中考英语语法专题复习名词与代词讲义

名词1、 名词的分类专有名词单数名词表泛指，在前面加a /an.可数名词：有单数和复数之分普通名词 复数形式通常加 -s/-es 不可数名词：没有复数形式 物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词 用some/any/a little/a lot of 修饰2) 不规则变化①有些名词以-s结尾，但表达单数意义。

科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名词：news, falls②名词做定语，不用复数形式.e.g. a shoe shop, an apple tree*例外：man, woman作定语时，如果后面的名词是复数，则man, woman也要变。

e.g. a woman teacher → three women teachersa man doctor → many men doctors③people, police做“人们”讲时，看作复数，不能在后面加”-s”，谓语动词用复数形式。

family, class是集体名词，既指单数，又指复数，谓语动词可用单数亦可用复数，具体根据语境而定。

④其前不用冠词a/an或数词，但可用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some,—Look at the clouds, so beautiful!—Wow, so many different _______, horses, sheep, flowers…A. sizesB. shapesC. colorsD. stylesThere are some _______ in Dayton Art Museum. For example, n o food or drink is allowed inside.A. jobsB. recordsC. rul esD. paintings—Yesterday, my father bought me a new mobile phones as a pr esent, but I don’t know how to use it.—Why not read the _______ first before using it?A. expressionsB. applicationsC. adve rtisementsD. instructionsThese _________ have saved many children’s lives.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorC. women doctorsD. woman doctor---What would you like to drink, _______or orange? ---Orange, please.A. hamburgerB. chipC. tea3、不可数名词的数1) 可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语：a lot of , lots of, some, a little, little2) 数词+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词e.g. a glass of water → two glasses of watera cup of tea → three cups of tea3) 常用的不可数名词food, meat, fish, chicken, pork, beef, mutton, orange, milk, tea, coke, water, rice, bread, homework, news, paper, ice, rain, snow, wind, cloud, air, weather, maths, Chinese, English, music, information, fun, work 等.4) 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，意思有变化.5) 有些名词，既可以作可数名词，又能做不可数名词，但含义不同Exercises:—Mum, I’ve heard that we can’t eat ____ those days. Is it true?—Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.A. chickenB. chickensC. a chickenD. the chickenThe students of Grade 7 visited Mike’s farm and saw many ___ there.A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. rabbitI’m so hungry. Please give me ___ to eat.A. three breadB. three pieces of breadC. three pieces ofbreads D. three piece of breadI want a sweet milk. Put some ______ in my cup, please.A. iceB. soupC. saltD. sugar—What a good ______ you’ve given me! Thanks a lot.—My pleasure.A. informationB. newsC. suggestion D. advice4、名词的所有格分类构成方法例子表示有生命的名词所有格在单数后面加-’s The teacher’s officeLily’s photo 以加-s的复数名词后加“’”The teachers’ officeBoys’ games 不以-s 结尾的复数名词后加“-’s”The children’s palace.用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有时，在后一个词尾加-’s；如果不是，则需要分别加在两个名词后面。

Lily and Lucy’s house isbig.Lily’s and Lucy’s houseare big.表示无生命的名词所有格一般用“of + 名词”The doors of our class.The color of the cover.The capital of China.注意：①店铺、医院名称加’s, e.g. at the doctor’ssomeone, everybody, no one和else, 在else后加’s, e.g. somebody else’s pencil②双重所有格：当表示所有格的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“名词＋of＋'s”形式，这种结构被称为双重所有格，一般表示“所有关系”。

a novel of Lu Xun's鲁迅所有小说中的一本the large house of Tom's汤姆的那栋大房子that bag of Mary's玛丽的那个包a few friends of Mr Wang's王先生的几个朋友注意区别a picture of my brother's我弟弟所有照片中的一张a picture of my brother一张我弟弟的照片Exercises:Tomorrow I’m going to my ____. It’s a _______.A. aunt ; five minutes’ walkB. aunt’s ; five minute’s walkC. aunt ; five minu te’s walkD. aunt’s ; five minutes’ walk This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and JaneB. Anne’s and Jane’sC. Anne’s and JaneD. Anne and Jane’sNear our school there are two ______.A. shoes shopsB. shoes shopC. shoe shops5、常考易错点①名词同义辨析法清楚不同的名词所表达的具体含义，并且能辨析它们之间的一些差异.home , family , house 家problem(主观的疑虑，疑问) , question(指客观存在和遇到的问题) , trouble(“麻烦，问题”，指客观的并棘手的)问题clothing (不可数名词)，clothes(没有单数形式的复数名词) ，dress(用作可数名词不指男人穿的) 衣服job（强调工作的性质或工种，为可数名词）, work （不可数名词，含义更广）工作sound（范围广，大自然的都可以用它），voice （指人的，说话、唱歌），noise （嘈杂声）声音people(指集体，复数) ，person(指个体，为单数)，human(人类) 人②常见名词短语名词的固定搭配是中考英语试题中考查的一个重要方面，所以牢固地掌握一些固定的短语或搭配，对于解答试题是很重要的。

如：tooth brush牙刷 lunch room午餐室shoe store鞋店 school gate校门口summer camp夏令营 night school夜校 street light 路灯 country music乡村音乐flower bed花坛 paper tiger纸老虎 maths teacher数学教师boyfriend男朋友clothes shop服装店 sports meet运动会goods train 货车 arts festival艺术节③名词转化某些名词后加y变形容词，表示“充满…的”，cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny某些名词后加ful变形容词，表示“性质的”，use-useful, care-careful部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词，具有赞美意味。

Friend-friendly, lovely某些名词后加less表示没有，careless, useless对应练习：1．--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.A. the Henry houseB. the Henry familyC. the Henry’shome D. Henry’s2．In England, if __is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .A. three timesB. a third timeC. the third timeD. once4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ? --- Certainly.A. some bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. feetC. handD. ear6．There is some _______ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears7．In England, the last name is the ______.A. family nameB. middleC. given nameD. full name8．They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.A. GermenB. GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans9．The______ has two _______ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch 10．The little baby has two _______ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths11．What’s your _______ for being late again?A. ideaB. keyC. excuseD. news12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UPD.NO SMOKING 14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?A. Children’s DayB. Childrens’s DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day代词1、代词的分类2、代词it 的用法1) 指代前面提到过的事物This is my book. It is Jim’s.2) 代替指示代词this 或 thate.g. —What’s this? —It’s a pen3) 表示时间、天气或季节e.g. —What’s the time now? —It’s ten o’clock.4) 表示距离How far is it from your school to your home?①it's + adj. +for/of sb. to do sth.It was really kind of you to help me . (表示人的性格、品质clever, kind等的形容词，用of sb.)It is important for us to work hard. (修饰事物easy, important的形容词，用 for sb.)②It’s time to do/for/that…到该做…的时间了It’s time to get up. 该起床了It’s time for lunch. 吃午饭了③It seems that…看起来好像…④It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事⑤It’s + adj. + that从句It’s necessary that you should present at the meeting.3. 反身代词①反身代词的用法e.g. This boy is too young to take care of himself.The children made model planes themselves.②反身代词的常用词组_____________/________________ 自学 _____________过得愉快_____________ 自用、自取（事物，饮料等），请自便 _____________苏醒过来_____________ 受伤 _____________ 独自，单独对应训练：The iPad is isn’t ____. It’s belongs to ____.A. he ; meB. hers ; mineC. his ; meD. her ; mine The man called his professor for help because he couldn’t solve the problem ____.A. herselfB. himselfC. yourselfD. themselves The dictionary is not ____. Maybe it’s Tom’s. He is looking for____.A. my ; himB. mine ; hisC. us ; oursD. our ; our---Why don’t you go to the lecture-room and listen to the talk?---I hear there isn’t in it.A. something newB. new anythingC. anything newD. nothing new—Who’s that speaking? —_________________.A. This is Jack speakingB. I am JackC. Jack is meD. I am JackMiss Liu asked Tom to read the new words and students to listen to him.A. otherB. the othersC. othersD. the other4、易混点梳理1) a few, few, a little, little2) either、neither、 both、 all 、none 、any3) other、the other、another、others、the other4) each、every5) none, nothing, no one6) it, one 与that作代词时的区别7) no 与not的区别no 只作定语，等于not a 或者not any。