研究生英语多维教程课文翻译
《研究生英语教程》课文翻译

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译一单元“十便士看一次海湾风光,”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道:“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展,海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花,冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面,一群海鸥相互叫唤着,在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处,在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上,那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话,我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时,站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。
“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性,有关它的传说一定不少,”我说。
“这可不是传说,”那老头郑重其事地说。
“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在50年前的今天。
让我说给您听听吧。
”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
“整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔,”他开始说。
“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前,他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖,布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道了歉,并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
”“离今50年前的那个晚上,灯塔上没有出现灯光,直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上,灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了,人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象,桌子翻倒在地,一副牌散得到处都是,地板上溅满了血迹。
(完整word版)研究生英语系列教程_多维教程_探索

Unit 1 Travel LanguageText1 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted。
The law covers even technical applications。
For example,in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail,etc。
the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac,the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as “internet” or “byte stream” just to name a couple。
The mind boggles at what the world might face。
2 Unfortunately (or perhaps not),the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king’s English prevlent in America,where “honour" is commonly written as “honor” and “night” as “nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings,making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree。
研究生英语多维教学教程探索课本教学材料原文及课后题(11课)

Unit 1 travel languageThe Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as “internet”or “byte stream”just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face.Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king’s English prevlent in America, where “honour”is commonly written as “honor”and “night”as “nite,”many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk –a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby’s matinee jacket is a vest. It’s obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency.Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that whatused to be the king’s lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate.The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers “a speedy execution”and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested guests to “please hung yourself here.”One hopes that nobody took the advice literally.To these I can add some of my own experiences, encountered in long years of traveling the world. There was, for example, the observation in an Ostend novelty shop that “revolting new ideas”were being marketed, and the boast of some Bombay bakers that “we are No. 1 loafers, best values in whole town.”I realized how far Christinanity had come when I read in Hong Kong the following call by a dentist: The teeth they are extracted here by the latest Methodists.I fear it can not be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages. I feel quite strongly, however, that the Haifa Medical Association should have prevented one of its members from claiming on his brass plate that he is a “Specialist in Women and Other Diseases.”Hotels seem to revel in their multilingual signs. One supposes these signs were designed to facilitate the use of modern services in otherwise sterile and barely functional establishments. Nevertheless, the unsuspecting guests confronted in a Brussels hotel with the followinginstruction for the use of the life (elevator) might well prefer to walk: “To move the life, push button to wishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons, each one should push number of wishing floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order. Button retaining pressed position shows received command for visiting station.”The less sophisticated notice in Istanbul (“To call room service, please to open door and call ROOM SERVICE”) at least does not confront the guest with electronics that might not always work. In Turkey, the delight in “straight talk”expresses itself in the by-now-famous Ankara brochure which advises, “Visit our restaurant where you can eat Middle East foods in an European Ambulance.”A note on a Swiss menu that “Our wines leave nothing to hope for”was equally inviting.Eastern European courtesies have never left the once grand hotels of the former Austro-Hungarian empire. A notice in the hotel rooms that “the honoured guests are invited to take advantage of the chamber maids from 12-14 o’clock”might, however, result in some unplanned traffic jams. A recent Moscow exhibition’s announcement drew attention to “a showing of 300 paintings by Russian artists, most of whom were executed in the last ten years”–hardly a welcoming thought to the occasional visitor.A Bangkok laundry’s advertisement to the visiting public (“Leaving your clothes here and enjoy yourself”) could also be seen as a invitation to extracurricular activities in that Far Eastern capital of fun.In Rome, a laundry advertised a similar invitation: Ladies, leave your clothes here and spendthe afternoon having a good time.It should not surprise the traveller that nightspots advertise their wares in Europe in many and diverse language. The German preoccupation with Majorca led a Munich nightclub to copy a trilingual Palma announcement that dancing was going on in what is indeed a surprising way. The notice read, “Baile! Baile! Baile!”in Spanish, “T anz! T anz! Tanz!”in German, and “Balls! Balls! Balls!”in what was meant to be English. We are spared the upper Bavarian version of the activity.The Black Forest Germans, on the other hand, are known to be rather prudish in their outlook, but is it really necessary to post a sign: “It is strictly forbidden on our Black Forest camping site that people of different sexes, for example men and women, live together in one tent unless they are married with each other for that purpose.”I am told that for the otherwise unsuspecting tourist, the following sign proved a real crowd puller. Parrot Phillips claims it to be true that in an Austrian hotel room he found the sign: “If service required, give two strokes to the maid and three to the valet.”There are undoubtedly more and varied versions of the use of English, unprotected as our language is from the interference of emerging and ambitious entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, I prefer seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process.Unit 2 Lies and TruthWhat is truth? –and the opposite question that goes with it: what makes a lie?Philosophers, teachers, and religious leaders from all cultures and periods of history have offered many answers to these questions. Among Euro-North-American writers, there is general agreement on two points. The first is that what we call a “lie”must be told intentionally –that is, if someone tells an untruth but they believe it to be true, we don’t consider them a liar. The second point is that practically everyone lies, and lies frequently. But there the agreement ends.One rather extreme point of view is that lying is always bad and that we should try to find ways avoid doing it. The reason is that lying hurts not only the listener, but also the liar. Each lie makes the next one easier to tell, and the liar comes not only to disrespect herself, but to mistrust others, whom she believes will lie as easily as she. In a society, where lying is common, trust becomes impossible, and without trust, cooperation can not exist. Furthermore, by lying to people, we remove their power to make important choices about how to spend money, what future career to take, what medical treatment to take.Toward the opposite extreme is the position that although some lies are evil, many others are not –in fact, they are necessary to hold our society together. We lie in harmless ways to protect other’s feelings and to better our relationship. These are not lies that try to hurt others. We laugh at the boss’s joke which we have heard before and which she doesn’t tell very well; we pretend interest in a friend’s story of something uninteresting that happened to him. If someone asks us a question that is very personal and is none of their business, we may lie in response. Sometimes we lie to protect the reputation or even the life of another person.On a larger scale, government may protect national security by lying.Each person seems to have some point at which they draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie. Obviously, this point varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture. A sometimes painful part of growing up is realizing that not everyone shares your own individual definition of honesty. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars suffer, but as you go through life, you find that often they don’t: in fact, dishonest people often seem to prosper more than honest ones. What are you to do with this realization? It may make your moral beliefs look weak and silly in comparison, and you may begin to question them. It takes a great deal of strength and courage to continue living an honest life in the face of such reality.Little white lies: This is our name for lies that we consider harmless and socially acceptable. They are usually told to protect the liar or the feelings of the listener. Most of them would be considered social lies, and they include apologies and excuses: “I tried to call you, but your line was busy.”“You’re kidding! You don’t look like you’ve gained a pound.”Some people, however, would consider it acceptable to lie to save themselves from responsibility in a business transaction: “After I got home, I noticed that it was broken, so I’m returning it and would like my money back.”Occasionally a “little white lie”may have a very profound effect on the lives of the listeners, and may even backfire. Author Stephanie Ercsson tells of the well-meaning U.S. Army sergeant who told a lie about one of his men who had been killed in action. Thesergeant reported the man as “missing in action,”not killed, so that the military would continue sending money to the dead man’s family every month. What he didn’t consider was that because of his lie, the family continued to live in that narrow space between hope and loss, always watching for the mail or jumping when the telephone or the doorbell rang. They never were able to go through the normal process of sorrowing for, and then accepting, the death of their father and husband. The wife never remarried. Which was worse, the lie or the truth? Did the sergeant have the right to do what he did to them?What we really mean when we call an untruth a “little white lie”is that we think it was justifiable. Into this category fall many of the lies told within the walls of government. A person may lie to government, or a government official may lie to the public, and believe that by doing so, he becomes a hero. Clearly, however, one person’s “little white lie”is another person’s “dirty lie.”That brings us to the second category:Dirty lies: There are lies told with intent to harm the listener or a third party and to benefit the liar. Into this category fall the lies of some dishonest salespersons, mechanics, repairmen; husbands or wives who are having an affair with someone else; teenagers who lie to get out of the house in order to do things that their parents would die if they knew about it; drug addicts who beg family members for money to support their habit. Dirty lies my be told to improve one person’s reputation by destroying another’s, to hurt a colleague’s chances of promotion so that the liar will be advanced.Lies of omission: Some people believe that lying covers not only what you say, but alsowhat you choose not to say. If you’re trying to sell a car that burns a lot of oil, but the buyer don’t ask about that particular feature, is it a lie not to tell them? In the United States, a favorite place to withhold the truth is on people’s income tax returns. The government considers this an unquestionable lie, and if caught, these people are severely punished. If omission can be lying, history books are great liars. Until recently, most U.S. history textbooks painted Christopher Columbus purely as a hero, the man who “discovered America,”and had nothing to say about his darker side. Moreover, most Native American and African-American contributors to science, technology, invention, literature, art, discovery, and other areas of civilization used to be omitted form children’s schoolbooks. Many people considered this a lie, and today’s history books usually mention at least some of it, though not as much as some people might like.False promises: This category is made up of promises that the promiser knows are false, that he has no intention of keeping even as the world leave his lips. While some are fairly harmless and social, others are taken more seriously and can hurt the listener: “I’ll never do it again, I promise.”Advertisers and politicians suffer from terrible stereotypes because of the false promises of some of their number: “Lose 50 pounds in two weeks.”“Read my lips: No new taxes.”Probably everyone would agree that if we make a promise but have no intention of keeping it, we lie. But what if we really do plan to keep it, and then something happens to prevent it? Consider the journalist who promises not to indentify his resources, but then is pressured by his newspaper or by the law. How far should he go to keep his word?If he breaks his promise, is he dishonest?Lies to oneself: This is perhaps the saddest and most pathetic kind of lying. These are the lies that prevent us from making needed changes in ourselves: “I know I drank/spent/ate too much yesterday, but I can control it any time I really want to.”But there is a fine line between normal dreams and ambitions on the one hand, and deceiving ourselves on the other, and we have to be careful where we draw it. It’s common for young people to dream of rising to the top of their company, of winning a Nobel Prize, of becoming famous or rich; but is that self-deception, or simply human nature? Were they lying to themselves? More likely, they really believed that such a future was open to them, because they had seen it happen to others. We shouldn’t be too hard on ourselves, but if we have turned a blind eye to our faults, we should take an honest look in the mirror.There is no question that the terms “lying”and “honesty”have definitions that vary across culture boundaries. Members of one culture may stereotype members of another as “great liars,”“untrustworthy,”or “afraid to face the truth.”But what may lie behind these differences is that one culture values factual information even if it hurts, while another places more value on sensitivity to other people’s feelings. While the members of each culture believe that of course their values are the right ones, they are unlikely to convince members of other cultures to change over. And that’s “the truth.”Unit 3 Generation XIt’s often said that kids today aren’t what they used to be. But is this new generation ofteenagers and young adults, commonly referred to as “Generation X”or the “baby busters,”really so different from previous generations? What makes them tick? What impact will they have on us and our institutions as we move into the future?Current TrendsTwenty years ago, employers didn’t worry about finding enough good people. Just like a box of tissues, there was always another candidate that would pop right up. But the 18-year baby boom of 1946-1964, when birth rates peaked at 25.3 births per 1,000 population, was followed by the 11-year “baby bust,”when the rate fell to a low of 14.6 births per 1,000. This means the smallest pool of entry-level workers since the 1930s. “Generation X,”as they were dubbed in a 1991 novel by Canadian writer Douglas Coupland, realize the numbers are on their side. They are now mainly in their 20s, and they see themselves as very marketable in the workplace. They feel that they can be patient when choosing a job, and they can look for the best wages.This generation has watched more TV, and as a result has probably witnessed more violence and murders, than any generations in history. In addition, their gloomy view of the world has been shaped by numerous negative events, such as the Persian Gulf War, escalating crime, riots, AIDS, the nuclear threat, and pollution.They parents practiced birth control and abortion and were highly concerned about “making it”financially. About 40% of X’ers are products of divorce, and many were brought up in single-parent homes. The emotional upheaval and conflict this causes helped shapetheir view of the family and the world. It seems to have sent out a negative message to X’ers about their value and worth.Many young believe that their economic prospects are gloomy. They believe that they will not do as well financially as their parents or their grandparents. They know that the average income for young people, even with two or three college degrees, has declined significantly over the past generations. Many feel that their chances of finding the job and salary they want are bleak.Couple with the high divorce rate with the fact that many were latchkey children and you get a generation who may have had more time alone than any in history. They are also the first to spend considerable time in day care. At home, they were weaned on TV, high tech, video games, and computers. They became independent at a young age. Many had to grow up fast, taking on family responsibilities or part-time jobs to help out. All this has helped them become very freedom-minded, individualistic,and self-absorbed.Many resent the fact that their parents were not home to spend more time with them. An often heard sentiment is that things will be different when they raise their own families.The loyalty and commitment to the workplace that previous generations had is gone. Generation X’ers watched their grandparents slave away only to receive a gold watch and pension upon retirement. Thirty or more years of loyalty sometimes ended with a security guard helping them to clean out their desks and escorting them out the door. Their parents’dedication to the company has been repaid with downsizing and layoffs.Young people feel there is no such thing as job security. They feel they don’t want to wait around and pay their dues when there is no long-term commitment from the top. They can’t believe that their boomer bosses spend 60 or more hours a week at a job that they constantly complain about. They strongly believe there is life after work.Generation X’ers take longer to make job choices. They look upon a job as temporary instead of as a career, partly because they want to keep their options open. They are always looking to jump ship when they can upgrade their situation. They will often leave a job at the hint of a better position.This generation seems to do things at a much later age than their parents. They graduate from college later, stay at home longer, and marry much later. Many who leave home come back again, sometimes more than once. This is due in part to the high cost of living and the fact that many have piled up huge studentloan debts. In contrast with the baby boomers, who couldn’t wait to leave home, Generation X’ers save their money so they can live better when they do leave. It may be that some just want to delay the time when they are on their own, because they spent so much time alone as children.Many of X’ers’parents were busy in the morning getting ready for work and too tired to have any quality time with their children at night. X’er classrooms were often overcrowded. It was hard for the X’ers to get noticed, so as adults they have a need to be noticed. Often, they seek that attention in the workplace.Whether from watching TV or from being spoiled by their guilt-ridden, seldom-homeparents or grandparents, X’ers have come to expect a whole lot for nothing. They have a strong propensity for instant gratification, wanting it all and wanting it fast. Their favorite TV programs are soap operas. They would like their world to be filled with the same good-looking people, dressed in the latest fashions, with lots of money and prestige, and without having to work too hard.It is not uncommon for X’ers to get out of high school and expect to be paid well despite minimal skills. Many disdain low-wage “McJobs”at fast-food chains. Young college graduates look to start at high paying positions with power and perks. They have little patience for working their way up.Yet, the X’ers feel that making money is not as important as experiencing life. To be a workaholic is to have no life. Consequently, a paradox exists between how they view life and what they think they need from it.Future TrendsThe first boomers are only 10 or 12 years away from retiring –and finally out of the way of the next generation. The X’ers will begin to take over in politics, arts and culture, education, media, and business. This should lead to a time of better problem solving and quicker solutions, as they hate political maneuvering and want to get to solutions in a fast, no-nonsense way.X’ers don’t like the fact that their parents spent so many hours working. They promise to do better with their children, being more accessible and providing a more stable home life.Since many of them will marry later when they are more mature, the divorce rate will finally begin to dip.When X’ers control the organizations of tomorrow, they will create a shorter workweek, so people will have more time to spend with their families and leisure activities. Productivity won’t suffer, as technology will enable people to be more productive. In addition, the X’ers’disdain for office politics and desire to solve problems faster will improve productivity. If organizations do not manage their human resources better, X’ers will leave to find or create a more humane workplace.Many Generation X’ers have a freedom-minded and individualistic nature. They like to be left alone to solve problems. They are a perfect group to become consultants, as already evidenced by so many venturing out on their own.Organizations will come to rely on the X’ers’entrepreneurial spirit to foster innovation. They will create systems that will allow “intrapreneurs”to create and run small businesses within a business. The organization’s financial support will allow young people to research and create new products at unparalleled rates. Outside entrepreneurs of this generation will team up with these “intrapreneurs”to create joint ventures.Generation X’ers have started to use their technology skills to create virtual businesses, and they will be the driving force behind this marketplace in the future. They have been quick to take advantage of the lower overhead and quick start-ups that the Internet provides. Being able to reach millions of people with new ideas and products instantly attracts thisgeneration.Generation X has evolved in dramatically different ways than previous generations. What motivated past generations is far different from what motivates this new breed. But the changes will be for the better in many ways. Kids may not be what they used to be, but if we listen, there is a lot we can learn from them. The future will be a better place if we do.Unit 4 SuccessA young man of humble origins came to New York from the Midwest to seek his fortune. He dreamed, in the American way, of becoming a millionaire. He tired his luck on Wall Street. He was diligent and shrewd and, when he had to, devious. He put together the National Worldwide Universal deal and he did some things with an electronics acquisition that wouldn’t bear explaining. He succeeded even beyond his dream: he made twelve million dollars.At first the young man assumed that everything was working out splendidly. “Isn’t is grand?”he said to his wife, once it was apparent that he had made twelve million dollars.“No, it isn’t,”his wife said. “You’re a nobody.”“But that’s impossible,”the young man said. “I’m rich person. We live in an era that celebrates rich people. Rich people are shown in the newspapers in the company of moviestars and famous novelists and distinguished dress designers. The names of the richest corporate raiders are known to every schoolboy. There are rich real estate sharks whose faces appear on the covers of glossy magazines.”“Yours won’t,”his wife said. “You’re a nobody.”“But I have twelve million dollars,”the young man said.“So do a lot of people,”his wife said. “They’re nobodies, too.”“I could buy our way onto the committees of important charity balls,”the young man said. “Then we’d be mentioned in the columns.”“Don’t kid yourself,”his wife said. “The important committees are already filled with people who are really rich. People like us would end up working on something like a dinner dance to benefit the American Psoriasis Foundation.”“But I own a co-op apartment on Fifth Avenue that’s worth two million dollars,”the young man said.“Two-million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen,”his wife said, “so to speak.”“I have a stretch limousine,”the young man said. “It’s twenty-one and half feet long.”“Nobody famous has ever ridden it,”his wife said. “Henry Kissinger and Calvin Klein have never heard of you. You’re a nobody.”The young man was silent for a while. “Are you disappointed with me?”he finally said to his wife.“Of course I’m disappointed in you,”she said, “When you asked me to marry you, you said you would surely amount to something. How was I to know that you’d turn out to be a nobody?”For a moment the young man looked defeated. Then he squared his shoulders and cleared his throat. “I’ll make them pay attention,”he said, “I’ll buy a professional football team and argue a lot with the coach in public. Celebrities will join me to watch big games from the owner’s box.”“You can’t buy a professional football team for twelve million dollars”his wife said. “Professional football teams cost big bucks.”“Then I’ll buy a magazine and appoint myself chief columnist,”the young man said. “A tiny but exceedingly flattering picture of me will run next to my column every week. The owners of professional football teams will invite me to watch big games from the owner’s box.”“You might be able to buy one of those weekly-shopper throwaways for twelve million dollars, but not a real magazine,”his wife said, “You can’t buy a real magazine for chicken feed.”“Is that what you call what we have?”the young man asked. “Is twelve million dollars chicken feed?”“It’s not a big bucks,”his wife said. “What can I tell you?”“But that’s not fair,”the young man said. “I’m a young man of humble origins who madetwelve million dollars. I succeeded even beyond my dream.”“Some of those things you did with the electronics acquisition probably weren’t fair either,”his wife said. “Fair isn’t being measured these days. What they measure is money.”“Then I’ll get more money,”the young man said. “I’m going to go back to Wall Street and make fifty million dollars.”But before the young man could make fifty million dollars a man from the Securities and Exchange Commission came and arrested him for having committed insider-trading violations in the electronics acquisition.The young man was taken away from his office in handcuffs. A picture on the front page of the afternoon paper showed him leaving his arraignment, trying to hide his face behind an $850 Italian overcoat. A long article in the morning paper used him as an example of a new breed of Wall Street traders who were the victims of their own greed, probably because of their humble origins. His friends and associates avoided him.Only his wife stuck by him. She tired to see the bright side. “For someone with twelve million dollars,”she said to the young man, “you’re getting to be pretty well known.”Unit 5 Women, Men & MoneyAha, Money. It’s probably the only thing that complicates life between the sexes as much as。
研究生英语多维教程_探索

Unit 1 Travel LanguageText1 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compulsory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as ―internet‖ or ―byte stream‖ just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face.2 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king‘s English prevlent in America, where ―honour‖ is commonly written as ―honor‖ and ―night‖ as ―nite,‖ many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk –a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby‘s matinee jacket is a vest. It‘s obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency.3 Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king‘s lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate.4 The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers ―a speedy execution‖ and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested gue sts to ―please hung yourself here.‖ One hopes that nobody took the advice literally.5 To these I can add some of my own experiences, encountered in long years of traveling the world. There was, for example, the observation in an Ostend novelty shop that ―revolting new ideas‖ were being marketed, and the boast of some Bombay bakers that ―we are No. 1 loafers, best values in whole town.‖6 I realized how far Christinanity had come when I read in Hong Kong the following call by a dentist: The teeth they are extracted here by the latest Methodists.7 I fear it can not be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of English or are simply reflections of local usages. I feel quite strongly, however, that the Haifa Medical Association should have prevented one of its members from claiming on his brass plate that he is a ―Specialist in Women and Other Diseases.‖8 Hotels seem to revel in their multilingual signs. One supposes these signs were designed to facilitate the use of modern services in otherwise sterile and barely functional establishments. Nevertheless, the unsuspecting guests confronted in a Brussels hotel with the following instruction for the use of the life (elevator) might well prefer to walk: ―To move the life,push button to wishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons, each one should push number of wishing floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order. Button retaining pressed position shows received command for visiting station.‖ The less sophisticated notice in Istanbul (―To call room service, please to open door and call ROOM SERVICE‖) at least does not confront the guest with electronics that might not always work.9 In Turkey, the delight in ―straight talk‖ expresses itself in th e by-now-famous Ankara brochure which advises, ―Visit our restaurant where you can eat Middle East foods in an European Ambulance.‖ A note on a Swiss menu that ―Our wines leave nothing to hope for‖ was equally inviting.10 Eastern European courtesies have never left the once grand hotels of the former Austro-Hungarian empire. A notice in the hotel rooms that ―the honoured guests are invited to take advantage of the chamber maids from 12-14 o‘clock‖ might, however, result in some unplanned traffic jams. A recent Moscow exhibition‘s announcement drew attention to ―a showing of 300 paintings by Russian artists, most of whom were executed in the last ten years‖ – hardly a welcoming thought to the occasional visitor.11 A Bangkok laundry‘s advertisement to the visiting public (―Leaving your clothes here and enjoy yourself‖) could also be seen as a invitation to extracurricular activities in that Far Eastern capital of fun.12 In Rome, a laundry advertised a similar invitation: Ladies, leave your clothes here and spend the afternoon having a good time.13 It should not surprise the traveller that nightspots advertise their wares in Europe in many and diverse language. The German preoccupation with Majorca led a Munich nightclub to copy a trilingual Palma announcement that dancing was going on in what is indeed a surprising way. The notice read, ―Baile! Baile! Baile!‖ in Spanish, ―Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!‖ in German, and ―Balls! Balls! Balls!‖ in what was meant to be English. We are spared the upper Bavarian version of the activity.14 The Black Forest Germans, on the other hand, are known to be rather prudish in their outlook, but is it really necessary to post a sign: ―It is strictly forbidden on ourBlack Forest camping site that people of different sexes, for example men and women, live together in one tent unless they are married with each other for that purpose.‖15 I am told that for the otherwise unsuspecting tourist, the following sign proveda real crowd puller. Parrot Phillips claims it to be true that in an Austrian hotel room he found the sign: ―If service required, give two strokes to the maid and three to the valet.‖16 There are undoubtedly more and varied versions of the use of English, unprotected as our language is from the interference of emerging and ambitious entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, I prefer seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process.ExercisesB部分1 Some people are very sensitive about what others might think of them.2 Between Christmas and New Y ear‘s day, many stores have a long list of goods on sale. This is known as New Y ear‘s sale.3 Statistics reveal that traveling during one‘s vocation is becoming prevalent as money and spare time increase.4 A deficiency in educational resources puts at risk the intellectual development of our children.5 The applicant‘s documents required for immigration were withheld by the local police station because of his criminal record.6 During the interview, Mary told the interviewer that she would like to do something interesting but Tom said with certainty that he would choose the job which pays well.7 It is important that the elevators be functional before the Spring Festival.8 In spite of a good harvest, farmers were confronted with many difficulties in selling their grain, which they alone could not overcome.9 Foreign language learners should know that the way of expressing courtesy will be quite different from country to country.10 Y ou will be spared the fine if you tell us who else was involved.11 One evening, I was running after a robber in the nearby woods. Suddenly, I was hit by a stroke of a heavy thing from behind and lost my consciousness.12 A survey shows that ambitious companies will provide the customer with high-quality goods as well as first-class services.13 Some scientists and doctors claim that purified water, which is popular in the market, may be harmful to children.14 This book is worth buying for it highlights all the famous American writers and their works.It is a very demanding job to be a soap-opera writer because the novelty of a soap-opera wears off quickly.C部分1. People who are sensitive in character my have difficulty in making friends.2. He is loved by his students, for he is not only a learned person but also has a sense of humor.3. Many discoveries resulted from the sensitivity of scientists to seemingly common things.4. The Chinese government has issued a law that nine years of education is compulsory for every child.5. Many teenagers have no weekends nowadays. They undertake extra training or remedial classes under the compulsion of their parents.6. Those who plan to study abroad have to take a compulsory examination of language proficiency.7. Many new and tall buildings have big posters on their front windows saying ―For lease or Sale‖ but the real estate prospects are still quite bleak.8. In order to make some money Mr. Wilson moved his family to the first floor and started to lease the ground floor.9. Sometimes, leasing an apartment can be cheap and easy for a person who wants to settle down in a new place.10. Because he was driving his car at a speed of over 180 miles an hour, a tiny rock was enough to deviate his car off the road.11. Long time tension and pressure may cause people to behave deviantly.12. The investigation shows that the air crash was caused by a deviation from normal airport procedure.13. The prevalence of complaints about the bad weather all over the world may make people aware how serious air pollution is.14. It is very interesting that some styles of clothes that were prevalent in the last century have again become a fashion now.15. Nowadays the tradition of three generations of a family living under the same roof is no longer prevalent in many cities of China.16. All the children in kindergarten are required to drink at least one glass of milk a day because rickets can result from a diet deficient in vitamin D.17. The demerits of the present educational system are revealed by college graduates who are deficient in practical experience.18. There is no need to read the whole novel. Sometimes people may benefit a lot from reading just a few extracts.19. It is reported that some peasants have made a fortune by extracting poison from snakes they raised.20. Examples extracted from our daily life are vivid and easy for people to understand.21. Two U.S. Army experts were sent from Germany to join the air force officers in the search for answers to the mystery that confronted them.22. More than twenty years‘ confrontations between the two countries have solved by diplomatic negotiations.23. Although he was confronted with many difficulties in setting up a new company, he did not give up.24. The proverb ―Spare the rod and spoil the child‖ means that discipline is necessary for children; otherwise they may grow up to be spoiled.25. Y ou need to bring a spare tire with you just in case your car breaks down in the middle of somewhere.26. Could you spare me a few minutes? I have something important to talk with you.27. I couldn‘t believe he had a stroke last month because he can walk like a normal person now.28. People feel sorry for some young women who think that a happy life means to spend their time at home watching TV and stroking their pets.29. It is really amazing that he could write complicated Chinese characters with one stroke.改错1 If our friends cannot take us, we must make alternative arrangements to get to the airport.2 No one in this department has ever accused the governor of taking advantage of his position; he is hard-working and considerate.3 The pet dog died when it was fifteen, not of old age, but of a head injury when it fell down a flight of stairs.4 Casualties are said to be very high and in some villages, where older and less substantial buildings predominate, it is said that not a house remains standing.5 It was an accepted custom in western countries for men to open the door for women and always to let ladies go first on social occasions.6 Early industrial people used three times as much energy as their agricultural ancestors; modern people are using three times as much as their industrial ancestors.7 Geothermal sources, though in a sense free, in order to be maintained, would end up using more energy than they produced.8 Ever since the invention of the two-day weekend, where-to-go-for-the-holiday has been a live topic for people in this city.9 When we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time weighs less heavily on your hands, and the problem is how to fill it.10 There is absolutely no reason for saying that there are no regularities in Nature with which our statements of natural law correspond.完形填空Whatever else people do when they come together – whether they play, fight, or make automobiles –they talk. We lie in a world of language. We talk to our friends, our associates, our wives and husbands, our bosses, our teachers, our parents and in-laws. We talk to bus drivers and total strangers. We talk face to face and over the telephone, and everyone responds with more talk. Television and radio further swell this torrent of words. Hardly a moment of our waking lives is free from words, and even in our dreams we talk and are talked to. We also talk when there is no one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets and sometimes to ourselves. We are the only animals that do so.The possession of language, more than any other attribute, distinguishes humans from other animals. To understand our humanity we must understand the language that makes us human. According to the philosophy expressed in the myths and religions of many peoples, it is language that is the source of human life and power. To some people of Af rica, a newborn child is a kuntu, a ―thing‖, not yet a muntu, a ―person.‖ Only by the act of learning does the child become a human being. According to this tradition, we all become ―human‖ because we all come to know at least one language.翻译在过去,当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时,他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。
硕士研究生英语教程课文翻译(精选5篇)

硕士研究生英语教程课文翻译(精选5篇)第一篇:硕士研究生英语教程课文翻译Unit 1愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部,与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。
幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳·麦克高恩1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击,没人想找上这些事儿。
但意外的是,很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生,但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事,可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理,这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中,人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上,大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。
3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景,这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死,意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后,也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是,人们会恢复过来——甚至最终会成功发达。
4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活,我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼,没有痛苦和困惑。
5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面———种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明,一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击,并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程课文翻译

研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译Unit 1核心员工的特征1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工。
”2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。
然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。
“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。
作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
4特征1:无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
【VIP专享】研究生英语多维教程探索课后句子翻译答案中英文对照版
1 One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.有一种理论,把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中最重要的因素之一。
2 In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films.为帮助学生学习英语,图书馆已决定将英语原版电影出租给他们。
3 On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shop, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.一到周末,如果有一家商店贴出减价广告,其他许多商店,无论大小,都会跟着贴出更多的大减价的招贴。
4 When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.当某一语言中的一些不符合语法的表达方式流行于社会时,这些表达方式往往会逐渐被地被公众所接受。
5 The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.这家企业倒闭,不是因为资金缺乏而是因为管理不善。
6 Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.广告通常突出所宣传的产品或服务来招揽顾客。
研究生英语多维教程探索课后句子翻译答案中英文对照版
1 One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.有一种理论,把对目的语的敏感性视作语言学习中最重要的因素之一。
2 In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease the original editions of English films.为帮助学生学习英语,图书馆已决定将英语原版电影出租给他们。
3 On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shop, big or small, will come up with more discount notices.一到周末,如果有一家商店贴出减价广告,其他许多商店,无论大小,都会跟着贴出更多的大减价的招贴。
4 When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in society, they will gradually become accepted by the public.当某一语言中的一些不符合语法的表达方式流行于社会时,这些表达方式往往会逐渐被地被公众所接受。
5 The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.这家企业倒闭,不是因为资金缺乏而是因为管理不善。
6 Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.广告通常突出所宣传的产品或服务来招揽顾客。
《研究生英语教程》课文翻译
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------《研究生英语教程》课文翻译《研究生英语教程》课文翻译一单元十便士看一次海湾风光,那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道:多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和 1935 年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
要十便士简直是敲诈勒索,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展,海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花,冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面,一群海鸥相互叫唤着,在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处,在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上,那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话,我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时,站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗? 他压低了嗓声对我说。
我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性,有关它的传说一定不少,我说。
这可不是传说,那老头郑重其事地说。
我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在 50 年前的今天。
1 / 3让我说给您听听吧。
他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔,他开始说。
咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前,他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖,布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道了歉,并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
离今 50 年前的那个晚上,灯塔上没有出现灯光,直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
研究生英语多维教程熟谙Unit 3(para5-6)详解
History of automobile
The world„s first four-wheel car
In 1885, German Gottlieb Daimler (哥特里布·戴姆勒) (1843 1900) invented the first fourwheel car.
History of automobile
words and phrases
complex ['kɔmpleks] n. a group of buildings, used for one particular purpose 建筑群,综合体 synonym(同义词):composite e.g. The atrium is at the heart of the building and accessible from all sides, while the office levels are connected by bridges, creating a continuous floor stretching through the entire building complex. 这里是建筑的心脏地带,可以通向整个建筑的各个角落,与此同时,办公部分 由桥相连,伸向整个建筑群。
rise up be built up, erected, go up 建立,耸立;竖立;上升,起来 e.g. The people of the whole country got united to rise up against the foreign invaders. 全国人民团结起来反抗外国侵略者。 Invaders [in'veidəz]侵略者(invader的复数);侵入种
words and phrases
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1 多为教程-英语翻译(第二册) Unit1 从能力到责任 1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西:追求安全保障,追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为,但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段,他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在,寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们,他们也陷入了两难的境地。一方面,他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义,而另一方面,他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑,陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 2最终而言,大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。尼布尔曾经写道:“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任,他才能够认识到自身的潜力。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心,他将会失去自我。”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省,使学生超越以自我为中心的观念,以诚相待,服务社会。在这一个竞争激烈\残酷的社会,人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明,,甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争,这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力,如今是否仍然适合? 3毫无疑问,大学生应该履行公民的义务。美国的教育必须立刻采取行动,使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。设想,怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题,而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难? 4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 5类似的一头雾水的感觉,公众曾经尝试过。当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时,那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语,曾让公众一筹莫展。像地方的区域规划,学校种族隔离制的废除,排水系统的问题,公共交通的治理,以及申请获得正在相互竞争的有线电视公司的许可证等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情,现在也需要专家采解决。这些专家的辩论充满着技术术语,常常使问题变得让人迷惑不解而不会使问题云开雾散,清晰明了。公共生活的复杂性,要求更多\而非更少的信息资料;需要更积极\而非越来越消极的公众的参与。 6对于那些关心“民治政府”的人,公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界,人类生存问题吉凶未卜,无知是不可取的。那些目光短浅的专家们制定措施时一手遮天,这也是不可容忍的。作为公民,我们只有找到更好的教育方法,只有提出更棘手的问题,并得到满意的答案,才能在关键的决策时刻承担风险,运用我们所学的知识做出重大决定,否则,我们只能基于盲目地相信一个或几个所谓的专家做出决策。 7我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育关心他人的年轻人群策群力,本着共同的信念,团结在一起,相互学习,参与到社会民主的建设之中。 8民主的社会需要关心民主社会的公众,需要他们成为善于发问的民主参与者,成为知道怎样提出恰如其份的问题的人,知道公共政策的决策形成过程,并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出敏锐的,有见地的判断。诚然,没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才,但我们深信,如果“民治政府’’要有生命力的话,大学相对子其他机构来说,更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的具有宏畴伟略的领导人。 9为了完成这个迫切的使命,年轻人的目光不能仅仅停留在国内,还必须放眼世界。现在的学生不但要对本国的人民与文化了如指掌,而且也应该熟知本国以外的文明。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空,一切变得都很明了,我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中,我们的地球变得越来越拥挤,相互依赖性越来越强,同时也更加变化莫测。如果学生只一味自以为是,不能更好地理解自己在芸芸众生中的地位,那么他们对生活的社会所应承担的责任的能力将慢慢被消磨殆尽,及至危险的境地。 10世界或许还没有变成一个小村庄。但可以肯定的是,我们的邻里意识必须加以扩展。当旱灾席卷撒哈拉沙漠,当印度支那战争带来难民潮时,我们的同情心,我们富于分析的智慧都不再受缚于地图上的政治分界线。我们开始知道,饥荒和人权已如同武器\条约一样,对人类团结起着决定性的影响。最令人担心的是,蘑菇云已在人类意识里投下了不祥的阴影。这些业已存在的事实及其带来的后果都必须让每个学生了解。 11然而,在研究中,我们发现了一个极其令人担忧的问题:大学校园对诸如此类的社会常识极端缺乏了解,有时,校园甚至弥漫着一种对世事的冷漠与不关心的氛围。当难民如潮水一般从一个国家涌入到另外一个国家时,我们却只有极少数学生能在地图上指出这些难民潮的流向,或是谈论起导致难民潮泛滥而起的饥荒、战争和贫穷等世事。世界各地的哲学家、政治家、发明家和艺术家的丰功伟绩丰富了我们的生活,但他们本人及其贡献却时常不为人知,或是被世人遗忘在角落里。 12虽然有一些学生已具备了放眼全球的视角,然而,大多数学生——尽管他们对世事的关注忽隐忽现,却对他们赖以生存\相互依赖的世界缺乏足够的了解。 13圣母玛丽亚大学的学院院长威廉·杜黑近期写道:“许多大学教育的问题就在于学校纵容学生们本能地在校园内自筑围城,自2
我封闭,构筑自己小范围的交往圈,而不去触及学校以外的现实的社会交际。” 14综上所述,我们很自然地得出一个结论:世界发生了巨变,世界变得越来越拥挤,相互的联系变得越来越强,同时也更加动荡不安起来。美国的新一代必须学会如何在这个日益复杂的世界里生活。如果大学教育不能帮助学生认识自我,超越自我,不能让他们更好地理解世界相互依存的本质特征,那么新生的一代就会变得无知,他们生活的信心及生活的责任感将慢慢被消磨殆尽,及至危险的境地。 15通过研究,我们深有感触地认识到当今大学教育最成功之处就是培养学生的综合能力——使学生具备依既定计划行事的能力;具备收集资料信息的能力;考尽其能,术业专攻。具有成功地处理好单独问题的能力在今天被认为是值得高度称赞的事情。然而,当我们问及学生们关于他们的大学教育的时候,他们几乎都毫无例外地谈论起他们所获得的学分或是他们仍然需要完成的课程。 16教育的终极目的是什么?能力会带采什么结果?各种科学技术都无法回答诸如此类的一些极为重要的问题。大学教育阶段,是一个人一生中价值观念得以形成的时期,个人的兴趣和爱好也在这一时期凸现出来。这一时期,人们对一些问题的感触最深,对一些悬而未决的疑难问题最感兴趣,创造力最活跃。如果人生的这一黄金时期被置于无人问津的次要地位,那将是人生的悲剧。在大学本科教育阶段,如果学生们习惯于墨守成规,陷入学术界有时过分倡导的条条框框的束缚之中,那将是人生的一大遗憾。 17学生们是在处于人生期望值最高的时刻步入大学校园的。然而,他们往往却由此而陷入陈规陋习之中,变得死气沉沉,心不在焉。当我们与老师和同学交谈时,经常会感到丝丝不安:人类生存所必须关注的最重要的问题——社会的自然属性,社会不平等的根源——事实上,这些问题与人类生存的前景休戚相关,却是大学教育中最少被触及的问题。 18当学生能够熟练地运用知识,拥有坚实的基础教育,并在某一专业领域有所特长时,大学教育的结果应该由学生在课堂的表现来衡量。进一步而言,本科教育经历的价值将通过毕业生在其工作岗位上的表现及其以后接受进一步教育的情况体现出来。 19最终而言,大学的教育会使学生们充满灵性,开拓思维,格物致知\学以致用,塑造价值观念,进而提高综合的能力。本科教育的最高境界将能够让学生从具备能力转变为承担起责任。 20近期,一名大学生写了一篇关于年轻人的责任及其未来的文章。她问到:“如果我们连奉献于人的精神都缺乏的话,更不用说一套一套的抽象的价值观念,难以想象我们的民族将会是什么样子。如果说自身利益是我们崇尚的最高价值观念,人性只是一件无利可图的商品,那么我们将选择什么样的政治人物呢?” 21总之,大学教育应该鼓励每位同学提高在生活及行为中明辨常理的能力,无论是在课堂上,或是在地下室餐馆,或是在深夜的自由交谈中,力争分秒,探求模棱两可的未知世界,思索那捉摸不定的人类的情感世界。大学的目的不是向学生进行思想灌输,而是要让他们在思想的国度里畅游,为他们提供良好的氛围,以培养正确的伦理道德观并形成坚定的信念。 22这一非同寻常的任务并不否定学生在专业学习上必须付出努力,但选择学习任何一类专业都不应成为他们中断明辨事理能力培养的理由,也不应成为葬送其探求人类生活的终极关怀的这一过程的理由。 23我们深刻地意识到,年轻的学子以及他们所生活的大学对当今我们所处的时代的一些事情的接触是有限的。但我们永远希望,大学教育应以其坚韧的毅力和不懈的努力,促使其毕业生在智力水平及社会生活中成为聪明显赫的人;在他们所乐于承担的社会职责及公民的责任方面能够做到与众不同,最终促使年轻人在世界观的选择上出类拔萃。这些无形的价值观念,却真实地揭示了年轻人自身价值之所在。大学教育的质量最终必须以这些无形的价值观念的培养与否来衡量。 Unit2 家庭企业:下一代的前景 美国正处在人类历史上最大的一个财富交接的过程中。在今后的20年里,估计有150亿美元的资产将会转移到下一代的手中。 大多数的财富交接会以家庭企业的方式进行。但是很多情况下,财富交接的成功与否令人怀疑。事实上,多数的交接工作将会失败。一般来说,只有1/3的企业才能成功地移交到下一代手中。一个家庭企业能生存到第三代是寥寥无几的。 在下—个十年里,数以千计的家庭企业,其中有些是家喻户晓的企业将会消失。糟糕的是许多企业只有进行适当的规划才能勉强生存。然而,很多企业已为时太晚了。一个家庭企业着手规划交接的适当时机不是提前一年,三年甚至是五年进行的。确切地说,一个包括复杂的财产规划策略的综合性的交接计划一般至少要在十年的基础上才能适当地完成。 无论规模的大小,技术的高低或名气是否响亮,每一个家庭企业都是不一样的。但是无论怎样不同,在一个企业顺利地交接到下一代之前,以下四个关键性的因素应计划到位。 计划你的交接管理机构 业主/企业创建者不仅进取心强而且精力充沛。他们往往擅长多种技能。在很多情况下,他们既是生产专家,又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要较多的人。因此,家庭企业的业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定企业该怎样运作。参与交接过程的每个主要成员也应制定他们自己的组织机构图。然后,对它们进行比较。各机构图之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上的分歧。 以朱蒂为例。朱蒂拥有一家软件公司,她共有三个孩子:一个是电脑天才,一个是赛车手,还有一个拿到了商业方面的文凭但对经营公司却毫无兴趣。另外,朱蒂有一个强有力的管理队伍。根据她的情况,她应该考虑把公司的所有权移交给她的孩子们,但是依