中国产业的出口竞争力评估外文文献翻译最新译文
FDI外商直接投资区位选择外文文献翻译2014年中文译文3100字
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中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析外文翻译中英对照中英互译
中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析译文正文：中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析摘要：本文在大量数据的基础上测算了1980－2003年期间中国部分农产品的显性比较优势指数及其比较竞争力。
测算结果表明中国在可食用蔬菜、茶叶等农产品上仍然具有比较优势，但是24 年来中国农产品的显性比较优势指数呈现下降趋势。
关键词：农产品; 国际贸易; 显性比较优势(RCA); 竞争力中国的农产品出口，为增加外汇、就业机会及城乡居民收入做出了重大贡献。
2003年农产品贸易余额为2.5美元亿美元，占外贸顺差总额的9.8％。
诚（2003）报道，由农产品出口可直接和间接创造19.88个就业机会。
巴拉萨（1965）在全球层面上首次提出了中国农产品的相对竞争力可以通过显示性比较优势分析（RCA），这对意识到中国农产品的竞争地位有作用的。
显示性比较优势的公式有某些类型的测量方法可以判定一个产业的竞争力，其中RCA指数就是重要的一个，RCA的概念基于的是传统的贸易理论。
原来的RCA指数，由巴拉萨（1965），可以被定义为：RCA= (X ij /X it) / (X nj / X nt)其中x表示出口,i代表一个国家，j是一种商品，x ij表示i国用来出口商品j。
t代表一组商品和n代表一组国家。
因此,该方程分析一个国家的出口占世界出口的商品与该国的出口总额占世界出口总额。
如果i国家j商品的世界出口份额，占i国的所有产品的世界出口份额越大，RCA将越大于1，这表明一个国家在生产特定商品上有一个“显性”比较优势。
RCA是基于观察贸易模式。
RCA价值的增加意味着在一国一种商品的竞争力增加。
这种测量是很容易，它被广泛采用。
但在现实中，可以观察到的贸易格局被政策和干预扭曲，因此可能会歪曲潜在的比较优势。
这在农业部门尤其如此，政府的干预是司空见惯的，这一点由巴拉萨（1965）指出。
进口限制的程度，出口补贴和其他的保护政策可能会扭曲的显示性比较优势指数正在成为关注的问题。
《出口竞争力研究的基本概念与相关理论基础3000字》
出口竞争力研究的基本概念与相关理论基础综述目录出口竞争力研究的基本概念与相关理论基础综述 (1)1基本概念 (1)1.1出口结构 (1)1.1出口竞争力 (2)2 相关理论 (2)2.1比较优势理论 (2)2.2资源禀赋理论 (3)2.3竞争优势理论 (3)1基本概念1.1出口结构本文的出口结构指的是出口商品结构，是指在报告期内出口的各类商品在出口商品总值中所占的比重。
它反映一国或地区出口商品的结构如何，是否合理，为出口战略的调整提供依据。
出口商品按类别分组，有以下几种方法分类：(1)按行业分为农副产品、轻工产品、纺织品、重工业品等。
由各类商品占出口额的比重，可以观察和分析出口商品的内部结构，同时，可以反映各行业的发展水平，为产业结构调整和技术改造提供依据，(2)按制成度分为初级品和工业制成品。
一般分析出口商品结构都是以制成度为标准的。
工业制成品占的比重越大，初级品比重越小，说明一国的贸易结构越好。
若同历史数据进行对比分析，工业制成品所占比重是上升的，说明该国的出口结构向好的方向发展，趋向合理。
(3)按国别分。
可以从出口对象国所占比重，分析出口构成是否合理。
若在构成中，某一国或某几匡所占的比重很高，就说明对一国商品出口集中度太大，对发展对外贸易不利，易引起贸易摩擦和贸易保护主义。
如在中美贸易中，在中国的进口中美国不足10%，而在中国的出口中，美国却占20%以上。
因此，在近几年的中美贸易战中，我国明显处于劣势，所以，应积极拓宽国际市场营销渠道，形成多元化的市场格局。
但由于本文研究的是家具产业，因此基于以上概念，并按照统计分类中的方法，将家具行业分为木质家具、金属家具、塑料家具、竹藤柳条制家具，石制家具和其他家具六大类，来分析其出口结构。
1.1出口竞争力关于出口竞争力的概念是从国际竞争力的定义上推断出来的。
国际竞争力的概念亦是众说纷纭，概括起来可以归纳为两类，第一类指一国在国际市场上销售产品的能力；第二类指国与国相互竞争，其国家人民的财富呈现一直提高的能力。
英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
关于品牌价值的外文文献原文以及翻译译文
关于品牌价值的外文文献原文以及翻译译文INTERNATIONAL FACTORINGON THE BRAND STRATEGY AND COUNTERMEASURESRESEARCHBy T.BettinaWith economic development and people's living standards, increasing the wealth of material and products, business competition from products and services, competition, to a higher stage of the competition between brands. Brand is both a business products and services unique to the mark, to some extent also is a standard and commitment. It is a business permit to enter the market and consumers a bridge between the enterprises are relying on market positioning.Brand strategy and practice of systematic research, only started in the late 1980s. In 1988, Philip. Morris and Nestle's acquisition of two well-known, so that the brand value of the assets of the market to be officially confirmed, marking the modern era of the brand. Chinese enterprises in the theory and practice of brand strategy in recent years has made considerable progress and development, but the West still a big gap compared with developed countries. Promoting the brand strategy will help enterprises establish an advanced view of the market, and strengthen the awareness of the market.First, the concept of brand strategy-related analysis(A) the definition of brand and constituteThe most basic brand is defined as one intended to be used to identify (or group) vendor in terms of quality products and services names, terms, mark, symbol or design, or their combination, and intended to be used to distinguish one (or a group) and its vendor Competitors. Brands include brand names, trademarks and brand logo. Brand, in essence, represents the seller to the buyer on the delivery of the product features, benefits and services, consistent commitment to the brand is the best guarantee of quality.The brand is divided into 6 levels of meaning: attributes, interests, values, culture, personality, the user. Therefore, the most durable brand is the meaning of their values, cultures and personalities, including visual, emotional, the idea that they constitute the essence of the brand.(B) the definition of brand strategy with the aim of Brand Strategy, as its name implies, is the corporate brand to create, use and maintenance of the core, in its analysis of conditions and the external environment on the basis of the development of the overall business plan of action. From the practical point of view, is the choice of brand strategy, packaging, training, promotion and protection of a particular brand, reputation make it step by step and give full play to the effects of brand-name brands and companies to promote their own development and growth.The main purpose of the brand strategy is to create high visibility, high credibility, and a larger market share enormous economic benefits.First, high visibility. High-profile corporate products and services to smooth the sale an important factor in business and a great intangible asset.Secondly, the high degree of credibility. A high degree of credibility is a business and all employees and even years of hard struggle of several generations, well-formed operation of the enterprises and products in the market a good impression on the minds of consumers. To the consumer, the high degree of credibility means that the quality of high-tech content and a good level of service; cooperation of enterprises and banks, financing, a higher degree of redibility means that reliable and trustworthy. In a market economy, only about reputation, business can be the main market recognition can be long-term development.Thirdly, a larger market share. Market share from the market coverage and market share both to consider.Corporate brand through the implementation of the strategy, to increase brand awareness, reputation, business products and services to increase market share, which is good business to ensure effective.Fourth, the huge economic benefits. The success of the brand strategy can make the product more of the sales market, but also in the market than similar products of a higher sale price. As a result, brand-name products and good services to achieve significant sales and higher profits for companies bring in huge commercial profits.We can see that the brand strategy is to expand the direct purpose of the enterprise products and services in the market, so as to increase market share and achieved great economic benefits. In the long run, the brand strategy is to achieve the brand and grow the business and sustainable development.Second, China's enterprises of the importance of brand strategySince the reform and opening up, China's economy has experienced sustained growth for decades. With the economy expanding and opening up, China's domestic market has been in the international market has become an important component of China's enterprises to participate in international competition means great changes have taken place. World-renowned enterprise in an increasingly competitive and complex Chinese market, the implementation of brand strategy, brand China is facing severe challenges in international competition. In particular after the accession to the WTO, China will be in the majority of enterprises with foreign competitors in a powerful position face-to-face contest, a growing number of famous foreign brands will enter into our life. In the face of this unprecedented impact on the brand, China is only the implementation of brand strategy, create brand and corporate brand products in order to enter the international market and international market competition with foreign brand rivals. On the other hand, with progress in science and technology, consumer demand and continuous improvement in the level and pay attention to brand, the pursuit of brand and increase brand-name consumer phenomenon is increasingly clear, the implementation of corporate brand strategy is not only conducive to the expansion of market share, but also more Large economic benefits. China's domestic enterprises to take part in market competition, and only the implementation of brand strategy in order to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in the competition.(A) business development must be to promote the growth of the brand strategyAs China's market economy reform, in particular China's accession to the WTO. China's all over the original system of small businesses, the impact of a market economy, gradually formed a number of cross-regional business and the well-known brands. In the competition, non-brand-name slowly out of the market, an industry often controlled by a few big brands, market competition into a major competition between brands. With the world-class international brands to enter China, domestic brands will lose the advantages of the original, faced with severe competition. In this case, the number of domestic famous brands have "Yi Zhi", or the acquisition by multinational companies, or joint ventures with foreign brands, domestic brands positions are nibbled away. The right to choose and implement the brand strategy to improve our products and services in the domestic market, step by step into the world, with the developed countries of the world famous enterprises match, China's entrepreneurs is incumbent upon the sacred mission.Number of national brand value of the industry (1,000,000 U.S. dollars)Coca-Cola Beverage 83845 U.S. 12 U.S. Microsoft software 56,654U.S. 3 IBM computer 437814 General Electric of the United States diversified 33,5205 Ford Motor of the United States 331976 Disney entertainment of the United States 32,2757 INTEL U.S. computer 300218 McDonald's 26,231 U.S. Food9 AT & T of the United States Telecom 2418110 Marlboro 21,048 U.S. tobacco11 NOKIA Finland Telecom 20694Mercedes-Benz car 12 Germany 1778113, Switzerland Nestle Beverage 17595Hewlett-Packard computer 17132 U.S. 1415, Guillermo personal belongings of the United States 15,89416 KODAK image of the United States 1483017 ERISSION Swedish telecommunications 14,76618 SONY Japanese electronics 1423119 U.S. financial services 12,550 American Stock Exchange20 TOKYO Japan Automobile 12,310Table 2-1 World brand value of the top 20 list (Source: )You Shangbiao, it is not hard to see that the size of the value of the brand also reflects the brand owner (or group of transnational corporations) in the global enterprise or industry position and competitiveness.China's major cities has been a strong consumer brand awareness of the consumer, small and medium-sized cities and rural markets have gradually enhance brand awareness. Young people to pursue well-known consumer brands to achieve self-worth, has become a fashion, but they are small in the consumption of foreign brands such as Nestle, McDonald's grow up so as to pursue the development of foreign brands for fashion, which can not have Sighted people for the national brand of domestic concerns. In the Chinese market, foreign brands through joint ventures, wholly or in a variety of ways, such as mergers and acquisitions, to create a successful local brands. In contrast, China's opening up, in addition to an earlier, compared with full competition in the industry, such as household appliances, cosmetics, food and beverage industries better than brand development, the protection of national policy and restrictions on the industry, the real strength of the brand little. If you do not go on this way to strengthen the focus on brand protection, brand promotion of growth in these areas would not be able to enterprises and foreign enterprises to compete, can not be developed.(B) market in China has become the brand competitionWith the reform and opening up of China's socialist market economy and building the prosperous development of China's market situation has changed dramatically, showing the following trends: from a single-system to the needs of the diverse needs of change; by the identical to the individual needs of demand Change; by the type of poverty, food and clothing needs-to-well-off, rich-changing needs. Require a change in demand for a corresponding change in supply, which led to the need to intensify competition among enterprises and changes in the way, in such circumstances, China has gradually formed the pattern of brand competition.First of all, competition among enterprises has been content to seek resources, the advantage into a commodity to seek technical advantages, strengths and talent brand, and technology, human resources advantages will ultimately have to be reflected in the brand. As a result, the economy entered a "relative surplus" of the times, the importance of resources has declined to seek brand has become a large enterprise to achieve long-term development of the most urgent task.This was followed by gradual means of competition on price-based competition means, in order to shift the main means of non-price competition. In the past, China's market price war among enterprises is the main means of competition, but consumer demand as by the type of food and clothing to the well-off-the-well-off change in the quality of goods at low cost is no longer subject to mainstream consumers, they are more important Is the brand, quality, service and so on non-price factors. Although the price reduction strategy in a certain period of time so that competitors at a disadvantage, but it will benefit their own business down, resulting in a lose-lose outcome. And rely on high quality, innovative products and superior service set up by the brand advantage, the enterprise market will rise, increasing economic efficiency, sustainable development of the enterprise.Finally, the structure of the competition has been limited to domestic competition among enterprises, to between domestic and foreign enterprises to compete more. Since China opened the door, a number of powerful multinational corporations in developed countries to enter the Chinese market on a large scale, with localenterprises in China's heated market competition, our international market competition, in an increasingly competitive market. As a result, Chinese enterprises should use the favorable conditions for local enterprises, and strive to create a national brand, with foreign brands and fight to safeguard national industries. Only after a firm footing in order to get out, to participate in the international market competition, international operations.关于当代品牌战略与对策的思考发展概况前景作者：T.贝蒂娜随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，物质产品的日益丰富，企业经营的竞争已由产品的生产和服务的竞争，转向更高阶段的品牌之间的竞争。
出口贸易竞争力评估研究
出口贸易竞争力评估研究出口贸易是国家经济发展的重要组成部分，也是国家贸易的重要支撑。
在经济全球化的趋势下，出口贸易的竞争力评估显得十分重要。
本文将探讨如何对出口贸易的竞争力进行评估。
一、竞争力理论概述竞争力理论提出了企业运作的若干要素，其中包含了企业发展策略要素、产品和服务质量要素、市场开发要素、分销渠道要素等。
在出口贸易方面，竞争力概念更引申为企业获取市场份额和提高自身效率，包括了国内企业与国际企业的竞争。
在这种市场机制下，企业需要以自身的产品、技术、管理等优势去打破国际壁垒，赢得市场份额。
二、出口贸易竞争力评估指标1.国际市场份额国际市场份额是衡量企业在国际市场上的地位的重要指标。
国际市场份额被定义为一个国家或公司在国际市场上的销售额占该商品全球销售额的百分比。
2.贸易流动指数贸易流动指数是指一个国家在世界贸易中的地位。
贸易流动指数越大，该国在国际贸易中的地位越高。
贸易流动指数依赖于几个因素，如商品价格、声誉、质量等。
3.国内生产总值和出口总额之比本指标反映一个国家出口业对其国家经济的贡献。
如果该比例越高，这就意味着一个国家会注重其出口业。
该指标也能够反映国家的国内市场需求。
4.技术含量或科技进步技术含量是指如果一个公司成功地制造出最新的产品或提供最新的服务所需的技术水平高低。
技术含量高的企业更有竞争力，因为技术含量高的产品比技术含量低的产品更加具有吸引力和即时性。
三、竞争力评估方法1.权重指数法权重指数法是一种将多个指标组合成总体得分的方法。
该方法的基本想法是为每个指标分配一个权重，然后使用权重和分数计算一个企业或国家的综合得分。
2.基于回归与因子分析的方法回归和因子分析是一些经济学家使用的工具，可用于评估竞争力。
通常，这些方法可以进行数据分析和易于理解的数据预测，这有助于评估一个企业或国家的经济趋势。
3.基于生命周期阶段的方法生命周期阶段法是另一种评估出口贸易竞争力的方法。
该方法结合了制造商的不同生命周期阶段，并评估每个阶段的优势和劣势。
中国纺织品出口竞争力分析外文翻译文献
中国纺织品出口竞争力分析外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中国的纺织工业国际竞争优势摘要通过改革开放的政策，凭借要素禀赋优势中国纺织工业在全球纺织市场的份额持续增长超过20年。
本文认为，目前中国纺织行业竞争优势仍然是基于传统因素的比较优势，这可能由于国际纺织产业的技术不断地升级，国际竞争比以前更激烈。
中国加入WTO后，有一些弊端，如产业和贸易结构，贸易壁垒对中国纺织业发展的阻碍。
如何加快产业结构升级，提升中国纺织工业的国际竞争优势，是中国纺织行业发展的首要任务。
纺织工业一直是中国经济的支柱，得益于其在要素禀赋和市场规模的优势。
纺织部门的贸易额在过去25年（从改革开放）增长了27.11倍。
2005年，纺织品出口占了中国出口总额的15.4％，占了世界总出口的纺织品24.4％，而中国纺织品的生产和出口都位居世界前列。
尽管如此，中国纺织工业正面临着各种各样的困难，比如过度依赖资源，技术含量低和附加值低，复杂的贸易结构和出口市场的高度集中等对中国纺织品有越来越多的贸易制裁，特别值得一提的是，因为中国在这个行业的竞争优势被限制。
本文旨在通过深入的调查中国纺织行业的竞争优势，并带来了相应的建议。
一、中国纺织工业的国际竞争优势鉴于国际竞争优势关系的因素，纺织行业的发展仍然受劳动力成本和技术的决定。
相比较而言，服装业是高强度劳动，而在纺织行业，尤其是在化纤行业，资本和技术正在成为越来越重要的因素。
中国纺织行业显示了材料供应，劳动力成本，产品质量，与上下游的兼容性，明显的出口竞争优势积极促进规模经济和成本的影响。
但是，随着发达国家新技术持续投资于他们的纺织工业，廉价劳动力优势在发展中国家是倾向于被通过不断提高生产效率在发达国家削弱。
纺织行业在发达国家从而可以维持较高的利润，而同时降低了生产。
在本节中，中国纺织行业的竞争优势进行分析，并比较其对口发达国家和发展中经济体将会作出修改。
1.中国纺织行业的竞争优势的基础目前中国纺织行业的竞争优势在很大程度上取决于其雄厚的工业基础和廉价的成本。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。