Unit 3 Text Translations
译林版英语八年级上册Unit3教案
Unit 3 A day outComic strip ﹠Welcome to the unitTeaching aims:1. Introduce some well-known places in China and around the world.2. To activate existing knowledge of the world and identify names of places and countries.3. To express the feeling of love to our countries.Teaching importance and difficulties :1. To activate existing knowledge of the world and identify names of places and countries.2. To express the feeling of love to our countries.Procedure:Step One:Do you like listening to the song? But can you tell me what the man want to do in the song? Can he do that? (No)Why? (Because when he has money, he doesn’t have time; When he has time, he doesn’t have money.)So what a pity!Do you like traveling? (Yes) But do you have time/money now? (No)So we can’t go to Guilin, either. Step Two:But never mind, boys and girls!Some of us are traveling now.Look! Would you like to go with them? (Yes)You can choose one and go with her/him.For example: I’d like to go with …. I can ask: Hello, …!Where are you now?T: 1. What is it? (It’s the Mount Fuji.)2. Where is he? (She is in Japan.)3. What’s the capital? (Tokyo.)T: Who would you like to go with?Put up your hands and ask them!(S1: I’m in London now. Look at the Big Ben. How tall!)(S2: Ha-ha! I’m in China now.Let’s go to the Tian’anmen Square first. Then climb the Great Wall.) (S3: I’m in Paris now. I would like to visit the River Seine and the Eiffel Tower. Let’s go!)(S4: I’m in Australia now. I will walk on the Harbour Bridge enjoy Beijing Opera in the Opera House. Look! How beautiful!)(S5: I will go to the White House to meet Bush. He is the president. I’m a little nervous.)Step Three:Read all the words on the blackboard and try to spell the words.eg. the H_ _ bour BridgeRead them and remember them! 30 seconds!Step Four:Exercise Match the pictures, cities and countries.Step Five:Do you know how long the Golden Gate is?Li sten to Amy and Simon and try to find the answer.Do you know sth else about the famous places?Make a dialogue with your partners, like Amy and Simon.Step Six:T: You’re so great!So I want to give you some presents. Look! You can choose one!Oh! There is a postcard here.Nick →AmyGirls, who would you like to read it?Read it by yourselves! Try to remember them! 30 seconds!Step Seven: Boast!Just now you all did a good job!But now we’ll have a match.Let’s see who is the best! Can you? Give you 30 seconds.If you know, put up your hands quikly!Who is the fastest?Step Eight:Very interesting!So I think you can remember all the places now, right?But just look at me! Can you also say out the places?Look carefully! Who is the cleverest?The Harbour Bridgethe Opera Housethe Eiffel Towerthe River Seinethe White HouseBig BenTian’anmen SquareMount FujiStep Nine:Do you want to travel to these places?Look!Eddie also want to have a trip.Let’s see where he want to go.Listen and answer:Does Eddie really want to exercise to keep fit?Read after the tape.Ro le-playBlackBoard design:Unit 3 A day outComic strip ﹠Welcome to the unitthe Opera HouseSyndey Australiathe Eiffel TowerParis Francethe White HouseWashington the USATeaching reflection:Unit 3 A day outReading ⅠTeaching aims: 1.读懂文章，了解这次游玩的基本情况。
126413-基础英语-研究生读写译-unit_4
Unit 3 The Future of Books
Umberto Eco ,the most brilliant and influential scholar and intellectual examines the destiny of the books and libraries in the Internet era from the new perspective.
types: private library, public library, national library, congress library, mobile library Materials for writing: tortoise-shells, bamboo slips, papyruses, vellum
The man who doesn’t read good books has no advantage over the man who can’t read them. (Mark Twain)
The man reading bad books is no better than the man without the opportunity to read good books.
Sayings about books
unit3全共57页文档
Are those his books?
---Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. they are mine.
Notice it’s=it is isn’t=is not aren’t=are not
These are my …
These are her/his …
That is my …
That is her/his…
Those are my…
Those her/his…
This is my pencil .
Is this your pencil?
It’s his.
--- Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.
A guessing game
It’s his backpack.
1b Listen and number the conversations(1-3)
3
A:Is this your pencil? B:Yes,it is .It’s my pencil
2 A:Is that your schoolbag? B:No,it isn’t. It’s his schoolbag.
A:Is this his dictionary? B: Yes, it is.
A:Is that his eraser? No, it isn’t. It’s her eraser.
Put your things and your friend’s
things together. Identify(辨认) which is his/hers(她的). 完成任务所需要的语言结构：
九下英文单词表第三单元中文
九下英文单词表第三单元中文Unit 3 Vocabulary List with Chinese Translations for Grade 9 English.1. astronomy 天文学(tiānwénxué) The study of the universe, including stars, planets, galaxies, and other celestial objects.2. telescope 望远镜(yuànwàngjìng) An optical instrument used to observe objects in the distance by collecting and focusing light.3. microscope 显微镜(xiǎnjìng) An optical instrument used to observe small objects by magnifying their image.4. satellite 卫星(wèixīng) A spacecraft orbiting a planet, moon, or other celestial body.5. rocket 火箭(huǒjiàn) A vehicle that can travel through space using thrust generated by the combustion ofpropellants.6. spaceship 宇宙飞船(yǔzhòufēichuán) A spacec raft designed to carry humans into space.7. astronaut 宇航员(yǔhángyuán) A person trained to travel in a spacecraft and perform tasks in space.8. gravity 重力(zhònglì) The force that attracts all matter towards the center of the earth.9. orbit 轨道(guǐdào) The path followed by a satellite, planet, or other celestial body around a larger object.10. constellation 星座(xīngzuò) A group of starsthat form a recognizable pattern in the night sky.11. galaxy 银河系(yínhéxì) A vast system of stars, dust, and gas that forms a spiral or irregular shape.12. solar system 太阳系(tàiyángxì) The system ofplanets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other celestial objects that orbit the sun.13. universe 宇宙(yǔzhòu) All existing matter and space considered as a whole; everything that exists, everywhere.14. astronomer 天文学家(tiānwénxuéjiā) A scientist who studies astronomy.15. celestial 天体的(tiāntǐde) Referring to objects or phenomena in the sky or space.16. observation 观察(guānchá) The act of carefully watching and noting something, especially for scientific purposes.17. exploration 探索(tànsuǒ) The activity of searching for and studying new information, especially in a scientific or冒险的(màoxiǎn de) context.18. mystery 神秘(shénmì) Something that is difficultto understand or explain, often associated with a feeling of wonder or curiosity.19. universe exploration 宇宙探索(yǔzhòusuànsuǒ) The act of searching for and studying new information about the universe.20. telescope observation 望远镜观测(yuànwàngjìng guāncè) The use of a telescope to observe objects in the sky.21. microscope observation 显微镜观测(xiǎnjìngguāncè) The use of a microscope to observe small objects.22. space exploration 太空探索(tàikōng suànsuǒ) The act of searching for and studying new information about space.23. astronomical 天文学的(tiānwénxuéde) Relating to or involving astronomy.24. astronomical event 天文事件(tiānwén shìjiàn)An occurrence or phenomenon in the sky, such as an eclipseor supernova.25. astronomical discovery 天文发现(tiānwén fāxiàn) The identification of a new object or phenomenon in the sky.26. celestial map 星图(xīngtú) A map showing the positions of stars, constellations, and other celestial objects.27. astronomical instrument 天文仪器(tiānwén yíqì)A device used for observing or studying objects in the sky.28. stellar 恒星的(héngxīngde) Relating to stars.29. nebula 星云(xīngyún) A large collection of dust, gas, and stars in space.30. comet 彗星(huìxīng) A small solar system bodywith a highly elliptical orbit, composed of ice, dust, and rock.These are the vocabulary words for Unit 3 of Grade 9 English, focusing on the topic of astronomy. Each word is provided with its Chinese translation to aid in understanding and learning.。
口译unit 3
2. An Evil
However, for many interpreters, note taking is said to be
a necessary evil（必要之恶）. It is regarded as an evil because it calls for a certain amount of distribution of attention and it might interfere in one‟s listening. The fact that taking notes diverts（转移）attention and interferes with listening poses the first obstacle. The second problem is that untrained interpreters are often at a loss what notes should be taken and in which way the notes should be taken. The most essential aspects of consecutive interpreting are the processes of listening, understanding, analysis and re-expression. If these processes are not well carried out, even the best notes in the world will not produce good interpretation. Therefore, note-taking is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. Notes are meaningless if they do not function well as aids in the processes of interpreting.
《新编实用英语》(第四版)备课笔记 Unit 3
Talking Faceto Face and BeingAll EarsA. In a city1. Go straight ahead for about 10 minutes and you can see it on the left side.2. Go straight ahead and then turn left / right at the first corner.3. Walk that way for two blocks. It’s only about a ten minutes’ walk.4. Maybe the best way is to take the underground.5. Go straight on. The underground is just around the corner, and you can’tmiss it.6. After you turn left, you will see the sign of the restaurant.7. The post office is just opposite the Park.8. Keep going until you see a big white building on your left.9. I’m sorry, sir. I’m also a stranger here.10. Sorry, I don’t think I can tell you the direction.11. Sorry, I’m new around here. Ask the policeman over there, please.12. It’s opposite to the Grand Theater.13. Go down the street and you’ll find it.14. The bus stop is over there.B. Within a building1. The manager’s office is on the fourth floor.2. Go down the stairs to the fourth floor and turn left.3. It’s the second door on the right next to the meeting room.4. Take the elevator to the ninth floor.5. Just go along the corridor in the middle of the hall and turn left at the corner.6. It’s in Room 608 on the sixth floor.7. It’s just beside the stairs.8. Go up to the second floor and it’s at the far end of the hall, on your right.9. It’s on the fourth floor, next to the meeting room.10. It’s next to the manager’s office.11. It’s on the left / right of the lobby.12. The washroom is upstairs.3. Talk about means of transport to takeTalking Face to Face andBeing All EarsA. Taking the bus,underground or taxi1I take the underground from Wynn Street to Low Street.2You can take Bus No. 16.3Take Bus No. 16 or Bus No. 19, and you’ll get downtown.4Take Bus No. 202 first. And then change to Bus No. 138 at41the Gymnasium stop.1Take the underground marked “Downtown〞.2It’s very far from here. You’d better take a taxi.B. Following traffic signs and lights1. Can you see the sign there? Just follow it and you can get there.2. Go along this street and turn right at the traffic lights.3. We have to take another road because the sign here says“Closed to all traffic〞.Library〞. You can’t mi ss it.4. Follow the sign that says “To City4. Understand and write road andTrying Your Handoffice signsLanguage features of signsWhat You Should Know About Unit Sections Involved1. Different feelings aboutTrying Your HandtravelingWriting Sentences and Reviewing Grammar2. Forming of plural nounsMaintaining a Sharp EyePassages I & IISECTION I Talking Face to Face1 Work in pairs. Practice the following mini-talks for giving directions.(Open.)2 Work in pairs and act out the tasks by following the above mini-talks.Key for reference:1. Task: Look at the street map in Exercise 3. Suppose you are at the bus stop at the corner of Hall Street and Wynn Street. Ask how to get to Low Street Underground Station. A: Could you please show me the way to Low Street Underground Station?B: Yes. Go up Hall Street. Turn right at North Street. It is atthe corner of North Street and Low Street.A: Thank you for the information.B: You are welcome.2. Task: Look at the street map in Exercise3. Suppose you are atthe bus stop at the corner of Hall Street and Wynn Street. Askhow to get to the church.A: Excuse me, do you happen to know the way to the church?B: Sure. Go up Hall Street and take the first turning on the right.That’s Church Street.A: First turning on the right.B: The church is on the left. You can’t miss it.3. Task: Look at the street map in Exercise 3. Supposeyou are at the bus stop at the corner of Hall Streetand Wynn Street. Ask how to get to the car park.A: Excuse me, how can I get to the car park?B: The car park is on North Street. You can go along Hall Street until you come toNorth Street. Turn right at North Street.A: OK, right at North Street.B: You will find it on your right.4. Task: Look at the building map in Exercise 3. Suppose you are just out of the stairs.Ask how to get to the Marketing Department.A: Excuse me, could you tell me where the Marketing Department is?B: Yes. Go this way and turn right over there. The Marketing Department is on yourleft, opposite the Sales Department.A: Thank you very much.B: You are welcome.5. Task: Look at the building map in Exercise 3. Suppose you are just out of the stairs.Askhow to get to Mr. Green’s office.A: Excuse me, where is Mr. Green’s office?B: Walk down the corridor. At the end of it, turn left.A: Left at the end of the corridor.B: It’s the second room on the left, next to Mary’s office.Studying Maps3 Maps are very useful for giving and understanding directions. Read thefollowing samplemaps carefully andtry to use theinformation topractice shortdialogues.FollowingSampleDialogues4 Read thefollowing sampledialogues andtry to performyour own tasks.(Open.)PuttingLanguage toUse5 Sally wants to go tothe Beach Hotel. She isasking a stranger for directions to get there. Readaloud the following dialogue with your partner byputting in the missing words. Key: 1. Excuse 2. my way3. along4. on the corner5. By6. take7. off8. front9. Many6 Ken is looking for Mr. Anderson. He meets Jane and asksher for directions. Imagine you are Jane. Tell him howhe might find Mr. Anderson. Fill in the blanks accordingto the clues given in brackets. Then act it out with yourpartner.Key: 1. It’s on the top floor, next t o the lift1He might be in the conference room2It is on the second floor, Room 2063You are welcomeSECTION II Being All EarsLearning Sentences for WorkplaceCommunication1 Listen to 10 sentences for workplace communication cross-referenced withtheir Chinese translations.Script: 1) The Sales Department is next to the Human Resources Department.2) The reception desk is in the middle of the hall on the first floor.3) Cross the bridge, and make a right turn. 4) You need to transfer at Fuxingmen.5) Just pass the tall building and turn to the right.6) Drive back to the traffic lights and turn left.7) Can you show me the way to the railway station?8) Walk west for two blocks and you’ll bethere. 9) Sorry, I’m new around here. 10)Take the 9 bus and get off at the fifth stop.2 Listen to the following sentences for workplace communication in Column A andmatch each one with its Chinese version in Column B.Script: 1) I think the best way is to take the subway. 2) You will take less than 5 minutes to get there. 3) Keep going until you see a white building on your left.4) Take the elevator to the sixth floor. 5) Take the subway first, and then changeto Bus No. 9. 6) Sorry, I’m a stranger here myself.7) The subway station is just two blocks away.458) Excuse me, can you tell me how to get to the computercenter? 9) The chemistry building is opposite the library.Key: 1) A) 2) B) 3) A)4) C) 5) C) 6) D)Handling a Dialogue10) You can take Subway Line 2 and get off at Xizhimen.Key: 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-e, 5-d,6-f, 7-j, 8-i, 9-h, 10-g,3 Listen to 6 sentences for workplace communication and choose their right responses. Script: 1) When you come out of the lift, turn left. Mr. Smith’s office is the second one on the right. 2) How far is it from here to the library? 3) Is there a bus going there? 4) Am I going in the wrong direction? 5) Is the shopping mall far from here? 6) Excuse me, where is the nearest supermarket?4 Listen to a dialogue and decode the message by finding out the correct choices in thebrackets according to what you have heard.Script:Bob: Are there many people there? Jack: Oh, yes. Right nowthere are about ten people here and the music isgreat!Key: 1. party 2. join 3. directions 4. close5. fifteen6. traffic lights7. police station8. fork9. one 10. two-storyUnderstanding a Short Speech / Talk5 Now listen to a short speech / talk and fill upthe blanks according to what you have heard.The words in brackets will give yousome hints.Script: Good morning, everyone. Let me tell you how to get to Tsinghua Universityfrom Beijing International Airport. The easiest way is to take a taxi. And the secondway is to take the airport shuttle bus. You can go all the way to Zhongguancunterminal. From the terminal, a taxi ride costs about 10 yuan. The third choice isto take the airport subway to Dongzhimen Station. Then change to Line 2 to XizhimenStation. Change again at Xizhimen Station to Line 13 to WudaokouKey: 1. Beijing International Airport 2. take a taxi3. take4. 10 yuan5. the airport subway6. change7. Line 13 8. walkStation. Then, you can walk to Tsinghua University.6 Listen to the speech / talk again and complete the information in Column A with theright choices in Column B.Key: 1.b 2.c 3.b 4.dSECTION III Trying Your HandPracticing Applied Writing1 Read the following two samples of signs and learn to write your own.The Chinese Version of the Samples:48Entrance 入口 Exit 出口 Staircase 楼梯4 Translatethe followingsigns into Chinese with the help of a dictionary. Key: 1.行人不得穿越1. 电梯修理，请走楼梯2. 非公莫入3. 禁止机动车辆通行4. 路滑慢行5. 前方修路Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar5 Choose the correct answers to fill in the blanks, paying attention to thenumber form of the nouns given in brackets.Key: 1) butter 2) much doubt 3) movies 4)passengers 5) much education 6) room numbers 7) a large population 8) dismay 9)information 6 Correct the errors in the following sentences.Key: 1) All the news is interesting to us. 2) We all like your idea of using the money tobuild a primary school. 3) If he refuses to pay, I shall take measures against him.4) What lovely hair you have! 5) The Johnsons have just moved into a large house and are planning to buy muchnew furniture. 6) Mary likes potatoes better than tomatoes. 7) It was such a longjourney that we felt very tired when we arrived. 8) My father never gave me much advice.9) Our school bought two pieces of equipment for the lab. 10) In modern age, electronics has been developing very fast.11) He did too little preparation for his examination. 12) There is a book, two pencils and three notebooks on the desk. 13) Every means has been tried but without much success. Booking Office售票处 Escalator 自动扶梯 Reception Desk接待处 Inquiry问讯处 Luggage Office行李处 Cash Desk 收款处 Customs海关14) Ten dollarsis all that Ican afford topay for the recorder.7 Translate the following sentences into English.Key: 1) I’ll have a cup of coffee and two pieces / slices of bread. 2) The teacher asked us to take out one sheet / piece of paper for the quiz.3) He bought two bottles of beer and three bars of chocolate. 4)Mathematics is the subject I feel most interested in.5) Thank you for the much advice you’ve given me. / Thank you very much for the many suggestions you’ve given me.6) Failure is the mother of success.7) All the equipment in the factory is made in China.8) Sports are good for health.Write and Describe aPicture8 Write a short passage of about 100 words to tell a story or about an event related to the picture given below. Some useful words and phrases are provided here to help you. You may start the passage with the sentence: Signs are marks, pictures or words on a board to draw attention, give warnings or direct somebody towards some place.Key: Signs are marks, pictures or words on a board to draw attention, give warningsor direct somebody towards some place. They are widely used in public places to provide people with all kinds of useful information. For instance, a Check In signat an airport will lead you to the check-in counter. A Way Out sign at the subway tells you where you can get out. Wet Paint in a park warns you to keep away from a bench which is still wet with painting. Visiting Hours at the door of an office informs you that it is working time for the officers and clerks in this department. Of course, you will be happy to see the sign “Admission Free〞at the gate of an exhibition hall.SECTION IV Maintaining a Sharp EyePassage IAmerica is a nation on wheels. Americans use their cars even for very short distances such as going to the neighborhood store to buy some groceries. The average householdowns two cars, trucks or sport vehicles and one in four owns three or more. Ninety percent of Americans drive to get where they need to go, reporting an averageof 87 minutes a day behind the wheel. For car commuters, it’s an average of 100 minutes. Cities like Atlanta, San Bernardino and Riverside, Calif., have difficult commutes as theresult of city sprawl. In Atlanta, 12.7% of commuters spend more than an hour getting to work, and in the “Inland Empire〞, which includes San Bernardino and Riverside, 15% of commuters take more than an hour to get to the office.About a third can be classified as aggressive drivers. Six in ten concede they sometimes go well over the speed limit. Sixty-two percent occasionally get frustrated behind the wheel, more than four in ten get angry and two in ten sometimes boil into road rage. And nothing fuels driver anger like getting stuck in a traffic jam.Anyway, the road still offers more freedom than frustration. Three quarters of Americans say driving often gives them a sense of independence, and nearly half say it’s often relaxing. Four in ten love their cars — not just like them, but love them.1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences1. (Para. 2) Taking pictures of funny road signs while traveling is a favorite pastime for many travelers. Analysis: The gerund phrase beginning with taking is the subject of the sentence, in which while travelling (= while they are travelling) serves as the time adverbial of the verb taking.Translation:旅行过程中拍一些滑稽有趣的路牌对很多旅行者来说都是一大消遣乐事。
大学职业英语 Unit 3
Brainstorm
(4) When you arrive at the airport, what should you do first?
Key:
check in
Unit 3 Business Travel
Brainstorm
(5) Before passengers board the plane, they should pass a door with a scanner. What do we call that?
Laundry
Unit 3 Business Travel
Single Room · ___________________
Twin Room · ___________________
Unit 3 Business Travel
Presidential Suite · ___________________
Fitness Club
Unit 3 Business Travel
Swimming Pool
Unit 3 Business Travel
Bar
Unit 3 Business Travel
Buffet
Unit 3 Business Travel
Sauna
Unit 3 Business Travel
Key:
seat belt
Unit 3 Business Travel
Some words and expressions:
a 机场巴士
Airport a Shuttle
进港
a a
Arrivals a
问讯处 a
返航时间 A 到达机场 a 转机处 a 行李寄存 a
新编实用英语1(第四版)Unit-3-Road-Signs-and-Commuting
15 Unit | Three
Learning Sentences for Workplace Communication
1 Listen to 10 sentences for workplace communication cross-referenced with their Chinese translations.
7 _____o_f_f _____ at the third stop. Sally: Where can I take the bus, please?
Stranger: The bus stop is over there in 8 ____fr_o_n_t______ of the supermarket. Back
1) 销售部在人力资源部的隔壁。 2) 接待前台在一楼大厅中间。 3) 过了桥向右拐。
4) You need to transfer at Fuxingmen. 4) 你得在复兴门转车。
5) Just pass the tall building and turn to the right.
5) 走过高楼向右拐。
4 _o_n__t_h_e_c_o_r_n_e_r_ of West Avenue and Main Street. Sally: I see. Thank you very much. 5 ____B_y_____ the way, can I take a bus? Stranger: Yes. If you go t_ Bus No. 15 and get
3 Unit | Three
Imitating Mini-Talks
Unit 3
Unit 3Equivalence at word level内容提要：1 translation problems arising from lack of equivalence at word level2 various strategies which can be used for dealing with them学习目的：By learning translation problems arising from lack of equivalence at word level, the students learn the specific types of non-equivalence and the various strategies whichcan be used for dealing with them.重点：various strategies which can be used for dealing with non-equivalence at word level难点：various strategies which can be used for dealing with non-equivalence at word level教学内容：This Unit discusses translation problems arising from lack of equivalence at word level; what does a translator do when there is no word in the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language word?THE PROBLEM OF NON-EQUIV ALENCEWe can now begin to outline some of the more common types of non-equivalence which often pose difficulties for the translator and some attested strategies for dealing with them. First, a word of warning. The choice of a suitable equivalent in a given context depends on a wide variety of factors. Some of these factors may be strictly linguistic. Other factors may he extra-linguistic. It is virtually impossible to offer absolute guidelines for dealing with the various types of non-equivalence which exist among languages. The most that can be done in this Unit is to suggest strategies which may be used to deal with non-equivalence …in some contexts‟. The choice of a suitable equivalent will always depend not only on the linguistic system or systems being handled by the translator, but also on the way both the writer of the source text and the producer of the target text, i.e. the translator, choose to manipulate the linguistic systems in question.Non-equivalence at word level and some common strategies for dealing with it Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text. The type and level of difficulty posed can vary tremendouslystrategies, some very straightforward, others more involved and difficult to handle.English and Chinese are of great difference because they belong to different language families and have completely different cultures. There are a lot of translation problems arising from lack of equivalence at word level. Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text.3.1 Common problems of non-equivalence at word level3.1.1 Culture-specific concepts （文化特色词汇）The source-language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. Such concepts are oft en referred to as …culture-specific‟. Example 1: 狗English people love dogs very much. For them, dogs are man‟s best friends, so they keep them as pets and take good care of them, and even use the word …dog‟ to describe people‟s life. …A lucky dog‟refers to a person who is lucky, while …top dog‟refer to a person who is very important. However, traditionally, Chinese people don‟t have the same feeling to dogs, and they often set dogs against other people, such as 狗腿子(a dog‟s leg) meaning a bad person following his or her bad superior and 狗血喷头(to pour the dog‟s blood to somebody‟s head) meaning to pour out a flood of invective against somebody. Therefore, when doing translation, we should avoid using the word …dog‟directly, or to use the super-ordinate of the word …dog‟. For example, 狗嘴里长不出象牙(ivory can‟t grow in a dog‟s mouth)can be translated as …a filthy mouth can‟t utter decent language‟, while狗急跳墙(a dog will jump over the wall if pushed too hard) can be translated by using the word …beast‟ (the super-ordinate of …dog‟): a cornered beast will do something desperate. Example 2: 文房四宝Since it is culture-specific, there is no equivalent word in English, and we also call it Semantic Zero (词义空缺).Suggested translation: the four treasures of the study(writing brush, ink-stick, inkstone and paper)Example 3: privacy and SpeakerAn example of an abstract English concept which is difficult to translate into Chinese is thatexpressed by the word privacy and Speaker (of the House of Commons). Both of them have no ready one-to-one equivalence in Chinese. The word privacy is a very …English‟ concept which is rarely understood by people from other cultures. Speaker (of the House of Commons) has no equivalent in many languages, such as Russian, Chinese, and Arabic. It is often translated into Russian as …Chairman‟, which does not reflect the role of the Speaker of the House of Commons as an independent person who maintains authority and order to Parliament.3.1.2 One word with multiple equivalents （一词多义）Example 1: man1 man and his wife 丈夫和妻子2 officers and men 官和兵3 his man Friday 他的仆人礼拜五（《鲁宾逊漂流记》）4 Be a man! 要像个男子汉！Example 2: sophisticated1 sophisticated man 老于世故的人2 sophisticated woman 狡黠的女子3 sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家4 sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的电子装置5 sophisticated weapon 尖端武器Example 3: 时间到达时间arriving time 工作时间working hours 停留时间duration of stayExample 4: 意识自我意识self-consciousness 竞争意识competitive spiritExample 5: 一次性一次性付款1ump-sum payment 一次性拖鞋disposable slippersExample 6: 恶性恶性肿瘤malignant tumor 恶性循环vicious circle3.1.3 Words without equivalents （无对等词语）The terms express Confucius morality “三纲五常”can not find its correspondent word in English.“三纲” the three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son and husbandcredibility.糖葫芦：Tanghulu, a suger-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children‟s favourite food in winterTeenager: 13至19 岁的青少年Commuter: 家住郊区、乘公交车到市内上班的人（上班族）3.1.4 Different association of meaning （联想意义不同）The common characters of cultures have given the same associated meaning to some words, while the difference between cultures will lead to different association of meanings.For example, fox has been commonly considered as a kind of cunning animals compared with all other animals, which is reflected both in Chinese and English fables. In Chinese, there are saying like狡猾的狐狸(cunning fox), while in English there are also expressions like …as sly as a fox‟.However, each culture has its specific characters. The differences between cultures in tradition, value, custom, religion, way of thinking and even geology will lead to the same word having different associated meaning in different cultures.For example, the chinese word …月亮‟ has been given very nice associated meaning in Chinese, such as …团圆，爱情，故乡‟, while for English people, …moon‟ will be associated with …inconstancy‟. inconstant affections; an inconstant lover; swear not by...the inconstant moon- Shakespeare.变化无常的爱情；反复无常的爱人；不要以反复多变的月亮起誓——莎士比亚。
创新大学英语-预备级教案Unit 3 communication
Lecture 1Listening comprehensionTask 1 Section A (10')1.Guide Ss to read the six phonetic symbols: /f/, /v/,/l/,/m/,/n/2.Let Ss take turns to read one group of words separately3.Let Ss listen to the recording and mark the word they hear.4.Play the recording once again and check the answers one by one.Task 1 Section B （20'）1.Guide Ss to read the choice items so as to get known something of the conversation.2.Listen to the recording and choose the best answer.3.Play the tape once again sentence by sentence, trigger Ss to repeat the sentences so as to get the exact meaning of the conversations.probable difficult phrases: business number (公司电话，办公电话) order (预定)，agree on (同意)，pay the bill(付账)，bite into my skin like a mad dog (像一只疯狗咬我的皮), Western library (西方的图书馆), show me around here (带我在这转一下), elevator (电梯), even (偶数), interview (采访), visiting hours (探病时间), nurse (护士), bell (铃), passengers (乘客), come off the plane(下飞机), suitcase (行李箱), retire (退休), in the suburbs (在郊区), have a wide selection of (有很大的选择余地), waken me with soft music (用轻音乐叫醒我)Task 2 (25')1.Let Ss listen to the tape of two conversations and do the exercises.2.Check their answers without correcting their wrong answers.3.Listen to the tape once again and then check their answers one more times to see if they can understand the conversations better.4.Play the tape sentence by sentence and let Ss repeat what they heard.5. Let students write down one of these conversations, and then play the roles in the conversation.Task 3 (35')1.Let Ss read the passage and get its theme so as to get familiar with the related words or phrases.2.Play the tape and stop it until the passage was red three times.3.Check the answers.4.Call Ss take turns to translate the sentences of the passage.5.Read the passage loudly by themselves and choose one of the paragraphs to recite.6.Check their recitation.AssignmentRead the new words in Unit 3 and preview the text "how to be a good listener"Lecture 2Part I Leading- in Questions: (8')1.As we see just now, the title of this unit is communication, then could you tell me in what way we communicate with others? Or to be more specific, how do you communicate with your friends and your parents?Call them and speak with them on the phoneChat with them through QQ, send e-mails to them, sometime write to them or call them......2.What you've just listed actually is realized through verbal language, however, in our daily life, another kind of language do play an very important role in our communication, what is it?Body language3.Besides it, what else can communicate our feelings and attitudes?Smile, eye contact and so onPart II Reading-comprehensionEyes can speak (20')Read the passage entitled "Eyes can speak"1.Take a guess what will be told in the passage.Different kinds of eye contact have different meanings......2.Read the passage and finish the multiple choices.Remind them to make full use of the same words appearing in the passage and the questions and take a guess. And tell them nearly all the answers can be found in the passage.3.Ask 2 students to speak out their answers to get a view of Ss' understanding of the passage.4.Guide Ss to find the answers even they don't know the exact meaning of the passage.Step 1: find the key words or phrases in the questionStep 2: scan the passage for the key wordsStep 3: study the very sentence the key words in, or the sentence before and after it. Step 4: make a decision based on your understanding of the sentenceFor example: Q 1: a stranger in a bus may feel uncomfortableIt can be found in the second para.From the sentence, we know people may feel uncomfortable when they are stared at.Q2: looking too long at someoneAnswer can be found in the first sentence of para.4Q3: 10 seconds(Numbers and proper nouns always can guide us to the related sentence easily)Answer can be found in the last sentence of para. 45.Explain the difficult sentences.Rules of Internet Communication (12')1.Read the passage entitled "rules of Internet communication"2.Apply the tips the teacher just tole them into the reading.3. Check the answersPart III Intensive readingAs we know, communication involves at least two persons. Most of time, we focus on how to trigger a conversation or how to be talkative. However, to be a good listener is also crucial to a successful conversation.Word- learning before coming to the text.1.Let Ss read the new words by themselves. While reading, try to get familiar with their meaning and usage. (8')2.Let Ss read after the teacher and guide Ss to remember the words. ( 15')alone--- let me aloneconversation---conversational--- conversationalist (--tional, 通常为形容词后缀，ist为“家”的后缀)operation---operationalscientist，artist....attentive---attentionencourage--- encouragement---discourage--- couragedesperately--- desperate(形容词) desperate housewivescomplaint----complain (动词) + doing/about sthoffer sb sth, offer sth. to sb......3.Listen to the radio underline the words whose pronunciation is strange to you. (7' )4.Let Ss read the passage by themselves and finish the exercise "Text Organization".(15')5. Call one student to speak his/her answers to the class. (5')Part IV Assignment1.Do the fast-reading in the textbook of Unit 32.Remember the new words.Lecture 3Part I Leading-in: Word- game (20')Steps: Write the new words on little pieces of paper. Each paper has two words.Make another group of papers with the same words written on them but in a different color.Divide the class into 2 group with the same amount of studentsGive every member a piece of paper and make sure the same words are distributed to students from different group.As soon as the teacher read any word that has been written on the papers, the students have that word should stand up and repeat the word, the student who stand first is the winner.Carry on the game, the group has more winners will be the winner of the game.Part II Detail-study of the text (45')1.Ask students to take turns to read one of the paragraphs when the explanation comes to the paragraph.2.Invite some top students to explain or translate some of the difficulty sentences.3.Some of the difficulty sentences or language points.1)I hope you won't mind my coming up to you like this, ....mind (sb's) doing Would you mind my smoking in the officewon't: will not2)To be interesting, to be interested.Behave good enough to make the other part think you are a very interesting person, besides you should show that you are very interested in what the other part is saying.3)Encourage them to talk about themselves and what they have done.Encourage them to talk about themselves and to talk what they have done.Talk how to do, what to say....4)Remember that the people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their problems than they are in you and your problems.You should always keep in mind that "the people (you are talking to ) are more interested in themselves and their problems than they are ( interested) in you and your problems."5)Put yourself in his shoes: to think of others or consider the thing from the angle of others6)Doing this will allow the two of you to discover solutions more easily and will also help you appreciate a perspective different from your own.Doing this(动名词做主语) will allow ....and will also help....allow somebody to dohelp sb appreciate a perspective (different from your own perspective)7)The reason why we have two ears and only one mouth is that we may listen more and speak less.The reason why+ a whole sentence+ is that + a whole sentence8)Do you sometimes feel as if you don't know how to interest and amuse people and have conversations with them?Do you feel as if + a sentenceknow how to interest and amuse people and how to have conversations with them 9)Do you search desperately in your head for something to say?Do you search for something to say(不定式做后置定语) in your head desperately10)the other day -有一天11)You have to force your buyer to talk, to enter the conversation...if you expect to talk your way to successful sale.force sb. to do sth,Talk your way to successful sale: to make your sale successful by talking12)The only way you can do this is to stop talking yourself and listen.Stop talking yourself : stop talking on your own13)If they listen with care and concern to the patient, they may even solve the problem.By listening to the patient with care and concern, they may solve the problem.Part III Exercises based on text comprehension (20')1.Reading for main idea1)listener 2) interrupting 3) help solve 4) complaints 5) job 6) valuable2.Reading for detailed information1)Be an attentive listener.2)Because people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their problems than they are in you and your problems.3)Because we may listen more and talk less.4)Psychologists, counsellor and doctors5)No, it isn't for it will show you are not patient and it is impolite to do that.Part IV AssignmentsDo the exercises following the text!Lecture 4Part I Exercise-checking (20')1.Ask Ss to give the translations of the words in the table on page 62.2.Pick one or two Ss to read their answers to the class and correct and explain their wrong exercises.make funny faces: 做鬼脸Neither...nor... 既不是...也不是... 谓语动词就近原则offer sb. sth. / offer sth to sbprovide sb with sth/ provide sth for sb3.Write down the keys to some of the exercises and let Ss check by themselves.4.Let Ss raise the questions related to the exercises.Part II Oral practice (35')1.Let Ss read the useful words and expressions2.Invite several top students to read and explain them to the class.beyond comprehension/imagination/words 无法理解的/想象的/用言语表达的3.Read the two poem by themselves.4.Explain the two poems.你们说我们无可救药迷失在人海当中你们说我们失败落魄从不关注身边时事只知道听歌捧乐队还有穿着溜冰鞋乱串你们说我们一文不值黑夜中压着大马路黑暗中尖叫发泄灯光下睡着了你们不知道我们还是小孩无家可归的一代对着电脑看着电视你们不知道我们是小孩过早的成长却迷失在那从现实到梦想的路上5.Call one or two top students to read the poems to the class.6.Ask Ss to name the pictures.Face- to face chatting, letter-writing, telephoning, internet chatting and so on7.Review the expressions related to parts of human body by asking questions.1)If you want to say someone is intelligent, what can we say?He has a good head on his shoulder.2)When we say a person has shifty eyes, what does it mean?It suggests the person is untrustworthy.3)If one of your friends always give away your secrets to others, what will say to him?Why don't you shut your bit mouth?4)If sth cost you too much, what other expression can we use?It almost cost me an arm and a leg to get to the top of the mountain/get the prize.5)If we say a person has guts to do sth, what does it mean?It mean have the courage to do sth6)Can you think out some expression related to hand?Give someone a hand, right-hand manPart III Grammar (35')三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则1.语法一致原则：主语复数，谓动复数主语单数，谓动单数特殊情况：1)主语后面跟有with，together with，alone with，combined with，as wellas ,rather than, instead of等，谓动和主语保持一致。
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我们是怎样听音乐的
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我们都按照各自不同的能力来听音乐。但为了便于分析， 如果把听的整个过程分成几个组成部分，那么这个过程会更 清晰一些。从某种意义上来说，我们听音乐有三个不同的层 次。由于缺乏更好的术语，我们姑且把它们命名为：（1）感 官层次；（ 2 ）表现层次；（ 3 ）纯音乐层次。把听的过程机 械地分割为以上三个假想的层次，唯一的好处是让我们更清 楚地了解自己是怎样听音乐的。
斯特拉温斯基不是曾经声称他的音乐是一个“物体”，是一 件有自我生命的“东西”，除了纯音乐性的存在之外没有任 何别的含意吗？斯特拉温斯基这种不妥协的态度可能源于这 样的一个事实：有那么多的人尝试着从众多的音乐作品中读 出完全不同的含意。确实，要准确地说出一部音乐作品的含 意已经很难了，要肯定并确定地说出来，还要使每个人对你 的解释都感到满意，是难上加难。但我们不该因此走到另一 个极端，不能去剥夺音乐“表现”的权利。
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显然，看戏的人从来就不会单独注意到这其中的一个元 素。他是同时注意到了一切。听音乐的道理也是一样的，我 们同时地、不假思索地在三个层次上倾听音乐。
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《戴珍珠耳环的少女》之谜
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《戴珍珠耳环的少女》是荷兰画家约翰尼斯·维梅尔最 伟大的作品之一，也是世界上最受欢迎的画作之一。画里 有一位引人注目的年轻女子，身穿异国服饰，戴着头巾， 她侧身回眸，望着欣赏画作的观众。画面的背景一片漆黑， 我们的视线被吸引到女子所佩戴的珍珠耳环上，那耳环也 是整幅画的焦点。
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听音乐最简单的方式是为了去获取乐声带来的纯粹的 愉悦感，这是音乐的感官层次。在这个层次上，我们只是听 音乐，不做任何思考。我们打开收音机，一边做着其他的事 情，一边心不在焉地沉浸在音乐中。乐声本身的魅力带我们 进入一种无需思考的美妙心境。
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令人意外的是，许多自认为是合格的音乐爱好者在听音 乐时过多地使用了这一层次。他们去听音乐会是为了忘却 自我。他们把音乐当成一种慰藉，一种逃避，由此他们进 入了一个可以忘却日常生活的理想世界。当然，他们也没 有在思考音乐。音乐允许他们离开现实，到另一个地方去 做梦，因为音乐而做梦，做有关音乐的梦，却从没有真正 欣赏过音乐。
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这幅画在被世人研究了一个多世纪后，仍然留存着一些饶 有趣味的问题待人们解答。那位年轻女子是谁？这幅画到 底是一幅真人肖像画，还是一幅表现女人普遍特征的模特 画？她有多大年纪？那颗珍珠是真的吗？她戴的头巾有什 么特殊含义吗？她回眸看着我们的时候到底在想些什么？
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总的来说，有关维梅尔的记载很少。我们知道他出生于 1632 年，一辈子都住在代尔夫特，于 1675 年逝世。我们知 道他的画作包括宗教及神话题材的画，室内家居画以及风 景画。他好像从来没富有过，可能是因为作品相对较少的 缘故。他的其他名画包括《在窗前读信的女孩》和《拿着 水罐的女人》。
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可能的话，你不妨听听巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲集》中的48 个赋格主题。依次地、一个个地听听其中的每一个主题，你 很快就会意识到每个主题都反映了一个不同的情感世界，你 很快也会意识到你越觉得某个主题美妙，就越难找到令你完 全满意的字眼来描述它。
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是的，你当然知道那个主题是欢快的还是悲伤的。换句话 说，你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主题的情感框架。那么就更 仔细地听一下这个悲伤的主题吧，要明确悲伤的性质。是悲 观厌世的悲伤，还是无可奈何的悲伤？是时运不济的悲伤， 还是强颜欢笑的悲伤？
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然而，我们并不知道这幅画在维梅尔生前是否卖出去过。 我们甚至不清楚它是不是维梅尔的资助人范·鲁文的委托 之作。如果是的话，画中的模特有可能是维梅尔的一个年 龄相仿的女儿。我们对《戴珍珠耳环的少女》的了解比对 维梅尔的其他作品都少。实际上，这种无法解释的背景资 料的缺失甚至会使得该画更受欢迎。
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一天，维梅尔的女儿发现格里特在给他父亲当模特， 就把这事告诉了她妈妈。凯瑟琳娜顿生醋意，冲进画室， 要求看那幅画。维梅尔则指责凯瑟琳娜不懂艺术，此时的 格里特处境很尴尬，她决定离开维梅尔家。
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我们知道，十年后格里特嫁给了彼得，还为他生了孩子。 同时，维梅尔也去世了。他在遗嘱里把珍珠耳环留给了格 里特。在与彼得结婚时，格里特把珍珠耳环卖了，用来偿 还彼得家的肉铺欠维梅尔的债。
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这幅画现在收藏于荷兰海牙的莫瑞泰斯皇家美术馆。正 是因为它像现馆藏于巴黎的列奥纳多·达·芬奇的画作一 样，画了一位面带神秘微笑的女人，那微笑蕴藏着多层意 义和疑问，它被誉为北方的《蒙娜丽莎》。仅仅一幅画就 催生了一部备受推崇的小说，以及一部制作精良的影片， 这说明了《戴珍珠耳环的少女》之谜的巨大魅力。
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我们还知道，虽然他来自于一个新教家庭，却娶了一位 信仰天主教的女孩凯瑟琳娜，凯瑟琳娜坚持要他改信天主 教，然后才肯跟他结婚，婚后他们育有14个孩子。 《戴珍珠耳环的少女》这幅画似乎不是被当作肖像画来 画的，而是一幅表现人物表情、面部特征，以及其他一些 特点的习作。的确，少女的那张脸在传统意义上或许算不 上漂亮。如果是一幅肖像画，画家会花更多的力气来表现 被画者的美貌，即便那么做会有些背离事实！这种肖像画 当时在荷兰很流行，而且可能也更容易出售。
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正因为如此神秘，这幅画先是成了一部小说的主题，而 后又被一部电影所采纳。它们都试图揭开有关这幅画的一 些谜题，其中一个是：女孩那双睁得大大的眼睛，以及那 一丝神秘的微笑，到底是天真还是诱惑？像小说或电影这 类媒介更适合作出回答。
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崔西·雪佛兰于1999年出版的小说向我们讲述了一位16 岁的荷兰女孩格里特的故事。她必须去工作来养活家人， 于是成了维梅尔家的一名女仆，和维梅尔的五个孩子、一 位老佣人以及他喜怒无常的妻子凯瑟琳娜生活在一起。在 他家干活的时候，格里特不仅被一个屠夫的儿子彼得看上 了，也引起了画家本人的注意。尽管他们有着不同的背景， 隶属于不同的阶级，但维梅尔还是邀她进画室，并让她走 入自己的世界。
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崔西·雪佛兰的才华在于她把几个世纪前一位生活在小 城市的年轻女子的故事栩栩如生地展现在了现代读者的眼 前；最重要的是，她对于那幅画所引发的某些问题给出了 自己的思考。
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这本小说很畅销，所以在2003年被改编成了同名电影。 维梅尔由科林·弗思扮演，格里特由斯嘉丽·约翰松扮演。 电影在描述维梅尔为格里特穿耳洞，为了让她戴上他妻子 的珍珠耳环，然后来画那位资助人要的画时，非常到位地 表现出他俩之间的紧张状态。电影的结尾是小说里没有的， 那副珍珠耳环被神秘地送到了格里特的手中，至于她是否 会嫁给彼得，电影留下了悬念。
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音乐存在的第三个层次是纯音乐层次。除了令人愉悦的乐声 及其所表现的情感之外，音乐也因其音符本身以及对音符的 处理而存在。多数听众都没有充分认识到音乐的这第三个层 次。
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对我们所有人来说，更加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非 常重要。毕竟乐曲使用的是实实在在的音乐材料。聪明的听 众一定要做好准备，随时提升自己对音乐材料以及这些材料 的使用的理解。他必须要更加有意识地倾听音乐的旋律、节 奏、和弦及音色。但最重要的是，为了能够跟上作曲家的思 路，他还必须了解一些音乐形式方面的知识。去听所有这些 成分就是在纯音乐层次上欣赏音乐。
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可是，维梅尔的那位有钱的资助人范·鲁文喜欢上了格 里特，他坚持要维梅尔在他定的下一幅画里为他和格里特 画张双人像。格里特和维梅尔都不情愿，因为格里特本人 很矜持庄重，还因为范·鲁文最近和一位年轻女子一起画 像时传出了绯闻。最终，维梅尔作了一点妥协，他答应为 格里特画一幅单人像，并让她戴上凯瑟琳娜的珍珠耳环。 作画的时候，维梅尔看着格里特的头发，那一头秀发让她 少了几分矜持庄重，格里特为此感到十分难堪，跑到彼得 那里寻求安慰。
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的确，乐声的魅力是一种强大而原始的力量，但是你不该 让它占据你过多的兴趣空间。感官层次是音乐的一个重要层 次，非常重要，但并不是音乐的全部。 音乐存在的第二个层次就是我所说的表现层次。一提到这 个问题，我们马上就进入到一个颇具争议的领域。作曲家总 是设法避开有关音乐表现方面的讨论。
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假设你很幸运，能用许多词句充分表达你对选中主题的确 切理解。但这仍然无法保证其他人对你的理解都感到满意， 他们也完全没有必要感到满意。重要的是，每个人能亲自感 受某个主题的表现力，或以同样的方式去感受一部完整的音 乐作品独特的表现力。如果是一部伟大的音乐作品，就别指 望每次去听它都能给你带来相同的感受。
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起初，格里特只是帮维梅尔跑跑腿，干些杂活。可渐渐 地，他们的关系发生了变化。维梅尔发现了格里特的视觉 才能和艺术潜质，开始让她做画室助手。格里特清楚自己 在维梅尔家的地位，一直谨小慎微，但她还是对画家鼓励 她学习绘画技巧而感到高兴。
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她的工作是帮维梅尔磨颜料、调颜色，有模特生病的时候， 她担当模特之职。凯瑟琳娜很久之前就被禁止进入画室了， 所以格里特的学徒生涯是在秘密中进行的。格里特和维梅 尔的关系日见亲密，虽然他们之间的感情从未被挑明过。
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让我重复一遍，我仅仅是为了讲解得更清楚才把听音乐的 三个层次机械地分割开来的。事实上，我们从来都不会只在 其中的一个层次上听音乐。我们其实是把它们联系起来，同 时在三个层次上听音乐。这并不需要付出多少脑力，因为我 们是凭本能这么做的作类比，能使这种本能的联系更加 明白易懂。在剧院里，你能注意到男女演员、服装和布景、 声音和动作。这些东西组合在一起，会让我们觉得剧院是一 个令人愉悦的地方，它们构成了我们欣赏戏剧的感官层次。
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