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数字机起重机提升转换外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Digital Drive Crane Hoist ConversionWhile working on the bridge of a crane, I remember feeling the intense heat of the speed reduction Resistors. I looked over the prints and tried to figure out how to reduce this energy loss. As I understood, heat is the product of energy lost (R I 2). I was new to crane maintenance in 1990 and, having an electrical/electronic background,Crane panel manufacturers desired a novel method of crane control that combines new technology with some of the oldest. The new crane panel resulted in lower costs, increased productivity and reduced wear on components, as well as energy savings.I believed new technology existed. Several of the newer devices needed alternating current input. SCRs, VFDs and PMWs were becoming common acronyms in newer plants. The possibility of upgrading our pre-existing 250 VDC distribution was cost-prohibitive, Various transistors could run DC, but not at the ampere demands we needed. With crane panel replacement under consideration, we challenged our panel suppliers to develop new crane control technologyDigital Hoist ConversionSeverstal North America Inc. is an integrated steel mill dating back to 1917, when Henry Ford built it to supply his Ford Motor Co. auto manufacturing enterprise. It was operated as Ford Steel Division ur~ti11982, when it became Rouge Steel Co. In 2004, OAt Severstal Steel purchased the assets of Rouge Industries and Rouge Steel.Figure1.A digital drive controller was installed Figure2. Preliminary setup of DDC hoist panel on this 135-ton-capacity slab-handling craneThe market price for steel was flat in the early part of the new millennium, forcingdepartmental groups to look for cost-saving improvements. One improvement was the installation of a new type of digital electronic control panel in 2003. This panel represented the introduction of DC electronic crane control to Rouge Steel and the largest duplex crane hoist controller (dual 200-hp) of its type in North America.The original panels were built on a P&H 135-ton slab-handling crane having standard DC hoisting contactor controls. They were industrial and functional, designed to handle the loads of this crane in 1972. The loads are greater now with heavier slabs, runing the crane at maximum limits and higher production rates. This caused premature equipment failures and production down-time. With three aging cranes in this bay, maintenance costs were rising to new highs. Those involved in maintenance were finding that distributors and manufactures were downsizing or had gone out of business, making replacement parts costly or obsolete. The market drivers of today are forcing the change to newer technologiesFigure3. Digital panel installed on crane trolley deck Figure4.Prewired resistors reduced start-uptimeA novel design approach was asked of the crane panel manufactures. They replied with a proposed partnership and an effort to add some of the newest technology to the oldest methods of crane controls. The result was high-current transistor switching with a 250 VDC input. The design was well-thought-out and included integrating the original motors, limits, switches and wiring. Now speeds are controlled by sending the motors only enough current to safely lift and lower the load. The motors are soft stopped (reverse plugged) before the brakesclose. This saves wear on components, reduces costs and increases productivity. Without the need for reduction resistors, there is no energy wasted, maximizing the energy savings. The panel installation of the SY-4 crane was completed in 2003 and is still running. The results are smoother movements with little energy loss (heat).The new panels were designed for installation on the trolley deck, as opposed to the bridge deck.. This aids in troubleshooting and reduces excessive wiring mainly at the weak point of the cable powertrack.. This allowed the time and ability to perform all setup work during mini-downturns without disabling the original hoist. The original panel was left in place as a backup, as failures could not be predicted. To date, the fail-safe panel has not been required.The panels were pre-wired and pre-tested prior to crane installation, further reducing crane downtime. When the transfer day came, only the master switch, motors and limit leads needed to be rerouted to the new system. On-the-job tuning and monitoring were vital for the first couple of days. It was important to have crane operators involved for that “personal feel”and to obtain their buy-in to the project, to increase awareness and productivity. No-load and full-load current tests were run with great results.An aded benefit to this control is the electrical current savings. Without reductin resistors for speed points, and with the added benefit of power produced when regenerative lowering, this single crane installation saves more than $25000 in electricity annually. This can be a very important consideration if substation power is near critical usage levels. The demand this system imposes is much less than a similar contactor system. With energy costs on the rise, this is a concern for every project considered. Figure 5 indicates an example of electrical current savings potential by comparing contactor panel loads(top) to digital drive loads(bottom).How it works in the circuit is not unique. The insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) takes the place of the contactors and acceleration resistors. As the master switch is selected for greater speed, the circuitry triggers the transistor at a frequency(pulse width modulated) that allows current to flow through the IGBT. The current circulates in the standard series armature and series field along with the series brake. The longer the input is turned on, thehigher the output average voltage (Figure 6). The higher the voltage, the higher the horsepower produced. This system can provide high torque with low currents(heat) as the result of motor regenerative properties. High speed with no load can also be accomplished. Much of this could not be achieved with the original panels.Figure5.Example of energy saved during lowering sequence.The difference is noticed when the IGBT is in its off cycle(Figure 7). In this instance, the motor acts as a generator, producing circulating currents through the flyback diode and maintaining self-induced motor currents. This effect reduces ripple and provides current that was not provided by the original power source. The reduction of current loads on system feeders and hardware further adds to the total savings package.The following items are important considerations when determining if this system will work with an application.IGBTs are the newest part of the design that makes this panel work with 250 volts DC. They combine the advantages of the bipolar transistor(high voltage and current) with the advantages of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(MOSFET)(low power consumtion and high switching). IGBTs are semiconductors that combine a high voltage and high current bipolar junction transistor(BJT) with a low-power and fast-switching MOSFET. Consequently, IGBTs provide faster speeds and better drive and output characteristics than power transistors and offer higher current capabilities than equivalent high-powered transistors.Figure6.Hoist current flow when the IGBT is onFigure7.Hoist continuing motor current flow when the IGBT is off.Heat sinking, including consideration of air temperature and air flow, is essential to the proper operation of any solid-state reply. It is necessary to rovide an effective means of removing heat from the IGBT. The importance of using a proper heat sink cannot be overstressed, since it directly affects the maximum usable load current and maximum allowable ambient temperature. Up to 90 percent of the problems with transistors are directly related to heat. Lack of attention to this detail can result in improper switching(lockup) or even total destruction of the IGBT. If the device ever reaches an internal temperature of 105℃, it will be permanently destroyed. One of the problems encountered at Severstal NA was program temperature cutbacks due to excessive heating. When electrical current cutback does not control the drive, it will stop on software limits. Transistors develop heat as a result of a forward voltage drop through the junction of the IGBT. Beyond this point, heat will cause a reduction(software cutback) of the load current that can be handled. If the demand is too great,the program is designed to shut down.Care must be taken when mounting solid-state relays(SSRs) in a confined area. SSRs should be mounted on individual heat sinks whenever possible. SSRs should never be operated without proper heat sinking or in free air, as they will thermally self-destruct under load. A simple way to monitor temperature is to slip a thermocouple under a mounting screw. If the base temperature does not exceed 45℃, the SSR is operating at its optimal level. Remember that the heatsink removes the heat from the SSR and transfers that heat to the air in the electrical enclosure. In turn, this air must circulate and transfer its heat to the outside ambient. Vents and forced ventilation are good ways to accomplish this. Semiconductor fuses are the only reliable way to protect SSRs. They are also referred to as current-limiting fuses, providing extremely fast opening while restricting let-through current far below the fault current that could destroy the semiconductor. This type of fuse tends to be expensive, but cheap by comparison to the damage that could occur, providing a means of fully protecting SSRs against high current overloads. An RI2fuse rating is useful in aiding in the proper design of SSR fusing. This rating is the benchmark for an SSR's ability to handle a shorted output condition. Devices such as circuit breakers and slow blowfuses cannot react quickly enough to protect the SSR in a shorted condition and are not recommended. Every SSR has an I2rating. The idea is to select a fuse matching the capability of the solid-state relay for the Tsame duration.Figure8.IGBT and components mounted on heat Figure9.External mounted fans removed IGBT heatFigure10. Panel fans removed internal heat buildup Figure11. Semiconductor fuses provide the bestprotection for solid-state relays Motor switching and dynamic loads, such as motors and solenoids, can create special problems for SSPs. High initial surge current is drawn because its star t-up impedance is usually very low. As a motor rotates, it develops a counter electromotive force (CEMF) that resists the flow of currenL This CEMF can also add to the applied line voltage and create over-voltage conditions during turn-off and regenerative times. It should be noted that over-voltage caused by inductive voltage doubling or CEMF from the motor cannot be effectively dealt with by adding voltage-transient suppressors. Suppressors such as metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are typically designed for brief high-voltage spikes and may be destroyed by sustained hlgh-energy conduction. V oltage dump resistors may be needed in extreme cases and should be engineered to meet a system's demand, It is therefore important that SSRa are chosen to withstand the highest expected sustained voltage.Problems encountered while running the200-hp dual drive were few hut worth mentioning. The program allows for setdng many variables (i.e., speed, currents, brake-open voltage). Most of these are detrimental to the drive or motor if set incorrectly. Although staying within the drive specifications is safe, this may not produce the desired actions. Ambient temperatures must also be considered, since most useful application are near higher-temperature areas. Following are several problems(and solutions) observed during installation and trials:Problem 1:The first problem presented itself when applying excessive brake-open curent.The direction contactors were flashed and pitted. Also, the emergency brake contactor appears bluish from high heat. Reducing brake-open current and power-on time to a shorter duration solved the problem.●Problem 2:Hall effect transistors and IGBT were thought to be faulty parts and/or wiring, but this could not be duplicated. Many suspect parts were replaced, but it was determined that internal panel ambient temperature was the problem. This was solved with cooling fans on the doors and on the IGBT cooling fins.●Problem 3:Temperature cutbacks usually led to errors. It was found that a new crane operator did not like operating the hoist at full speed. Longer run time and higher IGBT cycles caused unnecessary heating in panels. Reducing field current settings eased this problem. This increased the lowering speeds but greatly reduced the IGBT voltage drop, in turn reducing its heat dissipation. Cooling fans eliminated the problem.●Problem 4:All power must be disconnected from the line because all lines feed from a common bus capacitive filtering system. This means that the typical way of “pulling motor disconnect and running the controls only”to troubleshoot does not work. The panel diagnostics and troubleshooting information provided is very helpful.●Problem 5:Lack of electronic knowledge by the electricians is a concern. When production downtime is critical, the time to troubleshoot is a high-priced commodity. This ultimately puts pressure on the electricians, causing frustration. The solutions was to ensure that the crew is involved Mth project design and installation. Training is vital. If the maintenance team is nat up to speed with the technology, failure is probable. Two training classes were held for all electrical team members.After one year, the actual materials maintenance and labor savings were calculated, with a payback of 6.2 months. Cost savings and efficiency gains were greater than expected. This led the way to the next drive conversion, which was scheduled for 2006. With a cooperative effort by salespersons, manufacturers, engineers and end-users, Severstal NA vastly improved its ability to compete successfully.AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to acknowledge the efforts of former general supervisor FredSchwartz and the crew at Severstal North America. Without their help, the project may never have gotten this far.References1. Creech, R., 'Energy Savings -- DC Digital and DC Contactor Hoist Control System," Iron ~ Steel Technotogg, May 2005, pp. 225-228.2. /modval/database/contents/reports/igbt.html3. /computing/unix/software/matlab/toolbox/powersys/igbt.html4. /old_pdf/app_ notes/r_ipm.pdf5. /access/helpdesk_r13/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/igbt.html数字机起重机提升转换虽然工作在桥上的吊车,我记得感觉酷热的速度减少电阻.我看着图纸,并试图弄清楚如何减少这种能源损失.正如我的理解一样,热是产品的能源损失(RI2)。
LF炉合成精炼渣及操作制度对脱硫效果的影响

辽宁科技大学成人教育学院毕业设计(论文)题目:LF炉合成精炼渣及操作制度对脱硫效果的影响函授站点:本钢工学院年级专业:2011级冶金工程(本)学生姓名:郗玲玲指导教师:郑颖2013 年 4 月10 日目录摘要 (1)1 LF炉的精炼功能 (2)1.1炉内气氛 (2)1.2氩气搅拌 (2)1.3埋弧加热 (3)1.4白渣或造高碱度还原渣精炼 (3)1.5合金微调与成分控制 (4)2LF炉合成精炼渣成分对脱硫效果的影响 (5)2.1LF炉合成精炼渣的成分 (5)2.1.1合成渣的主要作用与精炼炉渣的组成 (5)2.1.2合成渣组元的主要作用 (6)2.2LF炉合成精炼渣成分对脱硫效果的影响 (7)3LF炉的操作制度对脱硫效果的影响 (10)3.1造渣制度 (10)3.1.1炉渣碱度控制 (10)3.1.2SiO2含量控制 (10)3.1.3A12O3含量控制 (10)3.1.4渣量控制 (10)3.1.5炉渣流动性控制 (11)3.2吹氩制度 (11)3.3温度制度 (11)3.4成分控制制度 (12)4LF炉脱硫工艺 (13)4.1快速造渣 (13)4.2提高脱S反应速率 (13)4.2.1搅拌能力与脱S速度 (13)4.2.2渣组成的影响 (15)4.2.3熔池温度 (15)结论 (16)参考文献 (18)摘要钢铁工业是国民经济的支柱产业,随着科学技术的不断发展,人们对炼钢生产率、钢的成本、钢的纯净度以及使用性能等方面,都提出了越来越高的要求。
这使传统的炼钢设备和炼钢工艺难以满足需求。
钢包精炼炉是一种炉外精炼设备,具有优异的综合性能,在炼钢生产中得到了广泛的应用,LF炉对钢液进行脱硫和精炼,极大程度地提高了钢的纯净度。
随着对钢的质量要求也越来越高,LF炉对脱硫在整个炼钢的生产中占很重要的位置。
对合成精炼渣及操作制度对脱硫效果的影响的研究,是提高钢水质量,降低炼钢成本的重要前提。
关键词:LF炉,脱硫,合成精炼渣,操作制度,炉外精炼1 LF炉的精炼功能LF炉精炼主要是靠桶内的白渣或制造的高碱度还原渣(碱度可达5以上),在低氧的气氛中,由桶底吹入惰性气体(一般为氩气)进行搅拌并由石墨电极对经过初炼炉的钢水加热而进行脱氧、脱硫、合金化等冶金反应,以精炼钢液。
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中国人寿保险公司营销策略研究

中国人寿保险公司营销策略研究辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计论文第I页中国人寿保险股份有限公司营销策略研究摘要随着社会经济的发展保险的作用日渐突出。
目前我国的保险业尚处于培育阶段与国外发达国家相比我国的保险业还存在很大的差距。
寿险业是我国保险业的一个重要组成部分我国寿险市场的需求潜力巨大寿险产品在不断向前发展。
加入WTO后我国寿险市场的竞争日趋激烈各寿险公司在不断努力提升自己的竞争力。
目前我国保险业在经过高速发展的十余年后已经遭遇了一些瓶颈。
出现产品同质化严重难以满足顾客多样性需求销售渠道过于单一客户服务脱节产品价格偏高缺乏专业的人才等一系列现象。
本文以中国人寿保险公司为例通过对中国人寿保险公司的营销策略研究指出中国人寿保险公司在营销策略上的不足并积极的提出解决方案从而提升中国人寿保险公司的竞争力。
本文共分为五个部分第二部分主要介绍保险市场营销理论介绍第三部分对中国人寿保险公司简介及现有的营销策略第四部分对中国人寿保险公司的营销策略进行分析并指出在营销策略上的不足第五部分是对中国人寿保险公司的营销的不足之处提出积极的意见和建议。
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由于本人水平有限难免有取舍不当之处敬请各位老师批评指正。
关键词:保险营销中国人寿保险营销策略 China Life Insurance Company LimitedMarketing Strategy Abstract 辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计论文第II页 With the development of social economy the role of insurance out gradually. At present Chinas insurance industry is still in the phase of the training 1 compared with the developed countries Chinas insurance industry is still a big gap. Life insurance is the insurance industry in our country is an important part of our country the demand of life insurance market has great potential life insurance products in the development. After joining the WTO Chinas life insurance market competition is intense with each passing day the life insurance company in the efforts to continuously upgrade their competitiveness. At present Chinas insurance industry after more than 10 years high speed development has encountered some bottleneck. The product is coessential change serious difficult to meet customer demand for diversity sales channels over a single line customer service product price is on the high side lack of professional talents and a series of phenomena. Taking Chineselife-insurance company as an example through to the Chinese life-insurance companys marketing strategyresearch pointed out that Chinas life-insurance company in the marketing strategy is insufficient and positive solutions are proposed so as to enhance the competitiveness of Chinese life-insurance company. This paper is divided into five parts the second part mainly introduces the insurance marketing theory is introduced the third part of the Chinese life-insurance company and the existing marketing strategy the fourth part of the Chinese life-insurance companys marketing strategy analysis and pointed out the deficiency in the marketing strategy fifth part of China life-insurance companys marketing of the shortcomings of the proposed active advice and suggestions. The article seeks to points clear and concise. Due to my limited ability it is inevitable that the choice of impropriety I would urge teachers criticized the correction. Key wordsInsurance marketing China Life Insurance Marketing Strategy 目录 1 绪论 ................................................ ................................................... ............ 1 1.1 选题背景及意义...................................................1 辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计论文第III页 1.2研究现状 ................................................ ................................................... ...............1 1.2.1国外研究现状 ................................................ (1)1.2.2国内研究现状 ................................................ (2)1.3 研究的方法 ................................................ ................................................... ..........3 1.4 本文的特点 ................................................ ................................................... ..........3 2 保险营销相关理论 ................................................ ........................................ 5 2.1 市场营销的概念...................................................5 2.2 保险的含义 ................................................ ................................................... ..........5 2.3保险营销的概念和内容 ................................................ ...........................................5 2.4营销策略相关研究理论 ................................................ ...........................................6 2.4.1 4P理论 ................................................ ................................................... .......6 2.4.2 7P理论 ................................................ ................................................... .......7 2.4.3 4P营销组合与7P营销组合的比较 ................................................ ..............7 3 中国人寿保险股份有限公司简介及营销策略现状 ..................................... 9 3.1 中国人寿保险公司简介 ................................................人寿保险公司的企业文化 ................................................ ............................. 10 3.3中国人寿保险公司营销策略 ................................................ ................................. 11 3.3.1产品策略 ................................................ ................................................... .. 11 3.3.2价格策略 ................................................ ................................................... .. 11 3.3.3渠道策略 ................................................ ................................................... .. 11 3.3.4促销策略 ................................................ ................................................... .. 12 3.3.5环境设备策略 ................................................ . (12)3.3.6人员策................................................... .. 12 3.3.7顾客参与策略 ................................................ .............................................. 12 辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计论文第IV页 4 中国人寿保险公司营销过程中存在的问题 ...............................................14 4.1品牌营销不足 ................................................ ................................................... ..... 14 4.2销售渠道单一营销模式不够完善 ................................................ ...................... 14 4.3缺乏专业人才 ................................................ ................................................... ..... 14 4.4保险销售人员素质低及缺乏团队协作能力 ................................................ .......... 14 5.中国人寿保险公司的营销对策建议 ................................................ ............ 16 5.1加强品牌营销 ..................................................... 16 5.2完善营销模式 ................................................ ................................................... ..... 17 5.3积极培养专业销售人才 ................................................ ......................................... 17 5.4加强团队合作培养销售人员素质 ................................................ ...................... 17 结论 ................................................ ................................................... ........ 19 致谢 ................................................ ................................................... ...... 20 参考文献 ................................................ ................................................... ...... 21 辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计论文第1页 1 绪论 1.1 选题背景及意义随着我国改革开放以来经济的持续快速增长人们的生活水平日渐提高对保险的需求也越来越大7。
双汇营销战略分析

辽宁科技大学信息技术学院毕业论文(设计)河南双汇集团营销策略研究班级:营销09.1姓名:陈莹莹学号:200910104目录摘要 (3)Abstract (4)1绪论 (5)1.1 研究背景 (5)1.2研究目的及意义 (5)1.3 国内外研究现状 (5)1.3.1 国外研究现状 (6)1.3.2 国内研究现状 (7)1.4 研究方法 (8)1.4.1文献法 (8)1.4.2 理论研究与实证分析相结合的方法 (8)1.5 论文的主要内容 (8)2相关理论 (9)2.1 营销环境分析 (9)2.2 营销组合理论的演变 (9)2.2.1 4Ps营销理论 (9)2.2.2 4Cs营销理论 (10)2.2.3 4Rs营销理论 (11)3 双汇营销环境分析 (13)3.1 宏观环境分析 (13)3.1.1政治因素 (13)3.1.2经济因素 (13)3.1.3社会因素 (13)3.1.4技术因素 (14)3.2 微观环境分析 (14)3.2.1顾客需求 (14)3.2.2竞争者 (14)3.2.3金融机构 (15)4 双汇集团营销概况 (16)4.1双汇集团简介 (16)4.2 双汇营销策略概况 (17)4.2.1 产品策略 (17)4.2.2 价格策略 (17)4.2.3 渠道策略 (18)4.2.4 促销策略 (19)5 SWOT分析 (20)6 双汇营销策略中存在的问题 (21)6.1产品策略中存在的问题 (21)6.2价格策略中存在的问题 (21)6.3渠道策略中存在的问题 (21)6.4 促销策略中存在的问题 (21)7 营销策略中存在问题的改进措施 (23)7.1 产品策略存在问题的改进措施 (23)7.2 价格策略存在问题的改进措施 (23)7.3 渠道策略存在问题的改进措施 (23)7.4 促销策略存在问题的改进措施 (24)总结 (25)致谢 (26)参考文献 (27)河南双汇集团营销策略研究摘要我国的肉类行业是个完全竞争性行业。
辽宁科技学院学报(本科)编辑部

辽宁科技学院学报 E-MAIL:cvatezzh@工作扣扣4694309441.学报简介本刊坚持为社会主义服务的方向,坚持以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论为指导,贯彻“百花齐放、百家争鸣”和“古为今用、洋为中用”的方针,坚持实事求是、理论与实际相结合的严谨学风,传播先进的科学文化知识,弘扬民族优秀科学文化,促进国际科学文化交流,探索高等教育、教学及管理诸方面的规律,活跃教学与科研的学术风气,为教学与科研服务。
2.主要栏目冶金工程自动化技术矿山测量经济研究教学研究3.期刊信息主管单位:辽宁省教育厅主办单位:辽宁科技学院主编:赵文珍ISSN:1008-3723CN:21-1522/Z地址:辽宁省本溪市明山区文化路42号邮政编码:1170224、投稿指南1字符数要求(字符数含空格)来稿必须在3500-9300字符之间(二个版 3500-4600字符;二个半版 4600-5800字符;三个版 5800-7000字符;三个半版 7000-8100字符;四个版 8100-9300字符)。
E-MAIL:cvatezzh@工作扣扣469430944TELE152********2、格式要求(一)标题、作者署名和工作单位、标题应以简明、确切的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容,要符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则,并有助于选定关键词。
中文题目应在20字以内,一般不加副标题(除非十分必要)。
作者姓名置于标题下方,再另起一行,写明作者的工作单位(确切到院、系、处、室)、所在省、市及邮政编码。
(二)摘要和关键词论文摘要的内容包括研究目的、主要方法、结果和结论等,一般在100--300字之间。
关键词一般选3--5个。
(三)英文翻译标题、作2300者暑名必须附英文翻译,格式与中文一致,放在文章最后。
(四)层次标题层次标题序号如下:一级标题使用一、二、三......;二级标题使用(一)、(二)、(三)......;三级标题使用1,2,3......;四级标题使用(1),(2),(3)......。
爆破论文
3 弓长岭露天矿北帮岩体力学性质研究岩体是经历过多次反复地质作用,经受过变形,遭受过破坏,形成一定的岩石成分和结构,赋存于一定的地质环境中的地质体。
岩体抵抗外力作用的能力称为岩体力学性质,包括岩体的稳定性特征、强度特征和变形特征,它是由组成岩体的岩石、结构面和赋存条件决定的。
岩体物理力学特性是决定露天矿边坡稳定性的重要因素,随着工程活动的不断实践,岩体物理力学性质的研究及工程应用方面有了较大的进展。
岩体边坡稳定性计算分析首先要解决的问题是岩体变形特征和变形参数的确定,各种评价和数值分析计算的准确性取决于岩体本构模型和力学参数取值的可靠性。
3.1岩石物理力学性质试验原理结构体(岩石)和结构面称为岩体结构单元或岩体结构要素。
结构体(岩石)是岩体的基本组成部分,岩石对岩体力学性质的影响,通过结构体的力学性质来表征,在某种情况下,结构体对岩体力学性质和力学作用具有控制作用。
岩石物理力学性质试验是边坡稳定性研究的一项基础工作,其主要目的是为边坡稳定性计算分析提供相应的数据。
1、岩石密度岩石单位体积(包括岩石内孔隙体积)的质量称为岩石的密度。
岩石密度的表达式为:WVγ= 3.1式中:γ——岩石密度(g/cm 3);W ——被测岩样的质量(g );V ——被测岩样的体积(cm 3)。
岩石容重取决于组成岩石的矿物成分、孔隙发育程度及其含水量。
岩石容重的大小,在一定程度上反映出岩石力学性质的优劣。
一般地,岩石容重愈大,其力学性质也愈好,反之,则愈差。
对于不具有遇水崩解、溶解和干缩湿胀特性的岩石可采用水中称重法测定岩石的密度。
首先称量出不规则岩样的质量W ,再根据阿基米德原理测定出不规则岩样的体积V ,然后计算出岩石的密度γ。
2、岩石的吸水率:岩石在一定条件下吸收水分的性能称为岩石的吸水性。
它取决于岩石孔隙的数量、大小、开闭程度和分布情况。
表征岩石吸水性的指标有自然吸水率和饱和吸水率。
岩石自然吸水率ωa 是岩石在常温常压下吸入水的质量与其烘干质量m dr 的比值,以百分率表示,即0100%dra drm m m ω-=⨯ 3.2 式中:m 0——烘干岩样浸水48小时后的总质量(kg );m dr ——岩样在105—110℃温度下烘干24小时质量(kg )。
论文基本格式要求和基本规范
论文基本格式要求和基本规范摘要:鉴于目前很多在学校大学生或是参加工作准备评职称的相关人员对论文的格式还不是很清楚,本文详细介绍了论文基本的格要求和基本规范希望对各位需要写论文的人员有所帮助无忧论文网。
关键词:论文格式要求基本规范1 题名20字内2 作者姓名、单位例:李志刚1,陈向东1,王平2,张玉顺3(1.大连理工大学工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁大连116024;2.国家地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨150080;3.广东省地震研究所,广东广州510070)3 中文摘要:300字内,应阐明论文所涉范围及主要论点,忌指示性4 中文关键词:3~8个,各词间用";"分隔5 中图分类号:以《中国图书馆分类法》第四版分类6 文献标识码:如下:A--理论与应用研究学术论文(包括综述报告)B--实用性技术成果报告(科技)、理论学习与社会实践总结(社科)C--业务指导与技术管理性文章(包括领导讲话、特约评论等)D--一般动态性信息(通讯、报道、会议活动、专访等)E--文件、资料(包括历史资料、统计资料、机构、人物、书刊、知识介绍等)不属于上述各类的文章以及文摘、零讯、补白、广告、启事等不加文献标识码。
7 篇首页地脚下按序排收稿日期:例:1998-06-09;修订日期:1998-12-20基金项目:例:国家自然科学基金资助项目(39370561);国家科技攻关项目(95-004-05-06)(第一)作者简介:100字内,按姓名(出生年-),性别(民族--汉族可省略),籍贯,职称,学位,研究方向.顺序列出.例:千怀遂(1956-),男,河南武陡人,教授,硕士,主要研究遥感技术应用和自然环境变化及其影响。
8 正文一级、二级、三级标题分别为1、⒈1、⒈⒈1 ,编号左起顶格,后空一字9 参考文献:按文中出现顺序用方括号上角标标注,参考文献著录格式如下:a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 例:[1] 刘国,陈绍业,王风翥.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15~18.[2] 辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994.[3] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983.[4] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.b.期刊文章[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. 例:[5] 成升魁,沈镭.青藏高原人口、资源、环境与发展互动关系探讨[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(4):297~304.[6] 金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33(4):62~67.c.论文集中的析出文献[序号] 析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者.原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码. 例:[7] 钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵玮.运筹学的理论与应用--中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996.468~471.d.报纸文章[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 例:[8] 谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).e.国际、国家标准[序号] 标准编号,标准名称[S]. 例:[9] GB/T16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则.f.专利[序号] 专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期. 例:[10]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-26.g.电子文献[序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选). 例:[11] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http://www.cajcd. edu. cn/pub/wml. /overseas.htmltxt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.[12] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.h.各种未定义类型的文献[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.注:(1)参考文献与注释的区别参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目,一般集中列表于文末;注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明,一般排印在该页地脚。
网络工程毕业论文
网络工程毕业论文随着社会科技的不断进步,网络的覆盖面已经逐渐遍及全球,正式宣告了互联网时代的到来。
同时,网络工程逐渐渗入到人民群众的生活当中,与人民群众的日常生活变得息息相关。
下面是店铺为大家整理的网络工程毕业论文,供大家参考。
网络工程毕业论文范文一:网络工程专业课程体系构建思考摘要:针对网络工程专业人才培养过程中出现的问题,充分考虑学生的层次和个性发展需求,采用以产业发展为导向的校企联动“3+1”人才培养模式,引入与Oracle公司合作定制的网络相关的Linux系列课程和工程案例,开展实践教学,构建了模块化课程体系,形成了工程案例驱动教学+Linux平台网络软件开发专业特色。
关键词:“3+1”人才培养模式;网络工程;课程体系;Linux系列课程“3+1”人才培养模式就是高校四年制本科学生通过在校3年系统专业学习,最后一年到相应的企业或实训基地实习,进入企业项目组,重点进行工程实践能力的培养提高。
3年校内学习包括公共基础课、专业基础课、专业课、专业选修课和公共选修课的理论课和实验课,以及课程设计、新技术专题、认识实习等集中的实践教学环节。
1年的校外实习包括10周的生产实习,10周的项目实训,4周的毕业实习和13周的毕业设计,这些实习和设计环节全部在实习单位或就业单位开展。
学生通过企业实践和学习,增强自身的工程实践能力,能够尽快适应企业和社会的需求。
在“3+1”人才培养模式下,多样化的人才需求对高等教育的人才培养提出更高的要求。
课程是高校人才培养的媒介,课程体系的构建是协调高校人才能力培养与就业市场需求关系的关键点[1]。
很多高校的网络工程专业都根据自身特点进行课程体系和实践教学体系改革,有的高校采取课程群及课程分类方式[2-3],有的高校建立了“三力合一”的实践教学体系[4],有的高校建立了多元立体化实践教学体系[5],有的高校建立了“工程+创新”的实践教学体系[6],有的高校建立了多层次实践教学体系[7],还有的高校围绕专业建设进行多方面改革[8-10]。
钡铁氧体制备工艺
钡铁氧化体制备摘要钡铁氧体由于其独特的结构及性能,在传感元件、光电材料和磁敏光记录材料、颜料、脱氢催化剂等许多方面得到了广泛应用。
本论文主要以Fe2O3、BaCO3 为原料,采用正交实验在不同的配比、烧结温度、保温时间条件下制备六角硬磁钡铁氧体,分析研究了六角硬磁钡铁氧体的制备工艺(原料配比、烧结温度、保温时间)对材料性能的影响,并对不同的影响因素得到不同制备条件下的钡铁氧体进行研究。
实验中采用激光粒度仪对混合后的原料进行粒度分析,混合后的原料粒度在0.20μm-2.00μm范围内,混合粒度越小,比表面积越大,固相反应速度越快。
最后用X射线衍射(XRD)对预烧后得到的粉料进行物相分析,图谱结果表明除了有钡铁氧体BaFe12O19外,还有部分Fe2O3,这是由于BaO与Fe2O3的原料配比分别为1:6和1:5.6,Fe2O3的摩尔浓度比较大,在高温预烧后一部分与BaO形成六角型钡铁氧体,其余部分为Fe2O3。
此现象说明本实验选择的原料配比不能够生成六角硬磁钡铁氧体。
此实验结果为以后钡铁氧体制备研究提供了理论基础与实验依据。
关键词:磁性材料;铁氧体;钡铁氧体Preparation Technical Study of Barium FerriteAbstractBarium ferrite due to its unique structure and performance,the sensing components,optoelectronic materials and magnetic optical recording materials,pigments,and many other aspects of dehydrogenation catalyst has been widely applied. In this paper,mainly Fe2O3,BaCO3as raw material,the use of orthogonal experiment in different ratio,sintering temperature,holding time under the conditions of preparation of hexagonal ferrite hard magnetic barium,analysis of the hexagonal ferrite hard magnetic Preparation of barium ( ratio of raw materials,sintering temperature,holding time) on the material properties and the impact of different factors under different conditions of preparation of barium ferrite research. Experiments using laser particle size analyzer on the mixture of raw materials for particle size analysis,particle size of raw materials mixed in the range of 0.20μm-2.00μm,mixed-grain size smaller than the surface area the greater the faster solid-state reaction. Finally,X-ray diffraction (XRD) after pre-burn phase of the powder for analysis,mapping results show that in addition to spinel ferrite BaFe12O19,there are parts of Fe2O3,which is due to BaO and Fe2O3,respectively,for the 1:6 ratio of raw materials and 1:5.6,Fe2O3 molar concentration of relatively large,high-temperature burn-in the latter part of the formation and BaO spinel-type barium ferrite,for the rest of the Fe2O3. This phenomenon indicates choice in this experiment the ratio of raw materials can not be hard to generate hexagonal ferrite magnetic barium. After the results of this experiment for preparation of barium ferrite research provides a theoretical basis and experimental evidence.Keywords: magnetic materials; ferrite; barium ferrite目录1绪论 (1)1.1铁氧体的特征 (1)1.2铁氧体制备工艺 (3)1.2.1成分配比 (3)1.2.2预烧工艺 (4)1.2.3制粉和成型工艺 (4)1.2.4二次烧结工艺 (4)1.3 铁氧体制备的几种方法 (4)1.3.1 热分解法 (5)1.3.2 化学共沉淀法 (5)1.3.3 电解共沉淀法 (5)1.3.4 喷雾法 (5)1.3.5 自蔓延高温合成法 (6)1.3.6 氧化物法 (6)1.4 铁氧体的晶体结构 (7)1.4.1 尖晶石型铁氧体 (7)1.4.2 磁铅石型铁氧体 (9)1.4.3石榴石型铁氧体 (10)1.5 铁氧体的发展现状 (10)1.5.1铁氧体的发展方向 (10)1.5.2钡铁氧体的应用及其发展方向 (11)1.6本课题研究的目的、内容和意义 (11)2 实验原理 (12)2.1 固相—固相平衡的晶体生长 (12)2.1.1 形变再结晶理论 (12)2.2焙烧动力学及微观分析 (16)2.2.1动力学原理 (17)2.2.2钡铁氧体烧结原理 (18)2.2.3铁氧体的烧结阶段内部结构变化 (19)2.3 扩散原理 (19)2.3.1扩散机构 (19)2.3.2 扩散二种简单的基本模型 (20)2.3.3 扩散的影响因素 (21)3 实验内容及结果分析 (23)3.1 实验原料 (26)3.2 实验设备 (26)3.3 实验方法 (27)3.3.1 配料 (28)3.3.2 研磨 (29)3.3.3 预烧 (30)3.3.4 样品表征 (30)3.4 实验结果分析 (31)3.4.1 粒度分析 (31)3.4.2 试样的X线衍射分析 (31)3.5 实验影响因素 (24)3.5.1 原料的选取 (24)3.5.2 预烧 (24)3.5.3 保温时间 (25)3.5.4 掺杂 (25)4.结论 (36)致谢 ...................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
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辽宁科技大学成人教育学院
毕业设计(论文)
题 目:人力资源在中小型民营企业中的重要性
学院、系: 辽宁科技大学成人教育学院
专业班级: 人力资源管理、2008级
学生姓名: 相昌安
指导教师:
2010年 5 月 10日
辽宁科技大学成人教育学院
毕业设计(论文)撰写规范要求
一、论文的基本要求
1. 题目
论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。读者通过题目,能大致了解论文
内容、专业特点和学科范畴。但字数要适当,一般不超过24字。必要时可
加副标题。
2. 摘要
论文摘要应概括地反映出毕业设计(论文)的目的、内容、方法、成果和
结论。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表,不标注引用文献编号。中文摘要一般为
300~500字。
3. 关键词
关键词是供检索使用的主题词条,应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技
术词条(参照相应的技术术语标准)。关键词一般为3~5个,按词条的外延
层次排列(外延大的排在前面)。
4. 目录
目录按章、节、条三级标题编写,要求标题层次清晰。目录中的标题要
与正文中标题一致。目录中应包括绪论、论文主体、结论、致谢、参考文献、
附录等。
5. 正文
正文是毕业设计(论文)的主体和核心部分,一般应包括绪论、论文主体
及结论等部分。
绪论一般作为第一章,是毕业设计(论文)主体的开端。绪论应包括:毕
业设计(论文)的选题背景及目的;国内外研究状况和相关领域中已有的研究
成果;课题的研究方法、研究内容等。
论文主体是毕业设计(论文)的主要部分,应该结构合理,层次清楚,重
点突出,文字简练、通顺。论文主体的内容应包括以下各方面:
1) 毕业设计(论文)总体方案设计与选择的论证。
2) 毕业设计(论文)各部分(包括硬件与软件)的设计计算。
3) 试验方案设计的可行性、实验过程、试验数据的处理及分析。
4) 对本研究内容及成果应进行较全面、客观的理论阐述,应着重指出
本研究内容中的创新、改进与实际应用之处。理论分析中,应将他人研究成
果单独书写,并注明出处,不得将其与本人提出的理论分析混淆在一起。对
于将其他领域的理论、结果引用到本研究领域者,应说明该理论的出处,并
论述引用的可行性与有效性。
5) 自然科学的论文应推理正确,结论清晰,无科学性错误。
6) 管理和人文学科的论文应包括对研究问题的论述及系统分析,比较
研究,模型或方案设计,案例论证或实证分析,模型运行的结果分析或建议、
改进措施等。
结论单独作为一章排写,但不加章号。结论是毕业设计(论文)的总结,
是整篇论文的归宿。要求精炼、准确地阐述自己的创造性工作或新的见解及
其意义和作用,还可进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。
6. 参考文献
按论文正文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献。
原则上要求毕业设计(论文)查阅参考文献6篇以上。
参考文献的著录均应符合国家有关标准(按GB7714—87《文后参考文献
著录格式》执行)。以“参考文献”居中排作为标识;参考文献的序号左顶
格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1],[2],„,以与正文中的指示序号格
式一致。每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编
排格式及示例如下。
1) 连续出版物
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J] .刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号) :起止
页码.
例如:
[1] 毛峡,丁玉宽.图像的情感特征分析及其和谐感评价[J] .电子学报,
2001,29(12A) :1923-1927.
2) 专著
[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[M] .出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.
例如:
[3] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1979,
15-18.
7. 附录
1) 对于一些不宜放入正文中、但作为毕业设计(论文)又是不可缺少的
部分,或有重要参考价值的内容,可编入毕业设计(论文)的附录中。例如,
过长的公式推导、重复性的数据、图表、程序全文及其说明、外文原文及译
文等。
2) 按照专业性质不同规定一定图幅的设计图纸。
8. 致谢
致谢中主要感谢导师和对论文工作有直接贡献及帮助的人士和单位。
二、 论文的书写规范与打印要求
1.论文文字和字数要求:用汉语简化文字书写,论文字数在0.8~1.2
万字左右。
2.论文书写要求:
1) 论文题目:二号黑体
2) 关键词:一般为3-5个,四号黑体,每个关键词之间用逗号分开,
最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
3) 一级标题:三号黑体(包括摘要、目录、章标题、参考文献、附录、
致谢等)。“摘要”等字数少的标题间距两个全角字符。
4) 二级标题:小四号黑体(包括节标题)。
5) 三级标题:小四号黑体(包括条标题)。
6) 正文:小四号宋体。
7) 目录:小四号宋体。
8) 图标:五号宋体。
9) 页眉:居中为“鞍山科技大学成人教育学院毕业设计(论文)”字样,
小五号宋体。
10) 页脚:居中为页码数,小五号宋体。
11) 外文和阿拉伯数字(包括章、节、条、目序号):非特殊说明一律使
用Times New Roman字体。
12) A4纸,单面打印,页边距:上30mm,下25mm,左25mm,右25mm,
每页33行,每行36个字符。
辽宁科技大学成人教育学院
2006年7月1日