神经生物学名词解释

Neurulation in vertebrates results in the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to both the spinal cord and the brain.

脊椎动物的神经外胚层细胞形成神经管（最终形成大脑和脊髓）的过程，称为神经胚化

Neuron proliferation:

1.Cell processes extension while cell body stay in ventricular zone

(G1，细胞发出突起)

2.During the synthesis of DNA, cell body migrate away from

ventricular zone (S，细胞向表层移动)

3.After the synthesis, cell body move back to ventricular zone along

its process(G2，细胞核返回)

4.Cell process retract (突起缩回)

5.Cell division（细胞分裂）

growth cone （生长锥）:The growing tip of a neurite is called a growth cone （生长锥）, which is specialized to identify an appropriate path for neurite elongation.

Synaptic capacity （突触容量）:

Each neuron (突触后) can receive on its dendrites and soma a finite number of synapses called synaptic capacity （突触容量）

fire together wire together： Hebbian theory

Primary brain injury: (原发性脑损伤)

the damage that occurs at the moment of trauma when tissues and blood vessels are stretched,compressed, and torn.(组织和血管被拉伸，压缩，撕裂。) Bleeding 出血, Hematoma formation 血肿形成, Fracture 骨折

Secondary brain injury:

a complex set of cellular processes and biochemical cascades that occur in the minutes to days following the trauma.

Synaptic stripping (突触剥夺) :

processes of microglia and astrocytes星形胶质 extend into synaptic cleft then reduce the synaptic activity.

a.The two input neurons in one eye (top)

fire at the same time. This is sufficient to cause the top LGN target neuron to fire but not the bottom one.

b.This is the same situation that the two

input neurons in the other eye (bottom) are active simultaneously, causing the bottom target neuron to fire.

c.Over time, neurons that fire together

wire together.Notice also that input cells that fire out of sync with the target lose their link.

Neurotrophic factors:A family of proteins that induce the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of neurons.