green or reddish clay tiles. There's also a lot more ornate carvings and decorations on southern-style architecture.Even simple village homes follow these different northern and southern styles. When you walk through an old neighborhood, you can totally tell if you're in the north or south just by the architecture! Of course, nowadays there are lots of modern skyscrapers and apartment towers that look the same all over China.Culture and PeopleBeyond the physical differences, northerners and southerners are also thought to have some general cultural differences in personality and way of life. Of course, these are simplifications and don't apply to every individual. But in general:Northerners are often stereotyped as being more conservative, straightforward in speech, and physically hardier due to the harsher winters. Southerners tend to be seen as being more laid-back, polite but with a dry sense of humor, and good at bargaining in business.Northerners might be seen as louder, while southerners are seen as more reserved. People say northerners prioritize solidarity in their communities, while southerners value family ties above all else. Again, these are just broad stereotypes, not hard rules.ConclusionSo those are some of the biggest differences between the northern and southern regions of China. Of course, China is a huge country and there's a lot of diversity even within the north and south. But I hope this gives you an idea of how the cultures, cuisines, languages, and ways of life can be quite distinct in different parts of this vast land.It's fascinating to learn about the diversity within our own country. Maybe one day you can travel and experience the northern and southern regions for yourself! Let me know if you have any other questions.篇5The Differences Between Northern and Southern ChinaHave you ever wondered why people from different parts of China can seem so different? Even though we are all Chinese, the culture, food, and way of life can vary greatly between the Northern and Southern regions of our vast country. Let me tell you about some of the key differences!Climate and GeographyOne of the biggest reasons for the differences is the climate and geography. Northern China has a continental climate, which means it's very cold in the winter and hot in the summer. The winters can be brutally cold, with temperatures dropping below freezing for months at a time. In contrast, Southern China has a subtropical climate that is generally warm and humid all year round.The geography also plays a role. Northern China is mostly flat with vast plains and deserts, while Southern China is more mountainous and has many rivers and coastlines. This difference in terrain has influenced the types of crops grown, the transportation methods used, and even the architecture of buildings.Food and CuisineOne of the most noticeable differences between North and South is the food! Northern Chinese cuisine tends to be heartier and more focused on wheat-based dishes like noodles and dumplings. Their food is often flavored with garlic, vinegar, and soy sauce. Some famous Northern dishes include Peking Duck, Zhajiangmian (noodles with a savory bean sauce), and Jiaozi (dumplings).In the South, the cuisine is generally lighter and more focused on rice dishes. Southern cooking often features fresh seafood, as many Southern cities are coastal. The flavors tend to be sweeter and sourer, with ingredients like ginger, garlic, and chili peppers commonly used. Popular Southern dishes include Dim Sum, Cantonese roasted meats, and Xiaolongbao (soup dumplings).Language and DialectsAlthough we all speak Chinese, the dialects spoken in the North and South can be quite different and sometimes even mutually unintelligible! In the North, the most widely spoken dialect is Mandarin, which is also the official language of China. However, in the South, dialects like Cantonese, Hakka, and Hokkien are more commonly used.These dialect differences can sometimes make it challenging for Northerners and Southerners to communicate with each other, especially for older generations who may not be as fluent in Mandarin.Architecture and Living StylesThe way people live and the architecture of their homes also differ between the North and South. In the North, houses aretypically built with courtyards and enclosed spaces to protect against the harsh winters. The architecture often features gray bricks and tiles, giving Northern cities a more uniform and somber appearance.In the South, houses are designed to be more open and airy, with large windows and outdoor spaces to take advantage of the milder climate. Southern architecture often incorporates more vibrant colors, like the bright red and green tones seen in traditional Cantonese buildings.Customs and TraditionsEven some of the customs and traditions can vary between the North and South. For example, during the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), Northerners tend to eat dumplings and watch the CCTV New Year's Gala, while Southerners might prefer to eat niangao (sticky rice cakes) and watch local variety shows.In the South, there is a stronger emphasis on ancestral worship and honoring one's elders, with practices like burning incense and offering food to ancestors being more prevalent.Despite these differences, we are all united as Chinese people, sharing a rich cultural heritage and a deep sense of pride in our nation. The diversity between the North and South is whatmakes China such a fascinating and vibrant country. We can learn from and appreciate each other's unique customs and traditions, while still celebrating our shared identity as Chinese.篇6The Big Differences between Northern and Southern ChinaChina is a very big country with lots of different places and people. Even though we're all Chinese, there are some interesting differences between the northern and southern parts of our country. Let me tell you about a few of the biggest ones!Weather and ClimateOne of the most obvious differences has to do with the weather and climate. The north of China tends to be a lot colder and drier than the south. In places like Beijing, the winters can be freezing with lots of snow and ice. But in southern cities like Guangzhou, the winters are mild and there's hardly ever any snow.In the summer, the north is hot and dry while the south is hot and humid (that means there's a lot of moisture in the air which can make it feel sticky). The different climates mean theplants, crops, and agriculture are quite different in the two regions as well.Food and CuisineSpeaking of crops, that leads me to the huge differences in the food between north and south! In the north, wheat is a very common crop so you'll find lots of foods made with wheat flour like noodles, dumplings, and breads. Popular northern dishes include Beijing kaoya (roast duck), jiamian (noodles with meat sauce), and jiaozi (dumplings).Down south, rice is the staple grain instead of wheat. You'll find rice served at almost every meal. Popular southern cuisines like Cantonese and Sichuan make heavy use of rice as well as lots of fresh vegetables, fruits, and seafood from the warm coastal areas. Dim sum, wonton noodles, sweet and sour dishes are some classic southern favorites.The northern cuisine also makes more use of dairy products like milk and yogurt while southerners don't consume as much dairy. Dishes tend to have bolder flavors in the north as well.Languages and DialectsYou might be surprised to learn that there are actually many regional languages and dialects spoken across China, eventhough we use the same writing system. In the north, people speak various forms of Mandarin as their native tongue. But as you go further south, you'll encounter groups speaking Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, and other linguistic families.Even within the Mandarin dialects, there are differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between the north and south. For example, a Green Bean is called "lüdo u" in the north but "qingdou" in the south. An interesting difference!Architecture and Living StylesThere are even differences in the way homes and buildings are constructed across the different regions. In the colder north, you'll notice homes built closer together with enclosed courtyard designs to better retain heat during the frigid winters. The iconic gray-tiled roofs slanted for shedding snow are a common sight.Southern architecture tends to be more open and airy since there's no need for conserving warmth. Homes often have open courtyards with ponds and gardens. The buildings also incorporate more wooden designs compared to the brick/stone of the north.I hope those examples give you a little taste of how the northern and southern parts of China can differ quite a bit whenit comes to the climate, food, languages, and living environments. There are plenty of other differences as well in things like cultural traditions, festivals, and local products across the regions.Despite all these contrasts, we're united as one big Chinese family. The diversity in our vast country is what makes it such an endlessly fascinating place to explore and learn about. Whether from the north or south, we can appreciate the richness in all the cultures across our amazing homeland!。
基于SOA的三维信息网格体系结构研究
收稿日期:2006-07-05;修返日期:2006-09-28 基金项目:“985工程”智能化国防信息安全技术科技创新平台项目(0000-X07204) 作者简介:史文翀(1981-),男,浙江温州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为信息网格、网格体系结构(xmu-w chong@);曾文华(1964-),男,江苏兴化人,教授,博导,博士,主要研究方向为人工智能、软计算、网格计算、计算机体系结构、嵌入式系统、智能控制.基于SOA 的三维信息网格体系结构研究*史文翀a,b,曾文华a,b(厦门大学a.软件学院; b.智能信息技术福建省重点实验室,福建厦门361005)摘 要:在总结现有网格体系结构的基础上,针对所存在的问题,从网格资源使用和功能管理、面向用户操作以及网格系统自身特性等角度分析设计了相应的架构layer 、t ier 和v ert ica l,并且全面考虑这三种架构思想的各个作用因素,提出了基于S OA 的三维信息网格体系结构(3DIGA)原型,并对其中一些关键技术和问题进行了研究,提出了一些诸如网格服务代理器、资源集成池、服务工厂等重要的概念。
最后将该三维信息网格体系结构应用到海洋信息网格集成系统的软件框架上。
关键词:信息网格;面向服务结构;三维网格体系结构;vertical;海洋信息网格中图分类号:TP 303 文献标志码: A 文章编号:1001-3695(2007)10-0308-05Resea rch of SOA-based 3-dim ensional infor m ation grid archit ectur eS HI Wen-chong a ,b ,ZEN G Wen-hua a,b(a.Softw are S chool, b.Key Laboratory for Intelligent Information Technology of Fujian Pr ovince,Xiamen Univers ity,Xiamen Fujian 361005,China)Abst ract :This a rticle sum m a rized som e ex is ting grid architectures.Wit h reg ard t o som e problem s in the grid architect ure resea rch,corresponding kinds of st ructures w ere designed from t hree point s of v iew,s uch a s t he g rid resources &function m a nagem ent called layer,user-oriented opera tions called t ier a nd t he grid cha racterist ics ca lled vert ical.After a ll factors con-s idered,the architect ure recons truct ed and a prot oty pe ba sed on S OA nam ed 3-dim ensiona l inform at ion grid architect ure (3DIGA)w as proposed.And then did t he resea rch for som e ess ential t echnologies,such a s g rid serv ice proxy,t he resource integrat ion pool,s ervice factory and so on.Fina lly applied t he 3-dim ensional inform at ion grid archit ect ure to t he ocean infor-m at ion grid int eg ra tive s yst em for practice.Key words:inform a tion g rid;S OA;3-dim ensional g rid a rchit ecture;v ert ical;ocea n inform at ion g rid0 引言网格已经从最初的以“计算力”资源的共享和集成为主的计算网格研究扩展到能解决数据处理能力的数据网格;进行信息资源无缝共享的信息网格;比信息网格具有更高一级表现形式的知识网格,以及各类面向领域的应用网格研究,如交通信息网格、天文网格、制造网格、医疗网格以及本文所提出的海洋信息网格(ocea n inform at ion grid,OIG)等。
Alfresco介绍
Alfresco能做什么呢？Alfresco说自己是一个“全集成的低成本解决方案”那就拿出来数落一下吧：∙资料管理（Document Management）∙Web内容管理（Web Content Management）∙合作与协作（Collaboration）∙内容平台和仓库（Content Platform and Repository）∙Content Management Interoperability Services (内容管理互操作服务-CMIS)∙Records 管理∙Image Management资料管理（Document Management）一些很贵的也很复杂的企业资料管理系统（ECM）已经不少了。
不过人们往往更习惯使用那些每天都用的简单的熟悉的工具，比如：共享驱动器（shared drives）和微软Office（Microsoft Office).Alfresco 资料管理（Document Management）在对内容的接受，共享和存储方面，可以更好的让用户使用自己常用的工具容易的建立自己的内容应用，包括检索和版本化管理等重要功能。
共享驱动器（Shared drive）Alfresco的资料库和一个共享在网络上的驱动器一样。
你可以保留使用任何你知道的或者喜欢的编辑工具来编辑资料。
从Microsoft Office 到Open Office, Dreamweaver 或者 AutoCAD,而不用安装其他的程序或者需要重新学习。
无论是自己还是公司需要的功能都可以满足，包括存储，版本化管理，共享，检索和审计。
对MS Office的集成（Integration with Microsoft Office）Alfresco集成了MS Office 和 Open Office。
所以你可以一如既往的使用你自己的office环境，在不需要再学习的情况下，你和你的公司就可以得到存储，版本化管理，共享，检索和很简单的就集成了工作流的审计功能。
Application architectures
requests to update the database. From a user perspective a transaction is: Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a goal; For example - find the times of flights from London to Paris. Users make asynchronous requests for service which are then processed by a transaction manager.
1. Data processing systems
Systems that are data-centered where the databases used
are usually orders of magnitude larger than the software itself. Data is input and output in batches Input: A set of customer numbers and associated readings of an electricity meter; Output: A corresponding set of bills, one for each customer number. Data processing systems usually have an input-processoutput structure.
Use of application architectures
As a starting point for architectural design.
WebApplicationArchitecturemulti-tier(2-tier,3-tier
Web Application Architecture: multi-tier (2-tier, 3-tier) & mvcOverviewo Data Independence in Relational Databases o N-tier Architectureso Design Patternso The MVC Design PatternData Independence in Relational DatabasesDatabase Architecture With ViewsLogical and Physical IndependenceData Independenceo Logical Independence: The ability to change the logical schema without changing the external schema orapplication programso Can add new fields, new tables without changing viewso Can change structure of tables without changing viewo Physical Independence: The ability to change the physical schema without changing the logical schema o Storage space can changeo Type of some data can change for reasons of optimizationLESSON:Keep the VIEW (what the user sees ) independentof the MODEL (domain knowledge)N-tier architecturesSignificance of “Tiers”N-tier architectures have the same components o Presentationo Business/Logico DataN-tier architectures try to separate the components into different tiers/layerso Tier: physical separationo Layer: logical separationSignificance of “Tiers”Database runs on Servero Separated from cliento Easy to switch to a different database Presentation and logic layers still tightly connected o Heavy load on servero Potential congestion on networko Presentation still tied to business logic1-Tier ArchitectureAll 3 layers are on the same machineo All code and processing kept on a single machine Presentation, Logic, Data layers are tightly connected o Scalability: Single processor means hard to increase volume of processingo Portability: Moving to a new machine may mean rewriting everythingo Maintenance: Changing one layer requires changing other layersDatabase runs on Servero Separated from cliento Easy to switch to a different databasePresentation and logic layers still tightly connected (coupled) o Heavy load on servero Potential congestion on networko Presentation still tied to business logico Each layer can potentially run on a different machine o Presentation, logic, data layers disconnectedArchitecture Principleso Client-server architecture o Each tier (Presentation, Logic, Data) should beindependent and shouldnot expose dependenciesrelated to theimplementationo Unconnected tiers should not communicateo Change in platform affects only the layer running on that particular platformPresentation Layero Provides user interface o Handles the interaction with the usero Sometimes called the GUI or client view orfront-endo Should not containbusiness logic or dataaccess codeLogic Layero The set of rules for processing informationo Can accommodate many userso Sometimes called middleware/ back-end o Should not contain presentation or data access codeData Layero The physical storage layer for datapersistenceo Manages access to DB or file systemo Sometimes called back-endo Should not containpresentation orbusiness logic codeThe 3-Tier Architecture for Web Appso Presentation LayerStatic or dynamically generated content rendered by thebrowser (front-end)o Logic LayerA dynamic content processing and generation levelapplication server, e.g., Java EE, , PHP, ColdFusionplatform (middleware)o Data LayerA database, comprising both data sets and the databasemanagement system or RDBMS software that managesand provides access to the data (back-end)3-Tier Architecture -AdvantagesIndependence of Layerso Easier to maintaino Components are reusableo Faster development (division of work)o Web designer does presentationo Software engineer does logico DB admin does data model。
(完整版)数据库简答题
第一章1.8. List four significant differences between a file-processing system and a DBMS.答：1.两者都包含了一系列的数据以及一些可用于操作数据的程序。
数据库管理系统能够协调该数据的物理结构以及逻辑结构。
而对于文件处理系统而言，只有物理结构。
2.数据库管理系统可以确保所有经授权访问的程序能够访问到数据的物理部分，因此可以减少数据冗余。
在文件处理系统中，当一个数据被一个程序所写入的时候，它有可能不能被另一个程序所读取。
3.数据库管理系统提供灵活的访问方法（例如查询），而文件处理系统则要按照事先确定的方法去访问数据（例如程序编译）4.数据库管理系统可以让多个用户在同一时间对同一数据进行操作。
而文件处理系统通常是允许一个或多个程序在同一时间访问不同的数据。
在文件处理系统中，当且仅当两个文件在同一时间对同一个文件进行只读操作时才能并发进行这个操作。
1.9 Explain the concept of physical data independence, and its importance in database systems.答：物理数据独立是指能够应用程序不受影响的情况下修改物理模式。
物理层的实现比较复杂，物理数据独立之后，当逻辑层需要修改某些数据的时候，就不需要设计复杂的物理结构，减轻了逻辑层的负担。
1.10 List five responsibilities of a database-management system. For each responsibility, explainthe problems that would arise if the responsibility were not discharged.答：1.与文件管理器进行交互。
如果没有了，数据库管理什么都做不了，包括数据存储以接受。
长大后想成为一名工程师英语作文初中
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：长大后想成为一名工程师英语作文初中全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Becoming an Engineer - My Dream CareerEver since I was a young child, I've been fascinated by how things work. Whether it was taking apart an old radio or building complex Lego structures, figuring out the inner workings ofmachines and devices has always piqued my curiosity. As I've grown older, this interest has only intensified, leading me to develop a strong desire to pursue a career as an engineer.To me, engineering represents the perfect blend of creativity and problem-solving. It's a field that allows you to design and construct innovative solutions to real-world challenges, whether that's developing cutting-edge technology, creating efficient transportation systems, or designing sustainable infrastructure. The idea of using my knowledge and skills to make a tangible impact on society is incredibly appealing to me.One aspect of engineering that particularly excites me is the vast array of specializations available. From civil engineering, which focuses on the design and construction of bridges, buildings, and roads, to mechanical engineering, which deals with the development of machines and mechanical systems, the possibilities seem endless. Each discipline presents its own unique set of challenges and opportunities for growth and learning.For instance, the field of environmental engineering has always been of particular interest to me. As the world grapples with the effects of climate change and the need for sustainable practices, environmental engineers play a crucial role indeveloping solutions to protect our planet. Whether it's designing water treatment plants, developing renewable energy sources, or creating systems to reduce waste and pollution, the work of environmental engineers has the potential to make a significant positive impact on the world around us.Alternatively, the field of biomedical engineering fascinates me with its potential to revolutionize healthcare. Imagine being part of a team that develops cutting-edge prosthetics, life-saving medical devices, or groundbreaking diagnostic tools. The ability to improve and save lives through technological advancements is truly inspiring.Regardless of the specific discipline, what draws me to engineering is the opportunity to constantly learn and grow. The field is ever-evolving, with new technologies and innovations emerging constantly. As an engineer, I would be challenged to stay up-to-date with the latest developments, continuously expanding my knowledge and skillset.Moreover, engineering offers the chance to collaborate with diverse teams of professionals, each bringing their unique expertise and perspectives to the table. Working together to solve complex problems and overcome obstacles is not onlyintellectually stimulating but also teaches valuable lessons in teamwork, communication, and leadership.Of course, pursuing a career in engineering is not without its challenges. It requires a strong foundation in mathematics, science, and analytical thinking. However, I'm willing to put in the hard work and dedication required to excel in these areas. My love for learning and my passion for problem-solving drive me to overcome any obstacles that may arise.Throughout my academic journey, I've sought out opportunities to gain practical experience and exposure to the engineering field. From participating in robotics clubs and attending engineering camps to taking advanced math and science courses, I've been actively preparing myself for the rigors of an engineering education and career.Looking ahead, my goal is to attend a top-tier university with a reputable engineering program. I'm excited by the prospect of immersing myself in a vibrant academic community, surrounded by like-minded individuals who share my passion for innovation and discovery. The opportunity to learn from renowned professors and engage in cutting-edge research is truly exhilarating.Ultimately, my dream is to make a meaningful contribution to society through my work as an engineer. Whether it's designing sustainable infrastructure, developing life-changing medical technologies, or pioneering new frontiers in engineering, I want to be at the forefront of innovation, creating solutions that improve people's lives and make the world a better place.Of course, the road ahead will be challenging, but I'm prepared to face those challenges head-on. With hard work, dedication, and an unwavering passion for engineering, I'm confident that I can turn my dream into a reality. The prospect of waking up every day and doing work that I genuinely love and find fulfilling is incredibly motivating.In conclusion, my aspiration to become an engineer stems from a deep-rooted fascination with how things work and a desire to create innovative solutions that make a positive impact on society. Engineering offers a unique blend of creativity, problem-solving, and the opportunity to continuously learn and grow. While the journey ahead will be demanding, I'm ready to embrace the challenges and dedicate myself wholeheartedly to pursuing this dream career. After all, the ability to shape the world around us and improve people's lives is a powerful andfulfilling calling, one that I'm eager to answer through a career in engineering.篇2Wanting to Become an Engineer When I Grow UpEver since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by how things work. Whether it was pulling apart an old radio or building complicated Lego structures, I've always loved taking things apart and putting them back together again. That's why I've dreamed of becoming an engineer ever since I can remember. To me, engineers are like modern-day wizards who use science and math to create incredible machines and structures that make our lives better.My interest in engineering really took off a few years ago when my uncle, who is a civil engineer, took me to visit one of the construction sites he was working on. Seeing those huge concrete foundations and massive steel beams being lifted into place by towering cranes was simply awe-inspiring. My uncle explained all the planning, calculations, and hard work that went into designing that office building from the ground up. He showed me the architectural blueprints and 3D computermodels the engineers used, and I was hooked. I had to learn more about this amazing field.In my science classes at school, I always do my best to understand the core concepts like physics, chemistry, and mathematics that underpin all engineering disciplines. Grasping ideas like forces, energy, materials properties, and geometric principles makes me feel like I'm unlocking the fundamental rules that govern how our universe operates. I find it all fascinating, from the quantum mechanics that enable modern electronics to the biological processes that inspire innovations in renewable energy or biomedical engineering.Outside of class, I've become an avid watcher of engineering videos and documentaries online. Learning about modern marvels like gigantic suspension bridges, supersonic aircraft, advanced robotics, and renewable energy farms fills me with wonder and inspiration. The more I learn, the more I want to be part of this world where creative minds are solving real problems and pushing the boundaries of what's possible with science and technology.This drive led me to join my school's engineering club, where we get to put theory into practice by designing and building all kinds of cool projects. So far, my favorite was when we 3Dprinted and assembled our own small robot that could navigate a maze autonomously using sensors and programmed logic. Seeing my creation come to life and accomplish its task after weeks of hard work was an amazing feeling that only amplified my desire to make engineering my future career.Of course, I know the road ahead won't be easy if I want to become a professional engineer. The math and science classes will only get more challenging in high school and college. But I'm willing to put in the long hours of studying and hands-on work because I'm so passionate about this field. Nothing would make me prouder than earning my degree in engineering and then using that knowledge to design solutions that better society.There are so many different engineering paths I could pursue, and to be honest, I'm still exploring which specific discipline is the best fit for me. Part of me has always dreamed of being an aerospace engineer, designing nextgen aircraft or even spacecraft. The idea of creating machines that can fly higher, faster, and farther than ever before sounds incredibly thrilling. Or maybe I'll become an innovative computer engineer and help develop artificial intelligence or revolutionary new computing architectures. In an era of rapid technological change, that couldbe a great way to truly push humanity forward on the cutting edge.Then again, my love of nature and the outdoors could steer me towards environmental engineering, where I could apply my skills to developing renewable energy solutions, cleaning up pollution, or protecting ecosystems and wildlife. Fewer things seem more important right now than creating a sustainable way for human civilization to keep advancing without destroying our planet's delicate balance. Of course, other fields like civil, mechanical, electrical or biomedical engineering are also incredibly appealing when I think about the vast range of areas where I could make a real difference in people's lives.No matter which specialty I ultimately choose, I know that a career in engineering will be a constant journey of learning, problem-solving, and pushing the boundaries of innovation. To me, that endless frontier of discovery is what makes this profession so exciting and rewarding. Engineers get to do things that have never been done before and find solutions that move society forward. We aren't just building things - we're building a better future.As a kid, I used to dream about growing up to become a superhero and using amazing powers and technology to protectthe world. Well, the older I get, the more I realize that engineers are the real superheroes, using their intelligence, creativity and scientific knowledge to improvepeople's lives through incredible feats large and small. From the snake-like robots that can locate and rescue people trapped in collapsed buildings, to the torii nuclear fusion reactors that could one day provide unlimited clean energy, engineers are making the impossible possible every single day.That's the kind of superhero I want to be when I grow up - not soaring through the skies in a cape and mask, but working hard at a computer or laboratory, solving problems and creating new inventions that make a real difference. I want to be part of the generation that helps heal our planet's environment, ensures resource sustainability, redesigns our aging infrastructure systems, and expands human frontiers into space and realms we can scarcely imagine today.I know it won't be easy. There will be long hours, frustrations when designs don't work, and lots of math and science to master along the way. But I'm ready for the challenge because I've been preparing for this my whole life. Whenever I look at a skyscraper,bridge, or machine, I don't just see steel, concrete and components - I see my future waiting to be built and shaped bymy own mind and hands. Engineering is my calling, and I can't wait to grow up and get started reshaping our world for the better as part of this noble profession. Becoming a superhero who uses science has been my dream ever since I was a little kid, and I won't stop working until I make that dream my reality.篇3My Dream of Becoming an EngineerEver since I was a little kid, I've been obsessed with taking things apart and putting them back together again. I would beg my parents to let me disassemble old toys, computers, and electronics just so I could see how all the pieces fit together to make them work. I was always that kid with a million questions about how different machines and devices functioned. While other kids my age were playing video games or watching TV, I was reading books and watching documentaries about engineering and technology.I come from a family of engineers - my dad is a civil engineer and my mom is an electrical engineer. From an early age, they encouraged my curiosity and did everything they could to foster my interests in math, science, and building things. Some of my favorite memories from childhood are going to work with myparents and seeing the amazing projects they were involved in creating. I was in awe of the massive construction sites, towering skyscrapers, and complex electrical systems they worked on. I knew then that I wanted to have a career where I could use my problem-solving skills to design and construct incredible structures and innovative technologies that improve people's lives.In my mind, being an engineer is the perfect job. It combines creativity with analytical thinking. It allows you to constantly be learning and pushing the boundaries of what's possible. Engineers get to work on cutting-edge projects and come up with solutions to challenges that haven't been solved before. Whether it's developing new renewable energy sources, designing safer cars, or creating more efficient infrastructure, engineers make the world a better place through their inventions and ideas.The thing that excites me most about engineering is how versatile and vast the field is. You can specialize in so many different disciplines like mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, aerospace, biomedical, and many more. The possibilities for what you can do with an engineering degree are endless. You could design roller coasters or water treatment facilities. You couldconstruct bridges or research new medical technologies. I love that engineering touches virtually every aspect of modern life.Right now, my favorite type of engineering is aerospace because I am utterly fascinated by space exploration and travel. Can you imagine being one of the engineers that designed the rockets for the Mars rover missions or the James Webb Space Telescope? Or what about developing new propulsion systems for the next generation of aircraft and spacecraft? Working on projects that allow us to journey further into the cosmos and unlock the secrets of the universe would be a dream come true. I hope that one day I can contribute something meaningful to the field of aerospace and space technology.Of course, before I can do any of those amazing things, I have to study extremely hard in school. Engineering is an incredibly challenging profession that requires mastering difficult subjects like calculus, physics, and chemistry. It demands strong problem-solving, critical thinking, and analytical skills. You have to be able to envision an entire system and understand how all of the individual components integrate together. It's not going to be easy, but I am ready to put in the hard work because this is what I am passionate about.My teachers always tell me I have a natural talent and aptitude for math, which is one of the most crucial skills for any engineer. I love the logic and structure of mathematics - there is always a definitive right or wrong answer if you follow the proper steps and processes. Math makes sense to me in a way that a lot of other subjects don't. I find solving complex equations and word problems exhilarating. Bring on the calculus, trigonometry, and differential equations! The more challenging and intricate the math, the better.In addition to excelling in math and science classes, I plan on taking as many hands-on engineering electives and summer programs as I can. Actually building and designing things in the real world is the best way for me to apply the theories and concepts I'm learning in the classroom. Getting practical experience through internships will also be invaluable. I hope to work as an intern for an engineering firm or at a university research lab while I'm in high school and college.Another reason I'm so drawn to engineering is because of the immense positive impact it has on society. Engineers are modern-day pioneers, constantly revolutionizing our technology and advancing humanity through innovation. They are the brilliant minds solving global issues like sustainability, cleanwater accessibility, inadequate infrastructure, and transportation inefficiency. An engineer's work quite literally shapes and improves the quality of life for billions of people worldwide. How amazing is it that these highly skilled professionals get to spend their careers being creative problem-solvers while also making the world a better place? To me, engineering is the ultimate way to channel my energy and passion for math and science into developing solutions that enhance human wellbeing.Some people might say that studying engineering is too difficult or that the career path is too challenging. Math and science have always come naturally to me though, and I love solving complex problems. The harder the better! I thrive on overcoming obstacles through hard work, determination, and ingenuity. Engineers need to be persistent lifelong learners constantly striving to expand their knowledge as new technologies emerge. That constant sense of exploration and quest to keep pushing boundaries really appeals to my naturally inquisitive personality.Sure, being an engineer requires intense study and commitment, but the payoff is getting to work on cutting-edge innovations that truly change the world for the better. An engineering career is the perfect fusion of my skills, interests,and values. I can't imagine anything more fulfilling than conceptualizing and executing visionary ideas that make people's lives safer, more efficient, or more connected. From designing greener and smarter cities to sending the first human explorers to Mars, the potential for an engineer to make an impact is limitless.My dream is to one day be at the forefront of major technological advancements that solve global challenges and open up new realms of possibility. I want to join the ranks of brilliant engineers who have transformed our world through their creativity and ingenuity. The road won't be easy, but I am determined to work as hard as I can to become an engineer. This is a calling that ignites my passion and allows me to live a life of purpose while doing something I love. The chance to build a better future for humanity and push the boundaries of innovation is my ultimate motivation. I can't wait to see what amazing creations and discoveries I get to be a part of as a future engineer.。
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• In the real world, most software is much more complicated than this
CSE 156 2
Databases and the Web
• Many real applications are different than what you have programmed in two important ways
• Which one you should use depends on many factors, including number of expected users, size of the application and/or the database, budget, etc. • Fortunately, the interfaces to these DBMSs have a lot in common, so if you learn to use one, most of what you learn is transferable to the others
CSE 156 11
Middle Tier Choices
• Almost anything is possible, with some common choices being – Java – Visual Basic – JSP – C# – PHP – .NET – C++ – ASP – Perl • However, whether or not the client will be thin or thick will influence this choice • For a thin client, the obvious middle tier choices are
CSE 156 3
3-Tier Architectures
• Definition: A 3-tier architecture is one which has a client tier, a middle tier, and a database tier.
– The database tier manages the database – The middle tier contains most of the logic and communicates between the other tiers – The client tier is the interface between the user and the system
– How many tiers should be used? – What tasks should be done by each tier? In other words, how exactly should the layers be divided? – Should I use thin or thick clients? – Should the application be web-accessible? – How should connections to the database be managed? – What database management system (DBMS) should be used? – What languages(s), platform(s), and software should the system use?
• The main difference here is that the main application software is not allowed to interact directly with the database • You could also think of this as a 4-tier architecture:
– The database management system (DBMS) – The main application software, including GUI
• Here, the entire application is generally run on the client machine (certainly a thick-client) • In some contexts, the 2-tier model is also know as the client-server model, where the server can be something other than a database • In general an n-tier model will have
CSE 156 10
Database Choices
• There are many popular database management systems (DBMSs), including
– – – – – IBM DB2 Oracle Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft Access MySQL
(*These may actually be n-tier)
CSE 156 5
Thick-Client 3-Tier Models
• The thick-client 3-tier model has these tiers:
– The database management system (DBMS) – The main application software – Some sort of interface software which must be installed on each client machine
• Rather, the purpose is to
– Introduce you to the concept of n-tier architectures – Get you to start thinking about the issues involved – Give you partial answers to some of the question
CSE 156 9
n-Tier Answers
• The purpose of these notes is not to
– Present clear answers to all of the questions on the previous slide – Be the authoritative source for information about n-tier architectures – Make you an expert in n-tier architectures
• Definition: An n-tier architecture is one which has n tiers, usually including a database tier, a client tier, and n-2 tiers in between.
CSE 156 4
Thin-Client 3-Tier Models
• The thin-client 3-tier model has these tiers:
– The database management system (DBMS) – The main application software – A web browser
• Examples
– – – – – /~sscott/teach * * Lotus Notes Web Client*
– They make extensive use of databases to store data – They are accessible from anywhere by multiple people simultaneously via the World Wide Web
• Sites like and are entirely database driven—that is, each time you go to the site, what you see is determined by data in their database • As we will see, applications that use databases and are web accessible can be implemented using a 3-tier architectural model
Another 3-Tier Model
• Another common model has these tiers:
– The database management system (DBMS) and a persistence manager which controls all data flow into and out of the database – The main application software – A GUI (thin or thick)
– – – – The database management system (DBMS) A persistence manager The main application software A GUI (thin or thick)
CSE 156 7
2- and n-Tier Models
• The 2-tier model is more simple, but more limited, than a 3-tier model, and often includes
– The data) – (n-2) application layers – A GUI (thin or thick)