(完整)工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译This paper focuses on the risk analysis of nal n XXX the unique risks associated with nal n projects。
including political。
economic。
and cultural risks。
It then outlines the XXX a risk analysis。
including risk n。
risk assessment。
and XXX.nXXX。
XXX by a range of unique risks that must be XXX for risk management in nal n projects.Unique Risks Associated with nal n ProjectsXXX are subject to a range of unique risks that are not present in XXX。
economic uncertainty。
cultural differences。
and legal XXX can impact the project。
Economic uncertainty XXX。
n。
or XXX project stakeholders。
while legal issues XXX.Risk Analysis ProcessThe risk analysis process involves several steps。
including risk n。
risk assessment。
and XXX all potential risks that couldimpact the project。
This can be done through brainstorming ns。
(完整版)工程量清单计价模式下招投标阶段的工程造价控制英文翻译
Under the model of BOQ valuation bidding phase of theproject cost controlAbstract：In this paper, according to relevant provisions, approaches to the specific content and spiritual essence of learning and understanding, and combined with the current bidding characteristics, how to do a good job under the model of BOQ valuation bidding phase of the project cost control are discussed.Key words: project quantity list valuation pattern, bidding phase, construction cost controlUnder the model of BOQ valuation bidding in bidding direction, it has unified project to measure, reasonable low wins the bid, bid the unit according to the characteristics of enterprise quota quote independently. Engineering quantity list valuation model on engineering cost control target and specific work has profound influence, the new pricing mode to the bidding phase of project cost control work should have a good grasp of the preparation of BOQ, review, preparation of bid enquiry work, reasonable low wins the bid, determine the type of contract, the terms of the contract agreed to pay attention to reasonable allocation of risk and other key.Carry out a project to measure detailed list valuation method is the embodiment of "control quantity, price, quote independently by the enterprise" project cost reform is an important measure, is also China's accession to the WTO and international standards requirement. The Ministry of construction in 1998 put forward " the conditions of the areas and projects, in accordance with the administrative department in charge of Construction issued a unified engineering calculation rules and project division rules, to bidding of engineering quantity list, reasonable low wins the bid the pilot", and in the Guangdong Shunde , Tianjin and other places of the pilot.Promulgated 2001 carry out" construction project contract and contract valuation management approach" eighth presents a bidding project can use a project to measure detailed list method for the preparation of tendering and bidding price. In 2002 summing up relevant provinces and municipalities to carry out engineering quantity list valuation based on experimental work, construction ministry organized the formulation of" construction of the public bidding of engineering quantity list valuation Interim Measures". Therefore the quota of the separation of quantity and price, market price and norm of construction company interior to determine the bidding price and bid price of the bidding of engineering quantity list tender butrepresent the general trend, but also the future direction of the bidding.In this paper, according to relevant provisions, approaches to the specific content and spiritual essence of learning and understanding, and combined with the current bidding characteristics, how to do a good job under the model of BOQ valuation bidding phase of the project cost control are discussed.BOQ bidding characteristicsUnder the model of BOQ valuation bidding: engineering quantity list by the owner or entrust a bidding agency organization unit, as part of the bidding documents, the bidder according to their enterprise quota autonomous bidding, bid according to the budget quota, market prices, administration published rates determined in the bid evaluation, only for reference. Compared with the traditional quota + uniform base price fee pricing model of bidding, the bidding work has the following characteristics.Content of tender documents including bill of Engineering quantity. Project volume detailed list is in accordance with the national ( GB50500-2003 ) or local enactment of calculation rules ( unified project code, unified project name, uniform units of measurement, unified project to measure computational regulation ) according to the design drawings, design, drawing review records, consider the person of invite public bidding requirements, the engineering project characteristic calculation and statistics, arrangement, in order to get a list of. It is as tender offer reference file important component provided to bidder, aimed at unifying all bidders bidding in engineering quantity, and price competition to the bidder.Bid price and bidding to objective law to weave. Under the new mode of valuation, bid the unit to the project volume detailed list of engineering quantity examination, according to the enterprise's own construction methods, construction measures and artificial, material, machinery consumption level and material procurement channels and management to determine the level of prices, the indirect rate, profit rate, combined with the market factors in autonomous quotation. It is conducive to play independent valuation of enterprise competence manifests its advantage and experience, to realize the government to fix a price to the market change.Bid according to the budget quota, the project cost administration published rates, market information and price determination. Reflect the social average level.Bid in bid only for reference. Bidding of engineering quantity list of bid price only as market reference price or the owners of the block bid price in bid, only for reference. As a result of project volume detailed list is open to the public, the parties。
(完整word版)工程造价英语专业英语期末考试必备答案
Unit11.政府机构-governmental agency2.承包商—contractor3.分包商—sub—contractor 4。
建筑师—architect5.保险公司-insurance company6.担保公司-surety company7.材料商—material dealer 8。
施工现场—construction site9.合同承包 contract letting 9.各行各业 walks of life10.全靠胆量 by sheer courage 11.土木工程 civil engineeringUnit21.项目规划、设计和施工-project planing，design，and construction2.临时设施-temporary job facilities3.项目预算—project budget4.投标合同授予过程—bidding and contract award5.质量控制—quality control6.项目的监督—project supervision7.进度款—progress payments 8。
合同变更-contract changes9.满足业主要求-suit the owner’s requirements10.以业主的名义-in the name of ownerUnit31.卷入诉讼-involve someone litigation2.公共工程—public work3.承包商的注册—contractor’s register 4。
某些因素-certain factor 5.合同工期-duration of contract 6.相对重要性—relative importance 7.担保能力-bonding capacity 8。
现有工作任务—current workloadUnit41.招标公告—notice to bidder 2。
文献翻译-如何搞好建设项目的工程造价控制
附录1How to improve construction project cost controlA construction project the importance of cost control of construction project cost control of projects through the entire process, that is, decision-making phase of the project, the project design stage, project implementation and completion stages of phase related to the construction project cost control. Statistics show that the decision-making stage in the project and design stage, the impact of the possibility of project cost 30% -75%, and in the implementation phase of the impact of the possibility of project cost is only 5% -25%. It is obvious that the key to cost control is the implementation of the project prior to decision-making and the design phase of the project, the project is the deciding factor in decision-making, and is a key factor in design. Control project cost not only to prevent breakthrough investment limit, meaning a more active is to promote the construction, engineering, and design units to strengthen the management of human, material and financial resources with limited resources can be fully utilized to obtain the best economic and social benefits . So do a good job in project cost control, to ensure and accelerate the economic development thinking has a certain significance.Second, construction project cost control measures for construction project cost control is effective decision-making in the investment phase, design phase, construction phase contract, the contract implementation phase of the construction project cost control in the amount of the approved project cost limit, occur at any time to correct deviations, and ensure the realization of investment objectives of the project to various construction projects in a reasonable manner to the use of human, material and financial resources to obtain better investment returns, and ultimately to enable the completion of audited accounts to control the amount of the budget to avoid the "three super - "phenomenon, in order to effectively control the project cost should be doing the work of the following aspects: (a) decision-making phase of the project cost to determine the cost of control engineering and control projects through the entire process, but the technical and economic decision-making stages of policy-making, project cost of the project very much affected by something, especially to determine the level of construction standards, building site selection, technology selection, equipment selection, etc., is directly related to the level of project cost. According to the data in various stages of construction projects, investment decision-making phase of the impact of the highest degree of project cost, for a total of 80-90%. Therefore, the decision-making phase of the project is to determine the content of the decision-making project cost basis, a direct impact on decision-making phase of the various construction phases of the project cost to determine and control whether or not scientific, reasonable question. First, the preparation of estimates of the need for investment. Preliminary estimates of capital investment is an important part in the work of one. Decision-making document, it is research, analysis of the construction project an important basis for economic effects. Work in the economy should be reflected in the design of practical content, reflecting the building of the region's economic situation, started from the estimates reflected the accuracy and completeness of the construction investment project. Second, the investment must be designed to estimate a true reflection of the investment estimates should be realistic and reflect the design of content, which requires designers and project from the engineering content of the size of a true reflection of design intent. The maintechnology to be relatively more programs, programs to optimize the design of the program is not only technically feasible but also economically more reasonable. Therefore, the project economy-building programs from the beginning of the optimization, it should penetrate into the whole process designed to, in accordance with the principles of project cost management, a reasonable estimate of projected changes in a variety of dynamic factors, as far as possible, do not play enough to stay investment gap This is the preparation of estimates of key investment is also an important basis for the next stage. (B) the design phase of project cost control project engineering design was to conduct a comprehensive planning and specific intent to describe the process of implementation is the soul of the construction, dealing with technology and the critical link in economic relations, is to determine and control the focus of project cost stage. First, optimized design, the design of effective control of project cost if the quality and try to meet the national requirements, functions are used to meet requirements related to construction projects only a one-time investment to meet the application requirements, not only construction projects related to the number of one-time investment, but also in the completion After delivery of the impact of the economic benefits of the project. Foreign experts pointed out that although the design of the project costs represent a small proportion of total investment, less than 1%, but the impact of its project cost to achieve the level of 75%. It is clear that the project design stage to do a good job of cost control is cost effective control of the key, re-construction, light design concept must be overcome to control the cost of the project design should start. Therefore, the construction units and design units in the review of the design, attention should be paid to design optimization, the use of various indicators of the overall plan of the factory, industrial building design analysis of space compared to the design of these two aspects of the project cost, not only have a significant impact, and after the construction and operation of the production, management has a significant impact. Second, the implementation of projects designed to control project cost limit, in the design process used in the design limit. The so-called limit is in accordance with the approved design of the investment feasibility study to estimate the preliminary design of the control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design of the total control of the technical design and construction design, at the same time ensure that the goals of the profession under the premise of the use of function, according to the allocation of investment limit control design, and strictly control unreasonable change to ensure that the total amount of investment will not be a breakthrough. The preliminary design stage should be in accordance with the approved feasibility study stage of the investment estimate for the limit design, control of budget estimates do not exceed the investment, mainly in engineering and equipment is, the control material. To this end, the preliminary design phase of the limit amount of design engineering phase of the feasibility study should be validated and equipment design engineering, material standards as the basis, the feasibility study stage of certain types of projects is not easy to determine the amount of light design and universal design or Similar projects have been built to determine the amount of physical works. Quota at the preliminary design, the design of the professional staff to enhance awareness of project cost, in strict accordance with the decomposition of the limit design and control of investment projects, as well as to ensure that under the conditions of the use of functional design, sought to project cost control and engineering in the limit .(C) the implementation phase of project cost control project is the implementation phase of the formative stages of building physical, human, material and financial resources of the main stage ofconsumption. Large projects involving a wide range of influencing factors, and construction cycles, policy changes, materials and equipment prices, large fluctuations in market supply and demand and so on. . To improve the quality of the construction, control project cost, investment returns to play, it is necessary to the implementation phase of the project to strengthen project management and oversight functions in order to enhance the full range of construction projects, the whole process of cost control. Due to the complexity of construction projects, the impact of factors of variability of the characteristics of the implementation phase of projects often have some unexpected costs. First, the effective control of engineering change and economic access at the project site construction projects, engineering and on-site visa change is inevitable, but there is capacity to control. During the construction plans in order to prevent loopholes in the design, with the exception of the audit checks should Party B in a joint hearing of the drawings, the technical advice and design to eliminate, in a word, should be started prior to the eradication of the. Design changes should be advanced as far as possible, change occurred earlier, the smaller the loss, the greater the contrast. To this end, the design of change management must be strengthened as much as possible the design change control early in the design phase, in particular the impact of the project cost for major design changes, but also to use accounts after the first solution to change, so that the effective control of project cost. Second, a rigorous examination of the budget in accordance with construction plan the progress of the construction design plans and the actual progress of the construction site, construction plans approved budget in time.third, in-depth at the scene to collect the relevant information and master the construction of the project construction process, pre-trial and the cost of price control officers often go to the construction site, see construction of the control drawings, sometimes with the supervision, the general contractor and construction personnel in an informal discussion, understanding, the collection of project information, timely information on developments on site; to assist owners in a timely manner due to design changes to audit, on-site cost of visas, etc., and adjust the control objectives, and for the eventual settlement of the project to provide a basis and make the necessary preparations.Third, at the end of the construction project cost control and investment in the determination of the substance of the principle is the use of science and technology and economic and legal means to address the construction activities of technical and economic, business and management of practical problems, only in the various phases of project construction, the use of scientific methods and realistic valuation of the valuation basis, a reasonable estimate of investment, the preliminary design of the budget estimates and working drawings in order to improve investment returns. References:Joel Dean《Capital budget》;Fama Miller《Financial Management》;Harry Markowitz《Modern Portfolio Theory》附录2如何搞好建设项目的工程造价控制一、建设项目工程造价控制的重要意义建设项目的造价控制贯穿于项目的全过程，即项目决策阶段、项目设计阶段、项目实施阶段和竣工阶段都关系到建设项目的造价控制。
外文翻译-工程造价管理浅论(中英文对照)
the stage of the project cost managementAbstract：Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：project cost；the current stage of the project；project cost management；Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light onthe cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology，First，the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. Ithas a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information cannot be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project andhad to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects: Implementationof the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.A realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriously functional analysis，multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation，and the final technologically advanced，functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects，thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of theamount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time，China's building control very effective，- investment projects is not uncommon，this will affect owners of investment returns，it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on. Hence，the control of the project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primary means of control design，Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact，it is wrong，on the contrary，Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design，construction methods，materials and equipment types，models of the project cost is of critical significance，design optimization phase of the program or minor changes，project cost will have a significant impact，Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.Otherwise，in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market，compared to select the best design units.Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France，in accordance with applicable，economic，aesthetic principles and advanced technology，reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements，comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design，selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology，unique novelty，adaptability，as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea，contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality，strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design，maturetechnology，reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program，in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved，excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control，construction began at best to save and invest 20%，the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates，to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options，the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study，to the design staff costs，to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design，even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates，guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget，according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits，and every one professional，each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process，designers should progress to more programs，design optimization，ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable，innovative，stylish，and do not break the limit investment objectives，thus eliminating theengineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the technical feasibility of the program，rather than economic rationality phenomenon，the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis，is a modern scientific management technique，is a new techno-economic analysis，is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies，construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period，a lot of wastage，poor quality，high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object，on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise，in the investment decision-making stage，the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits，strive in various construction projects rational use of human，material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy，to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex，this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process，it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is theimplementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management，construction management and settlement management.Bidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means，bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects，shortening the construction cycle return on the investment，construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise，in the tender document to include not only the usual content，like tender notes before schedule，tender notes，the conditions of the contract，the contract terms of the agreement，contract format，technical specifications，drawings，tender documents and other reference format，it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory，Bidding as a reference document of the important components.Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory，in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects，unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules，according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged，obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective，impartial，scientific，and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget，and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience，and the material and mechanical construction technology forcomprehensive scientific knowledge，in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules，and the sub-projects division engineering units，and in accordance with design drawings，design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general，the entries must be simple，while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division，the situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers，seriously study design drawings，Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements，all familiar with the process，and to the scene of serious investigation，is forecast to make possible the construction of the case，right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition，because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units，clearly paying the price for the same overall price，the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements，and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineeringassessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work，construction program，a comprehensive technical evaluation process，thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract，while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable，legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A，B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract，effective control of the works investment costs.After the signing of the contract，to do the management contract documentation，contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved，in addition to establishing a technical files，Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis，results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target，Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small，but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work，a reasonable construction plan，shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project，improving economic efficiency，Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared，through qualitative and quantitative analysis，the quality，time，Cost three technical and economic indicators，be rational，and effective use of manpower，material and financial resources，achieve better economic efficiency，good construction management relations，a comprehensive cost management is an important way.Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons，including works poorly designed，so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore，in the construction process，we must tighten customs change，through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents，the best implementation of the "grade control，visa quota" system. Right to change the design，particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units，construction units scene representatives，supervision engineers common signature，and should be ahead of this type of change，reduce losses，because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents，it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore，the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site，to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system，the establishment of specialized departments，Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas，not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building，Supervisor，the construction site together representatives signed the way toensure that change，visa authenticity，legitimacy，economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction，the construction units to enhance on-site construction management，supervision and construction side according to the drawings，and strictly control the change of the negotiations，materials substitution，the scene visas，and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards，after money，Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level，things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project.Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record，particularly concealed records and visas，reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious，works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble，lead to considerable economic losses，the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories，Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects，occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology，life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original，itemized checking identification，inconsistent make revisions.Control material consumption，rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main，the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion，usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%，representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices，so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels，variety and price range materials，construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates，with the progress of the scene，the market，hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.Technology and economic integration，strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment，from organizational，technical，economic，contracts，and other measures. Therefore，the construction units must strengthen management，engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept，the quality of education，Training pragmatic working style，the construction side to help improve construction design，reasonable security，financial，and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions，overcome the waste caused by command，to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation，is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender，contract negotiations，costing the budget，signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts，a cost analysis，the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.。
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照中文翻译：工程造价专业毕业外文文献工程造价专业是一种重要的工程技术专业，主要负责工程投资的评估、选择和控制工程项目成本，以及项目质量、进度和安全。
因此，工程造价专业需要具备丰富的知识和技能，包括工程建设、经济学、管理学、数学、统计学等方面。
为了提高工程造价专业学生的综合能力，学习外文文献是不可或缺的步骤。
本文将介绍几篇与工程造价专业相关的外文文献，并提供中英文对照。
1）《The Role of Quantity Surveyors in Sustainable Construction》该文研究了数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用，并深入探讨了数量调查师在项目的可持续性评估、营建阶段和运营阶段的角色和责任。
该文指出，数量调查师可以通过成本控制、资源利用、和材料选择等方面促进可持续建筑的发展，为未来可持续发展提供支持。
中文翻译：数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用2）《Cost engineering》该文研究了造价工程的理论和实践，并提供了一系列工具和方法用于项目成本的控制和评估。
该文还深入探讨了工程造价和项目管理之间的关系，并提供了一些实用的案例研究来说明造价工程的实际应用。
中文翻译：造价工程3）《Construction cost management: learning from case studies》该文通过案例分析的方式来探讨建筑项目成本管理的实践。
该文提供了多个案例研究，旨在向读者展示如何运用不同的方法来控制和评估项目成本，并阐述了思考成本问题时需要考虑的多个因素。
中文翻译：建筑项目成本管理：案例学习4）《Project Cost Estimation and Control: A Practical Guide to Construction Management》该书是一本实用指南，详细介绍了在工程起始阶段进行项目成本估算的方法和技巧，以及如何在项目执行阶段进行成本控制。
工程造价外文及翻译
.The Cost of Building Structure1. IntroductionThe art of architectural design was characterized as one of dealingcomprehensively with a complex set of physical and nonphysical designdeterminants. Structural considerations were cast as important physicaldeterminants that should be dealt with in a hierarchical fashion if theyare to have a significant impact on spatial organization and environmentalcontrol design thinking.The economical aspect of building represents a nonphysical structuralconsideration that, in final analysis, must also be considered important.Cost considerations are in certain ways a constraint to creative design.But this need not be so. If something is known of the relationship betweenstructural and constructive design options and their cost of implementation, it is reasonable to believe that creativity can beenhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors' observation that mostenhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors' observation that mostcreative design innovations succeed under competitive bidding and notbecause of unusual owner affluence as the few publicized cases ofextravagance might lead one to believe. One could even say that a designerwho is truly creative will produce architectural excellence within theconstraints of economy. Especially today, we find that there is a needto recognize that elegance and economy can become synonymous concepts.Therefore, in this chapter we will set forth a brief explanation ofthe parameters of cost analysis and the means by which designers mayevaluate the overall economic implications of their structural andarchitectural design thinking.The cost of structure alone can be measured relative to the total costof building construction. Or, since the total construction cost is buta part of a total project cost, one could include additional considerationfor land(10～20percent),finance and interest(100～200percent),taxesand maintenance costs (on the order of20 percent).But a discussion ofthese so-called architectural costs is beyond the scope of this book, andwe will focus on the cost of construction only.文档资料Word.On the average, purely structural costs account for about 25 percentof total construction costs, This is so because it has been traditionalto discriminate between purely structural and other so-called architectural costs of construction. Thus, in tradition we find thatarchitectural costs have been taken to be those that are not necessaryfor the structural strength and physical integrity of a building design.“Essential services” forms a third construction costcategory andrefers to the provision of mechanical and electrical equipment and otherservice systems. On the average, these service costs account for some 15to 30 percent of the total construction cost, depending on the type ofbuilding. Mechanical and electrical refers to the cost ofproviding forair-conditioning equipment and he means on air distribution as well asother services, such as plumbing, communications, and electrical lightand power.The salient point is that this breakdown of costs suggests that, upto now, an average of about 45 to 60 percent of the total cost ofconstructing a typical design solution could be considered asarchitectural. But this picture is rapidly changing. With high interestcosts and a scarcity of capital, client groups are demanding leanerdesigns. Therefore, one may conclude that there are two approaches thedesigner may take towards influencing the construction cost of building.The first approach to cost efficiency is to consider that whereverarchitectural and structural solutions can be achieved simultaneously,a potential for economy is evident. Since current trends indicate areluctance to allocate large portions of a construction budget to purelyarchitectural costs, this approach seems a logical necessity. But, evenwhere money is available, any use of structure to play a basic architectural role will allow the nonstructural budget to be applied tofulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be appliedto fulfill other architectural needs that might normally have to be cutback. The second approach achieves economy through an integration ofservice and structural subsystems to round out one's effort to producea total architectural solution to a building design problem. The final pricing of a project by the constructor or contractor usually文档资料Word.takes a different form. The costs are broken down into (1) cost ofmaterials brought to the site, (2)cost of labor involved in every phaseof the construction process, (3)cost of equipment purchased or rented forthe project, (4)cost of management and overhead, and(5) profit. Thearchitect or engineer seldom follows such an accurate path but shouldperhaps keep in mind how the actual cost of a structure is finally pricedand made up.Thus, the percent averages stated above are obviously crude, but theycan suffice to introduce the nature of the cost picture. The followingsections will discuss the range of these averages and then proceed to adiscussion of square footage costs and volume-based estimates for use inrough approximation of the cost of building a structural system.2. Percentage EstimatesThe type of building project may indicate the range of percentages thatcan be allocated to structural and other costs. As might be expected,highly decorative or symbolic buildings would normally demand the lowestpercentage of structural costs as compared to total construction cost.In this case the structural costs might drop to 10～15percentof the totalbuilding cost because more money is allocated to the so-called architectural costs. Once again this implies that the symbolic componentsare conceived independent of basic structural requirements. However,where structure and symbolism are more-or-less synthesized, as with achurch or Cathedral, the structural system cost can be expected to besomewhat higher, say, 15and20 percent (or more).At the other end of the cost scale are the very simple and nonsymbolicindustrial buildings, such as warehouses and garages. In these cases, thenonstructural systems, such as interior partition walls and ceilings, aswill as mechanical systems, are normally minimal, as is decoration, andtherefore the structural costs can account for60 to 70 percent, even 80percent of the total cost of construction.Buildings such as medium-rise office and apartmentbuildings(5～10stories)occupy the median position on a cost scale at about 25 percentfor structure. Low and short-span buildings for commerce and housing, say,of three or four stories and with spans of some 20 or 30 ft and simple文档资料Word.erection requirements, will yield structural costs of 15～20 percent oftotal building cost.Special-performance buildings, such as laboratories and hospitals,represent another category. They can require long spans and a more thanaverage portion of the total costs will be allocated to services (i.e.,30～50 percent), with about 20 percent going for the purelystructuralcosts. Tall office building (15 stories or more) and/or long-spanbuildings (say, 50 to 60 ft) can require a higher percentage for structuralcosts (about 30to 35percent of the total construction costs),with about30 to 40 percent allocated to services.In my case, these percentages are typical and can be considered as ameasure of average efficiency in design of buildings. For example, if alow, short-span and nonmonumental building were to be bid at 30 percentfor the structure alone, one could assume that the structural design maybe comparatively uneconomical. On the other hand, the architect shouldbe aware of the confusing fact that economical bids depend on the practicalability of both the designer and the contractor to interpret the designand construction requirements so that a low bid will ensue. Progress instructural design is often limited more by the designer's or contractor'slack of experience, imagination, and absence of communication than bythe idea of the design. If a contractor is uncertain, he will add coststo hedge the risk he will be taking. It is for this reason that both thearchitect and the engineer should be well-versed in the area ofconstruction potentials if innovative designs ate to be competitively bid.At the least the architect must be capable of working closely withimaginative structural engineers, contractors and even fabricatorswherever possible even if the architecture is very ordinary. Efficiencyalways requires knowledge and above all imagination, and these areessential when designs are unfamiliar.The foregoing percentages can be helpful in approximating totalconstruction costs if the assumption is made that structural design isat least of average (of typical) efficiency. For example, if a total officebuilding construction cost budget is ﹩5,000,000,and 25percent is the“standard” to be used for structure, a projected structural system文档资料Word.should cost no more than ﹩1,250,000.If a very efficientdesign wererealized, say, at 80 percent of what would be given by the “average”efficient design estimate stated above the savings,(20 percent),wouldthen be﹩250,000 or 5 percent of total construction costs ﹩5,000,000.Ifthe ﹩5,000,000 figure is committed, then the savings of ﹩250,000 couldbe applied to expand the budget for “other” costs.All this suggests that creative integration of structural (and mechanical and electrical) design with the totalarchitectural designconcept can result in either a reduction in purely construction designconcept can result in either a reduction in purely construction costs ormore architecture for the same cost. Thus, the degree of success possibledepends on knowledge, cleverness, and insightful collaboration of thedesigners and contractors.The above discussion is only meant to give the reader an overall perspective on total construction costs. The following sections will nowfurnish the means for estimating the cost of structure alone. Twoalternative means will be provided for making an approximate structuralcost estimate: one on a square foot of building basis, andanother onvolumes of structural materials used. Such costs can then be used to geta rough idea of total cost by referring to the “standards”for efficientdesign given above. At best, this will be a crude measure, but it is hopedthat the reader will find that it makes him somewhat familiar with thetype of real economic problems that responsible designers must deal with.At the least, this capability will be useful in comparing alternativesystems for the purpose of determining their relative cost efficiency.3. Square-foot EstimatingAs before, it is possible to empirically determine a “standard”per-square-foot cost factor based on the average of costs for similarconstruction at a given place and time. more-or-less efficient designsare possible, depending on the ability of the designer and contractor touse materials and labor efficiently, and vary from the average.The range of square-foot costs for “normal” structural systems is﹩10 to ﹩16 psf. For example, typical office buildings averagebetween﹩12 and ﹩16 psf, and apartment-type structures range from ﹩10 to ﹩文档资料Word.14.In each case, the lower part of the range refers to short spans andlow buildings, whereas the upper portion refers to longer spans andmoderately tall buildings.Ordinary industrial structures are simple and normallyproducesquare-foot costs ranging from ﹩10 to ﹩14,as with the moretypicalapartment building. Although the spans for industrial structures aregenerally longer than those for apartment buildings, and the loads heavier,they commonly have fewer complexities as well as fewer interior walls,partitions, ceiling requirements, and they are not tall. In other words,simplicity of design and erection can offset the additional cost forlonger span lengths and heavier loads in industrial buildings. Of course there are exceptions to these averages. The limits ofvariation depend on a system's complexity, span length over “normal”and special loading or foundation conditions. For example, the CrownZellerbach high-rise bank and office building in San Francisco isan exception, since its structural costs were unusually high. However,in this case, the use of 60 ft steel spans and free-standing columns atthe bottom, which carry the considerable earthquake loading, as well asthe special foundation associated with the poor San Francisco soilconditions, contributed to the exceptionally high costs. The design wasalso unusual for its time and a decision had been made to allow higherthan normal costs for all aspects of the building to achieve open spacesand for both function and symbolic reasons. Hence the proportion ofstructural to total cost probably remained similar to ordinary buildings.The effect of spans longer than normal can be further illustrated. The“usual” floor span range is as follows: for apartmentbuildings,16 to25 ft; for office buildings,20 to 30 ft; for industrial buildings,25 to30 ft loaded heavily at 200 to 300 psf; and garage-type structures span,50to 60 ft, carrying relatively light(50～75 psf) loads(i.e.,similar tothose for apartment and office structures).where these spans are doubled,the structural costs can be expected to rise about 20 to 30 percent.To increased loading in the case of industrial buildings offers anotherinsight into the dependency of cost estimates on “usual”standards. Ifthe loading in an industrial building were to be increased to 500psf(i.e.,文档资料Word.two or three times), the additional structural cost would be on the orderof another 20 to 30 percent.The reference in the above cases is for floor systems. For roofs usingefficient orthotropic (flat) systems, contemporary limits for economicaldesign appear to be on the order of 150 ft, whether of steel or prestressedconcrete. Although space- frames are often used for steel orprestressed concrete. Although space-frames are often used for steelspans over 150 ft the fabrication costs begin to raise considerably.At any rate, it should be recognized that very long-span subsystems arespecial cases and can in themselves have a great or small effect on isadded, structural costs for special buildings can vary greatly from designto design. The more special the form, themore that design knowledge andcreativity, as well as construction skill, will determine the potentialfor achieving cost efficiency.4. Volume-Based EstimatesWhen more accuracy is desired, estimates of costs can be based on thevolume of materials used to do a job. At first glance it might seem thatthe architect would be ill equipped to estimate the volume of materialrequired in construction with any accuracy, and much less speed. But itis possible, with a moderate learning effort, to achieve some capabilityfor making such estimates.Volume-based estimates are given by assigning in-place value to thepounds or tons of steel, or the cubic yards of reinforced or prestressedconcrete required to build a structural system. For such a preliminaryestimate, one does not need to itemize detailed costs. For example,in-place concrete costs include the cost of forming, falsework,reinforcing steel, labor, and overhead. Steel includes fabrication anderection of components.Costs of structural steel as measured by weight range from ﹩0.50 to﹩0.70 per pound in place for building construction. Forlow-risebuildings, one can use stock wide-flange structural members that requireminimum fabrication, and the cost could be as bow as ﹩0.50per pound.More complicated systems requiring much cutting andwelding(such as acomplicated steel truss or space-frame design) can go to ﹩0.70 per pound文档资料Word.and beyond. For standard tall building designs (say, exceeding 20stories),there would typically be about 20 to 30 pounds of steel/psf,which one should wish not to exceed. A design calling for under 20 psfwould require a great deal of ingenuity and the careful integration ofstructural and architectural components and would be a real accomplishment.Concrete costs are volumetric and should range from anin-place lowof ﹩150 per cu yd for very simple reinforced concrete work to ﹩300 percu yd for expensive small quantity precast and prestressed work. Thislarge range is due to the fact that the contributing variables are morecomplicated, depending upon the shape of the precise components, theerection problems, and the total quantity produced.Form work is generally the controlling factor for anycast-in-placeconcrete work. Therefore, to achieve a cost of ﹩150 per cuyd, only thesimplest of systems can be used, such as flat slabs that require littlecutting and much reuse of forms. Where any beams are introduced thatrequire special forms and difficulty in placement of concrete and steelbars, the range begins at ﹩180 per cu yd and goes up to ﹩300.Since, ina developed country, high labor costs account for high forming costs, thisresults in pressure to use the simplest and most repetitive of systemsto keep costs down. It become rewarding to consider the possibility ofmass-produced precast and prestressed components, which may bring asaving in costs and\or construction completion time. The latter resultsin savings due to lower construction financing costs for the contractorplus quicker earnings for the owner.To summarize, the range of cost per cubic yard of standard types ofpoured-in-place concrete work will average from $150 to $250, the minimumbeing for simple reinforced work and the maximum for moderatelycomplicated post tensioned work. This range is large and any estimate thatignores the effect of variables above will be commensurately inaccurate.5.SummaryThe estimate and economical design of structure building are importantand essential work, which should be valued by all architects and engineersand others. Better you do it, more profit you will receive from it!文档资料Word.建筑结构的成本1.前言众所周知，建筑物的结构设计是一个相当复杂的过程，其中既包含处理很多物质因素，又考虑诸多非物质方面的因素。
工程造价管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The significance of control construction costs manages on entireprocessFirst, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed. This is necessary , useful no doubt. But we must see that when pre-final accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being completed, the construction plan and thedesign paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decision-making; suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology; the final account personnel can do nothing for sb then in advance. Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect, after the event , can only reflect already complete project amounts inactively , can only reflect design and be under construction passively. This evidently is single-faceted , insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project.Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows:1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed.Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0.5%～3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs,and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically, make relatively comparatively accurate construction costs , go along the controlFor a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision-makers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three surpass " phenomenon very common, there are main cause as follows:(1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening(2) equipment composes in reply material price's not working out according to market quotations.(3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion 2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strictThe design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our country also puts move bidding system , fair competition into practice , cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of thestandard choosing main part being hit by the bid unit , cost of construction carries out the administration controlling on the entire proceeding .Our country major part design that the unit carries out thorough analysis lack on construction project technology and economy , big multiple technologies make light of economy in design but at present , design that the personnel is responsible seemingly only to design project mass , are concerned with the construction costs height not very. Optimize a design plan to such an extent as having no way to pass, the first step designs , the rough estimate gets to the effect controlling general cost of construction's establishment. Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc. is also insufficient , amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates , misses and not calculating, can't arouse increasing by estimating a project momentary, the mass making a tender work is difficult to ensure that , have no way to have an effect to control construction costs asa result also.3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used universally on the international all roundAdopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international , is that our country construction costs system reforms and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to perfect construction market operating mechanism in construction field. After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country, the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a time limit for a project , ensuring a project , reducing construction costs , boycotting an unhealthy tendency. Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's lawful rights and interests also effectively. With the socialist market economy uninterrupted growth,the original tender stage puts the budget quota valuation pattern into practice already doing not adapting , adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international to carry out a tender is an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction has issued amounts project detailed list valuation method , amounts project detailed list valuation has been in construction project tender job , person has provided project quantity from invitation to bid according to national unification project amounts calculation regulation , quoted price, and classics have judged the reason bidder autonomously trying the at a low price middle bid construction costs valuation pattern.That carrying out amounts project detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform, is standard tender behavior effective measure. This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "amounts" ", "price" are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only; Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength; Project mass beneficial to ensuring that, reduces construction costs; May cut down the physical labour complicated and overloaded repeating the amounts calculating a project; Facilitate the tender quoted price job; Argue with the dispute back and forth in cutting down project settlement; Receive a track step by step with the convention "controllingamounts , guiding price , competing for a fee's on" the international, deepen the reformation that project valuation manages mainly according to the marketplace changes development, taking one's place on the international market for our country contracts business creates condition.4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costsWant to have strict control design alteration too in the stage being under construction. Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems, but call for to design a branch in the process of construction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity, the situation changing after avoiding doing first, is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate , effective control engineering of construction costs cost of construction plays with a link. At the same time, the sharpening contract manages , ensures equality and mutual benefit issuing contract of method and contracting method.5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage's controls a project inefficientlyThat the final account being completed is that entire construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly , have also reflected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration , have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a data , pursuing , designing the certificate material changing notice , various warning including that the project is completed and so on being completed. These data collecting must pay attention to whose validity with obtaining evidence, specimen seal impression having designing personnel's signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ. Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc. having construction site person in charge of first party. Great majority our country construction projects are completed in the project being under construction when the final account, during the period of the final account being completed contracting method , are are under construction contracting method calculating commonly much in the book being completed winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes , are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave , project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly, affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs.A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing completion and commissioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being completed estimate that.Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment inthe project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract, price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract; Project amounts putting stage into practice being going to be completed according to contracting reality in project, takes contract price as basis , considers cost of construction rise aroused by inflation of prices at the same time , considers the project and cost being difficult to estimate that to designing middle but happening in putting stage reality into practice , the example is ascertained estimating price; All-in cost costing in the reality being completed checking and accepting a stage , assembling into engineering construction process middle all round, weaves the final account being completed , embodies the actual cost of construction that a construction project according to the facts."Four guess that two-valence "is interrelated , the former restricts the latter , the latter supplements the former.What is called, build the construction costs administration and control, it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage , design stage , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O. K. , correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the project manages the target realization , get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an attempt being able to use manpower and material resources, financial resources rationally in building a project one by one.Second, the importance of the investment decision-making stage of project cost controlConstruction projects in the investment decision-making stage, the project of the techno-economic decision-making, as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the project cost-effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared, and economic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible and economically the construction of example programs and to optimize the construction program on the basis of the preparation of high-quality items investment is estimated that the project construction so that the real control of the project has played the role of total investment.The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors: a, the determine level of construction standards; b, the choice of built-up areas; c, building location (site) selection; d, project the economic scale; e, technology selection f, equipment selection .Such as the choice of built-up areas, there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials, fuel and consumer principles. This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials, fuels, and finished the long-haul transport, reduce costs, lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time, speed up cash flow and is conducive to business. If theproject's economic size, economies of scale, product standard is a reasonable means of production volume, a number of products under certain conditions, was "increasing returns" of economic phenomena, that is, with the expansion of production volume, unit cost reduction, revenue increase.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas:(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds.(2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to construction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability(3) Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document, investment funds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval. Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize the interest burden and repayment pressure.(4) Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology, as well as land, water, electricity, transport, environmental protection projects such as the work of the depth of the external conditions, so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment. At the same time, extensive research should be to compare similar projects, a serious functional analysis, comparison and choice of multi-program, a full-scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation, the finalization of technologically advanced, reliable, economical and rational project construction program in order to estimate more accurate and realistic estimate of the amount of investment in order to make the project cost from the start position in a more reasonable level.Third, the design phase of the importance of project cost controlMake investment decisions in the project, the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrangement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced, economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period, savings investment, to improve efficiency. According to expert analysis, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life-cycle cost of less than 1%, which costs less than 1% of project cost accounts for the impact of degrees above 75%. Because of the general construction projects, selection of materials and equipment accounted for more than 50% of the cost of the project, and in the design phase of architectural forms, structural type, the selection of equipment and materials have been identified in the construction of post-implementation phase, the impact of the project cost a small (10 % or less). This shows that the design quality is crucial to the entire projectThe same construction project, the same single unit of work can have different programs, which have different costs, it is therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options, through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application of economic and rational design, that is, the process of design optimization. Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as the value of value engineering analysis, that is, as far as possible in meeting the functionality or improve the function of the premise, as far as possible to reduce costs.Occurred in the cost of all parts of the application of value engineering, construction investment will require a lot of people, financial, and material, and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management methods, value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction.In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of opposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts, engineering Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design, in order to ensure effective control over investment.At the design stage to project cost control should focus on the following aspects.(1) to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approachThe assessment team of experts using scientific methods, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced, well-structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comprehensive assessment of the merits of design, selection of the best in determining the successful program. Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects. The design of these two methods both contract design choice and competition, to ensure selection of the design of technologically advanced, innovative and unique, adaptable, and help control project cost. Design units should strive to improve their own quality, clever engineering design ideas, great care, in order to reduce the project cost more than their brains in order to improve design quality, and strive to put at the design stage in the approval of project cost control within the investment limits.(2) actively pursuing the design limitThe so-called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is estimated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction design. Through the ceiling design, every professional, every designer has a target investment limit. During the design process, designers should be more into the program to compare and optimize the design, Not only to ensure that technically advanced and reasonable design, innovative aesthetics, but also the investment limit is not exceededthe target in order to put an end to the design of the project to raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the feasibility of technical solutions, rather than the phenomenon of economic rationality to ensure effective cost control.(3) the implementation of the design of reward and punishment systemIn order to limit the design of the implementation into practice, the limit should be set up and sound system designed to reward and punishment. To limit the design is done well, cost savings and control of investment there is the effectiveness of the project legal person should be given appropriate incentives and design units. Design to limit the development of the internal design of assessment and incentive methods to limit attention to the design, made to save investment and effective cost control offices and the significant achievements of individuals, should be rewarding. Do not attach importance to limit the design, do not take measures to save the investment, resulting in more than a design limit investment offices and individuals should be given to economic penalties. Do reward and encourage designers to design deep potential economic importance to design the control of a reasonable project cost will be a major breakthrough.Fourth、the cost control of the implementation phase of construction project1, the bidding process stageThe implementation of construction project bidding is effective means of construction projects to control the implementation phase of the project cost. If we want To do a good job for bidding, the first we should make sure that qualification is clearance, and resolutely put an end to bribery, such as all the Phenomenon about destruction of all bidding discipline; Secondly, we should strengthen the bid management, to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of bid preparation; Third, make sure the method of Evaluation and Calibration are Scientific .when select the successful projects as a standard we should concern about the reasonable, short period, reputable companies, construction considerations such as experience. when we evaluation, the first is technical standard assessment, the follow is business assessment,this can ensure open, fair and just.2, the construction phaseIn the construction phase construction ,the goles based on project budget or contract price of Civil works and installation works and project cost control of Civil works and installation works. At this stage the scope for savings has been small, but it is likely to lead to waste,this make us give them adequate attention for the control of project cost.(1) strengthen the technical and economic comparison of construction programConstruction is an important work of the design of constructing orgnization. Reasonable constructing program can shorten the period of constructing, ensure the quality of the project and enhance economic efficiency. Comparing and analysing the constructing program from technical and economic view and comparing the three techno-economic index of the quality, duration and cost through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis can take good use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieving better economic benefits. Consequently, good construction management is an important way of all-round cost management.(2) a sound system design change Examination and approval systemIf design subject need to be change, we should take action as far as possible in advance, because the sooner the change, the smaller loss; Second, before each design ofchanges we must analysis the quality of project and cost, and this should receive the consent of the original design. If it breakthrough the total project cost estimates after the change, this must be approved by the review of the relevant departments, we should prevent these things happened such as increasing design elements ,improving the design standards, increasing the project cost.(3) check strictly with visa procedures of the project site we should Construct project management system , establish the specialized departments,and through the use of specialized management of professionals for the project, to avoid the phenomenon that project management staff just care visa only, take no concern about the economic accounts, resulting the serious consequences such as investment is out of control.For Seriously changes of visa procedures we should make the building side, supervision side, the construction site together representatives signed a manner to ensure that the authenticity of the visa, the rationality of the economy of changes and to avoid the disputes caused by the phenomenon of fraud.(4) do a good job in the completion of the audit settlement priceClearing refers to the completion of construction enterprises in accordance with the terms of the contract completed by the contractor within the engineering, land quality experience, and in accordance with the contract, the construction units to carry out the final project settlement price. Completion of the project audited settlement is approved in accordance with the construction of the project cost. Therefore, the completion of settlement of the audit is a very important work, should focus on the following:① check the accuracy of the project quantity.the check of project Quantity is the most important and most complicated, the most detailed work in process of the settle of completed project, this must be based on completion of the project plan, changed design and construction of the scene .it strictly in accordance with the provisions of the rules one by one in terms of project review to prevent the units of construction to increase the volume of inflated project cost in the settlement on completion of the project.② examine whether the additional apply is right . check the sub-projects listed in the price in line with the fixed unit price, check whether the name, specification, measurement units and the content consistent with the units of the valuation table; for the unit price of conversion, the first step is to check if the conversion price was fixed allowed, followed check if the conversion price is correct.③ check if the standards for the admission fee In line with the cost of the fixed and the cost of policies and regulations of the project during the construction.Fifth, the thinking and outlook of project cost management system From a long time, we generally ignore the the project cost control of preparatory work for the construction phase, and control projects often focus on the cost of the construction phase - the budget review working drawings and reasonable settlement。
工程造价专业课程名翻译
工程造价Course 工学学士Bachelor of EngineeringMajor工程造价Cost EngineeringUnit Type Year 1 Unit Name Credit Points通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses中国近现代史纲要Modern History of China 2 通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语1级College English 1 levels 2.5 大学英语2级College English 2 levels 2.5 计算机操作基础Basic computer skills 0.75 文字处理技术Word processing skills 1.25 电子表格应用Spreadsheet applications 1.25 演示文稿制作Making presentations 0.75 高等数学2-1 Advanced Mathematics 2-1 4专业必修课Professional courses 土木工程概论Introduction of civil engineering 2 工程制图Engineering drawing 3 认识实习Cognition practice 1 管理学Management 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-1 Physical education 4-1 1 军训和军事理论Military training and military theory 2 导师课The tutorial 0.5 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 1st Half Total通识选修课General electivecourse 大学生礼仪与修养Etiquette and Culture 2思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语3级College English 3 levels 2.5 大学英语4级College English 4 levels 2.5 程序设计Program design 2 高等数学2-2 Advanced Mathematics 2-2 4专业必修课Professional courses 土木工程CAD Civil engineering CAD 2 土木工程CAD课程实训Civil engineering CAD course training1施工图识读实训Construction plans literacy training 2 土木工程材料Civil Engineering Materials 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-2 Physical education 4-2 1 导师课The tutorial 0.5管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 2 Unit Name Credit Points通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses马克思主义基本原理概论Basic Principles of Marxism 3通识选修课General electivecourse 大学生心理健康教育导论The introduction ofpsychological health education of College Students2 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5 通识公选课General elective course 1公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语5级College English 5 levels 2.5 大学英语6级College English 6 levels 2.5 线性代数Linear Algebra 2专业必修课Professional courses 工程力学Engineering mechanics 2 房屋建筑学Housing architecture 4 建设法规Building regulations 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-3 Physical education 4-3 1 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 1st Half Total通识必修课Generalcompulsorycourses中国马克思主义概论Introduction to Chinese Marxism 4 通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5公共必修课Public compulsory 大学英语7级College English 7 levels 2.5 大学英语8级College English 8 levels 2.5 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2专业必修课Professional 结构力学Structural Mechanics 4 工程项目管理Project Management 3courses 建筑结构识图与工程量计算Building structure is figureand calculation of quantities3工程定额Project quota 2工程算量实训Count the amount of training projects 3公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 体育4-4 Physical education 4-4 1 中国马克思主义概论（社会实践）Introduction to Chinese Marxism（social practice）2 管理学分Management of credit 0.5 2nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 3 Unit Name Credit Points通识选修课General elective course 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5专业必修课Professional courses 工程结构Engineering structures 4 运筹学Operations Research 3 建筑水暖设备工程施工Building construction plumbing equipment3 工程经济学Engineering Economics 2 工程算量软件实训Engineering calculation softwaretraining3专业选修课Specializedelectivecourse工程财务管理Project Financial Management 3公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2 大学英语9级College English 9 levels 2.5 大学英语10级College English 10 levels 2.5课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.51st Half Total通识选修课General electivecourse 思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics andfundamentals of law0.5 人际沟通与交流Interpersonal communication andexchange2公共必修课Publiccompulsory应用文写作Practical writing 2专业必修课Professional courses 建筑与装饰工程施工Building and DecorationEngineering Construction4 建筑与装饰工程施工实训Building and Decoration Engineering Construction Training3 工程招投标与合同管理Project bidding and contract management2 安装工程计价Installation Project Valuation 2 工程造价管理Project Cost Management 2 建筑电气Electrical Building 2专业选修课Specialized electivecourse 建筑工程监理Construction supervision 3 专业外语Professional foreign language 2公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2 大学英语9级College English 9 levels 2.5 大学英语10级College English 10 levels 2.5课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalUnit Type Year 4 Unit Name Credit Points通识选修课General elective course 就业指导与创业教育Employment guidance and entrepreneurship education2专业必修课Professional courses 顶岗实习Post practice 8 安装工程计价实训Installation Project Valuation Training 2 建筑工程施工组织Building construction organization 2 建筑工程施工组织实训Building constructionorganization training1工程造价管理实训Project Cost Management Training 2工程成本规划与控制Cost Planning and ControlEngineering3 专业选修课SpecializedelectivecourseFIDIC合同条件FIDIC Conditions of Contract 2公选课Elective course 微积分Calculus 2 线性代数Linear Algebra 2 概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics 2 数学综合习题课Mathematics comprehensive recitation 2课外教学The extracurricular teaching 形势与政策Situation and policy 2 第二课堂The second class 2管理学分Management of credit 0.51st Half Total专业必修课Professional courses 毕业实习Graduation Practice 4 毕业设计（论文）Graduation design (Thesis) 12课外教学Theextracurricularteaching管理学分Management of credit 0.52nd Half TotalYear TotalCourse Total。
施工组织设计外文翻译参考文献
施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献(⽂档含中英⽂对照即英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)施⼯组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑⼯程在施⼯过程中，施⼯组织⽅案的优劣不仅直接影响⼯程的质量，对⼯期及施⼯过程中的⼈员安全也有重要影响。
施⼯组织是项⽬建设和指导⼯程施⼯的重要技术经济⽂件。
能调节施⼯中⼈员、机器、原料、环境、⼯艺、设备、⼟建、安装、管理、⽣产等⽭盾,要对施⼯组织设计进⾏监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证⼯程项⽬⾼质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。
关键词：项⽬管理施⼯组织⽅案重要性施⼯组织设计就是对⼯程建设项⽬整个施⼯过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施⼯组织管理⼯作的核⼼和灵魂。
其⽬的是使⼯程速度快、质量好、效益⾼。
使整个⼯程在施⼯中获得相对的最优效果。
1．编制施⼯组织设计重要性的原因建筑⼯程及其施⼯具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞⼤与施⼯周期长这三对特点。
所以，每⼀建筑⼯程的施⼯都必须进⾏施⼯组织设计。
这是因为：其它⼀般⼯业产品的⽣产都有着⾃⼰固定的、长期适⽤的⼯⼚。
⽽建筑施⼯具有流动性的特点，不可能建⽴这样的⼯⼚，只能是当每⼀个建筑⼯程施⼯时，建⽴⼀个相应的、临时性的，如同⼯⼚作⽤性质的施⼯现场准备，即⼯地。
施⼯单件性特点与施⼯流动性特点，决定了每⼀建筑⼯程施⼯都要选择相应的机具和劳动⼒组织。
选择施⼯⽅法、拟定施⼯技术⽅案及其劳动⼒组织和机具配置，统称为施⼯作业能⼒配置。
施⼯周期的特点，决定了各种劳动⼒、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也⽐较长，这就产⽣了与施⼯总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施⼯组织设计内容。
由此可见，施⼯组织设计在项⽬管理中是相当重要的。
2．施⼯组织设计⽅案的重要性建筑产品作为⼀种商品，在项⽬管理中⼯程质量在整个施⼯过程中起着极其重要的作⽤。
⼯程建设项⽬的施⼯组织设计与其⼯程造价有着密切的关系。
施⼯组织设计基本的内容有：⼯程概况和施⼯条件的分析、施⼯⽅案、施⼯⼯艺、施⼯进度计划、施⼯总平⾯图。
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外文文献：Project Cost Control： The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works。
Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work， analyze the findings， forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals。
If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan。
More likely， there will be （or have been） scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway。
But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice， as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work， as we shall see， and we might as well start at the beginning。
So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span。
And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include the Business Case， the Request for (a capital) Appropriation （for execution）， Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief）， the Project Budget or Cost Plan， EarnedValue and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization’s ability to effectively control project costs.FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phases. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events。
In the project's Concept Phase•Every project starts with someone identifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence， if the project is to proceed， and that person often becomes the project's sponsor。
• To determine the suitability of the potential project, most organizations call for the preparation of a ”Business Case” and its ”Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that itcan be compared with all the other competing projects。
This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio。
• The cost of the work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporatemanagement overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project。
No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward？• If the Business case has sufficient merit, approval will be given to proceed to a Development and Definition phase.In the project’s Development or Definition Phase• The objective of the Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.•In a formalized setting, especially where big projects are involved， this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for （a capital） Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request （CAR)。
• This requires the collection of more detailed requirements and data to establish what work needsto be done to produce the required product or ”deliverable”. From this information，a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.• In a less formalized setting, everyone just tries to muddle through.Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan， Project Brief or Project Charter• If the deliverable consists of a number of different elements, these are identified and assembled into Work Packages (WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure （WBS）。