新东方托福阅读_杜昶旭老师课堂讲义及笔记总结
托福基础班阅读讲义-绝对超值-来自新东方
2011托福基础班阅读练习材料一、细节题APPLIED ARTS AND FINE ARTSSculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because(A)They began using a material that made the statues weigh less(B)They found a way to strengthen the statues internally(C)The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time(D) The cannonballs added too much weight to the statuesLAKE BAIKALCrescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in length and 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds one-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more than the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world's deepest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point, is more than 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) deep.Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of the Asian peninsula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world's lakes.What is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider than it is long.(B) It is circular in shape.(C) Its width is one-half of its length.(D) It is shaped like a new moon.It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less than the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great LakesAccording to paragraph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds one-fifth of the world's water(B) holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C) holds one-ninth of the world's water(D) holds 20 percent of the world's fresh waterAccording to paragraph 1, the Olkhon Crevice is(A) outside of Lake Baikal(B) 400 meters below sea level(C) the deepest part of Lake Baikal(D) 5,000 meters deepIt is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal(A) is not as old as some other lakes(B) formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other(C) was fully formed 25 million years ago(D) is today located on the edge of the Asian peninsulaTHE POSTAGE STAMPThe postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage was first proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that postal rates should not be based on the distance that a letter or package travels but should instead be based on the weight of the letter or package and that fees for postal services should be collectedin advance of the delivery, rather than after, through the use of postage stamps.The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be separated with scissors and provided enough postage for a letter weighing 14 grams or less to any destination. In 1843, Brazil was the next nation to produce national postage stamps, and various areas in what is today Switzerland also produced postage stamps later in the same year. Postage stamps in five-and ten-cent denominations were first approved by the U.S. Congress in 1847, and by 1860 postage stamps were being issued in more than 90 governmental jurisdictions worldwide.According to paragraph 1, postage stamps were first suggested(A) in the first half of the eighteenth century(B) in the second half of the eighteenth century(C) in the first half of the nineteenth century(D) in the second half of the nineteenth centuryIt is indicated in paragraph 1 that Sir Rowland Hill believed that postage fees(A) should be paid by the sender(B) should be related to distance(C) should have nothing to do with how heavy a package is(D) should be collected after the package is deliveredWhat is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A) It was designed by Queen Victoria.(B) It contained a drawing of a black penny.(C) It was produced in sheets of 14 stamps.(D) It could be used to send a lightweight letter.According to paragraph 2, Brazil introduced postage stamps(A) before England(B) before Switzerland(C) after the United States(D) after SwitzerlandIt is mentioned in paragraph 2 that in 1847(A) postage stamps were in use in 90 different countries(B) it cost fifteen cents to mail a letter in the United States(C) two different denominations of postage stamps were introduced in the United States(D) the U.S. Congress introduced the "penny black" stampFLATFISHMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighbors in that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocean floor in the shallower areas of the continental shelf that they inhabit. They also have remarkably sensitive color vision that registers the subtlest gradations on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of theocean floor. Each time that a sand dab or flounder finds itself in a new environment, the pattern on the body of the fish adapts to fit in with the color and texture around it.It is NOT stated in the passage that sand dabsA are a type of flatfishB are in the same family as floundersC have evolvedD are colorfully decoratedAccording to the passages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and floundersA have flattened bodiesB live along the ocean floorC live in the deepest part of the oceanD live along the continental shelfAll of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they areA overly sensitive to lightB able to see colorsC able to see the sea bottomD aware of their surroundingsIt is NOT true that chromatophoresA are skin cells。
新东方阅读笔记
阅读题型：一、summary 填空题方法：预测，寻找，大胆预测；小心求证对要填的词进行预测，预测需要区分上义词和下义词上义词：概括性，抽象性的词（vehicle）下义词：具体的，明确的词（bus car等）二、matching题找出配对项之间的差别，包括主旨，时态等三、判断题记判断肢中的关键词到原文中区寻找。
选T项一般是有近义词替换，出现原词的项通常是NG。
四、段落信息题站在写作的角度分析，此题是应该出现在开头还是结尾（如果是提出问题，通常应该文章或是段落的开头，如果是解决问题，则应该在文章或段落的结尾）阅读方法：3Sscan：定位题目中关键词，到原文中scan出位置并标注出来skim：归纳本段主旨skip：跳读，与考题有关的信息重点看（包括这句的前后句），其他信息跳过，无需翻译1．基于scan的定位法●60秒时间读标题和插图及开头段，了解本文的话题和态度●读一个或者多个考题，并划出考题的定位词，然后记住这些定位词到原文中找到每个考题的出题句。
多数考题的出题句只有一句话，甚至只有半句。
●根据出题句的意思，解答此题，个别难题需要看懂这个出题句的言外之意或内涵才能作对定位词如何找？先看本文话题词（如public transport），思考题里那个单词在原文中容易找到什么样的词，不可以做定位词？本文的主题词，其他的在本文里可能会多次出现的词，介词，连词，冠词，一般情况下不可以。
2. 基于skim的方法●5分钟读文章，每段话读前一半的句子，归纳或找到主旨，并把主旨记录在每段话旁边（如A段：因纽特人的问题B段：北极很困难）●15分钟做题，看这个题的意思与哪段主旨有关，此题就应该在哪一段里有出题句，部分考题还需要划出定位词，到原文中scan出题句，根据出题句的意思解答考题。
具体题型解答方式一、填词题（填空和简答）答题前需要明确几个原则？1.填空题答案来自哪里——必须填原词2.写几个字——必须有字数限制3.答案不能蒙，此题也不能放在最后做如何找到填空题的答案？1.定位词+预测空格处大概填什么词（上义词，下义词）——名词，动词，形容词，副词，数字。
Yjldhq新东方新托福高分强化班笔记
生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。
于是，看见的，看不见的；记住的，遗忘了。
生命中，不断地有得到和失落。
于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。
然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？Notes of TOEFL CoursePart 1 Speaking●TOD——T opic Development●D——Delivery●LE——Language Use语速150 words per min语调emotional使用headset的技巧：mic置于嘴稍下（避免气流声），用手稍微捂住嘴说话（集中音量）Cracking TASK 1&2●要有topic sentence●Keep talking●Detailed: place, time, person, number●要用动词的同义词，不要照说原题●少用“我”开头地方题旅游，衣食住行人物题正直，有耐心，有爱心Cracking TASK 1●看题取代听题●使用同义词、近义词可以用排列句I always like to try their famous cheese, yogurt, and wine. Point 1 reason→because, the reason whyPoint 2 example→I remember, for example, the best case to support it is…Point 3 detail→name, data( duration, frequency, how old, etc.), itemization动词令听者有画面感Topic: abstract1. major2. interest3. personal life★Methods of Classification★i. Local vs. International /Foreignii. Big vs. Smalliii. Lots vs. Fewiv. Available vs. Unavailablev. Internal vs. Externalvi. Male vs. Femalevii. Freedom vs. Limitviii. Focus vs. Distractix. Waste vs. Costx. Active vs. Passivexi. Common vs. Specialxii. Public vs. Privatexiii. Majority vs. Minorityxiv. Safety vs. Dangerxv. Beautiful vs. UglyCut into the same issue with different angles.benefit: wellness/ goodnesskinda like, sorta like =for exampleleftoverset-up: arrangementTA=teaching assistantLibrarianConsulter/adviser辅导员Orientation入学指导Discourse= speechMating/breeding seasonallot分配时间assign分配任务allocate分配资源appoint分配人peek at偷看beforehand=in advanceunparallel不可比拟的costumes装束, 服装prop道具wear it loose披散头发parlor 店铺a beauty parlor, an ice cream parlor, a funeral parlor whereabouts在…附近；下落，去向Cracking TASK 21. which →answer2. key →same meaning / paraphrase3. adj. & adv. →similar (optional)4. v. →similar or opposite (optional)5. 题目出现之后把耳机拿开，阅读题目增加准备时间Cracking TASK 31. Fact + Change + 2 Reasons2. 把细节、过渡词全部忘掉3. 屏幕上文章一出现就开始看，手立即作笔记4. 听力中表达观点的人是主角，配角的话完全不用听，笔记格式如下：Hidden roles of ETS1. Student-centered2. For the sake of community3. Playing means studying4. Always the authority’s fault5. Competition-driven6. EqualityCracking TASK 5Step 1 Listening, note-taking1. Classify & Identify The ProblemWhat’s the problem?●Schedule conflicts: busy●Unavoidable absence●Resources unavailable●Student election (涉及选举公平性，或者选举的其他活动，如campaign,debate, speech )2. Solutions & DetailStep 2 Speaking, Retell &ChooseNote-taking in T ask 5●The one who asks question will provide the solution.Ex. Hey, you look so pale, are you ok?Sentence patterns●The man/woman in the conversation is facing the problem that…●The trouble faced by the man/ woman is that…●From the dialogue, we learned that the man/woman ran into theproblem that…●So, these are the two solutions available for her.●Between doing A and doing B, I would rather pick the first option.Cracking TASK 41. Wherever a different word appears, there is always a simplifiedreplacement.2. Reading: background + theme+ 2 points/theories (if examples exist,copy them)3. Listening: lecture + 2 detail examples4. 旁白在4和6题中有主旨，留意最前和最后的旁白Pattern 1 (fix)●reading →theme →titlepoint 1→phrase 时间递进point 2→phrase 时间递进●listening reminderexample 1example 2Pattern 2（mix）Live every day to the ultimate.Dare to dream; dare to live on dream.Part 2 Reading推荐书目或网页：●林语堂《吾国与吾民》●●Merriam Webster Collegiate 11th●韦氏辞典豪华版3.0●旧托词频表●杨鹏17天把阅读文章中不懂的词记成X，比如mound（土墩, 护堤, 垛）就是小m And的含义：1. 并列2. 递进3. 条件4. 因果1.3 Locating Reference指代1. 代词一般指代名词原则非限性定语从句which只指代主句中的名词，不能指代一件事/句子2. 单复数一致原则3. 代词一般指前原则同质同位，主语同指原则：1. 简单句（前句）2. 并列句中两个分句3. 主从句成对关系●one…another…/ one…others…●some…others…●more than●the former…the latter…1.6 Determining Purpose目的1. 例证关系a. 标记词P113-6b. 对称结构，往前面找答案P110-52. 对比关系compare & contrastsimilarity～differencea. 比较the same, equal, similar, likeb. 对比比较级vs. 否定词3. 其他形容词、比喻、形象化描述1.7 Recognizing Paraphrases释义对于简单句：1. 主干（主谓宾），小心被动语态2. 逻辑关系（连词，比较关系的字眼）3. 注意：a. 被动语态b. 首句是代词要看上句c. 正确的释义可能会用所指代的内容来代替代词d. 不要带着自己的逻辑做题，应该按照选项去推错项的特点：●新概念●白马非马●无中生有●绝对化only, all（原文中出现这类词除外）1.8 Recognizing Coherence插入1. 存在指代关系a. 代词b. 名词重复（代词+同义替换）2. 代词+名词重复，比如it is a method….3. 总分关系a. 明显标记词p138、og121-11b. 先抽象，后具体c. A of B，新概念d. 要比较，先介绍4. 因果关系错项的特点：●打乱了相邻句子间的逻辑性●影响了转折语的正常使用●打乱了代词与指代对象之间的逻辑关系1.9 Summarizing Important Ideas摘要~1.10 Organizing Information结构Main idea首段转折句首段设问句首段末句（结论、科学发现）首段因果句明显分类描述明显数量概述（总分） Sub idea → 各段首句选项相加不需要涵盖全文，顺序没关系。
Toefl 强化班笔记
Toefl 强化班群号：165465020二．联系方式66:27536277toefl66@ 666666LLniuniunaoshi@ 666666Fc：86443179fc827@Mia:65178131darkwhirlwind.nos@ kuikuijie三．下载内容：Mia：185ideas 口语词汇全集66：双飞燕键盘无老师tpo破解版牛津动词短语搭配生活大爆炸Fc：李笑来185篇官方范文（打字训练）张红岩10天搞定托福作文胡敏真题群里（综合写作材料）tpo21套新托福120/yingyu///wy：galaaa网ttc美国名校讲座下载：电子复读机泛听：discovery national geography Scientific AmericanA阅读部分（六六）第一讲难点突破------五大难点一文章长度>700字3篇二academic essay词汇量多>8000 6000是基础学术词汇不做考点,只考认知公正性动物历史地理人类学文章难度:一>三>二生物历史地理三时间紧4H-4.5H1h 读20min 1p + 40min 2p1h 听30min 30min休息10min20min 说1.2 3.4 5.650min 写20min Reading Listening 30min其中:1 Reading:20min 1p 10t 700w 40min 2.3p 14t2 Listening:dialog1 lecture lecture dialog lecture lecture5 6 6 5 6 6t各30minp.s1 Dialog1 校园话题:学生-老师/ 学生-学生/学生-工作人员(宿舍管理员,图书馆管理员)3-4min2 关于听读加试:阅读加试2p 40min听力加试d l l 30min加试内容每年重复3***:每题自己点continue 不要被强行结束,自己结束3 Speaking:T 1) 主观阐述题你最。
互联网时代的英语学习新思路
讲座主题：互联网时代的英语学习新思路关键字：英语，互联网，GOOGLE，传统教学，公开课，讲座，素材积累讲座概述：无论您是刚开始学习英语，还是已经成为英语达人；无论您是想斩杀托福、雅思、GRE，还是想吐槽考研、四六级；面对高速发展的互联网时代，您有新的英语学习方法和思路吗？您还是延用着陈旧低效的英语学习方法吗？杜老师将在这里用最新颖的互联网思维，为大家指引英语学习的新方向。
老师简介：杜昶旭资深出国考试专家朗播网（langlib）创始人。
从事出国考试培训11年，培训学生超过10万人次。
原北京新东方学校北美考试部教师，主讲托福阅读、托福写作、GRE填空、SAT 填空等课程，曾多次获得新东方教育科技集团优秀教师，新东方20周年功勋教师，曾为新东方培养了大批优秀教师以及高分学员。
常见误区：1.喜欢英语才能学好英语？2.“哑巴英语”真的很可怕吗？3.发音真的很重要么？4.听写真的是提高听力的唯一途径？5.“词根词缀”真的有助于背单词？6.写长句子和用“高级”词真的能让文章“亮”起来？观点1:传统教学模式会出现很多弊端。
详解：可用资源有限：1.一套新概念学、背了几十年；2.一套人教版教材让我们记住了两个关系古怪的人和一段神奇的对话；3.一本“X宝书”让你从未质疑和放弃；教学手段单一：照本宣科、翻译式教学、只重视语法、轻视思维训练；教学思路和方法扭曲：“激情”掩盖“理性”；观点2：二十一世纪互联网给我们的英语学习带来了很大的便利。
详解：1.搜索引擎：google通过谷歌可以搜索到很客观的结果。
对英语学习有很大的帮助；解答自己的疑难杂症、翻译。
2.素材积累：互联网提供了丰富的素材来源：维基百科、电子书；随时记录素材的工具：Evernote、朗播网笔记本。
3.公开课：公开课资源：新浪公开课、网易公开课；TED（）、TTC(The Teaching Company);4.电影和美剧：模仿是学习语言的唯一正确方法，通过流行电视剧了解文化；观点3：互联网在教育领域有鲜明的优势详解：方便：不用出门就可以学习；便宜：互联网产品的规模效应可以极大的降低成本；互动性好：机器永远不骗你，永远不生气；自由：想学什么学什么。
新东方BEC上课笔记(阅读)
Part one(对号入座题):1.速读指令，预知文章的主题和内容2.速读句子，划出句意关键词，比较各句话的同异，最好将关键词另外写在纸上与ABCD四个选项进行比较3.快速浏览短文，依靠小标题迅速抓住各篇短文的主题，如果发现答题的具体信息可在具体信息下划线并标上题号4.尝试搭配5.重读短文，确定最后答案关键词：1．形容词2．副词3．句子中体现方位的词4．能力所及（can后面）5．特征（be characterized +…）6．人名、地名、数字、时间、百分比、金钱、黑体字、斜体字做题原则：1．一个选项最多被选两次2．1-3原则，ABCD四个选项有一个和其他三个明显不同时，该选项的不同点必定会出题3．D选项用来检查招聘广告：1.Title(job vacancy/wanted)2.正文1)公司的名称和职位（cooperation, position）2)对工作职位的描述（job description）3)Requirement & Qualifications4)待遇（Treatments/Benefits）5)公司的联系方式及地址（Contact/Address）Part four (完形填空)1.主要词汇2.词汇、固定搭配3.句子内部逻辑关系三大题型1．词义辨析题2．固定搭配题3．逻辑关系题解题方法：1.充分利用首段首句2.分析辨别逻辑关系3.利用上下文寻找解题信息4.排除法+代入法5.固定短语（搭配）E. g 首段or 首句寻找如order，While 时间上同时，意思前后对比固定搭配确定或排除（e .g deal with, convenient+人+of）And左右两边意思接近同义词中抽象名词line反复出现的词逻辑关系总结：1)并列：And, and also, or, neither…or, either…or…, is thesame way, that is to say, similarity, likewise, equally, not only… but also, as well as, same as2)转折：But, however, on the contrary, by contrast, on theother hand, unfortunately, yet, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of.3)递进：Also, moreover, then, besides, in addition, additionally,furthermore, what is more4)因果：Because, because of, for, since, as, therefore,consequently, hence, thus, so, according, in that, so (such)…that, due to, thanks to, as a result, in response to, for this reason, lead to, too… to5)让步：although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless,despite, in spite of6)条件：if, only if7)结构：8)First-second-last of all first-then after/before/next9)To begin with-to continue/next on one hand-on theother hand for one thing-for another thing one-another some-others-still others10)举例：Such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to make an example, more specifically speaking, namely 11)总结：In all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one wordAnd连接的平行结构：词性一致，语意一致，结构一致三种强调句式1．It is+强调部分+that2．主语+do/does/did+动原3．祈使句do+动原Part two（填句子）考点：i.逻辑关系ii.文章结构iii.指代任何两句话无外乎两种关系：顺接与转接顺接：并列、因果、递进、条件转接：转折、让步题型特点：1．所有文章都结构清晰，中心明确2．文章首段通常不出题，用来让我们把我文章的中心和主题3．段与段之间，句与句之间的逻辑关系明确4．衔接：词汇的衔接，逻辑上的衔接做题步骤：1．速读指令（Read the article about a…）2．浏览全文将选项带回原文，细读首段，理解文章的大意3．速读选项，划出关键词和逻辑关系词4．重读文章，重点分析每一个空前后的上下文背景和上下句背景关系，根据连贯和衔接的原则选择最合适的选项5．通读检查句与句之间的层次关系1)归纳（具体到一般）2)演绎（一般到具体）3)并列（同意替换）Part three（归纳句意）六段里面绝对是一段出一题五段（长段出两个）出题顺序和行文顺序相一致全部都是细节题提速：1．时间控制2．精读弄清句型（考点）如：A.根据词根B.比较级C.并列平行结构D.省略E.时间、条件状语从句F.限制性定语从句细节题1．标识1)时间、地点、人物2)问句（5个W，1个H）3)因果关系2．关键：定位1)根据时间、地点、人物、关键词2)通过出题顺序3)根据重点词或同义词返回原文解题思路：每篇文章：12分钟阅读5-6分钟，解题6-7分钟阅读时间<做题时间解题步骤：1．扫描题干，划出关键词（大写字母、人名、地名、数字、时间）2．通读全文，抓住中心3．仔细审题，返回原文4．重叠选项，得出答案Part five （改错题）1.短文（150~200）找出文中额外的，没有必要的词，共12道题2.答案为“correct”的题数为2-4题，并且分数相同，不会是连续两道题都为“correct”3.如果一行当中有两个或两个以上相同的词，则该词必为不能删的那个词改错原则：1．不改变原文的意思2．不改变原文的语气3．不改变原文的时态4．只能删，不能改，且只能删一个词，删完后要保证句子结构的完整最常被删的词：介词：（13次）with from about for by to than代词：（9次）that those these ones something either副词：（9次）动词和副词搭配：Up, around, out无意义的或意义重复的副词：Closely, only, so, too分词（9次）过去分词：Concerning, advertising, having, being making 现在分词：Put, given, been连词（7次）So, while, although, if, when形容词（5次）Such, every, far(无意义的重复)、错误举例：介词及物动词不加介词…, gather information and evaluate with the alternatives …不及物动词后不加介词…most consumers respond to automatically动词的固定用法Don`t waste time for reviewing all expenses claims代词无意义的指代副词动词与副词的搭配Whether you are making up the most of yourself无意义或错误的使用的副词You will need to make closely content with the employer`s agents分词现在分词Currently, there are advertising many new vacancies on the job market.过去分词…, you are probably given responsible for answering.连词连词连接的是两个句子，连词前后一定要接个句子，不是句子不能用连词形容词语意重复This such case /this case/such a case极少删的词定冠词：4次theBe动词：2次are be名词：2次result type动词：1次try时态：1次will错误举例时态文章的时态应该保持一致：As soon as they will open again, there is a pay rise wating for her.动词两个动词重叠BEC中动词和名词不是改错考试的重点，删的时候一定要慎重长难句理解1．并列平行结构2．定语从句3．插入结构（两个，或两个-之间，解释说明）4．分词做状语5．It 做形式主语或形式宾语6．同位语结构1．并列平行结构Private businessman, striving to make profits, produce these现在分词&过去分词1．逻辑上的主谓关系2．主句的谓语动词与分词动作之间有明显的先后关系时，分词谓语动词要用完成时代词后跟定语从句时一般用those ones 为泛指Part1:先考词汇，细节搭配1．一定先看这几段话的主题2．积累词汇是基础3．出题方式●同意词汇，词组替换●正话反说（p18.5）●一般到具体（p38.6）Part2:考逻辑关系1．逻辑关系2．时间先后次序（P80.10）3．平行结构（P80.12）4．词义衔接（P20.12）5．句与句之间的解释说明●一般到具体（P20.9）●具体到一般（P20.8,10）Part3: 考细节搭配1．同意替换●同意不同表达（P23.14）●同词根不同词性（P43.17）●正话反说（P43.16）●具体到一般（P23.13,18）●逻辑推理做题顺序：完型(10`)-改错(12`)-Part1(13`~14`)-Part2(13`~14`)。
马骏老师托福听力笔记-学员整理(在新东方最后的课堂笔记)
What’s 效益？Condition ----付出同样的成本A行为B行为↓↓收获多收获少↓↓Result ----- 效益大效益小做听力与阅读，不认识的单词仅占5%-10%，耗进的效益（时间成本+精力）到底值不值？时间成本都是一样的，在时间成本一样的前提下，我们要做有益身心的事。
追求效率——容易丢失——→丢失效益背单词行为复习—→效益收获往后翻—→效率收获得到效益的方法：控制~~效益较大的材料：Academic OG > VOA, BBC【我们需要的听力备考材料】ETS ---ⅠIBTⅰOG17篇精准&有效益5篇练习6篇模拟5篇模拟练习ⅱTPO 19套一套6篇ⅡPBT旧材料语速更快，使我们容易适应PS:很多同学到考场上发现语速跟不上15套+16套PBT *3=93套旧托福材料Horse画外音：小马过河上有20篇TPO精选听力，如果20篇文章你都不能变好，你一辈子也好不了~~….隔靴搔痒….一天需要完成的听力内容：一篇新托福+一篇旧托福材料↓听力演讲5-6minHorse画外音：在备考上要严谨，对自己严苛。
懂是不存在的，懂，是感性认识……做新托福演讲的标准：每篇至少10小时↑一篇旧托福的文章一般1’30”之内，短小：每篇至少5小时↑Horse画外音：持续做一件正确的事NEEDS心态 + 标准↙↘↓信念现实要正确，不缺乏↙能忍受&忍耐&持续人类很倔强，啊~~你只去做你自己想做的，否定不该做的评判一个东西是否有用的标准：是否去用它，是否Useful【对备考材料的使用误区】⑴多而不精作为灵长类动物的代表，人多贪婪拥有很多材料≠ 拥有很多能力贪图数多Horse tips: 新材料10 h↑,旧材料5 h↑⑵不够学术Horse：如果能用，我为什么不讲？不够学术的：吸血鬼日记，生活大爆炸，美剧，音乐，CNN,BBC,新概念，探索，国家地理看电影可以，这不是练听力，本来就是在看字幕的⑶不够托福ETS出考题，得用人家的游戏规则和国家地理里面谈论的火山都不一样⑷用法不当我们用法往往流于形式假设2月3号要练听力，你会干吗？Horse:你不会干的，我也不会改变你的历史。
新托福听力笔记总结
新托福听力笔记总结托福机经OG笔记英语学习新托福听力笔记总结基本情况5问题；演讲－－6问题。
OG指：新托福考试官方指南- The Official Guide to the New TOEFL iBT Longman指：新托福考试综合教程---答题界面不同：活化题目场景，看到题干机考的三种图片第一种：ConsultationDelayed Paper1. 对话，不是演讲咨询2. 主题：delayed paper第二种图片开始之后活化场景但是意义不大，集中在听力上，而不是画面上第三种图片与第二类图片交替出现，帮助你理解听力文字重视第一，三类图片信息，忽视第二类图片信息！当出现Notebook和Blackboard时，上面的内容一定要记笔记！当图片发生变化时，讨论元素发生转变！(3)答题程序先听，后读，再选！应试提高两种实力基本实力70％考试实力30％听力内容1.Conversation内容（共三种)：instructors’ office hoursservice encountersstudent interactions2.lecture内容（共四种）：ArtsLife SciencePhysical ScienceSocial Science听力的3种基本能力和八种题型托福机经OG笔记英语学习Basic prehension基本信息的理解力（＞50%）1.Gist-Content P142内容主旨2.Gist-Purpose P144 目的主旨3.Detail 基本理解题P146 细节题Pragmatic understanding语言信息的理解力（重听题）(20％－25%）4. Understanding the function of What is Said.5. Understanding the Speaker’s AttitudeConnecting information 关联信息的理解力(25%)6. Understanding Organizations7. Connecting Content8. Making Inference诊断测试并分析题型技巧：笔记和六种题型的技巧新托听力笔记记笔记的目的－－优秀的笔记在新托听力考试中拿到满分！优秀的笔记－－重现原文，将听力转化为阅读！记什么？－－开头和结尾，人名，时间，数字，步骤和过程名称，行为目的，位置，颜色，对比和对照结构！记笔记的三种方法1.左右分栏记2.图表法笔记3.常规笔记法1. 三大基本题型和笔记的关系基本理解题主旨题一般依赖细节题非常依赖功能理解题不太依赖（上下文）整合信息题组织结构题一般依赖连接内容题极其依赖推论题一般依赖2. 笔记的结构对话1.提出问题---2.分析问题---3.解决问题托福机经OG笔记英语学习讲座1.专业主题2.解释主题3.总结主题笔记的几个原则1.笔记中注意词的等级2.大量使用缩略词和符号3.框架结构清晰4.随时查遗补漏缩略语A.拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMSG: messageSTD: standardB. 保留前几个字母INFO informationTEMP TemporaryBAL BalanceAMAP As much/many as possible ASAP As soon as possibleC.保留开头和结尾WK weekPL peopleD. 根据发音R areTHO thoughE. 后缀简写-ism m materialism materm-ation n hibernation hibern-ing g marketing MKTg-ed d accepted acptd-able/ible/ble bl impossible impob-ment mt amendment amdmt-ize z recognize regz-ful fl meaningful mnflF 数字5th C. A. D. 3rd C. B. C. 1960s 1/2, 3/4, 3/8“和”，“与”：and，together with，along with，pany，along with，further more，etc.↑ 上升、增加ascend，climb，go up，mount up，move up，raise，rise，soar托福机经OG笔记英语学习↓ 下降、减少descend, drop, fall, go or e down, decline高频笔记缩略词小结examplee.g.pareCpnineteen centuryC19Great BritainG.B.QuestionQnumberNo.“少于”：less/smaller，etc.“低”：inferior to，etc.= “同等”：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.≠ “不同”：be different from, etc.√ “好”，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.× “错误”、“失误”和“坏”：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.～“大约”：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.∵ 原因due to, because, because of ,∴ 结果consequently, therefore, thus,∈ 属于belong to, be part of, fall into, pertain to, remainwith, reside☆ “重要的”：important，exemplary, best，outstanding，brilliant，etc. ∧ 转折but, however, in fact, actually, yet, while,only , still, nevertheless☆ “重要的”：important，exemplary, best，outstanding，brilliant，etc. ∧ 转折but, however, in fact, actually, yet, while, only , still, nevertheless笔记过程中的问题1.不认识的单词记？不记？记！发音！2. 例子不懂向观点靠拢记什么？1. 重复的地方2. 提建议的地方托福机经OG笔记英语学习重复的地方重复率高的词和概念－－Topic段落中重复两次的地方（通常为本次课要点，师生各重复一次，主题题/结论题），重复两次的名词必考2. 提建议的地方建议就是考点3. 强调的地方：解释强调举例强调级别强调结论强调对比强调4. 语气突变的地方语速减慢细微停顿单词重读明显升调1. 段落题语气做题法－要点语速降低处多有考点DD引出总结细微停顿后多有考点DD引出观点或强调要点单词重读处多有考点DDmostly, mainly, pletely, extremely 回答时如有明显升调要特别留意（升调多偏怀疑或否定）5.出现因果关系的地方原因结果6．表转折的地方7. 问答的地方一问一答自问自答问题的回答就是考点9．尾巴的地方全篇的结论/观点教授或学生对某事的总体评价通常针对段落结尾发问，可能问到两种问题：1.全篇的结论/观点What can be inferred from the discussion? What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?屏幕进度条指向末尾时，注意总结性的话托福机经OG笔记英语学习2.教授或学生对某事的总体评价／接下去干什么What is/are the professor /students overall assessment of the。
新东方考研英语阅读与写作笔记
新东方考研英语阅读与写作笔记新东方考研英语阅读与写作笔记一、阅读部分新东方考研英语阅读部分主要包括长篇阅读和短篇阅读两个部分。
长篇阅读主要考察学生对于文章主旨和细节的理解能力，短篇阅读主要考察学生对于文章逻辑结构和作者观点的理解能力。
以下是笔者总结的一些阅读技巧和备考建议。
1. 阅读技巧(1) 预览：通过阅读题目、题干和文章开头，快速了解文章的主题和结构，掌握文章的大意，有助于把握文章的重点和理顺文章的思路。
(2) 留意关键词：关键词是指在文章中出现频率较高的词语，一般与文章的主题和论点相关。
留意关键词能够帮助我们快速找到文章中的信息，提高阅读效率。
(3) 理解语篇结构：语篇结构是指文章的组织结构和段落之间的逻辑关系。
理解语篇结构有助于我们把握文章的逻辑脉络，更好地理解作者的观点和意图。
2. 备考建议(1) 提高阅读速度：考研英语阅读部分的时间是有限的，因此提高阅读速度是非常重要的。
建议多做一些速度训练，增加阅读量，提高阅读效率。
(2) 增加词汇量：词汇是阅读的基础，掌握更多的词汇可以帮助我们更好地理解文章的内容。
建议多背单词，积累词汇，特别是一些常见的高频词汇。
(3) 多做模拟题：通过做模拟题可以更好地了解考研英语阅读的题型和出题思路，提高解题能力。
建议多做一些真题和模拟题，分析解题思路和方法。
二、写作部分新东方考研英语写作部分主要包括作文和翻译两个部分。
作文一般考察学生对于一个话题的分析和论述能力，翻译一般考察学生对于中英文语言结构和表达方式的理解能力。
以下是笔者总结的一些写作技巧和备考建议。
1. 写作技巧(1) 明确论点：写作时要明确自己的论点或立场，有一个明确的中心思想，并在全文中有机地组织论据和例证来支持自己的观点。
(2) 合理组织结构：写作时应分段落进行，每个段落都要有明确的主题句，并通过合理的连接词和过渡句将各个段落组织起来，使文章结构清晰，逻辑严密。
(3) 多用复杂句：在写作中，适当使用一些复杂的句子结构能够提高文章的语言表达能力和得分效果，增加文章的亮点。
新东方英语阅读笔记
你来我网博客动力，词汇题地正确答案经常问藏着原文该词汇出现地附近，寻找时应注意同位语，特殊标点，定语从句，及前后缀，特别注意搜索时地同词性原则，解题思路概括为：搜索带入四，指代题：，返回原文，找出指代词，向上搜索，找最近地名次，名词性短语，句子，将找到地词，词组或句子地含义带入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺.，将找到地词，词组或句子与四选项进行比较，找出最佳答案五，正确答案地特征：，经常与中心有关，位于文章地段首，段尾，转折出，原则：同意替换，正话反说，语气：正确选项中经常含有不确定词语和委婉表达地用词，如：, , 等，正确答案场具有概括性，深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林六：错误答案地设置：，正反混淆，无中生有(未提及地概念，所答非所问，偷换概念)，过分绝对，扩大范围（注意隐蔽性扩大范围）：因果倒置，推断过远.，常识性判断：仅仅符合常识地不一定是正确答案不符合常识地肯定不是正确答案就事论事（混淆论点论据），事态错误变换句子，偏离中心六，细节考题：，举例子，打比喻处，转折处，因果句（考原因），特殊标点处，段首位句七，主旨题，标志：等，串线：抓手段和其余各段地第一句话，把他们地意思连成一个整体，要注意总结性地提示词和转折词，特别应留意中心句，小心第一段中设置地陷阱，注意逆向思维法，即快速作文法，主旨题错误选项地干扰特征：）局部信息：选项内容<文章内容）范围过宽：选项内容〉文章内容解题思路：串线摘帽八，作者态度题：，标志，首先寻找文章中一些具有感情色彩地词，可以抓论述地主线以及举例地方式，一般来说，作者地整体态度地答案为：客观，乐观，积极向上地选项不会是：主观，偏激，漠不关心，迷惑地九：推理题，标志：等，看是否可以通过提干或选项返回原文，一般围绕文中地一两个点进行推理，依据原文地意思进行判断，先不要进行推理，若有一个选项根原文地意思一模一样，则，改选项必是正确答案，注意，推理题地最近答案原则，直接推出地比间接推出地要好，注意：推理时不能想地太多，推地过远，是否能把原文读懂才是关键十判断题：转换为细节题，把四个选项聚焦到一两个点当中，做题首先扫描个选项，寻找选项中相同地词，或者容易定位地词，定位时同时注意使用自然段界定原则文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
15266045.doc - 1 - 新托福阅读讲义 杜昶旭 15266045.doc - 2 - 一. 准备知识 1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点 (1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子) (2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇 (3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7) (4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇 (5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分) 2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点 (1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断 (4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 (5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段. (6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 15266045.doc - 3 - 托福阅读是以句子为核心的 3.阅读的本质: (1) 获取有效信息 (2) 消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ➢ 结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). ➢ 细节主体(填充) (2) 文章具体结构如下: ➢ Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构) ➢ Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) ➢ Conclusion: topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1) 快速笔记的意义: ➢ 辅助思维框架形成 ➢ 索引功能 (2) 快速笔记的内容 ➢ 结构主体的核心词 ➢ 时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 ➢ 人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 ➢ 举例主体 ➢ 新概念和核心概念 15266045.doc - 4 - ➢ 重要的逻辑关系 (3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系 (4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING) (5) 好笔记的特点: ➢ 笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络 ➢ 根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述 6.阅读和口语的关系: (1) 规范口语的逻辑 (2) 提供口语表达的素材
二.阅读方法 1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法 (1) 句子阅读中的障碍 1) 定语 ➢ 前置定语: adj+n ➢ 后置定语: n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for you prep phrase介词短语: a pen on the desk v-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem 15266045.doc - 5 - 注: 分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰 不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem ➢ 定语从句: 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句) 关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句 介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what 2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除 ➢ A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句) ➢ A, or B ➢ A that + 句子( 完整句) ➢ A of B: the city of Beijing 3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离 ➢ Adv 副词 ➢ Prep phrase 介词短语 ➢ 分词短语 ➢ 不定式 15266045.doc - 6 - 注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语 4) 并列结构 ➢ 并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等 5) that引导的各种从句 ➢ S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句 S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句 ➢ It + Vi + that +句子
It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句 That +句子+ V N+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句) 定语从句(非完整句) ➢ S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright. S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句). (2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法 1) 括号匹配 ➢ …… 关联词 (完整句) ➢ …… (关联词+ 非完整句) 2) 化右括号的条件: 15266045.doc - 7 - ➢ 句子终结 ➢ 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前 例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker) 例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕. 例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents). 例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. 例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly). 15266045.doc - 8 - 例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble). 例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构. 例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in
which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)) 例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕 and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for