2019年IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials复合材料概论
Introduction to Composite Materials References•AERO 304 notes and Introduction to Aerospace Structural Analysis, Allen and Haisler•Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, . Gibson,McGraw-Hill, 1994•Mechanics of Composite Materials, Robert M. Jones, McGraw-Hill, 1975•Introduction to Composite Materials, . Tsai and . Hahn,Technomic Publishing Co., 1980Introduction and TerminologyStructural materials can be divided into 4 basic categories: •Metals•Polymers•Ceramics•CompositesComposites, which consist of two or more separate materials combined in a macroscopic structural unit, are made from various combinations of the other three materials.The relative importance of the four basic materials in a historical context has been presented by Ashby (Technology of the 1990s: Advanced Materials and Predictive Design, . Ashby, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A322, 393-407, 1987) and is shown schematically below (figure taken from Gibson):Mankind has used composites since early time; for example, straw-reinforced clay bricks used by Israelites (the book of Exodus in the Old Testament), plant fiber-reinforced pottery, etc. They knew from daily use that fiber reinforcement of a material is very effective because many materials (but not all) are much stronger and stiffer in fiber form than they are in bulk form.For example, Griffith found that as glass rods and fibers got thinner, they got stronger. He found that that for very small diameters the fiber strength approached the theoretical cohesive strength between adjacent layers of atoms, whereas for large diameters the fiber strength dropped to near the strength of bulk glass.Fibers allow one to obtain the maximum tensile strength and stiffness of a material, but there are disadvantages. Fibers alone cannot support longitudinal compressive loads and their transverse mechanical properties are generally not as good as thecorresponding longitudinal (fiber direction) properties. Thus, there is often the need to place fibers in different directions depending upon the particular loading application.Types of Fiber-Reinforced CompositesOne generally finds four types of fiber-reinforced composites as shown below (from Gibson). They differ in how the fibers are utilized to make the composite (orientation and length of fibers).Continuous fiber composites are generally "laid-up" in plies (or laminae) with each ply having fibers oriented in the same direction.A layer of fibers all oriented in the same direction is imbedded in a homogeneous material (called the matrix) to make a single ply or laminae. For example, glass-epoxy has a layer of glass fibers running more-or-less parallel within an epoxy resin matrix material. Individual plies can be stacked or layered and bonded together with individual ply fiber directions being selected so as to tailorthe lay-up (or laminate) to have desired overall structural characteristics of the laminate. Under loading, the potential for delamination (or separation of the laminae) is a major problem because the interlaminar strength is matrix dominated ., if the matrix is weak, ply delamination can occur).Woven fiber composites are similar to ordinary cloth used in the textile industry. The woven fiber may be 2-D (fibers interwoven in 2 directions) or 3-D (fibers interwoven in 3 directions). Wovenfiber composites do not generally have distinct laminae and are not nearly as susceptible to delamination; however, strength and stiffness are sacrificed due to the fact that the fibers are not as straight (because of the weaving) as in the continuous fiber laminate.Chopped fiber composites have fibers that are relatively short and have a random orientation and distribution of the fibers. Chopped fiber composites generally have mechanical properties that are considerable poorer than those of continuous fiber composites. However they are cheaper to manufacture and are used in high-volume applications.Hybrid composites generally consist of mixed chopped and continuous fibers; or mixed fiber types such as glass/graphite.Sandwich composites are also common. They consist of high strength composite facing sheets (which may be any of the four fiber composites discussed above) bonded to a lightweight foam or honeycomb core (from Gibson).Sandwich structures have extremely high flexural stiffness-to-weight ratios and are widely used in aerospace structures. The design flexibility offered by these and other composite configurations is obviously quite attractive to designers, and the potential now exist to design not only the structure, but also the structural material itself.Almost all of the fiber-reinforced composite types discussed above can be utilized in complex curved geometries although the manufacturing process may be much more costly and difficult. For example, wound fiber-reinforced pressure vessels are common and are manufactured by winding either individual fiber filaments on a mandrel (having the shape of the vessel) or individual plies are wound on the mandrel. Curved composite material panels on aircraft wings, fuselage and nacelles are common.All of the composite types have various manufacturing processes required to bond individual plies. Common glass-epoxycomposites must be cured using a high temperature and vacuum (or pressure) process designed not only to bond individual plies but also to minimize residual laminae and interlaminar stresses.Fiber MaterialsGlass fibers consist primarily of silica (silicon dioxide) and metallic-oxide-modifying elements are generally produced by mechanical drawing of molten glass through a small orifice. E-glass accounts for most of the glass fiber production and is the most widely used reinforcement for composites. The second most popular glass fiber, S-glass, has roughly 30 percent greater tensile strength and 20 percent greater modulus of elasticity thanE-glass but is not as widely used because of its higher cost. Graphite or carbon fibers are the most widely used advanced fiber, and graphite/epoxy or carbon/epoxy composites are now used routinely in aerospace structures. The actual fibers are usually produced by subjecting organic precursor fibers such aspolyacrylonitrile (PAN) or rayon to a sequence of heat treatments, so that the precursor is converted to carbon by pyrolysis. Graphite fibers are typically subjected to higher heat treatments than are carbon fibers. Carbon fibers are typically 90-95% carbon, whereas graphite fibers are at least 99% carbon.Aramid polymer fibers, produced primarily by . duPont deNemours & Company under the tradename "Kevlar ," were originally developed for use in radial tires. The density of Kevlar is about half that of glass and its specific strength is among the highest of currently available fibers. Kevlar also has excellent toughness, ductility, and impact resistance; unlike brittle glass or graphite fibers.Boron fibers are actually composites consisting of a boron coating on a substrate of tungsten or carbon. The diameter of boron fibers is among the largest of all the advanced fibers, typically in. Boron fibers have much higher strength and stiffness than graphite,but they also have higher density. Boron/epoxy andboron/aluminum composites are widely used in aerospace structures, but high cost prevents more widespread use.Silicon carbide (SiC) fibers are used primarily in high-temperature metal and ceramic matrix composites because of their excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature strength retention. SiC whisker-reinforced metals are increasingly being used as alternative to un-reinforced metals and continuous fiber-reinforced metals. SiC whiskers are quite small, typically 8-20 in. diameter and about in. long so that standard metal-forming processes such as extrusion, rolling and forging can be easily used. The list of fibers goes on … On the following pages are a) Selected properties of fibers and bulk metals, b) Specific strength vs. specific modulus for various fibers and c) Specific strength vs. specific modulus (stiffness) for various composites (from Gibson). Specific value is the value of the property divided by its density.Matrix and Filler MaterialsPolymers, metals and ceramics are all used as matrix materials in composites. The matrix•holds the fibers together in a structural unit,•protects them from external damage,•transfers and distributes the applied loads to the fibers, and•in many cases, contributes some needed property such asductility, toughness, or electrical insulation.Because the matrix must transfer load to the fibers, a strong interface bond between the fiber and matrix is extremely important; either through a mechanical or chemical bond between fibers and matrix. Fibers and matrix must obviously be chemically compatible to prevent undesirable reactions at the interface; this is especially important at high temperature where chemical reactions can be accelerated.Service temperature is quite often a controlling factor in consideration of a matrix material. Listed in order of increasing temperature capability, we have:Polymers are the most widely used matrix materials. They may be either thermosets ., epoxy, polyester, phenolics) or thermoplastics ., polyimide (PI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)). Upon curing, thermosets form a highly cross-linked, three-dimensional molecular network which does not melt at high temperature. Thermoplastics, however, are based on polymer chains that do not cross-link. As a result, thermoplastics will soften and melt at high temperature, then harden again upon cooling.Epoxies and polyesters are also widely used. High grade epoxies are typically cured at about 350F and are generally not used at temperatures about 300︒F. The advanced thermoplastics (PEEK, PI and PPS) have melting temperatures in the range of 600-700︒F.For higher temperatures, metal, ceramic or carbon matrix materials are required.Lightweight metals such as aluminum, titanium and magnesium and their alloys such titanium aluminide and nickel aluminide may be used as matrix materials. For some of these, operating temperature can be extended to about 2,250︒F. Advantages of metal matrices include higher strength, stiffness and ductility (compared to polymers) but at the expense of higher density. Ceramic matrix materials such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride can be use at temperatures up to 3,000︒F. Hoever, ceramics have poor tensile strength are are quite brittle.Carbon fiber/carbon matrix composites can be used at temperatures approaching 5,000︒F, but the cost is such that they are only used in a few critical aerospace applications.Filler materials are often used as a third component of a composite, and are typically mixed with the matrix material during fabrication. Fillers do not typically enhance mechanical properties but are used to alter or improve some other characteristic of the composite. Examples include: hollow glass microspheres are used to reduce weight, clay or mica particles are used to reduce cost, carbon black particles are used for protection against ultraviolet radiation, and alumina trihydrate is used for flame and smoke suppression.。
复合材料技术的报告英语作文
复合材料技术的报告英语作文Composite materials technology: an overview and applications.Composite materials, also known as composites, are a class of materials that are composed of two or moredistinct materials combined to create a material with superior properties compared to the individual components. These materials are typically designed to enhance specific properties such as strength, stiffness, thermal resistance, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance. In this article, we will explore the principles of composite materials technology, its various types, and the wide range of applications it finds in modern engineering and industry.Principles of Composite Materials Technology.Composite materials are created by combining two ormore constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. These constituentmaterials, known as phases, are typically classified as the matrix and the reinforcement. The matrix is the continuous phase that surrounds and supports the reinforcement, while the reinforcement provides the desired mechanical properties to the composite. The matrix can be a polymer, metal, or ceramic, depending on the desired properties of the final composite.The reinforcement, on the other hand, can be in the form of fibers, particles, or whiskers. Fibers are long, thin elements that are aligned to provide directional strength, while particles are small, discrete units distributed throughout the matrix to improve bulk properties. Whiskers are similar to fibers but are shorter and thicker. The choice of reinforcement type and its orientation within the matrix significantly affects the overall mechanical properties of the composite.Types of Composite Materials.There are several types of composite materials, each with its unique characteristics and applications. Here aresome of the most common types:1. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC): These composites are made up of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, particles, or whiskers. The polymer matrix can be a thermoplastic or a thermosetting polymer. PMCs are lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and have good fatigue resistance, making them suitable for automotive, aerospace, and marine applications.2. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC): MMCs consist of a metal matrix reinforced with ceramic particles, fibers, or whiskers. The metal matrix can be aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or steel. MMCs exhibit high strength, stiffness, and thermal stability, making them suitable for high-temperature applications in the aerospace, automotive, and defense industries.3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC): These composites are composed of a ceramic matrix reinforced with ceramic fibers or whiskers. Ceramics are known for their excellent thermal stability, high strength, and low density. CMCs areused in extreme environments such as jet engines, rocket nozzles, and ceramic cutting tools due to their resistanceto high temperatures and wear.4. Hybrid Composites: Hybrid composites combine two or more types of reinforcements within a single matrix. For example, a polymer matrix can be reinforced with bothcarbon fibers and glass fibers. Hybrid composites offer the advantages of multiple reinforcement types, such as improved strength, stiffness, and thermal resistance.Applications of Composite Materials.Composite materials have found widespread applicationsin various industries due to their superior properties and design flexibility. Here are some of the key application areas:1. Aerospace: Composites are widely used in aircraftand spacecraft due to their lightweight, high strength, and resistance to corrosion and fatigue. They are used in wings, fuselages, and other structural components to improve fuelefficiency and reduce maintenance costs.2. Automotive: Composites are used in automobiles to enhance fuel efficiency, crashworthiness, and vehicle stiffness. Components such as hoods, decks, and door panels are often made from composites to reduce weight and improve performance.3. Civil Engineering: Composites are used in bridges, buildings, and other civil structures to improve durability, strength, and resistance to corrosion. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are particularlyuseful in earthquake-prone areas due to their ability to absorb seismic energy.4. Sports and Leisure: Composites are commonly found in sports equipment such as tennis rackets, golf clubs, and bicycle frames. They provide lightweight, strength, and stiffness without adding bulk or weight.5. Electronics and Electrical Applications: Composites are used in electrical insulation, electromagneticinterference (EMI) shielding, and radar absorption. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are commonly used in antennas, microwave devices, and electronic packaging dueto their high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Conclusion.Composite materials technology has revolutionized the way we design and engineer products across various industries. By combining different materials with complementary properties, we can create composites that exhibit superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The flexibility of composite design allows for customized solutions to meet specific performance requirements, making them an indispensable tool in modern engineering and industry. As technology continues to evolve, we expect to see even more innovative applications of composite materials in the future.。
复合材料概论总论
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1.5.4 工艺特性
不同复合材料成型及加工工艺差别很大， 但各类复合材料相对于其所用的基体材料而 言，成型与加工工艺并不复杂，有时很简单。 如：
RMC、MMC、CMC可整体成型，可大大 减少结构中的装配零件数量，提高构件的质 量和使用可靠性；
短纤维或颗粒增强MMC，可采用传统的 金属工艺进行制备和二次加工。
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1.6.1 航空航天领域中的应用
复合材料的高比强度、高比模量、良好 的抗疲劳损伤、独特的可设计性，可使飞行 器显著提高结构效率和寿命，减轻重量，改 善气动力性能，同时在隐身、智能、结构综 合等方面显示巨大的潜力。
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国外军用飞机上应用情况
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1.5.5 影响复合材料性能的主要因 素
增强材料的性能； 基体材料的性能； 含量及其分布状况； 界面结合情况； 作为产品还与成型工艺和结构设计。
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1.6 复合材料的应用
目前复合材料已大量应用在航空航天、 国防、建筑、化工、能源、体育等国民经济 经济各领域。
比强度、比模量高；
耐磨性好（MMC、C/C复合材料）；
抗疲劳性能好，通常金属材料的疲劳强度 极限/拉伸强度=30-50%，而CFRP的疲劳强度 极限/拉伸强度=70-80%；
抗冲击能力强（如：RMC）； 高温性能好（如：MMC、C/C复合材料）
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表1-1 传统金属材料与复合材料性能比较
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续 表
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国外民用飞机上复合材料的应用
复合材料pdfPPT课件
良好的热导性
某些复合材料具有良好的热导性，适用于需要散热或传热的场合。
耐高温性能
通过选择合适的基体和增强材料，复合材料可以在高温环境下保持 较好的力学性能。
电学性能
绝缘性能
大多数复合材料具有良好的绝缘性能，适用于电气 和电子设备中。
后处理与加工
固化处理
对成型的复合材料进行加热或自然固化，使其达到所需的物理和化 学性能。
机械加工
对固化后的复合材料进行切割、钻孔、打磨等机械加工，以满足产 品形状和尺寸的要求。
表面处理
对复合材料表面进行喷漆、电镀、阳极氧化等处理，以提高其耐腐蚀 性、装饰性等性能。
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复合材料的性能特点
力学性能
成型工艺
手糊成型
在模具上涂刷脱模剂，然后铺贴一层纤 维布或毡，再涂刷一层树脂，如此反复
直至达到所需厚度。
模压成型
将预浸料或纤维与树脂混合物放入模 具中，在加热和加压的条件下固化成
型。
喷射成型
将树脂和固化剂分别通过喷嘴喷到模 具上，同时用喷枪将纤维切断并喷到 树脂中，形成复合材料层。
注射成型
将树脂和固化剂混合后注入到装有纤 维的模具中，然后在一定温度和压力 下固化成型。
复合材料的组成与结构
基体材料
聚合物基体
如环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺等，具有良好的可加工性和韧 性。
金属基体
如铝、镁、钛等合金，具有高比强度和优异的导电导 热性能。
陶瓷基体
如氧化铝、氮化硅等，具有高温稳定性和耐磨损性。
增强材料
纤维增强材料
如碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维等，具有高比 强度和模量。
《复合材料概论》课程介绍
《复合材料概论》课程介绍一、课程简介《复合材料概论》最初是复合材料与工程专业的一门专业选修课，后来由于整个专业减学分，又考虑到材料物理专业对复合材料知识几乎没有了解，因为该课程成为材料物理专业的专业选修课。
其主要任务是使学生内容注重理论和实践的密切结合，在讲述基本理论的同时，也讲述大量的应用实例。
通过教学使学生不但掌握复合材料的基本理论知识，更注重学生掌握各类复合材料的特点、应用领域和使用性能等常识性的知识，为学生以后的工作、研究打好基础。
课程的主要教学内容包括：1、复合材料的基础知识复合材料的定义与命名、分类、应用、特性以及我国复合材料的发展潜力和热点。
2、复合材料的基体材料，介绍复合材料的各类基体材料化学组成、结构特点及性能；无机胶凝材料（水泥、镁质胶凝材料、石膏）的分类、生产工艺、凝结原理及应用；有机胶凝材料（塑料、橡胶、纤维），其中重点介绍应用最为广泛的不饱和聚酯树脂和环氧树脂的合成、交联原理及应用。
重点关注各种有机胶凝材料结构与性能的关系。
3、复合材料的增强材料，介绍复合材料的各类增强材料(纤维与填料)的化学成分、制备工艺及性能特点；各类增强纤维（玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维、碳纤维）的发展状况、分类、结构与组成、物理性能及化学性能。
填料（石墨、云母、高岭土、膨润土、碳酸钙、滑石粉、白碳黑、空心玻璃微珠）的种类和作用、影响填充改性的因素以及填充改性的作用机理。
4、复合材料各论，介绍各类复合材料的结构特点、性能、结构与性能之间的关系及应用。
聚合物基复合材料的分类与结构形式；聚合物基复合材料的手糊成型、喷射法成型、SMC模压法、缠绕成型法、RTM (Resin Transfer Molding)成型法、喷涂成型法、压缩成型法、注射成型法。
聚合物基复合材料的基本性能（机械性能、物理性能、温度性能、老化性能）。
影响纤维增强塑料（FRP）性能的因素：原材料、结构设计方法及成型工艺。
强调增强材料的强度及弹性模量以及基体材料的强度及化学稳定性等是决定FRP性能的主要因素，增强材料的含量及其排布方式与方向次之；增强纤维与基体树脂的界面粘结状况。
复合材料导论
高分子复合材料第一讲：序论就单一的材料而言，高分子材料性能无疑是最全面的，因为…….但高分子材料同时并非最完美的，因为……材料科学的目的:就是制备性能完美，功能更多，价格更便宜的材料。
高分子复合材料的学习要求你们有更博大的胸怀，是高分子和其他材料的交叉科学。
2.1 复合是自然界的基本规律天然材料是最完美的材料，人的心脏，75*60分*24小时*365天*80年=3，153，600，000跳/一生该完美的特性就来源于复合与自修复----细胞，是细胞膜、细胞基质、细胞核的复合体，各自担任营养、信息表达和力学支撑的作用。
即使细胞膜也是有磷脂双分子层，蛋白质组成的复合功能体系。
2.3 复合是科学的基本思想超分子科学诺贝尔奖白川英树导电聚合物vs导电复合材料材料发展简史---石器时代纤维增强聚合物基复合材料Copyright reserved旧石器时代—早在100万年以前，人类开始以石头做工具新石器时代—1万年前，人类对石头进行加工材料发展简史---陶器时代纤维增强聚合物基复合材料Copyright reserved 新石器后期，人类发明了用粘土成型，再火烧固化而制成陶器，从而进入陶器时代。
目前考古发现的陶器，在亚洲有中国江西省万年县大源乡仙人洞的陶器和日本最早的绳纹陶（公元前8000年左右）；在欧洲，在希腊半岛发现的陶瓷约在公元前6000至5000年；在美洲大陆，已发现的陶器约在公元前6000年前左右。
陶器时代是人类文明史上的重要飞跃，陶器的发明不仅成为这一阶段的最重要的物质文明的创造，同时也成为这一时期最重要的生产工具。
纤维增强聚合物基复合材料Copyright reserved烧制陶器过程中还原出金属铜和锡，创造了炼铜技术，生产出各种青铜器物，进入了青铜时代。
古希腊大约在公元前3000年以前，埃及是公元前2500年前，中国是夏代（公元前2000年左右），欧洲是公元前1800年前后进入青铜器时代。
这是人类大量利用金属的开始，是人类文明发展的重要里程碑。
复合材料概论
什么是纺织复合材料 advanced composite
• 纺织复合材料是用纺织纤维、纱线或织物，特
别是指用纺织的方法所形成的织物，与基体， 例如：树脂、陶瓷、金属、碳等相结合所形成 的复合材料。也称做先进或高级复合材料。
• 纺织复合材料预制件或预成型件preform：
纺织复合材料中的纤维组合体（纤维束/纱线、 织物等），特别是指织物这种纤维的组合体。
通过关键词“composites”就可以查到有关复合 材料的其它信息。
什么是复合材料
• 定义有多个，如何精确地定义是一件不容易的事情。
• 定义1：“复合材料是由两种或两种以上不同材料 复合而成的新材料”。
这个定义最简单、最常见，但不精确。 根据这个定义，复 合材料包括的范围很广： 从天然材料到人工材料，从生物材料到无生命材料，都可 以举出许多复合上述定义的材料。 • 天然材料中：属于生物材料的有木材、竹子、骨骼、肌肉与 动物角等； 属于非生物材料的有岩石、云母等。 • 人工材料中：混凝土、共晶态金属等。 因此，这个定义范围太广，并没有明确提出我们当前所要 研究的主要内容
5）良好的抗疲劳性能
金属基复合材料的抗疲劳性能与纤维类型、金属基体的性能、生产工 艺和界面状况等密切相关。当纤维与基体在界面上结合得合适时， 界面能有效地阻止裂纹扩展。纤维增强金属基复合材料的抗拉、 抗疲劳性能，明显高于金属基休材料。
6）不吸湿和不放气 7）其他性能
金属基复合材料不吸湿，没有分解和污染系统的物质产生。这对卫星 仪表的稳定和可靠运行是十分重要的。
什么是复合材料
说明：
1）制作复合材料系统的目的是为了控制各相的分布和几何 结构，从而得到各相所不具备的一种或多种优良的性能， 所以复合材料决不是几种不同材料的简单组合。 2）一相通常是连续的 ，被称为“基体”matrix 3）其它相分布在基体中，它们可能是纤维或颗粒，被称为 增强相（fibrous-or-particulate reinforcement）。 4）在一些复合材料中，可能有两种交叉的连续相，有些复 合材料中则可能没有连续相。 5）“复合材料”应是很容易被设计。从材料－细观结构－ 界面等方面。
1复合材料-绪论58页PPT
A12O3f /Al复合材料性能特点
二、汽车驱动轴
20％Al2O3颗粒／ Al合金，其优点为：
(1)刚度高； (2)密度低， (3)韧性满足要求。
汽车驱动轴
汽车驱动轴是简单的管材，它将动力传输到差动器处，然后 分配到轮上。这就要求轴要有极高的动力稳定性和很高的抗 扭曲能力。发生动力学不稳定性时的临界速率(w’)取决于轴 长(L)、内径与外径(R1，R0)以及管子材料的刚度与密度。
八、微电子器件的基座
20-65％SiC颗粒／Al合金，其： (1)热膨胀匹配(8×10-6K-1)； (2)导热系数高； (3)适于钎焊； (4)密度低； (5)导电； (6)尺寸稳定性好。
微电子器件的基座－要求
九、飞机发动机部件
40% SiC单片纤维／钛基合金，其： (1)高温性能好； (2) 强度提高； (3)密度 低； (4)部件简化； (5) 刚度提高。
很有希望的替代材料，但其抗点蚀、擦伤磨 损、流蚀磨损及热疲劳的性能等均较欠缺。 使用以铸铁作为垫圈的铝基缸体时，可以改 善气缸功率与其重量之比。作为这一方向的 逻辑性发展，Honda 公司制造并测试了以铝 基MMC作垫圈的铝缸体。Honda “preluda” 发动机的16阀门、2升缸体就是用Al-Si过共 晶合金铸造的，在该合金中加入了碳及氧化 铝纤维的混合坯件。测试表明，这些发动机 的效能比使用铸铁垫圈的缸体又有显著的提 高。
引言（1）
金属基复合材料学科是一门相对较新的材料科学，涉及材料表面、界面、 相变、凝固、塑性形变、断裂力学等，仅有40余年的发展历史。
金属基复合材料的发展与现代科学技术和高技术产业的发展密切相关， 特别是航天、航空、电子、汽车以及先进武器系统的迅速发展对材料提 出了日益增高的性能要求，除了要求材料具有一些特殊的性能外，还要 具有优良的综合性能，有力地促进了先进复合材料的迅速发展。如航天 技术和先进武器系统的迅速发展，对轻质高强结构材料的需求十分强烈。
复合材料概论教案
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第一章复合材料概论
1、航空航天、武器方面的应用
波音787“梦幻客 机”半成机身材料 为轻型复合材料， 而波音777型客 机机身轻型复合 材料比例仅为12 ％。由此，“梦幻 客机”更轻更省油。
第一章复合材料概论
第一章复合材料概论
2、信息电子、生物方面的应用
光导纤维，电子设备的电路板，磁带磁 盘，机壳和屏蔽
1.4
1.4
0.8
1.0
57
SiC纤维 -环氧
2.2
1.09
1.02
0.5
46
第一章复合材料概论
硼纤维-铝 2.65
1.0
2.0
0.38
75
复合材料和金属的疲劳破坏性能
第一章复合材料概论
六、复合材料的命名
复合材料在世界各国还没有统一的名称和 命名方法，比较共同的趋势是根据增强体和基 体的名称来命名，通常有以下三种情况：
第一章复合材料概论
（1） 基体材料名称与增强体材料并用。这种命 名方法常用来表示某一种具体的复合材料，习惯 上把增强体材料的名称放在前面，基体材料的名 称放在后面，最后加上“复合材料”
（2）强调增强体时以增强体材料的名称为主。 如玻璃纤维增强复合材料、碳纤维增强复合材料、 陶瓷颗粒增强复合材料等。
复合材料概论
2011.Hale Waihona Puke 2.11第一章复合材料概论
注意事项
迟到5次或旷课3次、早退3次及以上，平时成 绩为0分；
勤作笔记，课后做作业，常思考，多查资料 考核办法：平时(出勤率，课堂提问）20%，
期终考查，闭卷 80%。 联系方式:Emai:
Tel:
第一章复合材料概论
第一章 绪论
主要内容：
composite material Material
composite material Material: its past, frontier and future∙金属基复合材料∙陶瓷基复合材料∙树脂基复合材料HistoryPlywood is a commonly encountered composite materialWood is a natural composite of cellulose fibers in a matrix of lignin.[1][2] The most primitive man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction; the Biblical Book of Exodus speaks of the Israelites being oppressed by Pharaoh, by being forced to make bricks without straw being provided. The ancientbrick-making process can still be seen on Egyptian tomb paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft in demanding environments. The most visible applications pave our roadways in the form of either steel and aggregate reinforced Portland cement or asphalt concrete. Those composites closest to our personal hygiene form our shower stalls and bath tubs made of fiberglass. Solid surface, imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and counter tops are widely used.Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one portion of each type is required. The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix andstrengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose an optimum combination.Engineered composite materials must be formed to shape. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mold cavity or onto the mold surface. The matrix material experiences a melding event, after which the part shape is essentially set. Depending upon the nature of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways such as chemical polymerization or solidification from the melted state.A variety of molding methods can be used according to the end-item design requirements. The principal factors impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen matrix and reinforcement materials. Another important factor is the gross quantity of material to be produced. Large quantities can be used to justify high capital expenditures for rapid and automated manufacturing technology. Small production quantities are accommodated with lower capital expenditures but higher labor and tooling costs at a correspondingly slower rate.Most commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the starting raw ingredients. There are several broad categories, each with numerous variations. The most common are known as polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, PEEK, and others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers but also commonly ground minerals. The various methods described below have been developed to reduce the resin content of the final product, or the fibre content is increased. As a rule of thumb, lay up results in a product containing 60% resin and 40% fibre, whereas vacuum infusion gives a final product with 40% resin and 60% fibre content. The strength of the product is greatly dependent on this ratio.复合材料发展史复合材料发展史history of composite material developments复合材料发展史history。