book3语法现在分词

现在分词（Present Participle)(又称-ing形式，动名词) ，是非谓语动词的一种。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，可以作定语，表语，补语，状语，同时它们还具有动词的性质特点。

一般式：doing；一般被动式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被动式：having been done。所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not.

一现在分词作定语

1单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且是正在进行的动作。并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。

1) a_______boy 一个在奔跑的男孩= a boy who ___________

2) the girl_____________站在那边的女孩=a girl who___________ over there

3）the library ___________正在修建的图书馆=the library which ________ 注意1：分词的完成式不可作定语

注意3：某些现在分词作定语时具有形容词词性如interesting story，an exciting match。

二现在分词作补语: 宾语跟现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。下列动词可以加现在分词作宾补（强调动作正在进行的情景）：1感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe listen to look at

2使役动词：have get, leave keep

3发现类动词：find sb doing; catch sb. doing sth

1). I saw him ____________ when I found him now.(在打篮球)

2) Don't have the machine ______________________.(一直运转).

3) The boy left his dog ____________(在外面叫不停)。

区别：感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式作宾补，强调动作发生的全过程。

1) The mother watch his son ________________( 过了马路)。

2) We heard him ___________________(唱了一首英文歌)at the party.

三现在分词作表语，放在系动词的后面，构成系表结构，表示主语的状态。

1) The news sounds____________. 这故事听起来鼓舞人心

2) It is ________ that the meeting will last long. 会议要开很久，真是无聊。

四现在分词作状语---表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、方式、让步等。注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。（即句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，主语不一致通常用从句）

1作时间状语；有时候为了保留清楚的意思，可以在分词前面加上when/while

1)_________in the street, I came across one of my old friends.当我在街上走时，碰到了一个老朋友。

=When/While __________in the street, I saw him.

2) 他走在街上时，我看到了他。(注意：两个主语不一致)

____________________________..

2 作条件状语

Working hard, you will succeed. （只要）努力工作，你就会成功

=________hard and you will succeed. =If _________hard, you will succeed.

3作原因状语

1)__________, she didn’t go to school. 因为生病，她没上学.

=As ____________ ill, she didn’t go to school.

2)_____________(不知道)how to deal with the problem, she went to ask her father for advice.

=Because _____________ how to deal with the problem, she went to ask her father for advice.

3)____________(生活了)in the village for many years, the man doesn’t want to move into the city.

4作让步状语

1）_______ many times, he didn't lost heart.虽然失败过很多次，但他没有灰心。

=Though _______ many times, he didn't lost heart.

2）___________(已经等他) for a long time, I still stayed patient..

=Though __________________for a long time, I still stayed patient.

5作结果状语

His father died, _____________(结果留给他)a lot of money.

I left in such a hurry, _________________(结果忘了锁) the door.

（注：动词不定式作结果状语通常表示一种出乎意料的结果，常在不定式前加only强调惊讶或失望；而ing形式作结果状语强调一种必然的因果关系）

We took a taxi to the airport, only _______ the flight was cancelled because of the storm.(结果得知)-

I rushed to the office, only _______it’s locked.(结果发现)

6作伴随方式状语

Please answer the question _________ another way.. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题

The old man began to beat time, ________(轻踏)his foot on the dirt floor.

The boy sat there, ______________(玩弄) his cell phone.

The woman stood under the tree, __________(等着) her son to come back.

五下列结构常用现在分词。

generally speaking一般来说Judging from/by 根据..判断，considering…考虑到，鉴于

1 _______________(一般而言), boys are better at playing football.

2 ____________________(根据他的口音判断)，he is American.

动名词的用法

动词的ing形式还包括动名词，其构成形式完全同现在分词，但更多的是具备名词的特点,表示一件事情，也可以表示已有的经验和抽象行为；或经常发生的习惯动作。

主动式：doing 被动式being done（与逻辑主语之间是被动关系）完成式having done 一动名词作主语：动名词经常用作主语，表示一种抽象的行为或习惯经验等。