a research on china's trade in services
中国国际收支平衡表中文版
China's international balance of payments analysis Balance of payments is a country's residents in a certain period of time with the residents all political, economic and cultural exchanges between the system of monetary record of all economic transactions. A country's international balance of payments by the country's balance of payments. The balance of payments reflects the economic transactions of the scale, structure, etc. In 2010, under the China's balance of payments some brief analysis.1. The overall situation in 2010, China's international balance of payments transactions total $5.3 trillion, compared with last year growth of 20.25%. From the table in total composition of the balance of payments in China in 2010, can draw a preliminary conclusion that China's international balance of payments in 2010 continue to maintain the current account, capital and financial account surplus, the steady growth of total surplus, steady growth in foreign exchange reserves, estimated balance overall in good condition.China's international balance of payments current account surplus of $531.4 billion in 2010. According to the balance of payments statistics caliber computation, exports of $1.5814 trillion in 2010, the goods imported us $1.3272 trillion, $254.2 billion surplus; Services revenue of $171.2 billion, spending $193.3 billion, $22.1 billion deficit; Project revenue of $144.6 billion, spending $114.2 billion, $30.4 billion surplus;Often transfer income is $49.5 billion, spending $6.6 billion, $42.9 billion surplus.Capital and financial account surplus of $226 billion in 2010. The capital account surplus of $4.6 billion, compared with 2009 increased; The financial account surplus of $221.4 billion. Surplus of $124.9 billion in financial project, direct investment; Securities investment surplus of $24 billion; Other investment surplus of $72.4 billion. Obviously, the direct investment is still the main form of foreign capital inflows in China. Under the impetus of the overall international payments surplus, China's international reserve assets keep growing. In 2010, an increase of $2009 at the end of 2009, China's international reserves of foreign exchange reserves increase of $87.5 billion from a year earlier, China's foreign solvency further strengthened.2. The difference analysisHere mainly on the current account balance, capital and financial account balance and the balance of the relationship between transverse and longitudinal comparison analysis.(1) horizontal analysis1) the current account balance analysisIn international economic activities, the current account in a large extent of a country's international balance of payments, and trade in goods and services to a large extent determines the country's current account status.In 2010, our country's balance of payments, the current account surplus of $305.4 billion. Goods trade surplus of $254.2 billion, trade in services in 22.1 billion dollar deficit, a total of $232.1 billion in goods and services surplus. Subproject under the service project, communication services, construction services, computer and information services, consulting and other commercial services rendered surplus, and to building services, computer and information services consulting of surplus for the most part, it shows that the international competitiveness of China's in these services is stronger; , including transportation, tourism, insurance services, proprietary rights fee and royalty, and such other projects are of deficit, with transportation, insurance services, proprietary rights, and among them fee and royalty of deficit top three, this shows that our country on the service item is lack of international competitiveness, remains to be improved.2) capital and financial balance analysisCapital and financial account balance mainly reflected in the financial balance, the change of financial project decides the change of capital and financial items. Overall, our financial account inflows of $1.1032 trillion, 2010 outflows of $881.8 billion, $221.4 billion surplus. The outer net increase in direct investment of $60.2 billion in China, the foreign direct investment in China net increase of $185.1 billion, $124.9 billion direct investment account surplus; Securities investment inflows of $24 billion,other investment inflows of $72.4 billion. Obviously, the foreign direct investment in the financial accounts and other major investment projects, small proportion of the securities investment, that is to say, our financial account surplus mainly comes from the direct investment and other investment projects of surplus.(2) the longitudinal analysis1) the current account balance analysisFrom the table that, in 2010 China's current-account surplus is increased by 5.45% in 2009, mainly from the increase in trade in goods and services surplus. In 2010 China's trade in goods and services on the whole, maintained steady growth, in 2010, the year the goods and services trade exports and imports year-on-year growth of 36.597% and 31.45% respectively; The goods trade surplus grew by 1.884%. Revenue account surplus to reduce 29.792%, often transfer account surplus rose 27.3%. This is mainly due to the transportation, tourism, insurance services and proprietary rights fee and royalty projects such as deficit increase.2) capital and financial balance analysisIn 2010 China's capital and financial account surplus is increased by 56.08% in 2009, mainly comes from the surplus financial projects and other investment increase.Capital projects in China in 2010 than in 2009 growth is less, the overallslow growth.In 2010 our country finance project surplus rose 57.13% in 2009, mainly from the increase of direct investment and other investments. 39.71% year-on-year increase in direct investment surplus, foreign direct investment inflows in China increased by 136.7%, maintaining high level; Foreign direct investment outflows increased by 37.13%, which indicates that our country enterprise steady development of "going out", but influenced by the international financial crisis, are less than a year.。
How_Can_Foreign_Trade_Be_Stabilized
By Zhao AilingA t an economy-themed pressconference held on the dayof the Second Session ofthe 14th National People’s Congress, Minister of Commerce Wang Wentao admitted that the situation of foreign trade situation is still “very severe” this year. When it comes to the future policies for stabilizing foreign trade, Wang Wentao said that the government will provide better financial services for foreign trade enterprises, especially for small and micro enterprises, will promote the convenience of visa application for business personnel, and will support enterprises in trade facilitation and matching supply and procurement. In addition, China will deepen its production and supply chain cooperation with willing global trading partners, to build inclusive, resilient, and sustainable industrial and supplychains, and accelerate the constructionof supply chains and ecosystems thatadapt to the development of cross-border e-commerce.So how shall we view China’sforeign trade situation? How can thequality and stability of foreign trade beimproved?Severe situation facingforeign trade this yearIn 2023, China’s foreign tradewas under pressure, with a totalimport and export value of R MB41.76 trillion, a year-on-year increaseof 0.2%. Exports reached RMB 23.77trillion, an increase of 0.6%, whileimports reached RMB 17.99 trillion, adecrease of 0.3%.W hat is the overa l l foreigntrade situation in China this year?Wang Wentao reiterated that theforeign trade situation this year is stillvery severe. On the one hand, manyinternational organizations predictthat the world economic growth ratein 2024 will still be lower than thehistorical average, and there will besignificant downward pressure onexternal demand; on the other hand,trade protectionism and unilateralismare on the rise. According to a reportby the International Monetary Fund,approximately 3,000 trade restrictionswere implemented globally in 2023,far exceeding the 1,100 restrictionsin 2019. The WTO predicts that thegrowth rate of global trade in goodsthis year will be 3.3%, far lowerthan the historical average of 4.9%.Spillover factors such as geopoliticalcon f l ic ts a nd t he globa l “superelection year” will also bring a lot of How Can Foreign Trade Be Stabilized?32uncertainties.Zhang Liqing, chief economist of PwC China, stated in an interview that the situation of China’s exports in goods remains severe. In the past year, although China has achieved positive results in the exports of “the new three”, regional economic cooperation, and cross-border e-commerce trade, both exports in goods and foreign direct investment inflows have shown negative growth due to various factors (including a 4.6% decrease in exports in goods in U S dollars and a 13.7% decrease in the actual utilization of foreign investment). Moreover, since the second half of last year, the EU has successively launched or is currently launching anti-subsidy or anti-dumping investigations against electric vehicles, solar photovoltaic equipment, and lithium batteries exported from China to the EU. If these investigations are established, these products in our country will be subject to additional tariffs when entering the European market.Wang Wentao also responded to issues related to foreign trade at the press conference. He stated that in general, the industrial foundation, factor endowments, and innovation capabilities on which foreign trade d e p e n d s h a v e b e e n c o n s t a nt l y strengthening, and exported products are moving towards the upper side of the value chain. Moreover, China is actively opening up, and opportunities in the foreign market are expanding. Both imports and exports have great potentia l, and foreign trade has shown strong resilience. “We have great conf idence in consolidating the foundation of foreign trade and investment.”Coping with severe situations This year’s government work report proposes to achieve a stable increase in the quality and quantity of foreign trade, and to increase the utilization of foreign investment. In terms of foreign trade, the relevant departments will strengthen import and export credit support, optimize cross-border settlement, provide exchange rate risk management and other services, and support enterprises in exploring diversif ied markets.At the same time, it proposes thepromotion of the healthy developmentof new business models such as cross-border e-commerce, optimization ofthe layout of overseas warehouses,supporting the upgrading of theprocessing trade, and expanding newgrowth points such as intermediategoods trade and green trade.In response to the difficultiesand uncertainties faced by foreigntrade, Wang Wentao stated that it isnecessary to prioritize policies andincrease support from three aspects:f irstly, providing better f inancialservices for foreign trade enterprises,especially small and medium-sizedenterprises; secondly, enhancing tradepromotion. China will continue to holdsuccessful events such as the CantonFair, China International ImportExpo, China International Fair forTrade in Services, China InternationalConsumer Expo, and Digital TradeSummit. Trade promotion informationand national trade guides will bereleased, and enterprises will beencouraged to participate in variousexhibitions both domestically andinternationally; thirdly, in terms ofpersonnel exchanges, flights betweenChina and foreign countries have beenfurther restored recently.Fully implement the negativelist of cross-border service tradeT h i s y e a r’s g o v e r n m e n twork repor t a lso proposes f u l lyimplementing the negative list ofthe cross-border service trade, whichis an arrangement of opening themarket according to high standardinternational free trade agreements.This is another major institutionalopening measure of China afterpromoting the negative list of foreigninvestment access. It should greatlyimprove the openness and conveniencelevel of cross-border transactions,overseas consumption, and personnelflow.The negative list is one of themain policy arrangements in cross-border trade in services under thecurrent high standard free tradeagreements. Since China launched itsfirst negative list in the field of thecross-border service trade in July 2021,and is now demanding comprehensiveimplementat ion, t he process ofservice trade liberalization has beensignificantly accelerating.Wang Shouwen, InternationalTrade Negotiation Representativeand Deputy Minister of the Ministryof Commerce, previously said thatwith technological progress, thedevelopment potential of the servicetrade, especially cross-border services,will be further stimulated and willbecome a key driv ing factor forfuture global trade. The negative listof cross-border service trade, fromtrial experiment to comprehensiveimplementation, will effectivelyenhance the overall level of opennessof China’s service industry, and willalso enable more high-level serviceproviders from overseas to enter theChinese market and gain developmentopportunities.In November 2023, the Ministryof Commerce announced that it wouldactively connect with high standardinternational economic and traderules, accelerate the introduction andimplementation of the negative list ofcross-border trade in services for thewhole nation and also for the pilot freetrade zone. This will form a systemof openness for cross-border trade inservices.Wang Lizong, a member of theNational Committee of the ChinesePeople’s Pol it ica l Consu ltat iveConference and Chairman of theGuangdong High-tech Industr yChamber of Commerce, suggestedthat the Ministr y of CommerceThis year’s governmentwork report proposesto achieve a stableincrease in the qualityand quantity of foreigntrade, and to increasethe utilization of foreigninvestment.33a nd ot he r d e p a r t me nt s shou ld study and introduce the negative list of the cross-border trade in services nationwide and in pilot free trade zones, thereby fulfilling the commitments of openness in the field of cross-border trade in services. As there are no additional restrictions outside of the negative list, this will further facilitate the introduction of overseas investment and encourage the export of services. Furthermore, the facilitation level of cross-border movement of natural persons needs to be further improved. Wang Lizong suggested that the Ministry of Public Security and other departments should further relax restrictions on the cross-border movement of professional talents among Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao.Expand new growth points such as intermediate goods trade and green tradeThe government work report also points out the expansion of new growth points such as the intermediate goods trade and green trade. At the Central Economic Work Conference he ld at t he e nd of 2023, w he n deploying the work of “accelerating the cultivation of new driving forces for foreign trade”, “expanding the trade in intermediate goods” was first proposed, and ranked ahead of other tasks.During this year’s local Two S e s sion s, s ome prov i nc e s h av e made arrangements for the trade of intermediate goods. For example, Shandong proposed to study andintroduce policies and measures toexpand its intermediate goods trade,increasing support in production andmanufacturing, export exhibitions,e x por t c red it insu ra nce, c red itf inancing, the supply of energ yand labor, and creating a favorableenv i ronment for t he e x por ts ofintermediate goods; Zhejiang clarifiedthat it would participate in the all-round construction of the Belt andRoad, optimize the layout of overseaseconomic and trade cooperation,expand its trade in intermediate goods,and further enhance the resilience andsecurity of the industrial chain andsupply chain; Guangdong will focus onstabilizing markets in the expandingintermediate goods trade, while alsoincreasing efforts to explore emergingmarkets such as ASEAN, the MiddleEast, Africa, and Russia.Sang Baichuan, Dean of theInstitute of International Economicsat the U niversity of InternationalBu s i ne s s a nd E c onom ic s, s a idin an inter view that the trade inintermediate goods is the mainstay ofChina’s foreign trade, accounting forabout 70% of the total foreign tradescale. However, under the influenceof global trade protectionism, therestructuring of industrial and supplychains has also led to a contractionin the intermediate goods trade.How to stabilize and further expandthe intermediate goods trade is animportant way to stabilize foreigntrade and promote development.With the deepening development ofglobalization and the internationald iv ision of l abor, i nter med iategoods, as the link between upstreamand downstream industries, haveincreasingly becoming the mainstayof globa l trade. The continuouse x p a n s ion of t he i nte r me d i ategoods trade in China ref lects thet r a n sfor m at ion a nd up g r a d i n gof t he Ch i ne s e m a nu f a c t u r i n gi n d u s t r y. H o w e v e r, c o m p a r e dwith developed trading countries,there is still room for improvementi n Ch i n a’s i nter me d i ate g o o d strade. In the current internationalsituation, tapping into the potentialof the intermediate goods trade andexpanding its trade scale will becomean important means for China tostabilize foreign trade and become atrading powerhouse.Green trade is an importantvehicle for promoting the sustainabledevelopment of foreign trade. Fromproduct ion to management ande x por t, it meets env i ronmenta lstandards and the requirements ofsustainable development. Increasingthe proportion of green trade productsis also an important manifestation forsatisfying sustainable developmentt h rough Ch ina’s foreig n t rade.“For example, last year, the tradeperformance of China’s ‘new three’products such as new energy vehicles,photovoltaics, and lithium batterieswas impressive. These productsbelong to the green trade and haveb e come a ne w g row t h p oi nt i nChina’s foreign trade,” Sang Baichuan34。
外研社致用英语(第二版)听力教程4教学课件U3
Pre-Listening
2 Listen to the description of business customs and fill in the blanks. customs
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Trade terms, expressed by the terms of trade, mainly in two areas: First, explain the price structure, whether it includes the cost of the __m__a_jo_r_s_u_b_o_r_d_in_a_t_e_______ other than the cost of the freight and insurance; second, determine the _____d_e_l_iv_e_r_y_t_e_rm__s__________, that is clear, the sale of the transfer of cargo between the two sides in the responsibilities, costs and risks of the division.
中国经济发展的重要性英语作文
中国经济发展的重要性英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Importance of China's Economic DevelopmentChina's economic development is of great significance not only to the Chinese people but also to the global economy. In recent decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth and has become one of the world's largest economies. This growth has had a profound impact on the global economy and has contributed to the overall stability and prosperity of the world.One of the key ways in which China's economic development is important is its role in driving global economic growth. As one of the world's largest economies, China has a significant impact on global trade, investment, and economic activity. The country's large and growing consumer market provides opportunities for companies around the world to expand and grow their businesses. In addition, China's investments in infrastructure and technology have helped to drive innovation and technological advancement, benefiting notonly the Chinese economy but also the global economy as a whole.Furthermore, China's economic development has helped to lift millions of people out of poverty and improve the standard of living for many Chinese citizens. The country's rapid economic growth has created new opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship, helping to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for millions of people. In addition, China's investments in education, healthcare, and social welfare have helped to support the well-being and prosperity of its citizens, contributing to greater social stability and cohesion.Another important aspect of China's economic development is its impact on the environment and sustainability. As the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China plays a crucial role in addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. The country has made significant investments in renewable energy and low-carbon technologies, helping to reduce its carbon footprint and promote a more sustainable model of economic development. By taking steps to improve energy efficiency, reduce pollution, and protect natural resources, China is not only benefiting its own citizens but also contributing to global efforts to address environmental challenges.In conclusion, China's economic development is of critical importance to the global economy and has a wide range of positive impacts. From driving global economic growth and innovation to lifting millions of people out of poverty and promoting sustainability, China's economic development plays a key role in shaping the future of the world. As China continues to grow and develop, it is important for the country to continue on a path of sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits not only its own citizens but also the global community.篇2The Importance of China's Economic DevelopmentChina's economy has seen unprecedented growth over the past few decades, transforming the country into a global economic powerhouse. The significance of China's economic development cannot be overstated, as it impacts not only the country itself but also the world at large.One of the key reasons why China's economic development is important is its sheer size and population. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, China is the most populous country in the world. As such, the growth and stability of China's economy have a direct impact on a large portion of the global population. Aprosperous China means a better quality of life for its citizens, which in turn contributes to global stability and economic growth.Moreover, China's economic development has lifted millions of people out of poverty, reducing income inequality and improving the overall standard of living. This is particularly significant given the scale of poverty in China before its economic reforms. The country's poverty reduction efforts have not only benefited its own citizens but have also served as a model for other developing countries looking to address poverty and inequality.China's economic growth has also had a profound impact on global trade and investment. As the world's second-largest economy, China is a major player in the global market and an important trading partner for many countries. Its economic policies and decisions can have far-reaching effects on international trade, investment, and financial markets.Furthermore, China's economic development has spurred innovation and technological advancement. The country has made significant investments in research and development, leading to breakthroughs in areas such as renewable energy, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence. These advancementsnot only benefit China but also contribute to global progress and competitiveness.Additionally, China's economic development has given rise to new opportunities for international cooperation and partnerships. The Belt and Road Initiative, for example, seeks to promote economic connectivity and infrastructure development across Asia, Africa, and Europe. By investing in projects that promote trade, investment, and cultural exchange, China is helping to build a more interconnected and prosperous world.In conclusion, the importance of China's economic development cannot be overstated. From poverty reduction and income equality to global trade and innovation, China's economic growth has far-reaching implications for both the country and the world. As China continues to pursue economic reforms and development, it will remain a key player in shaping the future of the global economy.篇3The Importance of China's Economic DevelopmentChina, as one of the largest economies in the world, plays a crucial role in the global economy. The rapid growth of China's economy over the past few decades has not only benefited theChinese people, but also had a significant impact on the world economy.First and foremost, China's economic development has lifted millions of people out of poverty and improved their living standards. According to the World Bank, since the late 1970s, China has lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty, accounting for more than 70% of global poverty reduction during that period. This remarkable achievement has not only improved the quality of life for the Chinese people, but also contributed to global poverty reduction efforts.Furthermore, China's economic growth has created vast opportunities for international trade and investment. As the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer, China has become a key player in the global supply chain. Its huge market and industrial capacity have attracted foreign investors and businesses seeking to tap into the Chinese market. This has not only boosted China's economic growth, but also stimulated global trade and investment.Moreover, China's economic development has been a major driver of global economic growth. As one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, China has been a key engine of global economic expansion. Its increasing demand for goods andservices has fueled economic growth in other countries, especially in developing economies that export raw materials and manufactured goods to China. This interdependence has created a more interconnected and interdependent global economy.In addition, China's economic development has helped to promote innovation and technological advancement. The rapid growth of China's economy has led to increased investment in research and development, as well as the development of a vibrant technology sector. This has led to the rise of Chinese tech giants such as Huawei, Alibaba, and Tencent, which are now competing with global tech giants in areas such as 5G technology, e-commerce, and artificial intelligence.Despite these positive impacts, China's economic development also poses challenges for the global economy. For example, China's rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. These environmental challenges not only pose a threat to China's sustainable development, but also have global implications, as air and water pollution can cross national borders and affect neighboring countries.In conclusion, China's economic development is of paramount importance to the global economy. As one of the largest economies in the world, China's economic growth has lifted millions of people out of poverty, created opportunities for international trade and investment, driven global economic growth, and promoted innovation and technological advancement. However, China also faces challenges such as environmental degradation, which require sustainable development strategies to address. By recognizing the importance of China's economic development and working together to address its challenges, the world can benefit from a more inclusive, sustainable, and prosperous global economy.。
经济类文献中英文对照
Appendix：Shallow low-carbon economy influence on China's textile industry export trade, and puts forward thecountermeasuresNow, Low Carbon Economy (Low) this words few Economy growing near the public view, and began to people as well. Then, what is low-carbon economy?What is the influence of Low Carbon Economy for China's textile industry export trade？The concept of low carbon economy by the British government in 2003. In 2003, the British government in its energy in the future of our energy white: create low-carbon economy first put forward the concept of low carbon economy. So-called low carbon economy, low energy consumption, low in pollution and low emission of economic model based on human society, the agriculture civilization, industrial civilization again after the great progress. Low carbon economy is high energy utilization efficiency and clean energy structure, the core is the energy technology innovation, system innovation and human survival and development concept of fundamental transformation.Low carbon economy, and put forward not accidental, people increasingly recognize that human economic activities and continuous expansion has given us survive earth brings great destruction, direct consequences caused by the earth's environment is the serious pollution, global warming, sea levels rising land, and covered by the earth's environment change of abnormal natural disasters. The problem of our human society has their own survival and development caused a serious threat.Therefore, low carbon economy in the world, immediately, especially the western society developed economy has caused great resonance and responses. The world's economic superpower U.S. 2007, puts forward the low carbon economy act, suggests that low carbon economy development road became the important strategic choice for the future of the United States. In the same year, the United Nations passed a resolution on the climate change, established the "Bali roadmap", the requirement of developed countries in 2020 will greenhouse gas 25 to 40.Our country for low carbon economy also responded to the corresponding. In September 2007, Chinese President hu jintao in the asia-pacific economic cooperation (APEC) summit on the 15th, put forward to develop China solemnly low-carbon economy, demonstrated that we as a world power, environmental protection, to the world of the future of the human society sustainable development of responsibility and mission.In the third world, the industry has been developing countries is the pillar industries of national economy, high proportion. Because China's industrial technology, the whole process and equipment is still lags behind that of developed countries, China's industrial output energy consumed by far above the level of developed countries. At the same time, in China's energy resources distribution, the proportion of coal than other energy. According to the national bureau of statistics yearbook 2008 data released, in 2007, China's total energy production in coal, and the proportion of total energy production to % and clean energy water electricity, nuclear power, wind power proportion only per cent (see chart 1). In the energy consumption and theproportion of coal and % high (see chart 2). All the energy consumption and industrial consumption accounted for all % energy consumption. The above data shows that the carbon emissions, present in large quantity, under the situation of economic development is still with increasing trend.China is still at the stage of the high speed development of economy, the economic development is the country's top priority. This is a decision will be taken in our country although various measures to reduce pollution and reduce emissions, but because our country industry structure adjustment in the short term, not complete but energy structure and energy consumption in a long time will remain the current structure, so with the development of economy, China's total carbon emissions will increase. According to the United Nations development program in December 2007, the human development report, released in 2007, China 2008 "/ carbon emissions in America, only after the second in the world. Very likely surpass the United States in 2009, ranked first.If the requirement of western countries, China reduce carbon emissions, the present condition that the only way to stop the development of economy, it is clearly impossible choice. Because China's large population, although per capita emissions of carbon only American 1/5-1/6, but carbon emissions, facing the great western countries require reduction pressure. Especially in export trade, because our traditional exports are labor-intensive products, has obvious high investment, high cost and low technology, low output characteristic of high carbon economy in western countries, import and export trade imbalance of circumstances, more vulnerable to the pressurefrom western countries. Low carbon economy due to occupy the protection of the environment, the author thinks that moral point in the near future, low carbon economy will be waved for tools, western countries for our export trade adversely.Concretely speaking, there are two adverse effects:First, set on China trade barriers, increase product sales cost, make product price advantage loss in China.Western countries have been keen on recent discussions in developing countries levy duties, using the so-called carbon emissions of carbon of trade protectionism, developing countries, especially China's exports.So-called few Tariff customs (Carbon) refers to the special products imported high tariffs imposed Carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of a former French President Jacques chirac first, is intended to eu countries should abide by the Kyoto protocol, the country of import goods, otherwise in consisting of carbon emissions trading mechanism, the goods will suffer unfair competition, especially in steel industry and industry.March 2009, the us energy secretary ZhuDiWen if other countries have implemented compulsory measures for greenhouse gas emissions, America will collect "carbon tariffs.In early June 2009, held in Bonn UN climate change conference, a part of the U.S. representative proposed products imported from China tariffs.June 2009, 22 states Clean Energy Security Act as Clean Energy Security and the ACESA (representatives) testimony.Although at present in the world, there is no country in other countries import tariffs, but ACESA carbon tax law, including China, America has the right to limit the implementation of carbon emissions country not a carbon products imported tariffs. The U.S. senate has voted to act will formally went into effect, from the law gives the President of the United States to other countries levy duties of carbon. Once ACESA law goes into effect formally, not only the United States, other western countries will follow in succession, legally recognized the effectiveness of carbon tariffs. In the future, China's export trade, when China's exports was imposed some high carbon tariffs, export prices will greatly enhance the competitiveness of the market to lose.Second, the setting of non-tariff barriers, using standard will certain kinds of Chinese products according to the outside in.In western countries the non-tariff barriers is a typical market access standard set authentication. Will reach the standard of the products in the market of exclusion. Producers would make a lot of money into the western standards of human authentication work, increase the cost of production and reduce the product's competitiveness.So, in the international economic environment advocate low carbon, how should we respond to enterprises in China, which will be for the adverse effects bottomed out? The author thinks that the following measures should be adopted.First, the state should actively effectively adjust the industrial structure, and optimize the structure of trade, increasing the proportion of service trade. At the same time, the enterprise itself in the country shall be under the guidance of the realization ofthe enterprise and upgrading.1 National further through relevant industry policy formulation, adhere to take a new road to industrialization, to reform and opening up and technological progress as the power, enhance the ability of independent innovation, encourage and support the development of advanced production capacity, restrictions and backward production capacity, prevent haphazard investment and low level repeated construction, promote the upgrading of the industrial structure, the industrial structure in China to health, reasonable, effective, economical and ecological development, China's industrial structure has the features of sustainable development.2 Countries with capital, capital of guided by the entity economy, especially for individual into increased capital of the private economy, and to accelerate the investment of more high-tech enterprise development and support, and gradually changed our export with labor-intensive and resources, the present situation of denseness export products to improve the technology content and added value, improve the export-oriented enterprises within the production of independent intellectual property rights, and gradually reduce and get rid of high-tech products exported by foreign intellectual property.3 To propel the development of service trade, trade in services of China exports asa new growth point. To improve the competitiveness of China's service trade, trade in services of more high-tech content, vigorously develop e-commerce, China's foreign trade in services on a scale from to get basic level of ascension.4 For enterprise itself, our enterprise shall present interests and long-termdevelopment prospect together, establish good green environmental protection consciousness, automatic completion of the production and operation of enterprises and upgrades. Labor-intensive and resources-intensive enterprise, the enterprise shall be as the primary problem to transformation, shall not be satisfied with current income and operating conditions. Enterprises should pay attention to technical transformation and technological innovation and development, promote the upgrading of products. Avoid industry competition between homogeneity, low-level, through the technology development, with characteristics, differentiation, brand products in the international market competition. While increasing market development, eliminate non-traditional rely on a single market. With high-tech enterprise shall capital-intensive in national policies and the support of capital, with independent intellectual property products in the international market competition, grasps the core technology, completes the intellectual property protection and the overseas registered, enhance the international competitive power.Second, the country should in international exchanges, relying on China's great-nation station for export trade favorable international environment.1 Our government actively participate in international economic cooperation between the bilateral and multilateral process, should play in various international economic cooperation organization, relying on the role in economic strength, for more power. Fully grasping the common international convention, the connotation and essence of the world through such platform, by international dialogue between western developed countries, especially in the dialogue and maintain our interests.January 2009 - July, according to the ministry of commerce of China statistical, 17 countries (regions) of China launched trade relief investigations, involving a value 72 million (2008) of billion dollars, and % percent year-on-year growth of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and 45, and safeguard measures, July 13 safeguard. Based on the related government domestic interests and irresponsible in a certain extent, the deterioration of our export trade adverse environment. China must fully mastered represented by the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO agreement, the connotation of series of positive response to such action, more relevant countries with the same auxiliary anti-dumping investigation, polite courteous response in relevant international negotiations, maintain the initiative in the lawful rights and interests of export enterprises.2 At the same time, China's export enterprise shall be in strict accordance with the national policies and regulations of production and operation. Enterprises to strengthen international trade rules of learning and understanding, abide by the traffic rules, respect the habits and customs of the exporter, strengthen the coordination between the domestic industry with constraints, avoid the malicious competition between enterprises short-sighted.Third, our country should strengthen the development about low-carbon economy theory research, carbon trading policies and regulations, actively participate in international trade, domestic charcoal carbon trading market, and start to determine the price of carbon trading.So-called carbon trading, means carbon emissions trading is put forward by theBritish, the idea that all countries on the quantification of carbon emissions, establish a system based on buying carbon emissions, reduce carbon emissions quota, enterprise, its emissions in the international market sale index, and other enterprises can buy carbon emissions permits. Nature is let production enterprise to be on the enterprise of carbon emission quotas, which sell profit by cleaner production technology energy, On the other hand carbon emissions in large enterprises under the condition of normal production, in order to save money buying carbon emission quotas, and other alternative choice of clean energy, thereby reducing social general carbon emissions.In the Kyoto protocol signed on the basis of the international has established several international carbon emissions trading market. The Kyoto protocol stipulates three forms of carbon trading, including the clean development mechanism (CDM) and emission trading (ET) and joint performance (JI).As the world's second largest carbon emissions, our country is most resource potential resource supply carbon trading. However, due to the international carbon trading rules are basically formulated by the western developed countries, China's lack of discourse. For example, CDM project is between China and the western countries for carbon emissions trading. 2008 China CDM project of certified emissions reductions of volume, has the world's total volume 84%. But because of the lack of carbon emissions trading and international trading platform of 2 class market in China, and direct the certified reduction in price sell developed countries, thus make foreign trade agency, and obtain profits in the developed countries cheap emissions into tools.Therefore, established the China's carbon trading market for international carbontrading, market, from carbon trading chain can be the lowest layer, have more power highunemployment, pricing, and to ensure that the interests of Chinese enterprises.At the same time, according to the Kyoto protocol, the provisions in the CDM mechanism, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions constraints of developed countries and government agencies, enterprises can through the technology transfer or investment in developing countries, and the energy conservation and emission reduction projects, so as to achieve the project cooperation that reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This is the inheritance of the enterprise in the green upgrades created favorable conditions. Our enterprise should be under the guidance of the active participation in direct economic benefit for the condition, also can get energy conservation and emission reduction technology upgrading channels, the low cost of green upgrades to complete the enterprise. Thus likely to high-value textile products to participate in international competition.附录：浅析低碳经济时期下我国纺织业出口竞争力的影响及对策此刻，低碳经济( Low Carbon Economy)这个辞汇愈来愈多的走近公众的视野，并开始为人们所知悉。
中国建国以来的成就英语作文
中国建国以来的成就英语作文China's Remarkable Achievements since its FoundingSince the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the country has undergone a remarkable transformation, emerging as a global power and making significant strides in various aspects of its development. The journey has been arduous, marked by challenges and obstacles, but the determination and resilience of the Chinese people have propelled the nation forward, resulting in a series of impressive achievements that have captured the attention of the world.One of the most notable achievements of China since its establishment is the remarkable economic growth it has experienced. From a largely agrarian economy, China has evolved into the second-largest economy in the world, surpassing many established nations in terms of GDP and economic influence. This remarkable economic transformation has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, creating a rapidly growing middle class and contributing to the overall well-being of the Chinese population.The implementation of market-oriented reforms and the gradualopening of the Chinese economy to the global market have been instrumental in this economic success. The country's embrace of capitalism, while maintaining a strong role for the state, has allowed for the rapid development of industries, the attraction of foreign investment, and the expansion of trade relationships with countries around the world. The result has been a remarkable increase in the standard of living for the Chinese people, with many enjoying a higher quality of life, greater access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.Alongside its economic achievements, China has also made significant strides in the realm of technological innovation. The country has emerged as a global leader in fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and high-speed rail transportation. The development of cutting-edge technologies has not only improved the lives of the Chinese people but has also had a profound impact on the global landscape, reshaping various industries and contributing to the advancement of human knowledge.The Chinese government's commitment to scientific and technological research, coupled with the country's vast pool of talented individuals, has been instrumental in driving this technological revolution. Investments in research and development, the establishment of world-class universities and researchinstitutions, and the cultivation of a culture of innovation have all played a crucial role in China's technological ascent.Furthermore, China has also made remarkable progress in the realm of infrastructure development. The country has invested heavily in the construction of high-speed rail networks, modern airports, and state-of-the-art highways, connecting its vast territory and facilitating the movement of people and goods. This impressive infrastructure has not only improved the efficiency of domestic transportation but has also strengthened China's global connectivity, enabling it to play a more prominent role in international trade and commerce.In the realm of social development, China has made significant strides in improving the lives of its citizens. The government's efforts to expand access to education, healthcare, and social welfare programs have resulted in a significant reduction in poverty and the enhancement of the overall quality of life for the Chinese people. The country's commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection has also been commendable, with China emerging as a global leader in renewable energy and the implementation of policies aimed at addressing climate change.China's rise on the global stage has also been marked by its increasing influence in international affairs. The country has taken ona more prominent role in global governance, actively participating in multilateral organizations and shaping the direction of international policies. China's initiatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative, have sought to promote economic and cultural cooperation with countries around the world, fostering a more interconnected global community.Despite the challenges and criticisms that China has faced, the country's remarkable achievements since its founding in 1949 are undeniable. The transformation of China from a predominantly agrarian economy to a global powerhouse, the technological advancements, the improvements in infrastructure and social development, and the country's growing influence on the world stage are all testament to the resilience, determination, and vision of the Chinese people and their leadership.As China continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing global landscape, it is clear that the country's impact on the world will only continue to grow. The lessons and experiences of China's remarkable journey since its founding can serve as an inspiration for other nations seeking to emulate its success and contribute to the betterment of the global community.。
昌平区2021年高三二模英语试卷及答案
昌平区2021年高三年级第二次统一练习英语试卷2021.5本试卷共10页，共100分。
考试时长90分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将答题卡交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
As I watched the bus driver set my luggage on the sidewalk, I realized my anxiety had begun. This was my first visit to the international airport, and nothing was 1 . I could not make sense of any of the signs. I had been in this country for a whole term, but I could not even recognize the basic characters. I began to 2 . I had to find help because I could not be late!Fortunately, another 3 arrived and the passengers came out. I dragged my suitcase behind me and followed the group. We finally reached the elevators. Oh, no! They all fit in it, but there was not enough 4 for me. I watched in despair as the elevator doors closed. I got on the elevator when it returned and stared at all the buttons. I pressed button 3.I 5 nervously when I stepped out of the elevator. Tears formed in my eyes as I saw the deserted lobby (大厅) and 6 that I couldn’t find the inspection counter. Just then an airport employee appeared. He saw that I was 7 and asked if he could help. He gave me his handkerchief to dry my eyes as I related my difficult situation. He smiled kindly, and 8 me down a long hallway. We walked up some stairs, lines of people and pushed my luggage to the inspection counter.When I turned to thank him for all his help, he was gone. I will never know that kind man’s name, but I will always 9 his unexpected politeness. He helped me when I needed it the most. I can only hope that one day I will be able to do the same for another 10 who is suffering through a terrible journey.1. A. new B. familiar C. beautiful D. difficult2. A. panic B. wonder C. regret D. dream3. A. bus B. train C. plane D. car4. A. time B. money C. air D. room5. A. broke down B came in C. looked around D. dropped by6. A. revealed B. responded C. recalled D. realized7. A. busy B. hurt C. lose D. bored8. A. followed B. raced C. led D. pushed9. A. report B. remember C explain D. suggest10. A. pilot B. traveler C. worker D. driver第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。
CIFTIS
22CIFTIS: A Barometer of Global Trade in Services By Lily WangC IFTIS is the world’s larg-est comprehensive fair for ser vices trade, and also an important platform to showcase China’s services. According to the organizers, this year’s CIFTIS reached 1,627 outcomes, including 624 contracted projects, 223 invest-ment projects, 200 agreements and contracts, 158 official publications, 46 cooperation platforms, 139 innovation debuts and 264 rating and recom-mendations. The CIFTIS established platforms for the global service trade industry and related companies. It has become the barometer of the global trade in services. Service trade cooperation of Belt and Road countries commendable Data shows that China has been the world’s second-largest service trade country for 7 consecutive years. It has service trade cooperations with about 240 countries and regions in the world, and has signed bilateral service trade cooperation agreements with 14 countries. Total service trade volume between China and Belt and Road re-gions reached USD 84.47 billion. Zhang Shenfeng, Deputy Chair-man of the CCPIT, said at the fourth Belt and Road Cooperation Forum on Trade in Services that the service trade has become an increasingly important part of international trade and it is also the major driving force of global economic growth. To promote the in-novative development of the service trade requires further stimulation of the vitality of innovation and active cultiva-tion of new driving forces for the devel-opment of the service trade. We shouldpromote high-quality construction of the Belt and Road and improve the lev-el of service trade cooperation; we shall optimize the business environment and facilitate free trade and investment to make more contributions to the world economic recovery and growth. Zhu Guangyao, second-grade in-spector of the service trade department of the Ministry of Commerce, said that in recent years, China has been working successfully with countries along the Belt and Road in the realm of service trade. In 2018, China’s service trade with countries along the Belt and Road region increased by 22.3%; in 2020, the service trade with countries along the Belt and Road region maintained the same level with 2019 despite impact from the COV ID-19 pandemic. Dur-ing Q1 this year, China’s service trade with countries along the Belt and Road23region increased by 6.6%. The service trade cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road region has great po-tential and is key for global economic recovery and development. Moin ul Haque, Pakistan Ambas-sador to China, said that it is hoped that China and Pakistan shall increase cooperation in the service trade, espe-cially the digital economy, to become a new growth point for bilateral coopera-tion. “There will be many challenges in building mutual trust and unifying standards. Therefore, the most impor-tant thing is that China and Pakistan shall uphold the spirit of cooperation, and we shall stand together with our Chinese partners.”Federico Lach, Deputy Headof Uruguay’s Embassy in China, said that the service trade is important to Uruguay. The service trade accounts for 70% of Uruguay’s GDP and 1/3 of Uruguay’s exports. Uruguay has great competitiveness in the IT, finance and innovation industries. For investors, it is really beneficial to invest in the soft-ware industry of Uruguay, as Uruguay has rich human resources and could offer many favorable policies in terms of finance and tax. “In the past 8 years, China has been our most important trade partner. Although the service trade volume between Uruguay and China is limited, the bilateral coopera-tion potential is huge.”Zhou Chenghu, Director of theChina Association of Trade in Services and academician of the Chinese Acad-emy of Science, said that it is an inevi-table global consensus that the digital trade rule system is the foundation for the promotion of trade, digitization and economic development. This requires the formulation of a new consensus system from different perspectives of economy, culture, nationalities and even religion. This can not be achieved in a short period of time.Long Yongtu, Counsel of theChina Association of Trade in Services and former Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Econo-my, said that it is important to advocate for multilateralism and fight against unilateralism. Trade should be open, transparent and involving all countries and cannot be made by a single coun-try closing the door. We shall respect each other on the basis of equality and mutual benefits, to achieve a win-win situation and formulate international rules. Long Yongtu said that although the COV ID-19 pandemic had a heavy impact on the global service trade, the cooperation of trade in services among countries of the Belt and Road region shows good momentum. Countries of the region have endeavored to develop service trade to implement the Belt and Road Initiative. Digitization changes the industrial logic Wang Zhongmin, former V ice Chairman of the National Social Secu-rity Fund Council, said that the service industry is a new industry. Without the empowerment of knowledge, the ser-vice industry cannot achieve continuous growth. Digitization has changed all industrial logic. It worked out the ap-plication program of manufacturing industry, formed the system integration of the manufacturing industry through the whole process and modern digital design, to empower the manufacturing industry to take off. The development of service industry and service trade needs fair and reasonable trade rules, transaction rules and market rules. Ser-vices and service trade happen almost everywhere.Tatiana Prazeres, former Senior Advisor to the WTO Director-Gener-al, said that with development and the application of digital technology, the trade in services will continue to grow faster than the trade in goods. Digital technology can help increase people’s participation, especially in helping de-veloping countries, small countries and small and medium-sized enterprises to get involved in international trade. Driven by blockchain technology, in-ternational trade will enhance automa-tion, reduce costs and increase revenue, achieve full traceability, and further improve consumer trust.Chen Zhijian, Northern District Partner of Corporate Financing and M&A Department of PwC China, said that traditional digitization is elec-tric data collection, but it focuses on the deep utilization of data during the collection process. Data collection willdepend on unmanned facilities, rather than personnel, and data will play a key role in managing, controlling and mobilizing resources. Digital platforms will enable faster sharing of more ma-terials about the upstream, the down-stream and related parties. The supply chain will also empower innovations platform to make these more inclusive, efficient and productive. “The COV ID-19 pandemic has accelerated the process of global digiti-zation, which stimulated the emergence of new business models like cross-border e-commerce, which enable small and medium-sized enterprises to en-gage in international trade and provide a new track for economic development. Global e-commerce is showing strong development. On the one hand, this is driven by the rising demands for cross-border business and on the other hand, this is due to the fact that digital technology is pushing forward cross-border e-commerce business,” said Wu Kai, CEO of Greater China Area of Airwallex. Such background will provide fresh opportunities for Airwal-lex’s international business. Knowledge-intensive services as a major driving force of growth Feng Yaoxiang, Director of Trade and Investment Promotion Department of the CCPIT, released the Research Report on the Development of China’s The CIFTIS establishes platforms for the global service trade industry and related companies.It has become the barometer of the global trade in services.Trade in Services (2020) at the forum. This report shows that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s service trade industry has been achieving rapid growth and the opening up and inno-vation development of the service trade have made tangible progress. China’s position as the world’s second-largest service outsourcing supplying country and the world’s second-largest cloud service supplier has been further con-solidated.Despite impact from the CO-V ID-19 pandemic, China’s service industry picked up in 2020, up by 2.1% from the previous year. Online shop-ping, livestreaming and other new consumption models have seen strong growth; the national express delivery business has increased by 31.2% from previous year; the incremental value of information transfer, software and the IT service industry has increased by 16.9% from previous year. Mean-while, the foreign trade of knowledge-intensive services has increased by 8.3%, accounting for 44.5% of the total trade in services, which is up by 9.9%. Knowledge-intensive services have become the main driving forces of the service trade.At the same time, the report also points out four weaknesses in China’s service industry and service trade: first, the industrial foundation for the devel-opment of service trade is still relativelyweak. The proportion of the serviceindustry in the added value of GDP is54.5%, which is lower than the worldlevel of 67%; Second, the proportionof service trade in international trade is14.64%, lower than world level of 24%;third, the institutional opening of theservice industry is relatively insufficient;fourth, the export competitiveness ofthe service trade has improved slowly.During the 13th Five-Year Plan period,China’s export in services ranked fourthin the world, following the UnitedStates, Britain and Germany, and theservice trade deficit is still at a high level.Regarding these weaknesses, thereport raised four suggestions to pro-mote the high-quality developmentof China’ service industry and servicetrade.First, seize the important strategicopportunity period for the developmentof the service trade. China’s service in-dustry has outperformed the manufac-turing industry in the creation of exportadded value. The trade in services isplaying an increasingly important role.During the 14th Five-Year Plan period,cross-border investment and coopera-tion in the service industry and theopening-up and development of servicetrade will introduce new opportuni-ties. It is estimated that by 2025, theadded value of China’s service industrywill account for 60% of GDP, and theservice industry has huge potential fordevelopment.Second, implement an overall planfor the high-quality development oftrade in services. China will continueto promote the pilot of innovative de-velopment of trade in services, deepenreform and opening up in the field oftrade in services, promote the construc-tion of export bases for distinct servicesin the fields of culture, digitization andtraditional Chinese medicine services,explore the negative list managementsystem of cross-border trade in services,accelerate the transformation and up-grading of service outsourcing, estab-lish and improve the technology tradefacilitation system, and strengtheninternational cooperation in trade inservices. The purpose is to consistentlypromote high-quality development oftrade in services.Third, strengthen the construc-tion of “one pilot, one demonstrationand multiple bases”. We will strive todeepen the innovative developmentof the service trade in eight aspectsincluding improving managementsystems, increasing opening up to theoutside world, improving the level ofconvenience and innovation of the de-velopment model. We shall focus onaccelerating the digital transformation,promoting the development of key ar-eas, and building a global service net-work system. We will actively expandthe export bases of distinct services,develop new forms and models of theservice trade, and create a new growthpole of service exports.Fourth, fully release the institu-tional dividend of the opening-up ofthe service industry. We shall promoteinstitutional opening-up that focuseson the trade in services, establish andimprove the negative list managementsystem of cross-border trade in services,promote the construction of Hainanfree trade port by the benchmark of theworld’s highest opening standards, ac-celerate the process of bilateral regionalfree trade, and strive to create a favor-able external environment for China’seconomic transition and expandingreform and opening-up.24。
英汉口译知到章节答案智慧树2023年四川大学
英汉口译知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新四川大学第一章测试1.The correct Chinese interpretation of “metaverse” is （）.参考答案:元宇宙2.Just like Gaudi’s （）, the Sagrada Familia, the metaverse may take a whileto complete.参考答案:cathedral3.The company Meta was formerly known as（）.参考答案:Facebook4.The correct Chinese interpretation of “scam” is （）.参考答案:诈骗;骗局5.The correct Chinese interpretation of “gimmicks” is “噱头”. （）参考答案:对第二章测试1.The correct English interpretation of “新冠肺炎疫情” is （）.参考答案:the COVID-19 pandemic2.Th e correct English interpretation of “促进全球平衡、协调、包容发展”is “topromote balanced, coordinated and inclusive global development”.（）参考答案:对3.The correct English interpretation of “遇山一起爬，遇沟一起跨”is （）参考答案:“Climb the hill together and go down the ravine together.”4.“The opening to traffic of the China-Laos railway have effectively boostedinstitutional and physical connectivity in our region” is correct Englishinterpretation of “中老铁路建成通车，有效提升了地区硬联通、软联通水平”。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第版)答案
第一章练习答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To see out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens,copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business. (Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )9.（T ）10.（T）11.（F）12.（F）13.（T）14.（T）15.（F）Ⅶ.Translate the following into English1.Trade is often said to be the "engine" of development. Although this analogy is too simple, itdoes illustrate the importance of foreign trade in economic development. Although the healthy growth of exports is not always sufficient for rapid and sustained economic growth, it is undeniable that there is a positive and close link between the two. The role of trade development in economic growth is manifested in many ways. Among them are: the benefits of professional division of labor, the role of international competition in promoting domestic economic efficiency and the ability to pay for the import of goods needed for development, as well as more generally , the encouragement of investment and entrepreneurship.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced by one country withgoods and services produced by another country. In addition to the visible trade, that is, the import and export of goods and cargos, there are also invisible trade, which refers to the exchange of labor between countries. Countries such as Greece and Norway, which have vast maritime fleets and provide transport services, reflect a form of invisible trade. For some countries, invisible trade is just as important as raw materials and commodity exports for some other countries. In both cases, these countries can make money to buy the goods they need.3.International trade is varied in a variety of ways. Underwriting refers to the seller , in aparticular area and within a certain period of time , to give foreign customers the exclusive right to sell the designated commodity trade. In this deal, the goods are taken over by the underwriter, sold on their own and are self-financing. This is different from a commission-only agent, and because the underwriter enjoys a franchise in a particular area, making it distinct from the general sale and purchase agreement.4.No country in the world can produce all the products it needs, so all countries participate inthe international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes , a country can buy goods and services abroad from a barter, which refers to the exchange of onegood for another and not for money. Barter trade by itself is not enough to meet the needs ofa country's imports. However, as a mode of trade, it is attractive to developing countries thathave a shortage of foreign exchange or shortage of inflow of foreign capital to meet the demand for foreign trade.Ⅷ. Multiple Choices1-5 D D A D B 6-10 A A A B A第二章练习答案Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions1.Please tell us the procedures of international trade.The procedures of an export or import business are so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction. Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction. From the very beginning to the end of the transaction, the whole operation generally undergoes four stages: preparing for exporting or importing, business negotiation, implementation of the contract, and settlement of disputes(if any). Each stage covers some specific steps. Since the expo rt and import trades are two sides of the same coin, and one country’s export is another country’s import.2.What are the parties involved in export and import transaction?The parties who are involved in export and import transactions are numerous and can be described as variously. The basic parties are the buyer who purchases the goods and the seller who provides the goods.3.What are the specialists involved in export and import transaction?Many specialists may be involved in export and import transaction, including:(1) A shipping agent and /or foreign forwarder (forwarding agent) will take responsibility for the documentation and arrange for the goods to be shipped by air, sea, rail or road. These services may be carried out by the supplier’s own export department, if they have the expertise.(2) Airlines, shipping lines, railway companies or haulage contractors will actual transport the goods.(3) Both the importer’s and exporter’s banks will be involved in arranging payments if a letter of credit or bill of exchange is used.(4) Customs and Excise officers may need to examine the goods, check import or export licensing and charge duty and /or V AT.(5) A chamber of Commerce may need to issue a Certificate of Origin, if this is required by the importer’s country.(6) An insurance company insures goods in transit.(7) A lawyer if a special contract has to be drawn up.4. What are the documents needed in export and import transaction?An import/export transaction usually requires a lot of complicated documents because it is difficult to make many different arrangements when one firm is dealing with another on the other side of the world. The number and type of documents needed depend on the specific requirements of the exporter and importer. Generally, the documents needed include:(1) Bill of Lading.(2) Commercial Invoice.(3) Proforma Invoice.(4) Consular Invoice.(5) Packing List.(6) Weight Memo.(7) Certificate of Inspection.(8) Certificate of Origin.(9) Insurance Policy (Certificate).(10) Sales Contract.(11) Sales Confirmation.II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.F 13. T 14. F 15.TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight,but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case StudyQuestions:(1) What is your opinion? Give the reasons to support your opinion.(2) How to prevent such dispute?(1) The first letter of Company A and Company B can be considered as an offer, during which Company A made a request for packaging. While Company B modified the terms of the offer, which can be considered as a counter offer or a new offer. After the counter offer was issued by Company B, Company A did not reply. Although it indicated that it was bound by the offer of the company B, yet Company A did not expressly accept to Company B,(2)At this time , the contract is not established. Therefore, Company B refused to honor the contract on this ground. Company A would fall into the passive status. In order to avoid this situation, Company A, in receipt of the B Company's offer, should promptly accept it.Ⅸ.Multiple Choices1. BCE2. AB3. BCD4. ABE5. ADE6. BCDE7. CD8. ABC9. ABC 10. ABC第三章练习答案Unit 3 Contracts for the International Sale of GoodsI. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance,commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
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最新【精品】范文 参考文献 专业论文 A research on China's trade in services A research on China's trade in services
【Abstract】China’s accession to the liberalization of trade in services is an irreversible trend. But there still exists some problems in the development of China’s trade in services. This essay analyses the current development situation of China’s trade in services, concludes the factors that will affect it, finds out the problems existing in China’s development of trade in services and give effective suggestions.
【Key worlds】Trade in services Trade structure Competitive advantage Ⅰ、Introduction Since the 20th century, 80 years, with the rapid development of information technology, the global industrial structure has witnessed tremendous changes. A distinctive feature is the role of the service industry in stimulating the economic growth of a country is more obvious. American economist RK Xie Erpu(1984), vividly pointed out that agriculture, mining and manufacturing are the bricks of economic development, while the service industry is the plaster to glue them together. With the deepening of the global division of labor, services play an increasingly larger role in the global industry and market integration. Ⅱ、Factors influencing the competitiveness of China’s trade in services In recent years, there are a lot of researches on impact factors of service trade competitiveness, most of them base on the analysis of Potter (1990)’s theory of national competitive 最新【精品】范文 参考文献 专业论文 advantage. Zheng Jichang, Xia Qing (2004) regarded Porter's theory of competitive advantage as the core, combined with the characteristics of trade in services to explore the factors that affect the international competitiveness of trade in services. 1、Production factors Developing trade in services not only needs professionals in general financial, business, transport and other aspects, but also need more talents who are familiar with international commercial law, international finance. In China, the senior talent faces shortage, the training mechanism is inadequate. 2、Demand factors Porter’s competitive advantage theory emphasizes the important factor that a country decides its industrial competitiveness, so the impact of a country should be enforced. The domestic demand of service and the domestic environment of service are mostly influenced by the country’s relative policies. 3、Government and opportunities Government of a country can make policy options to influence the formation of elements of some of the country's industry competitive advantage by establishing economic management system, laws and regulations, financial investment and tax policies. Ⅲ、Problems in China’s trade in services From the general point of view, the overall level of competitiveness of China's service trade is pretty low and China has weak competitiveness in this aspect. From the industrial point of view, the structure of China's service trade import and export structure is imbalance. The development of domestic tertiary industry is lagging 最新【精品】范文 参考文献 专业论文 behind. The long-term "re-manufacturing, light service" policy-oriented objective resulted in the relatively slow development of trade in services. Ⅳ、Suggestions Changing people’s ideas, and developing the domestic service industry. We should put the policy guidance to the specific implementation of the program and strengthen national policy support for the development of services. Optimize the structure of trade in services, consolidate and enhance the traditional advantage or potential advantage. Increasing the intensity of service marketing. The rise of the service marketing activities is the result of the development of service industry and its intensified market competition. References： [1]Michael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. N. Y. Free Press, 1990。 [2]Peterson. J and Barras. R. Measuring. “International Competitiveness in service”, Service Industries journal, 1987, 7. [3]Peterson. J. “Export Shares and Revealed comparative Advantage: A Study of International travel”, Applied economics, 1998, 20. [4]蔡茂森、谭荣.我国服务贸易竞争力分析[J].国际贸易问题, 2005（2）,38-42
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