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GRE ISSUE提纲-ISSUE SYLLABUS-20100831

ISSUE130 - "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."1. To begin with, as to the author's first claim, i agree with the author insofar as that how children are socialized are of great meaning to society, such as communication, cooperate, how to learn2. Nevertheless, how the children are socialized is just one of the key factors determine the destiny of the society, as there are many other factors influencing the society destiny, such one socialized well but do not have the other skills and ability.Mahatma Gandhi's contribution sprang primarily from the courage of his inner convictions, in spite of his proper socialization among genteel Indian society and, as a law student, among British society.Martin Luther King's contribution was primarily the result of his strong religious upbringing, which had more to do with parental influence that with socialization.An even more remarkable modern example was Theodore Roosevelt, whose social and physical development were both stunted by life-threatening physical infirmities during his children hood. In spite of his isolation, odd manner and aloofness throughout his early life, Roosevelt ascended to a social-activist presidency by means of his will to overcome physical infirmities, his voracious appetite for knowledge, and his raw intellect.3. Furthermore, though we haven't done very well how to raise children who can help bring about a better society; we have learned some knowledge and experience in raising children who can help bring about a better society.(The most recent quarter-century has seen an increasing sensitivity in our society toward ensuring public health by policing the food and drug industries and by protecting our natural environment. We're becoming more sensitive to, and respectful of, the rights of women, various ethics and racial groups, homosexuals, and mentally-and physically-challenged individuals.)TOPIC: ISSUE50 - "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."1. It depends primarily on the specific academic area. In certain academic areas there is no profession to speak of outside academia. This is especially true in the humanities, professors of literature of philosophy. The statement fail to consider that in certain other academic areas a professor’s academic duties typically involve practical work of the sort that occurs outside academia, such as fine and performing art.2. Firstly, in my experience of student, faculties who are actively engaged in their fields come to class with fresh insights and a contagious excitement about the subject at hand. Moreover, they bring to their students practical; real-world examples of the principles and theories discussed in textbooks, thereby sparking interest, and even motivate students to pursue the field as a career.3. Furthermore, by keeping abreast with the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.TOPIC: ISSUE208 - "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. Y ou can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."1. Turning first to the way people look and dress, certain aspects of the outward appearance of a culture’s people do inform us of their ideas, attitudes, and values. In other respects, however, the way people look and dress is nota function of their attitudes and values but rather than their climatic and work environment.2. I turn to the way people act. The habits, rituals and lifestyles of a culture often do provide accurate signals about its value. In other respects, the way people behave can belie their attitudes and values.3. Finally, the statement overlooks a crucial distinction between free societies and oppressed ones.ISSUE153 - "Students should bring certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."1. not everything taught by teacher is right, especially in modern society, things change every time2. a certain skepticism is conductive to study more and cognition of knowledge3. not every one ,such as the primary student and kids in kindergarten, violence and some other illegal Example. In challenging the notion that the Earth was in a fixed position at the center of the universe, Copernicus paved the way for the corroborating observations of Galileo a century later and ultimately for Newton’s principles of gravity upon which all modern science is based.ISSUE 131- "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."Admittedly, the arts can reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society. Such as Lu Xun, his works reflects the hidden ideas and impulses of a society1.In most of the art works, one consistently sees a reflection of society’s ideas and urges. As to publicarchitectures, which were built to honor deities and to propel humans into the afterlife, such as pyramid in Egypt, rise upward toward the stars and heavens. Classical Chinese garden, shows harmonious development between the human being and nature. Dominate public architecture，such as skyscraper in accent years, reflects modern, more mundane concerns for industrial and technologies progress.2.except of the artwork, there are many other things reveal hidden ideas and impulses of a society, such as theblackmen’s laws and so onTOPIC: ISSUE48 - "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."1. there are a myriad of aignificant events in history were made by groups of people whose identifities have long been forgotten, such as Great Wall, the Pyramid.2. In political realm, Martin Luther King, chairmen Mao Zedong3. Furthermore, in academia realm, t he Galileo , BrunoTOPIC: ISSUE180 - "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."1. Ademittedly, morality laws that impinge upon freedom of choice about our personal lives-to control what we do with and to ourselves-simply do not work in democracy society.2. Furthermore, morality laws impinging on personal freedoms are not made anymore useful or effective by purpoting to serve the greater good of society, because on balance their costs far outweigh their benefits.3. Furthermore, in sharo contrast to personal behavior, the behavior of business can and must be controlled through legislation.TOPIC: ISSUE212 - "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."The speaker claims that if a goal is worthwhile, then any means taken to achieve this goal is justifiable. Although the assertion makes sense when we consider the underlying of this implication is that whatever the conditions, the natures of the endings deserve our effort wholehearted. But if we examine the broad meaning that this claim carries, we find this threshold statement suffer deficiencies from many aspects of consideration.First let define the worthiness of a goal. How worthwhile and valuable a goal is lies not only in the subjective meditation and evaluation of an individual, we must consider the interactive influence exerted by this goal on others. For example, a country mayconsider the goal of achieving economic success and well being of its citizens to be worthwhile, but if we know they exploit cheap labor forces in third-world country, utilize scarce natural resources that being exported from poor countries, or dump low-cost goods in these countries, our morals reveal us the dark side of the goal and make it less worthwhile than it seems to be to its home people. On a personal level, a person's food might be the others' poison, so did the goal. Consider the ambition of Napoleon, his ambitious goal is to conquer the whole European Continent, which considered by himself and many of his follows to be the most glorious plan they have ever made. But by resorting to wars, killings, and blood shedding, their sweet dream turn out to be the nightmare of people habituating in this continent. In a word, since no goal is set from a pure disinterested, impartial perspective, it is necessary to bear the interwoven relationship in mind before targeting at a certain goal.Even if a goal is worthwhile agreed by majority of people, we should consider cost-and-benefit side of things in an effort to obtaining a nonbiased, all-around point of view. Most people today agree that the exploration of outer space is a worthy goal considering the valuable research materials we would get from for our physics and medial experiment and weather forecast. What is more, due to the limit longevity of earth and the ever increasing of populations, we see high calls to find another habitat for our future generations. Even if all the advantages and benefits involved justify the worthiness of this goal, not all means taken would be considered as sensible and judicial. Since most pressing social problem such as AIDS prevention, poverty, environmental problems still in need of immediate attention and observation, we need to allocate most of our resources to tackle these problems. As a result, even if one way of achieving the breakthrough in out space exploration would be to devote all research staff and available resource to this project, we have to struggle a balance between the worthiness of a goal and the proper way to obtain this goal.The above statement is welcomed and readily embraced by the new trend of practicality since in a society where personal achievement is highly valued, we look more to ending than means. That is to say, people tend to neglect and forgive their own wrongdoings or others' wrongdoings in a sense that their goals are goodwill -intending and worthwhile. For one thing, for a personal, a society, or even a nation, even they consider things from a totally isolated or functional perspective, no matter how great achievement they obtain, they are selfish losers with nothing to be accomplished from the physiological point of view. In the second place, we observe too many cases where good intention result in total chaos derive not from the dirty tricks they construe but out of the improper means they take. Since the founding of People's Republic of China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao, China has undergone a reform in the area of economy, which is to implement planned economy. Mao's intention is good, and his goal is to realize communalisms in this new country to short its economic gap with the western country in the shortest as possible. But without considering the properness of this means from the economic and social point of view, he threw china into years of economic regression and stillness. Ideas went contrary to our wills and intentions occasionally and thus make the consideration and full analyzes of the means to obtaining goals even pressing.To sum up, I am against the speaker's assertion since he neglects one important aspect of how to evaluate goals. To devote to a worth goal is justifiable and the effort instilled in this process deserve our accolade since it is always this power that push the society forward. But by neglecting the means of how to obtain these goals, we put ourselves in an embarrassing place of functionalists and opportunists. As a result, it is highly resulted to look from different perspectives to figure our where the true value of a goal lies and how to achieve it.TOPIC: ISSUE212 - "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasingly life complexity and psychological displacement, people become more concerning the problem about the sustainable development. But meanwhile there are still many persons who assert that the governments should focus more on solving immediate problems of today rather than solving the anticipated problems in the future. Personally in my point of view, immediate problem is rightly the problem of existence, while the anticipated problem is the problem of development. I partially agree with the speaker and there should a balance by which the government should maintain in order to coordinate its administrations.Admittedly, immediate problems are very important which the government should place them at the first. Immediate problems such as earthquake, tsunami as well as the terrorist attacks, all of these could cause big disordered and even threat people's lives. Forexample, on 2008 May 12th, WenChuan of Sichuan province, China, there is a terrible earthquake happened, rate 8.0. Immediately, Chinese government organized thousands of soldiers and volunteers entered the catastrophic area for rescue. During the first aid as long as several weeks, the disaster relief teams have alleviated numerous numbers of injured people and tried their best to diminish the consequence of this catastrophe. Obviously, this is very important of the government, and is the obligation, to solve the immediate problems well. To a large extent, quick actions can also help to avoid further adverse influence and the social disorder from disasters.Otherwise, if the government failed to solve the immediate problem well or just postpone it, then the result would be quite severe! Immediate problems are associated with peoples' benefits or even the existence. Definitely, it is the government's responsibility to maintain a stable and harmony society. In order to make this idea clearly, let's take a look at the following representative instance. In Africa, starvation is a big problem in many countries for years. Numerous numbers of people are unable to have food regularly, including many kids and elders. Every year, the dead rate in Africa caused by starvation is not successfully reduced by the government. Undoubtedly, the governments in Africa are responsible to this terrible immediate problem because, as they failed to solve the shortage of food year by year, so many people are dead. Therefore, it is very clear that, the result will be quite serious if the government doesn’t solve the immediate problems successfully. Apart from that, the resu lts probably would become much worse if the government failed to handle it at once.However, besides the immediate problems at hand, the governments are also required to consider the anticipated problems of their counties. In this era of peace, technologies are thrived to develop, as the lives of human beings become much better, the government should take the anticipated problems into account. Years ago, under the push of the giant profit of economy development, people, as well as the government, looking for any methods to raise money and develop their economy as fast as they possibly could. Meanwhile, they regardless many anticipated problems, such as the problem of environment and the construction of social awareness. However, along the development of our society, the ideology and insight of people have changed. As we often heard in this time, "sustainable development" is a representative idea that the government has concerned the anticipated problems of future much more! To sum up, this controversy describes the dilemma faced by many people in this era that, whether the government should solve the immediate problems or the anticipated problems in the future. However, according to the discussion above, although the dilemma still exists, it is not very hard for us to draw the conclusion that: immediate problems is the problem about existence, which require the government to solve immediately, while the anticipated problem is concerning the development for the future, which also need the government to pay attention. Only when the government finds a balance in solving the incidents between the immediate problems and anticipated problems can sustain a harmony and stable society.[Example, the Asian Finical Crisis happened in 1997. If any government of those victimized countries did not take any effective measures to cushion the undesirable and horrible consequence brought by this crisis, all the money in bank would be very likely to become mere waste paper over one night which had little value. Therefore, all citizens of the nation including those tycoons cannot even afford to buy a bottle of water. As a result, the residents' finical security were ruined. Besides, let us turn to the SARS crisis in China. It was the government's effective and systematic maneuverings that prevented this virus from evolving to a real disaster.]TOPIC: ISSUE70 - "In any profession-business, politics, education, government-those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."1. Admittedly, when leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power. such as Mao.2. Nevertheless, new leadership usually have greatly initiative and new ideas. such as the Zhang Ruimin in Haier.3. Furthermore, in certain realms such as business it might not be so necessary to limit the term of leadership. Such as GazesTOPIC: ISSUE88 - "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." Does technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics, as the speakers asserts? In a sense, I tend toagree that technologies do influence the most social customs and ethics. However, the speaker begs question by overstating the impacts of technology. In my point of view, technologies do influence most social customs, yet fail to determine the social customs and ethics.Admittedly, technologies tend to greatly influence people's way of life, thus partly influencing their way of thinking, which casts impacts on the social customs, but technologies can not determine social customs but only make changes on them. Technologies influence social customs in the whole world. Take the email for example, in ancient society, the letter have to take some days or even a month to reach the destination. However, thanks to the usage the internet, the email can reach the destination in just seconds. In modern society, so numerous people are using email to contact with people that we can see the The Global Position System (GPS) is another good example to analyze the point. Ancient people had to leave some stones or some other signal thing in the ways they go by to tab the roads. Yet, the GPS could tell us the accurate positions wherever we have been. Therefore, we can see that technologies do influence social customs in out society.Nevertheless, technologies can not determine the social customs and ethics. Social customs and ethics are handed from generation to generation determined mostly by the characteristic of the nation or the race. Take the Spring Festival in China for example. Spring Festival has been handed down for thousands of years from the old ancient China to now new People's Republic of China. When comes the Spring Festival, all of the Chinese people in the entire world would go back home as possible as they can to stay together with their families and celebrate the festival happily. They eat family reunion dinner on lunar New Year's Eve to welcome the new coming spring. The Dragon's Boat Day, which is the world cultural heritage and a national treasure of China and South Korean, is another good example to illustrate the opinion. In the Dragon Boat Day, the people would eat Zongzi, a traditional Chinese rice-pudding. They celebrate it to commemorate Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet in China. All these examples are just appropriate proof to the point that the technologies can not determine the social customs and ethics.Furthermore, we can not let technologies to determine our ethics, although it is more and more difficult to stick to the ethics in confronting of the lure that brought into our life by development of technologies. Some ethics such as honesty, fairness, personal responsibility are passed on from one generation to the next. Let's take the Clone as an example; the ethics can not allow scientists to clone people, although technologies could clone one person just as the birth of clone sheep Dolly. Thus, in such circumstance, it is wrong for the speaker to draw his conclusions.In sum, on the one hand, it is evident that technologies influence the social customs and ethics; On the other hand, technologies can not determine the social ethics. Due to there is no fixed standard to judgment this issue, the only thing we can do is to promote the excellent ethics in our daily life.ISSUE144 - "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.Is it the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value, as this author asserts? In replay to this question, we need to analyze the issue carefully and systematically. In a sense, I tend to agree that it is the artist who gives the society something of lasting value instead of the critic. However, the speaker begs question by overlooking the crucial of critic and unfairly give them a second priority. In my point of view, both the artist and the critic contribute to the lasting value of something in society.Admittedly, there is no denying the fact that the artist is the critical one who creates great artworks. No matter in the music realm, the painting realm or in the writing world, there are plenty of valuable artworks which got high praises in the entire world. It is just the hard efforts of the artists that ultimately make the people and critics have the chance to enjoy these great valuable artworks. To illustrate this point clearly, let us just take a well-known writer Goethe as example. Goethe is a great German writer, who lived in riches all his life, spent over 50 years on his two-part dramatic poem Faust which was considered as one of the greatest three epics. Another good example is Beethoven, who was considered as the greatest composer of his day. Beethoven, a German Composer, who began to lose his hearing in 1801 and he was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition in musician history. Without these artists' envelop, there wouldn't so numerous great artistic works in our world. Accordingly, we can say that the artist plays an essential part in the process of creatingthe artworks with lasting value.Nevertheless, the critics also contribute much to the development of the valuable things in the long river of artistic history. Critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not. The views of the critics are just like the light in the sea which shed the light on the new young artists when they couldn't find the correct directions. Without the critics, there would be less valuable artistic works. Additionally, the critics disclose the values of the artworks and sometimes illustrate the hidden spirits and values of the masterpiece to the common people. A critic's evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which can help us determine which art is worth our time and attention. Take the film critics in modern society for example, there are a myriad of films in present-days, we don't have so much time and energy to watch every one of them, then the critic's views would tell us which one may be our favorite ones. Thus, the critic is also pivotal in shaping of the valuable something in society.Furthermore, it is wise and justifiable to take both the artist and the critic into the consideration during the evaluate process of who play the vital role in forming of the something valuable in society. The critics gave their proper feedbacks to the artists, which could be of great help to the artists to revise the error and refine the works. The critics' views serves as indicators as the quality of the artworks. It helps the artists how to brush up the qualities of the artworks. The views of the critics are just like the light in the sea which shed the light on the new young artists when they couldn't find the correct directions. Thus, the artists and critics are supplement to each other. Both of the two made a great contribution to the something valuable in society.In sum, on the one hand, it is the artists who give a great contribution to the something valuable in society. On the other hand, the critics are the same crucial in shaping the something of lasting value. A balance between the artists and the critics is needed to evaluating the roles of the form of something of lasting value in our society. We can finally come to the conclusion that the artist and the critic should be both regarded as important figures who gives society something of lasting value. The artist is the subject who creates the works, and the critic is the one who provide meaningful guidance to the masses as well as the artist.TOPIC: ISSUE17 - "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."Does every individual in a society have the responsibility to disobey and resist unjust laws, as the laws are distinguished to just and unjust laws, as the author asserts? In my point of view, it is extremely presumptuous to assert that we have the right to obey just laws and disobey the unjust laws. As a social member, we are incumbent to not violate any laws, at the same time; we might turn to appropriate means to repeal the unfavorable laws.To begin with, the line between just and unjust is difficult to draw, according to discrepant people's beliefs, interests, experiences. There is no exaggeration to say that just or unjust is a subjective matter somehow, hence, different people might hold sheer dissimilar viewpoints toward one case. Take the controversial issue "abortion" into account. Those who hold religious belief might have intensive contradiction with such laws flavored with the sanction of abortion, for the simple reason that lives has come into being from their religious perspective. Meanwhile, those people who deem merely infants possess lives have the justification to substantiate the right to abortion as a just law. As a result, people of different culture backgrounds have conflicts with each other due to the concept of "just" and "unjust". That is to say, we need not go further to bother the definition of just or unjust laws, for any single law can not so circumspect that it satisfies any member's interest and propensity.Nevertheless, in most occasions, whether a law is justified or not is definite with just ones more often than not fall into a line with interests of the majority, and hence every individual should faithfully abide by just laws. For example, highway codes in most countries require drivers to drive automobiles on the right side of the street, the goal of which is to ensure smooth transportation and to avoid unnecessary traffic accidents, and the disobey of them would inevitably result in chaos that threaten human lives. Similarly, various criminal laws, civil laws and administrative laws, on which every democratic society is based, are enacted for the security and order of the society. Without people's compliance, anarchy would rein supreme, not to mention insurance of basic human rights.Furthermore, as social members, we have no sound reason to violate the laws, even those unjust laws. As to unjust laws, we could not have the freedom to violate them. If so, we provide ourselves a reasonable assumption that we could violate any laws, for we could find a host of sound reason to substantiate any single laws. When confronting with unjust laws, resorting to rational and。

issue大全[224篇](提纲翻译) (1)

1、"W e can usually learn much more from people whose views weshare than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning." 1．我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cognition with us.It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours.Admitted that, it is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other’s challenge.2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 2．竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。

Through competing, the one who is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she.While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economics.3."It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations." 3．我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上，而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的研究项目上。

ISSUE翻译及提纲[nanyo]

1、"We can usually learn much more from people wh ose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning." 1．我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to the same level of cognition with us.It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours.Admittedly that, it is little harder or ev en bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other‟s challenge.2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 2．竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。

Through competing, the one wh o is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she.While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economy.3."It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spen d it on long-term research that might help future generations." 3．我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上，而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的研究项目上。

Issue翻译+提纲

Issue Topics说明：1.我的分类是对在网上流行的分类题库做了一些小修改。

1)尽可能把相近的题目放在一起，所以题号不一样按顺序排列。

2)另外，我删除多次重复的题号。

3)国际类（International）的两道题，我做了移动。

NO.11 大学题，移至Education --> Education & SocietyNO.13 语言题，移至Politics --> Others2.标黑体的题目是孙远推荐的练习题。

3.高频题根据寄托天下最新机经（2006.3.2）整理，包括2005年及2006年3月的题目：2005年频率在20次以上（含20次）或2006年1月至3月频率在3次以上（含3次）。

频率标注分为两部分，前一部分指2005年2月－9月的频率，后一部分表示2006年1－3月的频率。

非高频的孙远题后面也列出频率统计。

4.欢迎指正。

Redhobor 2006/3/5No.1 StudyStudy Methods (2)28 "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."学生们只有在学习了有助于理解事实的思想、趋势和概念后才可能记住这些事实。

孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

Issue翻译+提纲

Issue Topics说明：1.我的分类是对在网上流行的分类题库做了一些小修改。

1)尽可能把相近的题目放在一起，所以题号不一样按顺序排列。

2)另外，我删除多次重复的题号。

3)国际类（International）的两道题，我做了移动。

NO.11 大学题，移至Education --> Education & SocietyNO.13 语言题，移至Politics --> Others2.标黑体的题目是孙远推荐的练习题。

频率标注分为两部分，前一部分指2005年2月－9月的频率，后一部分表示2006年1－3月的频率。

非高频的孙远题后面也列出频率统计。

4.欢迎指正。

孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefi t academically if they work frequently in groups."学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

题库所有244道issue题目的写作提纲

GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.1.Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.2.In democratic countries, when parties and candidates compete for power, the public benefits？.3.Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control of mores and laws, society will suffer.竞争对于社会的优点和缺点1.People are more motivated by competition and therefore lead the society to a more efficient one with higherproductivity.petition may make the world more open (political campaign and economical price competition) thus benefit thewhole societypetition would be extreme3. "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term researchthat might help future generations."与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

issue提纲自己写

1, In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.一．的确在一定程度上有助于进步1.at the personal level,老师和学生之间。

2.at the community level: enterpriser and policy maker3, at the global level: easterners and westerners二但是，某些时候会造成压力,impede learning,浪费时间例子：one need look no further than the talk show or internet三如果基础不同的话,meaningless.1.Theist and atheist2. Student majored in finance and environment2.no field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.一。

Scientific fieldsThe area of astronomy and space exploration.Mathematician use their expertise to provide statistical information as well as meaningful measurement; meteorologists are incumbent to facilitate scientists by observing movement of air or so forth; physicists could benefit them though design more human-friendlier machine; chemist....二。

新GREissue分类提纲-leader篇-原创

1.mental 的需要，才会去欣赏艺术。

科学家的成就，资金也很多来自于人们的taxwelfare更好。

2.反：a。

well-being难以衡量。

所以比拟不公平。

有的人觉得吃饱就是好，有的人还要求精神境界的提高。

B。

还有别的很多方面，比方说城市的建设，比方说各种系统的完善，教育系统等等。

人民对政府的信任程度。

The level to which thecitizens trust the leader.3.合：是一个方面，但是还有别的。

104-107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.1.正：1.在很多领域领导是所有人学习的对象model or idol，对人们尤其是孩子有引导作用，因为他们在人们心中是几乎完美的形象，人们选他就是因为他道德的崇高，这种情况下正：比方：校长或者其他教育机构的领导，他们面向的对象很多是孩子，孩子们的价值观很多还没有fully developed，很容易受到影响，尤其是偶像的。

所以。

2.在有些领域好的道德能够促进开展，坏的道德会造成不好。

比方political干好事业，能够为人民着想。

2.反：1.在很多行业并没有要求很高的道德，只要符合法律即可。

看中的是能力。

能力好才能将这个机构带动起来，领导的根本目的不是自己本身的个人精神的喧哗，而是整个集体利益的提升。

比方商业，一个商人的好坏在于他能不能够做大生意，能不能够洞悉市场供求关系的变化及时作出决策，而不在于道德。

只要不违法即可。

2.过度强调道德会使得办事死板，不会随机应变。

道德在一定程度上是对人能力的束缚，highest的束缚就更大了。

人们本来应该可以发挥出的，结果束缚了发挥不出，本来可以解决的问题不能解决了，本来可以做的更好的只是做的一般。

3.要分行业。

能力也是关键。

王老师Issue解析加题库各题目大纲和范文

能写太长或太短的句子、多用主动语态以及在用词上要有变化，比如用同义词或者其他的指代词。 Organization and Development Finally, the writing analysis tools provide feedback about discourse elements present or absent in the essay (Burstein, Marcu, and Knight, 2003). The discourse analysis approach is based on a linear representation of the text. It assumes the essay can be segmented into sequences of discourse elements, which include introductory material (to provide the context or set the stage), a thesis statement (to state the writer’s position in rela- tion to the prompt), main ideas (to assert the author’s main message), supporting ideas (to provide evidence and support the claims in the main ideas, thesis, or conclusion), and a conclusion (to summarize the essay’s entire argument). In order to identify the various discourse elements, the system was trained on a large corpus of human annotated essays (Burstein, Marcu, and Knight, 2003). Figure 1 (next page) presents an example of an annotated essay. e-rater 采用一种话语分析的进路，假设文章可以分作一些话语元素的序列。然后根据已经做好标注的文章作为数据，系统通过机器学习，学会辨认哪些句子属于主旨句、主题句、支持句、结论句以及无关的句子。具体的算法还要再看其他的文献进一步研究。 The overall organization score (referred to in what follows as organiza- tion) was designed for these genres of writing. It assumes a writing strategy that includes an introductory paragraph, at least a three-paragraph body with each paragraph in the body consisting of a pair of main point and supporting idea elements, and a concluding paragraph. The organization score measures the difference between this minimum five-paragraph essay and the actual discourse elements found in the essay. Missing elements could include supporting ideas for up to the three expected main points or a missing introduction, conclusion, or main point. On the other hand, identification of main points beyond the minimum three would not contribute to the score. This score is only one possible use of the identified discourse elements, but was adopted for this study. 这里说明我们至少要写 5 段，包括开头、结尾和三个中间段。基本上和我提出的 1+3 模型是吻合的。当然，我的模型对 coherence 有更高的要求（见本帖 54 楼）。 The second feature derived from Criterion’s organization and devel- opment module measures the amount of development in the discourse elements of the essay and is based on their average length (referred to as development). 这个有点坑，好像是看中间段的长度来打分。但是仅仅字数多是不够的，因为与主题无关的句子会被标为 irrelevant。 Lexical Complexity (2 features) Two features in e-rater V.2 are related specifically to word-based characteristics. The first is a measure of vocabulary level (referred to as vocabulary) based on Breland, Jones, and Jenkins’ (1994) Standardized Frequency Index across the words of the essay. The second feature is based on the average word length in characters across the words in the essay (referred to as word length). 这里主要是看词汇的深度和长度。也就是说用的词比较少见以及单词比较长就好些。 /resources/text-statistics.php 这个在线工具可以分析你的文章的难词比例 Prompt-Specific Vocabulary Usage (2 features) E-rater evaluates the lexical content of an essay by comparing the words it contains to the words found in a sample of essays from each score category (usually six categories). It is expected that

【荐】浅谈ISSUE提纲系统性的问题

浅谈ISSUE提纲系统性的问题这两天看到坛上气氛忽然紧张起来。

我恰好是二轮的从ARGU刚到ISSUE，果然还是仍然感觉ISSUE准备起来爽多了的感觉。

天气尚早，就稍微提一下如何让ISSUE更有话说，和更有整体性的分析方法分享。

（不是说我的更好，只是交换下心得，因为我准备ISSUE比较不那么痛苦）所谓ISSUE。

是一个矛盾的统一体。

它与ARGU的区别不仅仅在于题目更短，本质上ARGU 中的逻辑错误是与题目所给出情境客观违背，而ISSUE题中的每一个元素都是共存的。

因此也就决定了ISSUE的统一辩证性。

每一个关键点都是架构一篇文章的一个影响因素。

在考虑任何一个段落的设置时都需把所有的元素考虑在内。

这样说似乎挺玄乎,做起来并不复杂.第一步，对待ISSUE需要一个全局观。

意思就是如果你想偷懒只谈一个方面，或者只挑一个特别的例子出来充数的念头就省省吧。

我说了，ISSUE题字岁少，但彼此都相互牵制相互依存。

拿高频51做例子：QUOTE:51. "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individ ual needs and interests of each student."教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。

这道题的关键词你需要在看题的第一眼就列出来Keywords: Education, Effective, Individual第二步，列出关键词眼之后利马就应该开始想，这三个词之间的本质关系是什么，题目的本质是要我们讨论什么？这也就是给我们的ISSUE取一个小题目，而这是全文的核心所在。

QUOTE:在取名之前请考虑以下问题：出题者在题目中有态度倾向吗？它是引导我们去更强调“只专门设计”还是更强调“才真正有效率”?“满足每一个学生的需求和兴趣”是题目需要论证的主要内容吗？实际上，该题讲的问题就是一个，教育。

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1 Issue 分类题库作者：孙远来源：新东方第一类：政治类： 1. 政治本身 97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects

of people's lives." 195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus." 89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them." 2. 政府与人民(领导与被领导的人直接的关系)： 45."Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly

carrying out the will of the people whom they serve." a) Government officials have more insights and are capable to fully evaluate a specific problem in the long run. // the purchase of Alaska b) Government officials have the responsibility to form the judgment according to their evaluation of the situation. It is just such responsibility which endow them power. c) Public will could be instrumental in forming more precise and comprehensive judgment. Different people are representative of their own interest, public as a whole can have a comprehensive representation of the interest of different group d) The fundamental of democracy require that the public view should be taken into consideration by the government officials. 79."Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government

experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public." 160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." 202."Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise." a) Public opinion is instrumental for the political leaders to make a better solution. b) For the most effective leader, the public opinion should be evaluated instead of absorbed unconditionally. c) Unconditionally abandoning principle for the sake compromise, will undermine the authority of the political leader, thus greatly render them ineffective when carry out governmental actions. d) For the sake of maintaining authority and fulfill their responsibility, the political leader should not bend to the public opinion too often. Any public opinion should be thoroughly investigated before absorbed. 105."The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its

government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens." 142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority." 【Position】:尽管质疑权威有时候会引起社会不安定，适当的质疑有利于社会健康发展。 a) 科学上，对权威的质疑有利于新理论，新发现的产生哥白尼，日心说。魏格纳质疑原有理 2

论提出板块漂移。 b) 在社会领域，适度的质疑揭露社会问题并且让人们团结起来去改变现状从而使社会进步。比如质疑men dominance的women right运动，推动了Equal Pay Act,19th宪法修正案保护妇女right to vote,等妇女权利保护的立法，提高了妇女地位，是社会的进步。 c) 恶意的，非法的质疑会扰乱社会秩序，骚乱，恐怖主义 d) 公众的质疑有利于社会的进步，但这种质疑不能超越法律的界限。 8. "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information

from the public." a) It is always impossible for the political leaders to reveal everything to the public, especially some the information which can affect the national security. Different nations are competing and even antagonistic. Revealing some information could has no help for the solution but poses negative impact on the stability of a country. Unidentified illness b) Withholding information should not be the excuse for political leaders to abuse their power. Withholding information at their will could provide the chance of corruption, c) 在不威胁国家安全，社会稳定情况下，政府行为应该尽可能透明，接受监督。 167."It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time.

Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician." 1. 诚实坦白对每个人来说都是美德。对于政治家，能够树立良好的公众形象，赢得公民的赞赏和支持。例如Lincoln家里很贫寒，他在竞选的时候丝毫没有掩饰自己的贫穷，赢得了下层阶级people from low class的支持； 2. 为了保证国家的利益和安全，也应当说谎。如：使民众安心。不能complete forthright 3. 但就长远来说，A 正直的人品才能真正获得民众的支持和信任如：Gandhi, Martin Luther King B政治家们过分的欺骗民众会导致人民不相信政府并导致不满，并最终导致灾难性的后果。 3. 法律： 17."There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a

responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." a) 在民主社会中，法律的作用是。但是法律有时候可以被认为是just和unjust的。 b) 对于不同的利益群体来说。比如污染环境的工厂，环境保护法要求进行污染治理，增加的成本造成工资下降和失业，工人利益因为法律而受到损害，认为法律unjust，而周围的居民则认为法律是just c) 对不同文化背景和宗教背景的人来说。比如刚移民到美国的亚洲人，也许在教育孩子时有点暴力是可以的，但是当地人肯定认为这是家庭暴力。被法律惩罚的亚洲父母认为法律是unjust d) 但是法律不仅仅规定了行为，还给了合法的途径去改变，废除法律。如果disobey和resist，只能降低法律权威和造成非理智的冲突，危害社会稳定，举刚才工厂的例子，村民与工人的冲突。 174."Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take