经典课件：高考英语考前突破 阅读理解能力 文化教育 关于莎士比亚鲜为人知的7件事素材
高考英语 考前突破阅读理解能力 文化教育 你可能不知道关于曼德拉的六件事素材
Nelson Mandela was a figure of international renown, and many details of his life and career were public knowledge. But here are six thing s you may not have known about the late South African leader.纳尔逊·曼德拉是国际知名人物，他生活和事业的许多细节为公众所熟知。
但这里提到的六件事可能是你对这位已故南非领导人并不了解的。
1. He was a boxing fan.In his youth, Nelson Mandela enjoyed boxing and long-distance running. Even during the 27 years he spent in prison, he would exercise every morning."I did not enjoy the violence of boxing so much as the science of it. I was intrigued （好奇的） by how one moved one's body to protect oneself, how one used a strategy both to attack and retreat, how one paced oneself over a match," he wrote in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom."Boxing is egalitarian. In the ring, rank, age, colour and wealth are irrelevant...I never did any real fighting after I entered politics. My main interest was in training; I found the rigorous exercise to be an excellent outlet for tension and stress. After a strenuous workout, I felt both mentally and physically lighter," he wrote.Among the memorabilia in the Mandela Family Museum in Soweto, visitors can find the world championship belt given to Mandela by American boxer Sugar Ray Leonard.2. His original name was not N elson.Rolihlahla Mandela was nine years old when a teacher at the primary Methodist school where he was studying in Qunu, South Africa, gave him an English name - Nelson - in accordance with the custom to gi ve all school children Christian names.This was common practice in South Africa and in other part s of the continent, where a person could often be given an En glish name that foreigners would find easier to pronounce.Rolihlahla is not a common name in South Africa. It is Xhosa, one of the 11 official languages in the country, spoken by about 18% of the population. It literally means "pulling the branch of a tree", but its colloquial（通俗的） meaning is "troublemaker".His circumcision name was Dalibunga, meaning "founder of the Bunga", the traditional ruling body of the Transkei - the rural area where he was born. "To Xhosa traditionalists, this name is more acceptable than either of my two previous givennames," he wrote in his autobiography. However, in South Africa, Mr Mandela was often called by his clan name - Madiba - which South Africans used out of respect.3. He was on a US terror watch list until 2008.Prior to that, along with other former ANC leaders, Mr Mandela was only able to visit the US with special permission from the secretary of state, because the ANC had been designated a terrorist organisation by South Africa's former apartheid government.Ronald Reagan originally placed the ANC on the list in the 1980s."It is frankly a rather embarrassing matter that I still have to waive in my own counterparts - the foreign minister of South Africa, not to mention the great leader, Nelson Mandela," then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in 2008.The bill scrapping the designation was introduced by Howard Berman, chairman of the House Committee on Fore ign Affairs, who promised to "wipe away" the "indignity".4. He forgot his glasses when he was released from prison.Mr Mandela's release on 11 February 1990 followed years of political pressure against apartheid. On the day, he was "astounded and a little bit alarmed", he recalled later.Mr Mandela's reading glasses stayed behind in prison Mr Mandela and his then-wife Winnie were taken to the centre of Cape Town to address a huge and euphoric crowd. But when he pulled out the text of his speech, he realised he had forgotten his glasses and had to borrow Winnie's.5. He dressed up as a chauffeur to evade police.After going underground because of his ANC activities, Mr Mandela's ability to evade the secu rities services earned him the nickname "the black Pimpernel", after the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel, about a hero with a secret identity.A fake passport in the name of David Motsamayi used by Mr Mandela Mr Mandela is known to have disguised himself as a chauffe ur, a gardener and a chef in order to travel around the country unnoticed by the authorities. Nobody seems to know how Mr Mandela, who had been operating underground with a false identity, was ultimately exposed and arrested.6. He had his own law firm, but it took him years to get a law degree.Mr Mandela studied law on and off for 50 years from 1939, failing about half the courses he took.A two-year diploma in law on top of his university degree allowed him to practise, and in August 1952, he and Oliver Tambo established South Africa's first black law firm, Mandela and Tambo, in Johannesburg.He persevered to finally secure a law degree while in prison in 1989.。
高考英语复习课件：高考英语复习阅读理解课件 (48张)
Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自动驾驶车辆). They would define
the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
C
D. there was no hell
词义猜测题
定位题干关键词
找到原文单词出处
判断词义
精读上下文
Organic agriculture has provided a solution to the harmful use of chemicals. Farmers cannot risk losing their crops to insects, ... Farmers release tiny pirate bugs, ladybugs, etc. into their farms. Genetically-modified (基因改变的) plants are another way to fight insect pests so that they are no longer attracted to the taste of the plants.
1. What does the underlined wordly mean?
A. Ready.
B
B. Unwilling.
C. Eager.
D. Disappointed.
In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.
高考英语8月考前突破 阅读理解能力 文化教育 小布什为
小布什为老布什所著传记即将完成His paintings made news worldwide, but it turns out that former President George W. Bush has been working on another, highly personal project since leaving the White House: He has quietly completed a biography of his father, former President George H.W. Bush.小布什的画作曾知名全球，不过自离任后，他一直专注于另一项私人事业。
现在，他已经快要完成他的父亲——老布什的传记写作了。
Crown Publishers confirmed that the book, currently untitled, will be released November 11. In 2010, Crown published the younger Bush's million-selling memoir, "Decision Points.""George H.W. Bush is a great servant, statesman, and father," George W. Bush said in a statement issued by Crown. "I loved writing the story of his life, and I hope others en joy reading it."According to Crown, the book will cover the elder Bush's whole life and his influence on his son, from George W.'s "childhood in West Texas to his early campaign trips with his father, and from his decision to go into politics to his own two-term Presidency."The book will be "heartfelt, intimate, and illuminating," Crown publisher Maya Mavjee said in a statement."As the only father and son to each have served as President of the United States since John and John Quincy Adams, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush occupy a unique position in history," Mavjee said. "George W. Bush brings to vivid life his unique perspective of the personal qualities and principles that have animated George H. W. Bush's extraordinary life of service to country and family."Financial terms were not disclosed. George W. Bush was represented by Washington attorney Robert Barnett, who also handled negotiations for "Decision Points."The relationship between the two presidents has long fascinated scholars, political insiders and the general public. Many have speculated that the younger Bush felt competitive with his father, driven to surpass him and to gain his approval.George W. Bush first thought of the book around 2010 and began writing it two years later, consulting widely with friends and family members, including his father. The book is ex pected to be around 300 pages and Crown is planning a first printing of1 million copies. Although Bush had assistance with research, he wrote the book himself.George H.W. Bush, who turned 90 in June, was defeated for re-election in 1992 by Bill Clinton, but his stature has steadily grown. In 2012, he was the subject of an admiring HBO documentary, "41," referring to his being the 41st president. Jon Meacham, a Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer, is working on a book about Bush. "George H. W. Bush: Character at the Core," by former Bush speechwriter Curt Smith, is scheduled to come out this fall.The elder Bush is one of the few presidents in modern times not to have written a memoir. His books include "All the Best: My Life in Letters and Other Writings" and "A World Transformed," a collaboration with former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft.。
高考英语8月考前突破 阅读理解能力 文化教育 玛丽莲
玛丽莲·梦露：我如何保持身材How I Stay in Shape, By Marilyn Monroe我如何保持身材——玛丽莲·梦露"Frankly, I've never considered my own figure so exceptional; until quite recently, I seldom gave it any thought at all. My biggest single concern used to be getting enough to eat. Now I have to worry about eating too much. I never used to bother with exercises. Now I spend at least 10 minutes each morning working out with small weights. I have evolved my own exercises, for the muscles I wish to keep firm, and I know they are right for me because I can feel them putting the proper muscles into play as I exercise."She Doesn't Like To Feel Regimented"Exercise. Each morning after I brush my teeth, wash my face and shake off the first deep layer of sleep, I lie down on the floor beside my bed and begin my first exercise. It is a simple bust-firming routine which consists of lifting five-pound weights from a spread-eagle arm position to a point directly above my head. I do this 15 times, slowly. I repeat the exercise another 15 times from a position with my arms above my head. Then, with my arms at a 45-degree angle from the floor, I move my weights in circles until I'm tired. I don't count rhythmically like the exercisepeople on the radio; I couldn't stand exercise if I had to feel regimented（受管制的） about it."How To Feel Blond All Over"Sports. I have never cared especially for outdoor sports, and have no desire to excel at tennis, swimming, or golf. I'll leave those things to the men. Despite its great vogue in California, I don't think sun-tanned skin is any more attractive than white skin, or any healthier, for that matter. I'm personally opposed to a deep tan because I like to feel blond all over. By nature, I suppose I have a languorous （怠惰的） disposition. I hate to do things in a hurried, tense atmosphere, and it is virtually impossible for me to spring out of bed in the morning. On Sunday, which is my one day of total leisure, I sometimes take two hours to wake up, luxuriating in every last moment of drowsiness. Depending upon my activities, I sleep between five and ten hours every night. I sleep in an extra-wide single bed, and I use only one heavy down comforter over me, summer or winter. I have never been able to wear pajamas（睡衣） or creepy nightgowns; they disturb my sleep."A Set of Bizarre Eating Habits"Breakfast. I've been told that my eating habits are absolutely bizarre, but I don't think so. Before I take my morning shower, I start warming a cup of milk on the hot plate I k eep in my hotel room. When it's hot, I break two raw eggs into the milk, whip them up with a fork, and drink them while I'm dressing. I supplement this with a multi-vitamin pill, and I doubt if any doctor could recommend a more nourishing breakfast for a working girl in a hurry. Dinner. My dinners at home are startlingly simple. Every night I stop at the market near my hotel and pick up a steak, lamb chops or some liver, which I broil in the electric oven in my room. I usually eat four or five raw carrots with my meat, and that is all. I must be part rabbit; I never get bored with raw carrots. P.S. It's a good thing, I suppose, that I eat simply during the day, for in recent months I have developed the habit of stopping off at Wil Wright's ice cream parlor for a hot fudge（软糖） sundae on my way home from my evening drama classes. I'm sure that I couldn't allow myself this indulgence （嗜好，放纵） were it not that my normal diet is composed almost totally of protein foods."。
莎士比亚の高考真题,名人名言的英语共30页PPT
51、 天 下 之 事 常成 于困约 ，而败 于奢靡 。——陆 游 52、 生 命 不 等 于是呼 吸，生 命是活 动。——卢 梭
53、 伟 大 的 事 业，需 要决心 ，能力 ，组织 和责任 感。 ——易 卜 生 54、 唯 书 籍 不 朽。——乔 特
莎士比亚の高考真题,名人名言的英语
16、人民应该为法律而战斗，就像为 了城墙 而战斗 一样。 ——赫 拉克利 特 17、人类对于不公正的行为加以指责 ，并非 因为他 们愿意 做出这 种行为 ，而是 惟恐自 己会成 为这种 行为的 牺牲者 。—— 柏拉图 18、制定法律法令，就是为了不让强 者做什 么事都 横行霸 道。— —奥维 德 19、法律是社会的习惯和思想的结晶 。—— 托·伍·威尔逊 20、人们嘴上挂着的法律，其真实含 义是财 富。— —爱献 生
高考英语考前突破 阅读理解能力 文化教育 人类有21种表情素材
人类有21种表情When you're feeling one of those bination emotions, like sadly angry or happily disgusted, it shows on your face in a unique way, a new study shows.研究显示，当人们感受到上述复合情感时，例如悲愤或者又开心又讨厌，这些情感就会以一种特别的方式呈现在脸上。
In fact, there may be at least three times more recognizable human facial expressions than previously thought, the researchers said.In a new study, researchers defined 21 facial expressions that we use to convey our emotions, and found that a puter model could tell them apart with a high degree of accuracy by looking for small changes in facial muscles.Among these facial expressions were the six, long-recognized basic emotions -- happy, sad, fearful, angry, surprised and disgusted -- but also 15 others, which were a bination of these basic feelings. For example, a person may show that they feel happily surprised, or angrily surprised, said the researchers, calling such feelings pound emotions.This extended library of facial expressions of emotions may be useful in studying human brain and social munication, as well as in the design of puter systems that can municate with humans, researchers said in their study published today (March 31) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."We've gone beyond facial expressions for simple emotions like 'happy' or 'sad.' We found a strong consistency in how people move their facial muscles to express 21 categories of emotions," said study researcher Aleix Martinez, a cognitive scientist and associate professor of electrical and puter engineering at The Ohio State University. "That tells us that these 21 emotions are expressed in the same way by nearly everyone, at least in our culture."。
高考英语 考前突破阅读理解能力 文化教育 社交活动影响大脑结构素材
Being a social butterfly just might change your brain: In people with a large network of friends and excellent social skills, certain brain regions are bigger and better connected than in people with fewer friends, a new study finds.一项最新研究发现，成为一名“交际花”可能意味着改变你的大脑：比起朋友少的人，拥有庞大网友圈和杰出社交能力的人的特定大脑区域更大、联络更发达。
The research, presented here Tuesday (N ov. 12) at the annual mee ting of the Society for Neu roscience, suggests a connection between social interactions and brain structure."We're interested in how your brain is able to allow you to navigate in complex social environments," study researcher MaryAnn Noonan, a neuroscientist at Oxford University, in England, said at a news conference. Basically, "how many friends can your brain handle?" Noonan said.Scientists still don't understand how the brain manages human behavior in increasingly complex social situations, or what parts of the brain are linked to devian t（不正常的） social behavior associated with conditions like autismand schizophrenia.Studies in macaque monkeys have shown that brain areas involved in face processing and in predicting the intentions of others are larger in animalsliving in large social groups than in ones living in smaller groups.To investigate these brain differences in humans, Noonan and her colleagues at McGill University, in Canada, recruited 18 participants for a structural brain-imaging study. They aske d people how many social interactions they had experience d in the past month, in order to determine the size of their social networks.As was the case in monkeys, some brain areas were enlarged and better co nnectedin people with larger social networks. In humans, these areas were the temporal parietal junction, the anterior cingulate cortex and the rostral prefrontal cortex, which are part of a network involved in "mentalization" -- the ability to attribute mental states, thoughts and beliefs to another."These different brain regions are all singing different songs," Noonan said. "Networked areas are all singing the same song, and when they're connected better, they're singing more harmoniously with each other."The researchers also tested whether the size of a person's social networkwas linked with changes in white-matter pathways, the nerve fibers that connect different brain regions.Again, they found that white-matter tracts were better connected in people with bigger social networks. "The nerves were more like a Los Angeles freeway than a country road," Noonan said.The researchers couldn't say whether social interaction caused these changes in brain structure and connectivity, or whether the brain determined how innately social someone was.In the case of the monkeys, the researchers dictated the size of the animals' social network, so they concluded that social-group size was causing the brain differences.It can be inferred that a similar process takes place in human brains, but to prove this, long-term studies are needed, Noonan told LiveScience.The fact that some brain regions may be larger and more connected suggests other regions might be smaller in the brains of the more socially adept, Noonan s aid."If you're spending a lot of time in social environments using social skills and your brain's changing, maybe you're not learning to juggle in your free time or becoming proficient at the piano," she said. "The brain is just changing and optimizing to reflect your needs, and if that is thriving within a complex social environment, that is what your brain is reflecting."。
高考英语阅读理解专项讲解PPT课件
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命题方式包括：
考点 类型 考点一 细节事实
理解
题型 直接事实题
间接事实题
数据推算
方法与技巧 抓住题干文字信息
结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括 和判断 1.抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2. 弄清众多信息中的有用信息，和干扰信息。3. 不要孤立看待数字信息，要抓关键用语。
主旨理解 考点二 或写作意图
高考英语阅 读理解
专项讲解（一）
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C 目录 ONTENTS
一、考纲解读 二、解题策略 三、体裁导读 四、真题典例
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一、考纲解读
阅读理解核心是“理解”。“理解”既包括能准确把握所读材料的表 层(字面意思)内容，还要理解内在含义；又包括能概括文章的主旨大 意，能对语篇、文段的内部结构进行逻辑分析，推断出段落大意、文 章主旨、作者的观点意图及文中未表达的事实、结论。阅读理解材料 内容真实新潮，选材贴近生活，贴近时代，渗透文化意识，强调实际 应用。大致涉及人物趣事、中外交流、社会文化、语言习惯、历史事 件、日常生活、新闻广告、科普知识等等。在体裁上，记叙文、说明 文、议论文和应用文各占一定的比例。
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• 4）科学方法图示判断题
• 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网 系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点， 要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确 的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题 时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过 程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照 原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。
高考英语 考前突破阅读理解能力 文化教育 青少年不再青睐Facebook素材
青少年不再青睐Facebook、Facebook is 'dead and buried' to older teenagers, an extensive European study has found, as the key age group moves on to Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp and Sna pchat.一项广泛的欧洲研究发现，一些稍大些的青少年不再使用Facebook，转而使用Twitter、图片分享应用Instagram、即时通讯WhatsApp和阅后即焚照片应用Snapchat。
Researching the Facebook use of 16-18 year olds in eight EU countries, the Global Social Media Impact Study found that as parents and older users saturate（浸透，饱和） Facebook, its y ounger users are shifting to alternative platforms."Facebook is not just on the slide - it is basically dead and buried," wrote Daniel Miller, lead anthropologist（人类学家） on the research team, who is professor of material culture of University College London."Mostly they feel embarrassed to even be associated with it. Where once parents worried about their children joining Facebook, the children now say it is their family that in sists they stay there to post about their lives."Teens do not ca re that alternative services are less functional and sophisticated, an d they also unconcerned about how information about them is being used commercially or as part of surveillance practice by the security services, the research found."What appears to be the most seminal moment in a young person’s decision to le ave Facebook was surely that dreaded day your mum sends you a friend request," wrote Miller."It is nothing new that young p eople care about style and status in relation to their peers, and Facebook is simply not cool anymore."In part of the study's research with Italian Facebook users, 40% of users had never changed their privacy settings and 80% said they "were not concerned or did not care" if their personal data was available and accessed, either by an organisation or an individual.Information that people choose to publish on Facebook has generally been through a psychological filt ering process, researchers found - unlike conversations, photos and video shared through more private tools such as Skype, or on mobile apps."Most individuals try to present themselves online the way they think society is expecting them to," wrote contributing anthropologist Razvan Ni colescu on Thursday."It seems that social media works not towards change - of society, notions of individuality and connectedness, and so on - but rather as a conservative force that tends to strengthen the conventional social relations and to reify（使具体化） society as Italians en joy and recognise it."The normativity of the online presence seems to be just one expression of this process."。
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关于莎士比亚鲜为人知的7件事
April 23 is the 450th anniversary of the birth of Britain's most famous playwright
and poet. The relatively few facts we know about William Shakespeare have made him
an enigmatic figure. Here are a few things that you may not know about him:
4月23日是英国最伟大的剧作家和诗人威廉·莎士比亚诞辰450周年的日子。由于我们对
莎翁知之甚少，他的身上总是笼罩着神秘的色彩。以下是一些关于莎翁的鲜为人知的事情：
1. Shakespeare was a "fat cat"
From his career in the theatre, which included acting, playwriting, and being a
"sharer" in the profits of his company, Shakespeare amassed a comfortable fortune.
By the age of 33 he was able to buy New Place, the 2nd largest house in
Stratfordupon-Avon. He later bought property in London as well as Stratford.
2. Shakespeare was a co-writer
It was common for playwrights of Shakespeare's time to collaborate. There are many
passages in Shakespeare's plays that were written by someone else. He worked with
Thomas Middleton on "Timon of Athens", and with John Fletcher on "Henry VIII".
As for some of the most famous parts of "Macbeth" - the witchy bits - it's likely
they were Middleton's work too, bolted on to the play at a later date.
3. You speak Shakespeare
In spite of his flowery language, Shakespeare created many of the words or
expressions we use in English today. We owe him: eyeball, bloodstained, radiance
（辐射，光辉）, assassination and lackluster（无光泽的）, to name but a few.
4. Shakespeare's daughter was illiterate
In that period, literacy was a skill, useful in certain trades and professions,
mainly male. Shakespeare was a man of his time, and his time did not value literacy
in women.
5. Shakespeare did not care about posterity
It seems that Shakespeare did not care whether his plays survived or not. This may
partly reflect the low esteem in which plays - a form of literature - were held
at the time.
6. Shakespeare has no descendants
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His only son, Hamnet, died at the age of 11. His daughter Susanna had no children
and all his daughter Judith's children died young. None of his 3 brothers married.
The Shakespeare line effectively ran out within 25 years of the poet's death.
7. Shakespeare has had some heavyweight haters
Not everyone has concurred in Shakespeare's greatness as a writer. Voltaire thought
"Hamlet" the work of a "drunken savage"; George III said: "Was there ever such stuff
as great part of Shakespeare? Only one must not say so!" And George Bernard Shaw
got quite carried away in his detestation of the poet: "It would positively be a
relief to me to dig him up and throw stones at him." That was in a newspaper. Imagine
if Shakespeare had been on Twitter.