瑞普·凡·温克尔Rip_Van_Winkle中英文对照与summary
Rip_Van_Winkle_原文
作者简介：华盛顿欧文(Washington Irving ) (1789-1895),美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure" 。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》(Sketch Book)，这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普凡温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches wasa history of the province during the reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered“more in sorrow than in anger ”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloomedal or a Queen Anne 's farth ing.)By Woden, God of Saxons, From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday, Truth is a thing that ever I will keep Unto thylke day inwhich I creep into My sepulchre —C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, whenthe rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were someof the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that samevillage, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meeknessof spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtuesof patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on DameVan Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds ofprofitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar 's lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps,and up hill and downdale, to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always madea point of setting in just as he had someoutdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generallyseen trooping like a colt at his mother 's heels, equipped in a pair ofhis father ' s cast -off galligaskins, which he had muchado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, whotake the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. Rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for DameVan Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master 's so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman' s tongue? The momentWolf entered the househis crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer 's day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman 's moneyto have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events somemonths after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the doorof which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew howto gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf, ” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt neverwant a friend to stand by thee! ” Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master 's face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with allhis heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re?choed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for manya mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun.For sometime Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ” Helooked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master 's side, looking fearfully down intothe glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger 's appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion —a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist —several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons downthe sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemedto issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to bethe muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they cameto a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandishfashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide 's. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemedto consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock 's tail. They all had beards, of various shapesand colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemedparticularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and suchstrange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip's aweand apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swamin his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes —it was a brightsunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely, ” thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night. ” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor —the mountain ravine —the wild retreat among the rocks —the woe-begone party at ninepins —the flagon —“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon! ” thought Rip —“ what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle? ”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted withrust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening 's gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay meup with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with D ame Van Winkle. ” With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent cametumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. Heagain called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man 's perplexities. What wasto be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve amongthe mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to hisastonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his graybeard. The dogs, too, none of which he recognized for his old acquaintances, barked at him as he passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors —strange faces at the windows —everything was strange. His mind now began to misgive him; he doubted whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before. There stood the Catskill Mountains —there ran the silver Hudsonat a distance —there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been—Rip was sorely perplexed —“ That flagon last night, ” thought he, “has addled my poor head sadly! ”It was with some difficulty he found the way to his own house, which he approached with silent awe, expecting every momentto hear the shrill voice of DameVan Winkle. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed —“ My very dog, ” sighed poor Rip,“has forgotten me! ”He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness overcame all his connubial fears —he called loudly for his wife and children —the lonely chambers rung for a momentwith his voice, and then all again was silence.He now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the little village inn —but it too was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping windows, some of them broken, and mendedwith old hats a nd petticoats, and over the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle. ” Instead of the great tree which used toshelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes —all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, but even this was singularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, G ENERALW ASHINGTON.There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none whom Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering cloudsof tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel,the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens —election —members of Congress—liberty —Bunker'sHill —heroes of '76—and other words, that were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.The appearance of Rip, with his long grizzled beard, his rusty fowling piece, his uncouth dress, and the army of women and children that had gathered at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eying him from head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and drawing him partly aside, inquired “on which side he voted? ” Rip stared in vacant stupidity. Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and raising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat. ”Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, madehis way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, demanded, in an austere tone, “what brought him tothe election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mobat his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village? ” “Alas! gentlemen, ” cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him! ”Here a general shout burst from the bystanders —“A Tory! a Tory! aspy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!” It was with great difficulty that the self-important manin the cocked hat restored order; and having assumeda tenfold austerity of brow, demandedagain of the unknown culprit, what he camethere for, and whomhe was seeking. The poor manhumbly assured him that he meant no harm; but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern.“Well —who are they? —name them.”Rip bethought himself a moment, and then inquired, “Where's Nicholas Vedder? ”There was silence for a little while, when an old man replied in a thin, piping voice, “Nicholas Vedder? why, he is dead and gone theseeighteen years! There was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him, but that 's rotted and gone, too. ”“Where's Brom Dutcher? ”“Oh, he went off to the army in the beginning of the war; some say he was killed at the battle of Stony Point —others say he was drowned ina squall, at the foot of Antony's Nose. I don't know—he never cameback・” again. ”“Where's Van Bummel, the schoolmaster? ”“He went off to the wars, too, was a great militia general, and is now in。
RIP VAN WINKLE 《瑞普·凡·温克》
MEDIA
THE CATSKILLS
PICTURES
Mห้องสมุดไป่ตู้DIA
RIP VAN WINKLE AND THE CHILDREN
PICTURES
MEDIA
DAME VAN WINKLE'S LECTURE
PICTURES
MEDIA
VILLAGE POLITICIANS
PICTURES
MEDIA
01
02
Strong local flavor of this novel, full of romantic fantasy, showing the conservative views of the author, but also subtly implies the limitations of the bourgeois revolution.
IMAGINATION VS MATERIALISM
The tension between imagination and creativity versus materialism and productivity in nineteenth-century America is considered a significant theme in the story.
YANKEE VS DUTCH
A regional contrast between Yankee Connecticut and Dutch New York, the latter personified in the figure of the backwoodsman Brom Bones.
DAM VAB WINKLE Rip Van Winkle’s cantankerous wife.
RIP VAN WINKLE
《瑞普· 温克尔》 凡·
主题：1.避世似乎是这篇小说的一个主题。
然而瑞普进山是为了逃避妻子的责骂和唠叨，并 不是为了躲避世间的纷乱。 "他摇摇头，耸耸肩，两眼看天”这就是他妻子责 骂他时的神态。 其实，瑞普能吃苦，有毅力，有善心。但他所不 愿意的是以直接的物质利益为唯一目的的劳动， 而这正是瑞普太太所要求的。在这样的夫妻矛盾 中，在受直接物质利益驱动的劳动和处于勤劳天 性，适合自己又有利于他人的劳动冲突中，我们 可以看出作者对后者的赞扬。
《RIP VAN WINKLE》
《瑞普· · 凡 温克尔》
《瑞普· 温克尔》 凡·
简介：心地善良，乐于助人了一个身着荷兰古 装，形似侏儒的陌生人，由于瑞普善良的本性，于是 帮他提着小桶，随他参加一个聚会。在聚会上，瑞普 和其他人一样不声不响的玩九柱戏的游戏，并喝了他 们提供的一种酒，于是便昏昏睡去，一睡就是20年。 在这20年中美国爆发了革命。瑞普一觉醒来已经是一 个白发苍苍的老人，回到村里，村子发生了巨大的变 化。在村口他遇见了出门迎接的他的老狗，他又得知 妻子已经去世多年，他自己也几乎被人遗忘。女儿已 经嫁为人妇，生儿育女。于是他和女儿住在一起。瑞 普经过一段时间的“磨合”之后，在新环境中继续生 存着，也更惬意，因为他不用再听妻子的嘲讽责骂。
《瑞普· 温克尔》 凡·
2.变革似乎又是一个主题。
然而作者并没有直接描写美国革命，他写的是社 会变革给人们生活带来的影响，以及人们对社会 变革的反应。 当瑞普从山中返回时，不仅周围环静境变了，人 与物关系也变了：原来熟悉的乡亲，不是死了就 是走了，虽然周围依然是熙熙攘攘的人群，却没 人能说得上话，连自己的女儿也要花很大的力气 才能回忆起自己的父亲，人际关系变成了党派与 阵营关系。最后瑞普不得不怀疑起自己的身份来。 由此可见作者对这种变化的讥讽。
翻译资料 (25)
09级第7周翻译练习及答案（T）英译汉一：Early AutumnLangston HughesWhen Bill was very young, they had been in love. Many nights they had spent walking, talking together. Then something not very important had come between them, and they didn’t speak. Impulsively, she had married a man she thought she loved. Bill went away, bitter about women.Yesterday, walking across Washington Square, she saw him for the first time in years.“Bill Walker,” she said.He stopped. At first he did not recognize her, to him she looked so old. “Mary! Where did you come from?”Unconsciously, she lifted her face as though wanting a kiss, but he held out his hand. She took it.“I live in New York now,” she said.“Oh”— smiling politely. Then a little frown came quickly between his eyes. “Always wondered what happened to you, Bill.”“I’m a lawyer. Nice firm, way downtown.”“Married yet?”“Sure. Two kids.”“Oh,” she said.A great many people went past them through the park. People they didn’t know. It was late afternoon. Nearly sunset. Cold.“And your husband?” he asked her.“We have three children. I work in the bursar’s office at Columbia.”“You’re looking very . . .” (he wanted to say old) “. . . well,” he said.She understood. Under the trees in Washington Square, she found herself desperately reaching back into the past. She had been older than he then in Ohio. Now she was not young at all. Bill was still young.“We live on Central Park West,” she said. “Come and see us sometime.”“Sure,” he replied. “You and your husband must have dinner with my family some night. Any night. Lucille and I’d love to have you.”The leaves fell slowly from the trees in the Square. Fell without wind. Autumn dusk. She felt a little sick.“We’d love it,” she answered.“You ought to see my kids.” He grinned.Suddenly the lights came on up the whole length of Fifth Avenue, chains of misty brilliance in the blue air.“There’s my bus,” she said.He held out his hand. “Good-bye.”“When . . .” she wanted to say, but the bus was ready to pull off. The lights on the avenue blurred, twinkled, blurred. And she was afraid to open her mouth as she entered the bus. Afraid it would be impossible to utter a word.Suddenly she shrieked very loudly. “Good-bye!” But the bus door had closed.The bus started. People came between them outside, people crossing the street, people they didn’t know. Space and people. She lost sight of Bill. Then she remembered she had forgotten to give him her address — or to ask him for his — or tell him that her youngest boy was named Bill too.早秋兰斯顿当比尔年轻的时候，他曾经陷入热恋。
里普·万·温克尔 Rip Van Winkle 大学英语精读PPT
英（1） 131501135 XXX
Author: Washington Irving(1783-1859)
♠ First American writer to be a big success in
England. in ♠ 1828: The life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, research Spain. ♠ 1829-1832：Diplomat in London. ♠ 1832-1842: Returns to U.S, builds home Sunnnyside on Hudson River, New York. ♠ 1842-1846: Minister to Spain. ♠ 1851-1859: 5 vol, life of George Washington.
唐开元七年（公元719年），卢生郁郁不得志，骑着青驹穿着短衣进京 赶考，结果功名不就，垂头丧气。一天，旅途中经过邯郸，在客店里遇 见了得神仙术的道士吕翁（明代剧作家汤显祖创作的《邯郸记》，将吕 翁改为八仙之一的吕洞宾），卢生自叹贫困，道士吕翁便拿出一个瓷枕 头让他枕上。卢生倚枕而卧，一入梦乡便娶了美丽温柔、出身清河崔氏 的妻子，中了进士，升为陕州牧、京兆尹，最后荣升为户部尚书兼御史 大夫、中书令，封为燕国公。他的5个孩子也高官厚禄，嫁娶高门。卢 生儿孙满堂，享尽荣华富贵。80岁时，生病久治不愈，终于死亡。断气 时，卢生一惊而醒，转身坐起，左右一看，一切如故，吕翁仍坐在旁边， 店主人蒸的黄粱饭（黄米饭）还在锅里哩！即黄粱梦（黄粱一梦）的由 来也是来于此了。 "Yellow Millet Dream" , the meaning is as same as "Rip Van Winkle" though from differnt content.
美国文学欣赏WashingtonIrving
(3) The plot
❖ One autumn day he escapes his nagging wife by wandering up the mountains.
❖ There he encounters strangely dressed men, rumored to be the ghosts of Henry Hudson's crew, who are playing nine-pins.
❖ The stories (including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”) appeared serially in 1819– 20.
❖ Their enthusiastic reception made Irving the best-known figure in American literature both at home and abroad.
❖ The first American author to win international recognition
❖ The first prose stylist of American romanticism
❖ In his Sketch Book appeared the first modern American short stories.
❖ part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
❖ The story is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War.
英美文学-中英文对照
英美文学-中英文对照第一篇：英美文学-中英文对照British Writers and Works The Anglo-Saxon Period λThe Venerable Bede 比得673~735 νEcclesiastical History of the English People 英吉利人教会史λAlfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899 νThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史The Late Medieval Ages λWilliam Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400 ν Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦λ Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400 ν The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人ν Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德ν The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集ν The House of Fame声誉之宫λ Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471 ν Le Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死The Renaissance λSir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586 ν The School of Abuse诲淫的学校ν Defense of Poesy 诗辩λ Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599 ν The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历ν Amoretti爱情小唱ν Epithalamion婚后曲ν Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了ν Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌ν The Faerie Queene仙后λ Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535 ν Utopia乌托邦λ Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626 ν Advancement of Learning学术的推进ν Novum Organum新工具ν Essays随笔λChristopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595 νTamburlaine帖木耳大帝ν The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人ν The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧λWilliam Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚1564~1616 νRomeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶ν Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人ν Henry IV 亨利四世νJulius Caesar尤利乌斯·凯撒νAs You Like It皆大欢喜νHamlet哈姆莱特ν Othello奥赛罗ν King Lear李尔王ν Macbeth麦克白ν Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉ν Tempest暴风雨ν poetry: Venus and Adonis;The Rape of Lucrece(Venus and Lucrece);The Passionate Pilgrim, the SonnetsthThe 17 Century λJohn Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608~1674 νL’Allegre 欢乐的人νIL Pens eroso 沉思的人νComus柯玛斯νLycidas利西达斯ν Of Education论教育ν Areopagitica论出版自由ν The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩ν The Second Defence of the English People再为英国人民声辩νParadise Lost失乐园νParadise Regained复乐园νSamson Agonistes力士参孙λJohn Bunyan约翰·班扬1628~1688 νGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners功德无量νThe Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程ν The Life and Death of Mr Badman败德先生传ν The Holy War圣战λ John Dryden约翰·德莱顿1631~1700 ν All for Love一切为了爱情ν Absalom and Achitophel押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔ν The Hind and Panther牝鹿与豹ν Annus Mirabilis神奇的年代νAlexander’s Feast亚历山大的宴会ν An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 论戏剧诗thThe 18 Century λ Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏1688~1744 ν Essay on Criticism批评论ν Moral Essays道德论λν An Essay on Man人论ν The Rape of the Rock卷发遇劫记ν The Dunciad愚人记Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊1709~1784 νThe Dictionary of English Language英语辞典ν The Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻ν London伦敦ν The Lives of Great Poets诗人传λ Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特1667~1745 ν The Battle of Books书战ν A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事νThe Drapper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信ν A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议νGulliver’s Travels格列佛游记λDaniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福1660~1731 νThe Review(periodical founded by Defoe)评论报ν Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记λ Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707~1754 ν The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews约瑟夫·安德鲁νThe Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗人江奈生·威尔德ν Amelia爱米利亚νThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯νThe Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事ν Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国λSamuel Richardson塞缪尔·理查逊1689~1761 νPamela(Virtue Rewarded)帕米拉λOliver Goldsmith奥利弗·格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 νThe Traveller旅游人ν The Deserted Village荒村νThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传νThe Good Natured Man好心人νShe Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱νThe Citizens of the World世界公民λThomas Gray托马斯·格雷1716~1771 ν An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽诗ν Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat爱猫之死ν The Bard游吟诗人λRichard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·施莱登1751~1816 ν The Rivals情敌ν The School for Scandal造谣学校νSt.Patrick’s Day(The Scheming Lieutenant)圣·派特立克节νThe Duenna伴娘ν The Critic批评家The Romantic Age λ Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯1759~1796 νPoems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗νJohn Anderson, My Jo约翰·安德生，我的爱人ν A Red, Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰ν Auld Long Syne往昔时光νA Man’s a Man for A’That不管那一套νMy Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在那高原上λ William Blake威廉·布莱克1757~1827 ν Songs of Innocence 天真之歌νSongs of Experience经验之歌νAmerica亚美利加νEurope欧罗巴ν Milton弥尔顿ν Jerusalem耶路撒冷ν The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻λWilliam Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770~1850 νWe Are Seven我们是七个ν The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女νImitations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood不朽颂ν The Prelude序曲ν Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集λ Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·科尔律治1772~1834 νThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂ν Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔ν Kubla Khan忽必烈汗ν Frost at Night半夜冰霜ν Dejection, an Ode忧郁颂ν Biographia Literaria文学传记λGeorge Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788~1824 νChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德尔游记νManfred曼弗雷德νCain该隐ν Don Juan唐·璜ν When We Two Parted当初我们俩分别λPersy Bysshe Shelley波西·比希·雪莱1792~1822 νQueen Mab麦步女王νRevolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛νThe Cenci钦契一家νThe Masque of Anarchy, Hellas专制者的假面游行νPrometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯ν Ode to the West Wind西风颂ν To a Skylark致云雀λ John Keats约翰·济慈1795~1821 ν On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂ν Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂ν Ode to Autumn秋颂ν T o Psyche普塞克颂νOn First Looking in Chapman’s Homer初读查普曼翻译的荷马史诗有感λ Sir Walter Scott沃尔特·斯科特爵士1771~1832 ν The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人ν Waverley威弗利ν Guy Mannering盖曼纳令ν Rob Roy罗伯·罗伊ν Ivanhoe艾凡赫ν Kenilworth肯纳尔沃斯堡ν Quentin Durward昆廷·达沃德νSt.Ronan’s Wells圣罗南之泉λ Jane Austen简·奥斯丁1775~1817 ν Sense and Sensibility理智与情感ν Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见ν Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园ν Emma爱玛ν Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺ν Persuasion劝导λCharles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆1775~1834 νTales from Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧故事集ν John Woodvil约翰·伍德维尔The Victorian Age λ Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯1812~1870 ν Sketches by Boz波兹特写ν The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传νOliver Twist奥利弗·特维斯特（雾都孤儿）νThe Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店ν Barnaby Rudge巴纳比·拉奇ν American Notes美国杂记ν Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·朱淑尔维特ν A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌ν The Chimes教堂钟声ν The Cricket on the Hearth灶上蟋蟀ν Dombey and Son董贝父子ν David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔ν Bleak House荒凉山庄νHard Times艰难时世ν Little Dorrit小杜丽ν A Tale of Two Cities双城记ν Great Expectations远大前程ν Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友ν Edwin Drood艾德温·朱特λWilliam Makepeace Thackeray威廉·麦克匹斯·萨克雷1811~1863 ν Vanity Fair名利场ν Pendennis潘登尼斯ν The Newcomers纽克姆一家ν The History of Henry Esmond亨利·埃斯蒙德λ Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816~1855 ν Professor教师ν Jane Eyre简·爱ν Shirley雪莉ν Villette维莱特λ Emily Bronte艾米莉·勃朗特1818~1854 ν Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄λ George Eliot乔治·艾略特1819~1880 ν Adam Bede亚当·比德ν The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊ν Silas Marner织工马南ν Romola罗慕拉ν Felix Holt菲利克斯·霍尔特ν Middlemarch米德尔马契ν Daniel Deronda丹尼尔·德龙拉λ Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代1840~1928 ν A Pair of Blue Eyes 一双蓝眼睛ν The Trumpet Major号兵长ν Desperate Remedies非常手段νThe Hand of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻νUnder the Greenwood Tree绿荫下ν Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣νThe Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长νTess of the D’Urber villes德伯家的苔丝ν Jude the Obscure无名的裘德λAlfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德·丁尼生1809~1892 νInMemoriam悼念ν Break, Break, Break冲击、冲击、冲击λν Idylls of the King 国王叙事诗Robert Browning罗伯特·白朗宁1812~1889 ν Dramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗ν Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧故事及抒情诗ν Men and Women男男女女νDramatic Personae登场人物νThe Ring and the Book环与书λElizabeth Barrett Browning伊丽莎白·芭蕾特·白朗宁1806~1861 ν Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗ν The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭声λ John Ruskin约翰·罗斯金1819~1900 ν Modern Painters现代画家νThe Seven Lamps of Architecture建筑的七盏明灯νThe Stone of Venice威尼斯石头λ Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德1856~1900 ν The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子故事集ν The Picture of Dorian Gray多利安·格雷的画像νLady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子ν A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人νAn Ideal Husband理想的丈夫ν The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要1900~1950 λWilliam Butler Yeats威廉·勃特勒·叶茨1865~1939 ν The Responsibilities责任ν The Wild Swans at Coole库尔的野天鹅ν The Tower钟楼ν The Winding Stair弯弯的楼梯λ John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥1867~1933 ν Forsyte Saga 福尔塞世家λ The Man of Property有产业的人λ In Chancery进退维谷λTo Let招租出让ν The End of the Chapter一章的结束λ James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯1882~1941 ν A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man一个青年艺术家的肖像ν Ulysses尤利西斯ν Finnegans Wake芬尼根的苏醒ν Dubliners都柏林人λ Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙1882~1941 ν Mrs Dalloway 达洛维夫人ν T o the Lighthouse到灯塔去ν The Waves浪λDavid Herbert Lawrence戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯1885~1930 νSons and Lovers儿子与情人ν The Rainbow虹ν Women in Love恋爱中的女人νLady Chatterley’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人λGeorge Bernard Shaw乔治·伯纳·萧1856~1950 νMrs Warren’s Profession 华伦夫人的职业ν Man and Superman人与超人ν Major Barbara巴巴拉少校ν Pygmalion匹格玛利翁ν Heartbreak House伤心之家ν The Apple Cart苹果车ν Saint Joan圣女贞德American Writers and Works Colonial Period λJonathan Edwards乔纳森·爱德华兹1703~1758 ν The Freedom of the Will意志的自由νThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended原罪说辩λBenjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706~1790 νPoor Richard’s Almanac格言历书νAutobiography自传Romantic Period λWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文ν A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史νThe Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.见闻札记νA Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada征服格拉纳达νThe Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉ν Rip Van Winkle瑞普·凡·温克尔λJames Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库柏1789~1851 νThe Spy间谍ν Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲υ The Deerslayer杀鹿者υ The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人υ The Pathfinder 探路者υ The Pioneer开拓者υ The Prairie草原λRalph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱莫生1803~1882 νNature论自然λ Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817~1862 ν A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River康克德和美利马科河上的一周νWalden华尔腾λνA Plea for John Brown为约翰·布朗请命Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔·霍桑1804~1864 ν Twice-told Tales 故事重述ν Mosses from and Old Manse古宅青苔ν The Scarlet Letter 红字ν The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁楼的房子ν The Marble Faun大理石雕像λ Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819~1891 ν Typee泰比νOmio欧穆ν Mardi玛地ν Redburn莱德伯恩ν White Jacket白外套ν Moby Dick白鲸（莫比·迪克）ν Pierre皮埃尔ν Billy Budd比利·巴德λ Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819~1892 ν Leaves of Grass 草叶集λEmily Dickenson艾米莉·迪金森1830~1886 νBecause I Can’t Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神ν I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声ν Mine – by the Right of the White Election我的丈夫——选择如意情人的权利ν Wild Nights – Wild Nights暴风雨夜λ Edgar Allen Poe埃德加·艾伦·坡1809~1849 ν Ms Found in a Bottle在瓶子里发现的手稿νThe Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格路上的暗杀案νThePurloined Letter被盗的信ν The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌ν Ligeia丽姬娅νThe Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会νThe Philosophy of Composition创作哲学ν The Poetic Principle诗歌原理νReview of Hawthorne’s Twice-told Tales评霍桑的《故事重述》 The Age of Realism λ William Dean Howells威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯1837~1920 ν The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹ν A Modern Instance现代婚姻λ Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843~1916 ν The American美国人ν Daisy Miller戴希·米勒ν The Portrait of a Lady一个青年女人的画像ν The Turn of the Screw拧螺丝ν The Ambassadors使节ν The Wings of the Dove鸽翼ν The Golden Bowl金碗λ Mark Twain马克·吐温1835~1910ν The Gilded Age镀金时代ν The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记ν The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝里·芬历险记ν Life on the Mississippi在密西西比河上νA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州的美国佬ν The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug败坏了哈德莱堡的人American Naturalism λTheodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871~1945 ν Sister Carrie嘉丽妹妹ν Financier金融家νThe Titan巨头ν The Stoic斯多噶ν Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘ν American Tragedy美国的悲剧νThe Genius天才λ Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克兰1871~1900 ν Maggie, a Girl of the Street街头女郎麦琪ν The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章ν The Black Riders and Other Lines黑衣骑士及其他ν War IsKind战争是仁慈的The Modern Period λEzra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885~1972 ν Cantos诗章λThomas Sterns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特1888~1965 νThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁夫洛克的情歌ν The Waste Land荒原ν Hollow Man空心人ν Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三ν Four Quarters四个四重奏ν Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案ν The Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会ν The Confidential Clerk机要秘书ν The Sacred Wood圣林ν Essays on Style and Order风格与秩序论文集ν After Strange Gods拜异教神λ Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874~1963 νA Boy’s Will一个男孩的意愿ν Mountain Interval间歇泉ν New Hampshire新罕布什尔λF.Scott Fitzgerald弗·斯科特·费兹杰拉德1896~1940 νThis Side of Paradise人间天堂ν Flappers and Philosophers轻佻女郎与哲学家ν The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的（漂亮冤家）νThe Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨币（灯绿梦渺）νTender is the Night夜色温柔ν All the Sad Young Man一代悲哀的年轻人ν The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头λ Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特·海明威1899~1961 ν In Our Time在我们的时代里ν Winner Take Nothing胜者无所得ν The Torrents of Spring春潮νThe Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起νA Farewell to Arms永别了，武器ν Death in the Afternoon午后之死ν To Have and Have Not富有与贫穷ν Green Hills of Africa非洲青山ν The Fifth Column第五纵队ν For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣ν The Old Man and the Sea老人与海λ Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯1885~1951 ν Main Street大街ν Babbitt巴比特ν Arrowsmith埃罗史密斯ν Dodsworth陶兹华斯νElmer Gantry埃尔莫·甘德里λWilla Cather薇拉·凯瑟1873~1947 νAlexander’s Bridge亚历山大的桥ν O Pioneers啊，拓荒者！ν The Song of the Lark莺之歌ν My Antonia我的安东尼娅λ William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897~1962 ν The Marble Faun 玉石雕像νSoldier’s Pay兵饷ν Mosquitoes蚊群ν Sartoris家族小说ν The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动ν As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际ν Light in August八月之光ν Absalom, Absalom押沙龙，押沙龙ν Go Down, Moses去吧，莫西λ John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902~1968 ν Cup of Gold金杯ν Tortilla Flat煎饼坪ν In Dubious Battle胜负未决的战斗ν Of Mice and Men人与鼠νThe Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄The Post-War Period λJerome David Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·赛林格1919~ ν Catcher in the Rye麦田里的守望者λJoseph Heller约瑟夫·海勒1923~1999 νCatch-22第二十二条军规λ Saul Bellow索尔·贝罗1915~ ν Dangling Man晃来晃去的人νThe Adventures of Augie March奥吉·玛其历险记νHenderson the Rain King雨王汉德森ν Herzog赫索格νMr.Sammler’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星νHumboldt’s Gift 洪堡的礼物νThe Dean’s December院长的十二月American Drama λEugene O’Neil尤金·奥尼尔1888~1953 ν Beyond the Horizon天边外ν The Emperor Jones琼斯皇帝ν The Hairy Ape毛猿ν Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望ν The Iceman Cometh 卖冰的人来了νLong Day’s Journey into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢λ Tennessee Williams田纳西·威廉姆斯1911~1983 ν The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园ν A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车ν Summer and Smoke 夏与烟ν Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫λ Arthur Milller亚瑟·米勒1915~ ν The Man Who Had All the Luck交好运的人ν All My Sons都是我的儿子ν Death of a Salesman推销员之死ν The Crucible萨勒姆的女巫ν A View for the Bridge桥头眺望λ Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比1928~ ν Zoo Story动物园故事νWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙？Black American Literature λRichard Wright理查德·赖特1908~1960 νUncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们νNative Son土生子ν Black Boy黑孩子λ Ralph Ellison拉尔芙·爱丽森1914~1994 ν Invisible Man看不见的人λ James Baldwin詹姆斯·鲍德温1924~1987 ν Go Tell It on the Mountain向苍天呼吁ν Notes of a Native Son土生子的札记νNobody Knows My Name没有人知道我的名字νThe Fire Next Time下一次将是烈火λT oni Morrison托妮·莫瑞森1931~ νThe Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛νSong of Solomon所罗门之歌νTar Baby柏油孩子ν Beloved宠儿第二篇：英美文学-中英文对照British Writers and WorksThe Anglo-Saxon Periodλ The Venerable Bede 比得673~735ν Ecclesiastical History of the English People英吉利人教会史λ Alfred the Great 阿尔弗雷得大帝849~899ν The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁—萨克逊编年史The Late Medieval Agesλ William Langland 威廉·兰格伦1332~1400ν Piers the Plowman 农夫比埃斯的梦λ Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400ν The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人ν Troilus and Criseyde 特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德ν The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集ν The House of Fame 声誉之宫λ Sir Thomas Malory托马斯·马洛里爵士1405~1471νLe Morte D’Arthur亚瑟王之死The Renaissanceλ Sir Philip Sydney菲利普·锡德尼爵士1554~1586ν The School of Abuse诲淫的学校ν Defense of Poesy诗辩λ Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599νThe Shepherds Calendar牧人日历νAmoretti爱情小唱νEpithalamion婚后曲ν Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林·克劳特回来了ν Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌ν The Faerie Queene仙后λ Thomas More托马斯·莫尔1478~1535ν Utopia乌托邦λ Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根1561~1626ν Advancement of Learning学术的推进ν Novum Organum新工具ν Essays随笔λ Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗·马洛1564~1595ν Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝ν The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人ν The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧λ William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚1564~1616ν Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶ν Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人ν Henry IV亨利四世νJulius Caesar尤利乌斯·凯撒νAs You Like It皆大欢喜νHamlet哈姆莱特ν Othello奥赛罗ν King Lear李尔王ν Macbeth麦克白ν Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉ν Tempest暴风雨ν poetry: Venus and Adonis;The Rape ofLucrece(Venus and Lucrece);The Passionate Pilgrim, the SonnetsThe 17th Centuryλ John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608~1674νL’Allegre 欢乐的人ν IL Pens eroso 沉思的人ν Comus柯玛斯ν Lycidas利西达斯νOf Education论教育ν Areopagitica论出版自由ν The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩ν The Second Defence of the English People再为英国人民声辩ν Paradise Lost失乐园ν Paradise Regained复乐园ν Samson Agonistes力士参孙λ John Bunyan约翰·班扬1628~1688ν Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners功德无量νThe Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程ν The Life and Death of Mr Badman败德先生传ν The Holy War圣战λ John Dryden约翰·德莱顿1631~1700ν All for Love一切为了爱情ν Absalom and Achitophel押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔ν The Hind and Panther牝鹿与豹ν Annus Mirabilis神奇的年代νAlexander’s Feast亚历山大的宴会ν An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 论戏剧诗The 18th Centuryλ Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏1688~1744ν Essay on Criticism批评论ν Moral Essays道德论ν An Essay on Man人论ν The Rape of the Rock卷发遇劫记ν The Dunciad愚人记λ Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊1709~1784ν The Dictionary of English Language英语辞典ν The Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望之虚幻ν London伦敦ν The Lives of Great Poets诗人传λ Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特1667~1745ν The Battle of Books书战ν A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事νThe Drapper’s Letters一个麻布商的书信ν A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议νGulliver’s Travels格列佛游记λ Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福1660~1731ν The Review(periodical founded by Defoe)评论报ν Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记λ Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707~1754ν The History of the Adventures of JosephAndrews约瑟夫·安德鲁ν The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗人江奈生·威尔德ν Amelia爱米利亚ν The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯ν The Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事ν Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国λ Samuel Richardson塞缪尔·理查逊1689~1761ν Pamela(Virtue Rewarded)帕米拉λ Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·格尔德斯密斯1730~1774ν The Traveller旅游人ν The Deserted Village荒村νThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传νThe Good Natured Man好心人νShe Stoops to Conquer屈身求爱νThe Citizens of the World世界公民λThomas Gray托马斯·格雷1716~1771ν An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽诗ν Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat爱猫之死ν The Bard游吟诗人λ Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·施莱登1751~1816 ν The Rivals情敌ν The School for Scandal造谣学校νSt.Patrick’s Day(The Scheming Lieutenant)圣·派特立克节ν The Duenna伴娘ν The Critic批评家The Romantic Ageλ Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯1759~1796ν Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗ν John Anderson, My Jo约翰·安德生，我的爱人ν A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰ν Auld Long Syne往昔时光νA Man’s a Man for A’That不管那一套νMy Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在那高原上λ William Blake威廉·布莱克1757~1827ν Songs of Innocence天真之歌ν Songs of Experience经验之歌ν America亚美利加ν Europe欧罗巴ν Milton弥尔顿ν Jerusalem耶路撒冷ν The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻λ William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770~1850ν We Are Seven我们是七个ν The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女ν Imitations of Immortality fromRecollections of Early Childhood不朽颂ν The Prelude序曲ν Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集λ Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·科尔律治1772~1834ν The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂ν Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔νKubla Khan忽必烈汗νFrost at Night半夜冰霜νDejection, an Ode忧郁颂ν Biographia Literaria文学传记λ George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦1788~1824νChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德·哈罗德尔游记ν Manfred曼弗雷德ν Cain该隐ν Don Juan唐·璜ν When We Two Parted当初我们俩分别λ Persy Bysshe Shelley波西·比希·雪莱1792~1822ν Queen Mab麦步女王ν Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛ν The Cenci钦契一家ν The Masque of Anarchy, Hellas专制者的假面游行νPrometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯νOde to the West Wind西风颂ν T o a Skylark致云雀λ John Keats约翰·济慈1795~1821ν On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂ν Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂ν Ode to Autumn秋颂ν To Psyche普塞克颂νOn First Looking in Chapman’s Homer初读查普曼翻译的荷马史诗有感λ Sir Walter Scott沃尔特·斯科特爵士1771~1832The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人ν Waverley威弗利ν Guy Mannering盖曼纳令ν Rob Roy罗伯·罗伊ν Ivanhoe艾凡赫ν Kenilworth肯纳尔沃斯堡ν Quentin Durward昆廷·达沃德νSt.Ronan’s Wells圣罗南之泉λ Jane Austen简·奥斯丁1775~1817ν Sense and Sensibility理智与情感ν Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见ν Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园ν Emma爱玛ν Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺ν Persuasion劝导λ Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆1775~1834ν Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧故事集ν John Woodvil约翰·伍德维尔The Victorian Ageλ Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯1812~1870ν Sketches by Boz波兹特写ν The Posthumous Papers of the PickwickClub匹克威克外传ν Oliver Twist奥利弗·特维斯特（雾都孤儿）ν The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店ν Barnaby Rudge巴纳比·拉奇ν American Notes美国杂记ν Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·朱淑尔维特ν A Christmas Carol圣诞颂歌ν The Chimes教堂钟声ν The Cricket on the Hearth灶上蟋蟀ν Dombey and Son董贝父子ν David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔ν Bleak House荒凉山庄νHard Times艰难时世ν Little Dorrit小杜丽ν A Tale of Two Cities双城记ν Great Expectations远大前程ν Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友ν Edwin Drood艾德温·朱特λ William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·麦克匹斯·萨克雷1811~1863 ν Vanity Fair名利场ν Pendennis潘登尼斯ν The Newcomers纽克姆一家ν The History of Henry Esmond亨利·埃斯蒙德λ Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816~1855ν Professor教师ν Jane Eyre简·爱ν Shirley雪莉ν Villette维莱特λ Emily Bronte艾米莉·勃朗特1818~1854ν Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄λ George Eliot乔治·艾略特1819~1880ν Adam Bede亚当·比德ν The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊ν Silas Marner织工马南ν Romola罗慕拉ν Felix Holt菲利克斯·霍尔特ν Middlemarch米德尔马契ν Daniel Deronda丹尼尔·德龙拉λ Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代1840~1928ν A Pair of Blue Eyes一双蓝眼睛ν The Trumpet Major号兵长ν Desperate Remedies非常手段νThe Hand of Ethelberta艾塞尔伯塔的婚姻νUnder the Greenwood Tree绿荫下ν Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣νThe Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长νTess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝ν Jude the Obscure无名的裘德λ Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德·丁尼生1809~1892ν In Memoriam悼念ν Break, Break, Break冲击、冲击、冲击ν Idylls of the King国王叙事诗λ Robert Browning罗伯特·白朗宁1812~1889ν Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗ν Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧故事及抒情诗ν Men and Women男男女女ν Dramatic Personae登场人物νThe Ring and the Book环与书λ Elizabeth Barrett Browning伊丽莎白·芭蕾特·白朗宁1806~1861ν Sonnets from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗ν The Cry of the Children孩子们的哭声λ John Ruskin约翰·罗斯金1819~1900ν Modern Painters现代画家ν The Seven Lamps of Architecture建筑的七盏明灯ν The Stone of Venice威尼斯石头λ Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德1856~1900ν The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子故事集ν The Picture of Dorian Gray多利安·格雷的画像νLady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子ν A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人ν An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫ν The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要1900~1950λ William Butler Yeats威廉·勃特勒·叶茨1865~1939ν The Responsibilities责任ν The Wild Swans at Coole库尔的野天鹅ν The Tower钟楼ν The Winding Stair弯弯的楼梯λ John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥1867~1933ν Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家λ The Man of Property有产业的人λ In Chancery进退维谷λTo Let招租出让ν The End of the Chapter一章的结束λ James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯1882~1941ν A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man一个青年艺术家的肖像ν Ulysses尤利西斯ν Finnegans Wake芬尼根的苏醒ν Dubliners都柏林人λ Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙1882~1941ν Mrs Dalloway达洛维夫人ν To the Lighthouse到灯塔去ν The Waves浪λ David Herbert Lawrence戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯1885~1930ν Sons and Lovers儿子与情人ν The Rainbow虹ν Women in Love恋爱中的女人νLady Chatterley’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人λGeorge Bernard Shaw乔治·伯纳·萧1856~1950νMrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业νMan and Superman人与超人ν Major Barbara巴巴拉少校ν Pygmalion匹格玛利翁ν Heartbreak House伤心之家ν The Apple Cart苹果车ν Saint Joan圣女贞德Death of a Salesman推销员之死ν The Crucible萨勒姆的女巫ν A View for the Bridge桥头眺望λ Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比1928~ν Zoo Story动物园故事νWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼娅·沃尔芙？第三篇：英美文学Analysis of Robinson Crusoe2009级师范三班刘静Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works inaccordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’sFr iday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the nove l.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers onlyindirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s fullunderstanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is aremarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European he art lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is e our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, andnever lose hope.第四篇：英美文学《英美文学》复习方法一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。
【英语专业】英美文学论文--瑞普·凡·温克尔的性格分析(英文)
2010年美国文学课程论文题目Idleness in Characters of Rip Van Winkle 专业班级 2007级英语1班学号0710010123学生姓名X-X指导教师陈智平指导教师职称教授学院名称外语学院完成日期： 2010 年 6 月 1日Idleness in Characters of Rip Van WinkleAbstractWashington Irving held the proposition in writing not to attempt to lofty theme or to seek to look wise and learned and preferred addressing himself to the feelings and fancy of the reader more than his judgment. This paper is aimed at analyzing contextually his mas terpiece, “Rip Van Winkle” according to these ideas to which he adhered in composition. It utilizes the thought that avoids moralizing from the point of focusing on Rip Van Winkle himself, in particular his characters. As an important part of Rip’s disposi tion, idleness complements and enriches the figure of Rip. This paper concentrates on an analysis of Rip’s characters at first then of his idleness and attempts to seek what causes the idleness and what the idleness reflects.Key words: Rip Van Winkle; character; idleness; cause; implication1.Introduction“Rip Van Winkle”，one immortal article in “The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent” of Washing Irving, tells us an unbelievable and magical adventure of a henpecked villager. Rip Van Winkle, the protagonist, goes hunting in quest for peace escaping from his wife in the Kaatskill Mountains, meets a host of singular men playing ninepins, drinks their beverage and has a deep sleep for twenty years. When he returns home, not knowing the American Revolutionary War has taken place, he finds almost everything has changed. It takes him some time to adjust himself to the changes and live a normal life.“Rip Van Winkle” is of eternal fascination, which often attributes to expressing changes with continuity and preservation of tradition and presenting the magic of imagination in the short story (/wiki/Rip_van_Winkle). But success of an excellent fiction can also be found on the figures it creates. So this paper skips huge topics like history, time, life and death but to have an analysis of the Nobody, Rip Van Winkle, in the village.2. Rip’s charactersThe vivid description in the article gives a general outline of Rip’s entire personalities. As has been modeled, Rip is “a simple good-natured man”, “a kind neighbor”, “an obedient henpecked husband”, and “a pliant and malleable farmer” and has “a happy mortal of foolish, well-oiled disposition” (Irving, 811-812).Since people’s characters are connected with their surroundings, it is necessary to first have a look at the village in which Rip lives before analyzing his personalities. The voyagers up the Hudson may have described, at a distance, the light smoke and curling from the village, which indicates the village is away from the metropolis. In this beautifully rural village with sequestered spots, people mostly conducting agricultural production are easy to be content with what they have got and will get. For Rip Van Winkle, little necessity or stress is laid on him to desire extra material achievement. However, enjoying a loose life with friends and neighbors is essential and dispensable in his life. Actually, Rip exercises this tip of theory thoroughly and “would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound” (Irving, 812). Thanks to the surroundings, without much pressure of survival, Rip hold no responsibil ity to admire the more or the better but “whichever can be got with least thought or trouble” (Irving, 812).As a result, he is naturally of simplicity and good nature as a happy mortal. This belief of Rip may be probably viewed as not ambitious or enterprising because it resists change and advance. But in such a solitary village, it is really hard to expect Rip to possess super-real dreams. What’s important to him is that, apart from rural occupation, he could do what he likes. And considering the life style of early Dutch colonists who settled in America, agriculture and handcraft mainly included, there is a rough speculation about the life of the villagers. Men are engaged in regular work on the farm to produce cabbages, corn and potatoes to support the family and further to earn money for daily expenditure. Women take care of children “trooping like a colt at mother’s heel” (Irving, 812), assist men with farm work, deal with trivial jobs at home and give curtain lectures to their husbands. From these typical rural activities it is obvious that people are living in quietness. This kind of serene setting, similar to the village in “The Pride of the Village” by Washington Irving, too, contributes to the formation and stability of Rip’s characters.Besides, the village is indeed not huge in size, just “a little village, of great antiquity” (Irving, 812), compared with the different, “larger and more populous” (Irving, 816) one Rip sees when he comes back after a deep sleep. In rural region, sometimes the smaller, the better. Contrasting with big towns, cities which are flush with thousands of people, a small village lacks noises and has a much slower life pace with peace. People could meet each other frequently on the country load and farmland day and night. Constant contracts could bring warm greetings, instant assistance, shared enjoyment and harmonious relationship. Among people widely blessed with kindness, there is little strange for Rip to be a kind neighbor.With regard to Rip’s obedient henpecked chara cteristics and pliant, malleable conscience, to comprehend it only requests a respect to the authority of Dame Van Winkle, the neck determining the turns of head at home. And the shrew will help to check the distinguishing features of Rip. Her tongue also can make other personages in the village scare, let alone Rip. In company with such a powerful madam, Rip can hardly be self-determined or strong-minded.3. Rip’s idlenessAmong the errors in disposition of Rip, “idle” is the one incessantly mentioned an d criticized byhis wife. She “kept continually dining in his ears about his idleness” (Irving, 813), which puts up with a question about Rip, born, growing, and living in the serenity of rural life. How could a kind-hearted and versatile farmer, who is at the disposal of people in need of his assistance, be idle? In another word, where does idleness in his disposition come from? Though the judgment of Dame Van Winkle does not point out where the idleness originates and derive from, it is still possible to read between lines to find some hints in the article to finish this remaining task.First, the existence of Rip’s idleness is due to a set of contradiction, Rip’s merits and the environment, or the setting. At the respect of Rip himself, he is not in “wan t of assiduity or perseverance” (Irving, 812), which is exemplified by what he does with pleasure. One thing is that he could spend a whole day fishing with a long and heavy rod eventually with no fish nibble at all, and the other is that it takes him hours to trudge in the mountain just hunting for a few squirrels or wild pigeons. Although there is tiredness on rock paths, dangers from beasts and probability of getting nothing, Rip seldom cares them and does what he intends to do with enthusiasm. And in th e children’s view, Rip is absolutely talented, for he “assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians” (Irving, 812). The children assure that a man pr oficient in so many skills could and should be their favorite. They prove Rip’s worthy talents from a childish but delicate angle. And, in a larger sense, from children to adults, Rip is obliging. Indication of his wonder that “he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country” (Irving, 817) suggests that he knows villagers well and have a good relationship with them. Owing to the familiarity and his kindness, women used to employ him to run errands and do odd jobs. And Rip is often ready to a ttend their business. Rip’s behavior, his internal quality and people’ attitudes towards him can be regarded as evidence that Rip is in harmony with his inner world and with people surrounding. They, at the same time, throw light upon Rip’s merits.After acquiring a general knowledge of what kind of person Rip is, the focus turns to the environment. Here Kaatskill Mountains and Rip’s farm in the environment can be taken as examples to make the contradiction clear. As has been mentioned, the village is at the foot of Kaatskill Mountains. Like old castle and dark basement in Gothic fictions, mountain which is relatively stationary to witness and has a nearly infinitely capacity to absorb constitutes an irreplaceable setting for occurrence of mysteries. Kaatskill Mountains, said to be often haunted by spirits, are home of many creatures and measure for villagers, furnishing plants, animals and other villagers but forget to fertilize Rip’s farm. Instead, they make his fence fall into pieces and disorient his cow and nurture weeds rather than farm produce. At last, Rip’s farm is “the most pestilent little ground in the whole country” and “every thing about it went wrong, and would go wrong” (Irving, 812). Moreover, the mountains with magical hues and shapes are pr aised by wives as perfect barometers, however, it fails to guide Rip to arrange properly to do farm wok outside because “the rain always made a point of setting in just have he had some out-door to do” (Irving, 812). The farm should have been the ground where Rip exercises all his talents to produce probably the most corn and potatoes and devote himself to creating a better family life. Unfortunately, the odds are so slim. And Rip’s talents have nowhere to go, leaving his house time-worn, his children ragged and wild, and his wife complaining.Now, the contradiction is clear that the environment is brutally against Rip’s merits, which are more likely to be seen when Rip plays the role as a hard-working farmer. Without the stage to work industriously, Rip seems to a bird without wings, a fish off water, a tree with rotted root and a stream with source blocked. In spite of little survival pressure, Rip is under the despotism of environment under which he has long groaned. With little hope of harvest on the ground, Rip is converted to have “an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor” (Irving, 812). If the story is a painting in accordance with Irving’s preference to envelope stories in an atmosphere, Kaatskill Mountains are the picture frame, the village is the setting in the frame, the farm is special point of the setting and Rip, miserable and having no alternative and even a little desperate, is the center. That Rip is restricted strictly can be spotted from the painting. His merits are oppressed and constrained into so-called idleness.Following the collision between Rip’s characters and the environment, conflict between Rip and his wife Dame Van Winkle is another paradox to which the idleness owes. In general sense, the environment is the funda mental cause for Rip’s characters and people close to him have a final say to affect his thoughts, behavior, and then his personalities. And Dame Van Winkle is the very factor with dominant strength to pull Rip under her principle. She discovers Rip’s idle ness and gives her tongue not a bit rest from morning to noon till night, complaining he brought ruin to the family and totally lost the glory of ancestors during the age of Peter Stuyvesant. It is in her eye that whatever Rip said or did should deserve countless household eloquence from her. The individual judgment reflects the close relationship between Rip and idleness, for Dame V an Winkle is his life companion. But Rip, appearing to have been accustomed to the blame, grows into a habit that he “shrugged his shoulder, shook his head, cast up his eyes but said nothing” (Irving, 813) as a response. Since one is eager to criticize while the other is indifferent, how cannot the conflict break?When Rip’s meekness cannot stand the volley of words he goes to t he outside. But the conflict, though having driven Rip away from home, does not come to an end. Leaving home, Rip consoles himself by frequently the village club before the inn “designated by a rubicund portrait of His Majesty George the Third” (Irving, 813). But he was still unlucky to be traced by his termagant wife. From home to inn, all the way covers shadow of idleness Dame Van Winkle frowns at. At home, needless to repeat, she discontents Rip’s performance and defines it as idleness that brings the family in gloom. Furthermore, the dog Wolfe is unable to get rid of the blame that his hostess regards him as his master’s companion in idleness. Before the inn, Dame Van Winkle would suddenly break in the session sometimes and “call the members all to naught” (Irving, 814). What’s more, taking into account the portrait of the George the Third who is a symbol with nobility and power, shouldn’t one give considerable respect? It isn’t Dame Van Winkle’s choice. She leaves the rule behind, and charges them of encouraging his husband in habits of idleness. The conflict between Rip and his wife extends from home to the inn, leading Rip to have to escape from home and inn and finally go into the mountains. Away from home, he is not capable of much work, instead, addi cted to hunting in the depths of the mountains. Like “the flock of idle crows” (Irving, 816) that answers Rip’s call when he awake suddenly, Rip is of idleness all the time.Coincidences on Rip’s farm can result in the assumption that Rip and his ground h as been cursed.The environment in which Rip does not behave insistently with his virtues makes it impossible for Rip to be super on the ground but to be idle off the land. The shrew Dame Van Winkle, whose tongue “grows keener with constant use” (Irving, 813) as years go by, makes the home and the inn not suitable for Rip, drives him into the woods with idleness. To conclude, the conformation and establishment idleness is due to contradictions between Rip with environment and his wife, which both benefits the appreciation of this vivid figure who has been known to all households for nearly two hundred years in America and will long endure.4.ConclusionThere is a string of idleness in the story. Before he strolls away into the woods in which he has the long sleep, he shares idleness with the dog Wolfe at home and with other idle villagers, say, “the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages” (Irving, 813), in the session. After the sleep lasting twenty years and returning the village, he resumes his idle ness and can be “at that happy age” and “can be idle with impunity” (Irving, 820). Other hen-pecked neighborhoods also wish to “have a quieting draught out of Rip Van Winkle’ flagon” (Irving, 821), showing that people similar to Rip exist and the number is not small. It further proves that idleness is still widely spread. And his son young Rip inherits the idleness, suggesting idleness is obtained by the next generation. Maybe one day in the village will appear another Rip Van Winkle with the character of idleness. So it is proper to say idleness of Rip comes from his life, consummates his characters and will go back to his life at length.Bibliography[1] Robert M. Stevenson, Jane L. Stevenson, eds. North America Short Stories. Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1976. Book 1, p.15-26.[2] Nina Baym, et al. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 3rd ed.. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1989, vol. 1, part 2, p.810-821.[3] James H. Pickering, ed. An Anthology of Short Stories. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1974: p.459-467.[4] Dong Qiu-min. On the Charm of “Rip Van Winkle”. Journal of He’nan University (Social Science), Sep. 2001, vol. 41, No.5.[4] Washington Irving. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Other Stories. New York: Airmont Pub., Co.,1904.[6] 彭家海, 主编. 新编实用美国文学教程. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社. 2005.。
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作者简介：华盛顿·欧文（Washington?Irving）（1789-1895）,?美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing?for?pleasure?and?to?produce?pleasure"。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》（Sketch?Book），这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文(Tofhiswork,and,totellthetruth,itisnotawhitbetterthanitshouldbe.Itschiefmeritisitsscrup ulousaccuracy,whichindeedwasalittlequestionedonitsfirstappearance,buthassincebeencomp letelyestablished;anditishowadmittedintoallhistoricalcollectionsasabookofunquestionab leauthority.Theoldgentlemandiedshortlyafterthepublicationofhiswork,andnowthatheisdeadandgoneitcan notdomuchharmtohismemorytosaythathistimemighthavebeenmuchbetteremployedinweightierlab ors.He,however,wasapttoridehishobbyinhisownway;andthoughitdidnowandthenkickupthedustaditbeginstobesuspectedthatheneverintendedtoinjureoroffend.Buthoweverhismemorymaybeapp reciatedbycritics,itisstillhelddearamongmanyfolkwhosegoodopinioniswellworthhaving;par ticularlybycertainbiscuitbakers,whohavegonesofarastoimprinthislikenessontheirNewYearc akes,andhavethusgivenhimachanceforimmortalityalmostequaltothebeingstampedonaWaterloom edaloraQueenAnne’sfarthing.)ByWoden,GodofSaxons,FromwhencecomesWensday,thatisWodensday,ginalsettlersstandingwithinafewyears,withlatticewindows,gablefrontssurmountedwithweat hercocks,andbuiltofsmallyellowbricksbroughtfromHolland.Inthatsamevillage,andinoneoftheseveryhouses(which,totelltheprecisetruth,wassadlytime-wornandweather-beaten),therelivedmanyyearssince,whilethecountrywasyetaprovinceofGreat Britain,asimple,good-naturedfellow,ofthenameofRipVanWinkle.HewasadescendantoftheVanWi nkleswhofiguredsogallantlyinthechivalrousdaysofPeterStuyvesant,andaccompaniedhimtothe siegeofFortChristina.Heinherited,however,butlittleofthemartialcharacterofhisancestors .Ihaveobservedthathewasasimple,good-naturedman;hewas,moreover,akindneighborandanobedigabroadwhoareunderthedisciplineofshrewsathome.Theirtempers,doubtless,arerenderedplian tandmalleableinthefieryfurnaceofdomestictribulation,andacurtainlectureisworthallthese rmonsintheworldforteachingthevirtuesofpatienceandlong-suffering.Atermagantwifemay,the refore,insomerespects,beconsideredatolerableblessing;andifso,RipVanWinklewasthriceble ssed.Certainitisthathewasagreatfavoriteamongallthegoodwivesofthevillage,who,asusualwiththe amiablesex,tookhispartinallfamilysquabbles,andneverfailed,whenevertheytalkedthosematt ersoverintheireveninggossipings,tolayalltheblameonDameVanWinkle.Thechildrenofthevilla ge,too,wouldshoutwithjoywheneverheapproached.Heassistedattheirsports,madetheirplaythiHischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.HissonRip,anurchinbegotte ninhisownlikeness,promisedtoinheritthehabits,withtheoldclothesofhisfather.Hewasgenera llyseentroopinglikeacoltathismother’sheels,equippedinapairofhisfather’scast-offgall igaskins,whichhehadmuchadotoholdupwithonehand,asafineladydoeshertraininbadweather.RipVanWinkle,however,wasoneofthosehappymortals,offoolish,well-oileddispositions,who taketheworldeasy,eatwhitebreadorbrown,whichevercanbegotwithleastthoughtortrouble,andw ouldratherstarveonapennythanworkforapound.Iflefttohimself,hewouldhavewhistledlifeaway ,inperfectcontentment;buthiswifekeptcontinuallydinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,hiscasantlygoing,andeverythinghesaidordidwassuretoproduceatorrentofhouseholdeloquence.Riph adbutonewayofreplyingtoalllecturesofthekind,andthat,byfrequentuse,hadgrownintoahabit. Heshruggedhisshoulders,shookhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing.This,however,alwaysp rovokedafreshvolleyfromhiswife,sothathewasfaintodrawoffhisforces,andtaketotheoutsideo fthehouse—theonlysidewhich,intruth,belongstoahenpeckedhusband.Rip’ssoledomesticadherentwashisdogWolf,whowasasmuchhenpeckedashismaster;forDameVanWi nkleregardedthemascompanionsinidleness,andevenlookeduponWolfwithanevileye,asthecauseo fhismaster’ssooftengoingastray.Trueitis,inallpointsofspiritbefittinganhonorabledog,h ewasascourageousananimalaseverscouredthewoods—butwhatcouragecanwithstandtheever-duristoodhim,andknewhowtogatherhisopinions.Whenanythingthatwasreadorrelateddispleasedhim, hewasobservedtosmokehispipevehemently,andsendforthshort,frequent,andangrypuffs;butwhe npleased,hewouldinhalethesmokeslowlyandtranquilly,andemititinlightandplacidclouds,and sometimestakingthepipefromhismouth,andlettingthefragrantvaporcurlabouthisnose,wouldgr avelynodhisheadintokenofperfectapprobation.FromeventhisstrongholdtheunluckyRipwasatlengthroutedbyhistermagantwife,whowouldsudden lybreakinuponthetranquillityoftheassemblage,andcallthemembersalltonought;norwasthatau gustpersonage,NicholasVedderhimself,sacredfromthedaringtongueofthisterriblevirago,whoPoorRipwasatlastreducedalmosttodespair;andhisonlyalternative,toescapefromthelaborofth efarmandclamorofhiswife,wastotakeguninhandandstrollawayintothewoods.Herehewouldsometi messeathimselfatthefootofatree,andsharethecontentsofhiswalletwithWolf,withwhomhesympa thizedasafellow-suffererinpersecution.“PoorWolf,”hewouldsay,“thymistressleadstheea dog’slifeofit;butnevermind,mylad,whileIlivethoushaltneverwantafriendtostandbythee!”Wolfwouldwaghistail,lookwistfullyinhismaster’sface,andifdogscanfeelpity,Iverilybelie vehereciprocatedthesentimentwithallhisheart..hegldperceivedastrangefigureslowlytoilinguptherocks,andbendingundertheweightofsomethinghe carriedonhisback.Hewassurprisedtoseeanyhumanbeinginthislonelyandunfrequentedplace,but supposingittobesomeoneoftheneighborhoodinneedofassistance,hehasteneddowntoyieldit.Onnearerapproach,hewasstillmoresurprisedatthesingularityofthestranger’sappearance.He wasashort,square-builtoldfellow,withthickbushyhair,andagrizzledbeard.Hisdresswasofthe antiqueDutchfashion—aclothjerkinstrappedaroundthewaist—severalpairofbreeches,theout eroneofamplevolume,decoratedwithrowsofbuttonsdownthesides,andbunchesattheknees.Hebore onhisshouldersastoutkeg,thatseemedfullofliquor,andmadesignsforRiptoapproachandassisthualalacrity,andmutuallyrelievingoneanother,theyclamberedupanarrowgully,apparentlythed rybedofamountaintorrent.Astheyascended,Ripeverynowandthenheardlongrollingpeals,likedi stantthunder,thatseemedtoissueoutofadeepravine,orrathercleftbetweenloftyrocks,towardw hichtheirruggedpathconducted.Hepausedforaninstant,butsupposingittobethemutteringofone ofthosetransientthundershowerswhichoftentakeplaceinmountainheights,heproceeded.Passin gthroughtheravine,theycametoahollow,likeasmallamphitheater,surroundedbyperpendicularp recipices,overthebrinksofwhichimpendingtreesshottheirbranches,sothatyouonlycaughtglim psesoftheazureskyandthebrighteveningcloud.Duringthewholetime,Ripandhiscompanionhadlab oredoninsilence;forthoughtheformermarveledgreatlywhatcouldbetheobjectofcarryingakegof liquorupthiswildmountain,yettherewassomethingstrangeandincomprehensibleabouttheunknow nthatinspiredaweandcheckedfamiliarity.tolargeflagons,andmadesignstohimtowaituponthecompany.Heobeyedwithfearandtrembling;the yquaffedtheliquorinprofoundsilence,andthenreturnedtotheirgame.Bydegrees,Rip’saweandapprehensionsubsided.Heevenventured,whennoeyewasfixeduponhim, totastethebeverage,whichhefoundhadmuchoftheflavorofexcellentHollands.Hewasnaturallyat hirstysoul,andwassoontemptedtorepeatthedraught.Onetasteprovokedanother,andhereiterate dhisvisitstotheflagonsooften,thatatlengthhissenseswereoverpowered,hiseyesswaminhishea d,hisheadgraduallydeclined,andhefellintoadeepsleep.ubbedhiseyes—itwasabrightsunnymorning.Thebirdswerehoppingandtwitteringamongthebushes ,andtheeaglewaswheelingaloftandbreastingthepuremountainbreeze.“Surely,”thoughtRip,“Ihavenotslepthereallnight.”Hereca lledtheoccurrencesbeforehefellasleep.Thestrangema nwithakegofliquor—themountainravine—thewildretreatamongtherocks—thewoe-begoneparty atninepins—theflagon—“Oh!thatflagon!thatwickedflagon!”thoughtRip—“whatexcusesha llImaketoDameVanWinkle?”Helookedroundforhisgun,butinplaceoftheclean,well-oiledfowlingpiece,hefoundanoldfirelo cklyingbyhim,thebarrelincrustedwithrust,thelockfallingoff,andthestockworm-eaten.Henow suspectedthatthegraveroystersofthemountainhadputatrickuponhim,andhavingdosedhimwithlidotostarveamongthemountains.Heshookhishead,shoulderedtherustyfirelock,and,withaheartf ulloftroubleandanxiety,turnedhisstepshomeward.Asheapproachedthevillage,hemetanumberofpeople,butnonewhomheknew,whichsomewhatsurprise dhim,forhehadthoughthimselfacquaintedwitheveryoneinthecountryround.Theirdress,too,was ofadifferentfashionfromthattowhichhewasaccustomed.Theyallstaredathimwithequalmarksofs urprise,andwhenevertheycasttheireyesuponhim,invariablystrokedtheirchins.Theconstantre currenceofthisgestureinducedRip,involuntarily,todothesame,when,tohisastonishment,hefo undhisbeardhadgrownafootlong!Hehadnowenteredtheskirtsofthevillage.Atroopofstrangechildrenranathisheels,hootingafte rhim,andpointingathisgraybeard.Thedogs,too,noneofwhichherecognizedforhisoldacquaintan ces,barkedathimashepassed.Theveryvillagewasaltered:itwaslargerandmorepopulous.Therewe rerowsofhouseswhichhehadneverseenbefore,andthosewhichhadbeenhisfamiliarhauntshaddisap peared.Strangenameswereoverthedoors—strangefacesatthewindows—everythingwasstrange.H ismindnowbegantomisgivehim;hedoubtedwhetherbothheandtheworldaroundhimwerenotbewitched .Surelythiswashisnativevillage,whichhehadleftbutthedaybefore.TherestoodtheCatskillMou ntains—thereranthesilverHudsonatadistance—therewaseveryhillanddalepreciselyasithada lwaysbeen—Ripwassorelyperplexed—“Thatflagonlastnight,”thoughthe,“hasaddledmypoor headsadly!”—thero—hecalTherewas,asusual,acrowdoffolkaboutthedoor,butnonewhomRiprecollected.Theverycharactero fthepeopleseemedchanged.Therewasabusy,bustling,disputatioustoneaboutit,insteadoftheac customedphlegmanddrowsytranquillity.HelookedinvainforthesageNicholasVedder,withhisbro adface,doublechin,andfairlongpipe,utteringcloudsoftobaccosmokeinsteadofidlespeeches;o rVanBummel,theschoolmaster,dolingforththecontentsofanancientnewspaper.Inplaceofthese, alean,bilious-lookingfellow,withhispocketsfullofhandbills,washaranguingvehementlyabou trightsofcitizens—election—membersofCongress—liberty—Bunker’sHill—heroesof’76—andotherwords,thatwereaperfectBabylonishjargontothebewilderedVanWinkle.TheappearanceofRip,withhislonggrizzledbeard,hisrustyfowlingpiece,hisuncouthdress,andt hearmyofwomenandchildrenthathadgatheredathisheels,soonattractedtheattentionofthetaver npoliticians.Theycrowdedaroundhim,eyinghimfromheadtofoot,withgreatcuriosity.Theorator bustleduptohim,anddrawinghimpartlyaside,inquired“onwhichsidehevoted?”Ripstaredinvac antstupidity.Anothershortbutbusylittlefellowpulledhimbythearm,andraisingontiptoe,inqu iredinhisear,“whetherhewasFederalorDemocrat.”Ripwasequallyatalosstocomprehendtheque stion;whenaknowing,self-importantoldgentleman,inasharpcockedhat,madehiswaythroughthec rowd,puttingthemtotherightandleftwithhiselbowsashepassed,andplantinghimselfbeforeVanW inkle,withonearmakimbo,theotherrestingonhiscane,hiskeeneyesandsharphatpenetrating,asi twere,intohisverysoul,demanded,inanausteretone,“whatbroughthimtotheelectionwithagunontackagain.”“Where’sVanBummel,theschoolmaster?”“Hewentofftothewars,too,wasagreatmilitiageneral,andisnowinCongress.”Rip’sheartdiedaway,athearingofthesesadchangesinhishomeandfriends,andfindinghimselfth usaloneintheworld.Everyanswerpuzzledhim,too,bytreatingofsuchenormouslapsesoftime,ando fmatterswhichhecouldnotunderstand:war—Congress—StonyPoint!—hehadnocouragetoaskafte“Oh,RipVanWinkle!”exclaimedtwoorthree,“Oh,tobesure!that’sRipVanWinkleyonder,leani ngagainstthetr ee.”Riplooked,andbeheldaprecisecounterpartofhimself,ashewentupthemountain:apparentlyaslaz y,andcertainlyasragged.Thepoorfellowwasnowcompletelyconfounded.Hedoubtedhisownidentit y,andwhetherhewashimselforanotherman.Inthemidstofhisbewilderment,themaninthecockedhat demandedwhohewas,andwhatwashisname?onderRiphadbutonequestionmoretoask;butheputitwithafalteringvoice:—“Where’syourmother?”“Oh,shetoohaddiedbutashorttimesince;shebrokeabloodvesselinafitofpassionataNewEngl andpeddler.”Therewasadropofcomfort,atleast,inthisintelligence.Thehonestmancouldcontainhimselfn olonger.—Hecaughthisdaughterandherchildinhisarms.—“Iamyourfather!”criedhe—“Youn gRipVanWinkleonce—oldRipVanWinklenow!—DoesnobodyknowpoorRipVanWinkle!”Allstoodamazed,untilanoldwoman,totteringoutfromamongthecrowd,putherhandtoherbrow,a ndpeeringunderitinhisfaceforamoment,exclaimed,“Sureenough!itisRipV anWinkle—itishims elf.Welcomehomeagain,oldneighbor.—Why,wherehaveyoubeenthesetwentylongyears?”Rip’sstorywassoontold,forthewholetwentyyearshadbeentohimbutasonenight.Theneighbor sstaredwhentheyheardit;somewhereseentowinkateachother,andputtheirtonguesintheircheeks ;andtheself-importantmaninthecockedhat,who,whenthealarmwasover,hadreturnedtothefield, screweddownthecornersofhismouth,andshookhishead—uponwhichtherewasageneralshakingofth eheadthroughouttheassemblage.Itwasdetermined,however,totaketheopinionofoldPeterVanderdonk,whowasseenslowlyadvanity,hetookhisplaceoncemoreonthebench,attheinndoor,andwasreverencedasoneofthepatriarch softhevillage,andachronicleoftheoldtimes“beforethewar.”Itwassometimebeforehecouldge tintotheregulartrackofgossip,orcouldbemadetocomprehendthestrangeeventsthathadtakenpla ceduringhistorpor.Howthattherehadbeenarevolutionarywar—thatthecountryhadthrownoffthe yokeofoldEngland—andthat,insteadofbeingasubjectofhisMajesty,GeorgeIII.,hewasnowafree citizenoftheUnitedStates.Rip,infact,wasnopolitician;thechangesofstatesandempiresmadeb utlittleimpressiononhim;buttherewasonespeciesofdespotismunderwhichhehadlonggroaned,an dthatwas—petticoatgovernment;happily,thatwasatanend;hehadgothisneckoutoftheyokeofmat rimony,andcouldgoinandoutwheneverhepleased,withoutdreadingthetyrannyofDameVanWinkle.W heneverhernamewasmentioned,however,heshookhishead,shruggedhisshoulders,andcastuphisey es;whichmightpasseitherforanexpressionofresignationtohisfate,orjoyathisdeliverance.Heusedt otellhisstorytoeverystrangerthatarrivedatDr.Doolittle’shotel.Hewasobserved ,atfirst,tovaryonsomepointseverytimehetoldit,whichwas,doubtless,owingtohishavingsorec entlyawaked.ItatlastsettleddownpreciselytothetaleIhaverelated,andnotaman,woman,orchil dintheneighborhoodbutknewitbyheart.Somealwayspretendedtodoubttherealityofit,andinsist edthatRiphadbeenoutofhishead,andthiswasonepointonwhichhealwaysremainedflighty.TheoldD utchinhabitants,however,almostuniversallygaveitfullcredit.Eventothisdaytheyneverheara thunder-stormofasummerafternoon,abouttheCatskills,buttheysayHendrickHudsonandhiscrewa reattheirgameofninepins;anditisacommonwishofallhenpeckedhusbandsintheneighborhood,whe nlifehangsheavyontheirhands,thattheymighthaveaquietingdraughtoutofRipVanWinkle’sflag on.些她们的丈夫不愿意做的小活计。