神经生物学

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神经生物学思考题

1、发育过程中神经发生的经历哪些阶段?

1.增殖(Proliferation)

在室管带( ventricular zone)发生,增殖速率: 250000个/分钟。

2.迁移(Migration)

当细胞在室管带增殖后,迁移就开始了;迁移的细胞是不成熟的,没有轴突和树突之分;迁移的同时出现细胞分化。神经管内迁移的两种类型:(1) 放射状迁移

(2) 水平迁移迁移的两种方法: (1)胞体迁移(Somal migration) (2)胶质细胞介导

的迁移(Glial-mediated migration)

在细胞经历了最后一次有丝分裂之后便停止DNA的合成,停滞于细胞周期的G1

期。有丝分裂后的细胞开始分化并向基板迁移。由于细胞的聚集,形成外套层

(mantle layer)。随着停止分裂后的细胞不断加入,外套层逐渐增厚。外套层中

神经细胞和神经系统其他部分细胞的突起在外套层和基板之间是边缘层。

3.分化(Differentiation)

细胞分化:细胞表现出神经元特征的过程。

神经前体细胞(neuroblast)首先发出突起( neurites),在它到达最终固定位置时已经分化完成。树突数目在后期具有可变性,这有赖于环境的变化。

随着外套层中细胞的分化,产生的轴突(axon)和树突(dentrite)形成一个中间层(intermediate layer)。当神经管分化为脊髓后,中间层增厚。外套层含有细胞体,组织学染色较深,通常被称为灰质(grey matter),而含轴突和树突的边缘

层不容易着色,通常呈白色,因此被称为白质

4.聚集(Aggregation)

Like neurons move together and form layers

5.突触形成(Synaptogenesis)

伪足形成(Lamellipodia)

短小突起形成

轴突( axon)形成

树突( dendrites)形成

突触形成

生长锥的形成是由骨架网格所含肌动蛋白(actin)和肌球蛋白(myosin)介导

6.神经元死亡(Neuron Death)

增殖带中神经细胞死亡的可能机制

7.突触重排(Synapse Rearrangement)

Active synapses likely take up neurotrophic factor that maintains the synapse

Inactive synapses get too little trophic factor to remain stable

神经元胞体、树突和别的神经元之间形成一定数目突触的能力叫“ synaptic capacity”

突触数目形成能力最高阶段在发育早期,随后逐渐减少。在恒河猴的视觉皮层减少约50%,减少速度5000个/秒。

8.髓鞘化(Myelination)

2、为什么孕早期感染易引起胎儿神经系统畸形?

3、简述成年脑内具有神经发生能力的脑区

室管下区(subventricular zone,SVZ)颗粒下层(subgranular zone,SGZ)Neocortex(新皮质区) piriform corte(梨状皮质) striatum(纹状体) Amygdala(杏仁体) medial preoptic area(下丘脑视前区) hypothalamus(下丘脑)

(1)海马颗粒下区

Integrate(整合) within the DG

(2)室管膜下区

E, ependymal cell ; RMS, rostralmigratory stream

Replace granule cells in the olfactory bulbs of rodents(在啮齿动物的嗅球中替换颗粒细胞)

(3)纹状体

The adult-born neurons are a type of interneuron(中间神经元), not a type that projects(投射) to other brain areas

*补充:新发生的神经细胞的命运

Much more attention has been paid to neurogenesis(神经发生) in the dentate gyrus(齿状回) than in the other areas. Many of the newborn dentate gyrus neurons die shortly after they are born, but a number of them become functionally integrated into(系统的有功能的整合到) the surrounding brain tissue.

(DG 是什么?HPC 是什么?)

4、举例说明成年脑内神经发生与疾病的关系?

(1)Ectopic neurogenesis in an epileptic brain

In the epileptic brain neurogenesis is enhanced and newborn neurons are not only observed in the granular layer(颗粒层) but also in the hilus(门区). Dendrites(树突) of these newborn neurons grow aberrantly(异常) in both the molecular layer and hilus. Therefore, the generation of ectopic newborn neurons is believed to worsen the epileptic symptoms.

(2)Adult Neurogenesis and Cognition-- Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Some studies suggest that decreased hippocampal neurogenesis(海马神经发生) can lead to development of AD.

Yet, others hypothesize(假设) that AD patients have increased neurogenesis in the CA1 in order to compensate(补偿) for neuronal loss.

While the exact nature of the relationship bet ween neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s Disease is unknown.

(3)Neurogenesis and schizophrenia精神分裂症

Studies suggest that people with schizophrenia have a reduced hippocampus volume, which is believed to be caused by a reduction of adult neurogenesis. Correspondingly(相应的), this phenomenon might be the underlying cause of many of the symptoms of the disease.

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