【资格考试】2019最新整理-新托福阅读模拟试题
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题(4)
锘?html>鎵樼锛圱OEFL锛夎€冭瘯闃呰妯℃嫙璇曢锛?锛?/center>Questions 11-20Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology.Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who furtherdeveloped the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into acomprehensive system of thought that he called 鈥渆xperimentalnaturalism鈥? or 鈥渋nstrumentalism鈥?Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context.It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are ina perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline intraditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded alltheories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions. According to their critics, the pragmatist鈥檚 refusal to affirm any absolutes carried negative implications for society, challenging the foundations of society鈥檚 institutions.11. What is this passage primarily about?(a) the evolution of philosophy in the second half of the 19thcentury(b) the three most important American pragmatists of the late 19thcentury(c) the differences between pragmatism and traditional westernphilosophy(d) American pragmatism12. Which of the following is true(a) idealism was an important part of the pragmatic approach(b) 鈥減ragmatism鈥?was also known as 鈥渢raditional westernphilosophy鈥?(c) pragmatism continued the empiricist tradition(d) pragmatism is best understood independently of its historical andcultural context13. Which of the following is true, according to the passage(a) absolute truths and values are notions in western traditionalphilosophy(b) John Dewey was the first great American psychologist(c) the empiricist tradition is part of traditional westernphilosophy(d) revolutionary thought was not pragmatic14. The phrase 鈥渁t this time鈥?in line 14 refers to(a) at the time traditional western philosophy was dominant inAmerica(b) at the time pragmatism was popular in Europe(c) 1855-1916(d) the second half of the 19th century15. According to the passage, pragmatism was more popular in Americathan Europe because(a) Americans had greater acceptance of the theory of evolution(b) it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality(c) Europe had a more traditional society based on a much longerhistory(d) industrialization and material progress was occurring at a fasterpace in America at that time16. The word 鈥?abstract鈥?in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) unclear(b) not concrete(c) new(d) old17. The word 鈥減erpetual鈥?in line 22 is closest in meaning to(a) challenging(b) continuous(c) declining(d) secular18. The word 鈥渇undamental鈥?in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) new(b) personal(c) essential(d) threatening19. All of the following are true EXCEPT(a) revolutionary thought shifted more towards ideologies in science,politics and sociology(b) pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentativehypotheses and solutions(c) Josiah Royce was not a pragmatist(d) pragmatism was based on the theory of evolution20. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) Josiah Royce considered Charles Peirce to be challenging thefoundations of society鈥檚 institutions(b) Charles Peirce considered Josiah Royce to be too influenced bythe theory of evolution(c) John Dewey would not have developed his system of thought called 鈥渆xperimental naturalism鈥?or 鈥渋nstrumentalism鈥?without the pioneering work of Charles Peirce and William James(d) Josiah Royce was a revolutionary thinkerQuestions 21-30The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime on the sidewalk while perched on top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are farsighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both the air and water because it is endowed with two foveae 鈥?areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air, to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus both eyes, like binoculars, on its prey at the same time. A frog鈥檚 vision isdistinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as 鈥渂ug detectors鈥? a highly developed set of cells in a frog鈥檚 eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldn鈥檛 seethem as food and would starve.The bee has a 鈥渃ompound鈥?eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facets that divide what it sees into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as a single dot, a constant point of reference. Thus, the eye is a superb navigational instrument that constantly measures the angle of its line of flight in relation to the sun. A bee鈥檚 eye also gauges flight speed. And if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 鈥減erfect vision鈥?paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we can鈥檛鈥?ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be 鈥減erfect vision鈥?is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasures of color vision.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?(a) limits of the human eye(b) perfect vision(c) different eyes for different uses(d) eye variation among different species22. The word 鈥渃riterion鈥?in line 1 is closest in meaning to(a) standard(b) need(c) expectation(d) rule23. The phrase 鈥渨ithout a hitch鈥?in line 2 is closest in meaningto(a) unaided(b) without glasses(c) with little hesitation(d) easily24. According to the passage, why might birds and animals considerhumans very visually handicapped?(a) humans can鈥檛 see very well in either air or water(b) human eyes are not as well suited to our needs(c) the main outstanding feature of human eyes is color vision(d) human eyes can鈥檛 do what their eyes can do25. The word 鈥渢hat鈥?in line 10 refers to(a) foveae(b) areas of the eye(c) cones(d) visual distinctions26. According to the passage, 鈥渂ug detectors鈥?are useful for(a) navigation(b) seeing moving objects(c) avoiding bugs when getting food(d) avoiding starvation27. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true(a) kingfishers have monocular vision(b) bees see patterns of dots(c) hawks eyes consist mostly of cones that can allow it to scan withone eye at a time(d) humans are farsighted in water28. Where in the passage does the author discuss that eyes are usefulfor avoiding starvation?(a) lines 5-9(b) lines 10-14(c) lines 15-19(d) lines 20-2529. The phrase 鈥減aling into insignificance鈥?in line 23 is closestin meaning to(a) fading away(b) of less importance(c) without colored light(d) being reduced to little importance30. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) eyes have developed differently in each species(b) bees have the most complex eye(c) humans should not envy what they don鈥檛 need(d) perfect vision is not perfectQuestions 31-39Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882 in New York City in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The idea for this day is attributed to a man named McGuire, but there is some controversy about which man named McGuire. This celebration was repeated the following year, then in 1884, the first Monday in September was selected, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a 鈥渨orkingmen鈥檚 holiday鈥?on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers ofthe country.Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first government recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886, leading to a movement to secure State legislation. The first bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon in 1887. During that year four more States (Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York) also legislated for Labor Day. By 1894, 23 other States had adopted the holiday, and in June of that year, Congress passed an Act, making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.The form that the observance and celebration should take, wasoutlined to be a street parade to exhibit to the public 鈥渢he strength and 鈥榚sprit de corps鈥?of the trade and labor organizations鈥? followed by a festival for the recreation andamusement of workers and their families. By resolution of the American Federation of Labor Convention in 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday, and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.31. The phrase 鈥渢his day鈥?in line 4 refers to(a) the first Monday in September(b) Labor Day holiday(c) Tuesday, September 5(d) the workingman鈥檚 holiday32. The author implies that which of the following is true?(a) Labor Day has lost its importance over the years(b) Labor Day was, in part, a religious festival(c) there is a dispute about who thought of the idea for Labor Day(d) celebrations were usually limited to the industrial centers33. The word 鈥渦rged鈥?in line 7 is closet in meaning to(a) devoted(b) propelled(c) speeded(d) satisfied34. According to the passage, Government recognition for Labor Daywas first achieved in(a) 1882(b) 1884(c) 1885(d) 188735. The word 鈥渟ecure鈥?in line 14 is closest in meaning to(a) gain(b) implement(c) guarantee(d) pass36. According to the passage, the first State to pass legislation forLabor Day was(a) Columbia(b) Oregon(c) New York(d) Colorado37. The word 鈥?exhibit鈥?in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) celebrate(b) exemplify(c) demonstrate(d) display38. Which of the following is NOT true(a) by 1894, twenty eight States had passed legislation for Labor Day(b) including families was an important part of Labor Daycelebrations(c) the first legislative bill was introduced in New York(d) Labor Day has always been held on the first Monday in September39. The word 鈥減receding鈥?in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) closest to(b) following(c) before(d) onQuestions 40-50At the turn of the nineteenth century, Concord was a thrivingcommunity, already famous throughout the young nation for itscritical early role in the events leading up to the AmericanRevolution. It was the half shire town for Middlesex County, attracting over 500 visitors to the courts twice a year, among them customers for Concord鈥檚 hats, shoes, carriages and clocks. Among Concord鈥檚 approximately 400 heads of households in this period, about 65% were in agriculture, 4% in commerce, and 35% inmanufacturing. Of those in manufacturing, seven men headed clockmaking shops and another thirty or so were engaged in the shops or in businesses that supplied the clockmaking trade 鈥?the brass foundry, iron forge, wire-drawing mill, and a number of cabinetmaking shops. In short, the center of Concord, the Milldam, was a machine for the production of clocks, second only in importance to Boston鈥檚 industrial Roxbury Neck, where the influential Willard family had been producing clocks since about 1785.While the handsome and well-crafted clocks of these seven shops, featuring inlaid mahogany cases, enameled dials and reverse painted glasses, are generally perceived as products of a traditional clockmaker (one person at a bench fashioning an eight-day clock from scratch) , they are actually products of a network of shops employing journeymen labor that extended from Concord to Boston and overseas to the highly developed tool trade of Lancashire, England,In addition to crafting in the fashionable Willard features such as the pierced fretwork, columns with brass fixtures, and white enamel dial, Concord clockmakers attempted to differentiate their products from those of the Willards through such means as a distinctive ornamental inlay, which added to the perception of custom work not usually seen on the Willard鈥檚 standardized products. The Willards also made less expensive wall clocks, including 鈥渂anjo clocks 鈥?patented by Simon Willard in 1802. The distinctive diamond shaped design and inverted movement of some Concord wall clocks may reflect an attempt to circumvent Willard鈥檚 patent.40. What is the passage primarily about?(a) clockmaking in Concord at the turn of the nineteenth century(b) Concord at the turn of the nineteenth century(c) Competition between Concord clockmakers and the Willards(d) The influence of the Willards on clockmaking in Concord41. According to the passage, which of the following businesses didNOT supply the clockmaking trade?(a) wire-drawing mill(b) cabinetmaking shops(c) iron forge(d) glass shops42. The phrase 鈥渋n short鈥?in line 10 is closest in meaning to(a) generally speaking(b) to sum up(c) in conclusion(d) however43. According to the passage, 鈥渢he Milldam鈥?was(a) where the Willard family had been producing clocks ;(b) a type of clock(c) in Boston鈥檚 industrial Roxbury Neck(d) in Concord44. Which of the following terms does the author explain in thepassage?(a) banjo clocks(line 24)(b) journeymen labor(line 17)(c) traditional clockmaker(line 15)(d) pierced fretwork(line 20)45. Which of the following features is NOT mentioned as a way the Concord clockmakers attempted to differentiate their products fromWillards(a) inverted movements(b) brass fixtures(c) distinctive ornamental inlay(d) diamond shaped design46. The word 鈥渄ifferentiate鈥?in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) identify(b) distinguish(c) dignify(d) divide47. The author implies that the Concord clockmakers(a) would do anything to try to compete with Willards(b) attempted to customize their products as much as possible(c) were the most important industry in Concord(d) were in danger of being prosecuted for breach of patent48. The word 鈥渋nverted鈥?in line 25 is closest in meaning to(a) intricate(b) musical ;(c) upside down(d) external49. The word 鈥渃ircumvent鈥?in line 26 is closest in meaning to(a) copy(b) evade(c) compete with(d) minimize50. Where in the passage does the author mention the features of thewell-crafted clocks of Concord?(a) lines 5-9(b) lines 10-14(c) lines 15-19(d) lines 20-25Test 4 鈥?Answer Key1.d2.c3.b4.b5.c6.c7.c8.d9.a 10.c11.d 12.c 13.a 14.d 15.b 16.b 17.d 18.c 19.d 20.a21.d 22.a 23.d 24.d 25.a 26.b 27.c 28.c 29.d 30.a31.b 32.c 33.b 34.c 35.a 36.b 37.d 38.d 39.c 40.a41.d 42.b 43.d 44.c 45.b 46.b 47.b 48.c 49.b 50.b。
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。
接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。
生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。
而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。
Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。
后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。
最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。
Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。
墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。
该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。
第二段：风格定性。
艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题(含答案)
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-托福考试语法题笔记1(三)(专项试题模拟)
——教学资料参考参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-
托福考试语法题笔记1（三）（专项试题模拟）
______年______月______日
____________________部门
21. Bubbles， flaws， and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes through stained glass， _________ the glass sparkle.
A. which making
B. and making
C. making
D. to making
答案：C
分析：空格前的句子结构完整，这里的分词作状语。
A中用which 来引导非限制性定语从句，而句中无谓语，错；B中and作为连接词，而and后的句子不完整，没有谓语，错；D错，不定式的结构应该是to do.
参考译文：气泡，裂纹和其他的不规则会使光线穿过受损的玻璃时发散开，使得玻璃闪闪发光。
补充： stained glass常指教堂的彩色玻璃
22. Fog is common near ________ _ inland bodies of water and along coasts in temperate zones.
A. there are large
B. large
C. either large
D. where large
答案：B。
2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
A map of the Levant with Natufianregions across present-day Israel，Palestinian territories，and a long armextending into Lebanon and SyriaClimate Change and the NatufianPeople（14年6月15日考题）Did Sauropods live in Swamps？（重复15年9月17日，17年12月16日和19年4月14日考题；腕龙是否生活在沼泽里？最大的蜥脚类动物，一直认为它生活在沼泽中，依靠水中浮力支撑庞大体重，身体构造也适合在水中，比如长脖子让鼻孔露在水面呼吸；反驳观点认为它无法承受巨大的水压，胸腔无法承受无法正常呼吸，并且它的腿脚可以承受巨大的体重；长脖子的用处并不是用于吃更高处的植物，因为计算机模拟发现脖子的运动幅度只能吃地面2-3米高的植物）Life In the Desert（重复16年10月16日考题）Towns in the High Middle Ages（重复16年9月11日和17年4月1日考题；中世纪欧洲主要是农业社会，城镇的特点有：人口密度大；劳动分工；以市场贸易为基础，被地主控制，商人们为此和地主之间有竞争。
）The Qualities of a Good TroutStream（16年12月3日，17年4月15日和18年12月1日考题；trout 鲑鳟鱼）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复17年11月18日，18年12月8日和19年5月4日考题；恐龙是否是温血动物，灭绝是否跟环境巨变有关）Extinction of the Mammoths（重复17年10月28日和1月7日考题；冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性）1968混乱年（重复18年3月24日，7月14日，19年1月5日和6月16日考题；the mostturbulent year，战后反对集权统治，要求自由平等，媒体力量大，带来变革，影响了社会，宗教等）Optimal Foraging Among Primates（18年1月13日和19年5月11日考题，猿类使用工具，最大化获得的营养，最小化消耗的能量）The role of the Horse inTransportation埃及的发展钢材对于美国工业发展的重要意义美国某种A开头的公路，从不被接受到被接受，讲了这类公路的好处第一次工业革命促进了德国城镇发展，经济上走向统一某种海洋植物，长度可达50米，从海底长到接近海面，形成海洋森林，具有两种不同的繁殖季且后代会有不同的基因，可以形成生态圈sea otter的生存情况和其对kelp生长的影响（吃它的根部），也讲了人类对于sea otter的影响，猎捕其皮毛。
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（八）
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（八）2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（八）Railroads reshaped the North American environment and reoriented North American behavior. "In a quarter of a century", claimed the Omaha Daily Republican in 1883, "they have made the people of the United States homogeneous, breaking through the peculiarities and provincialisms which marked separate and unmingling sections."The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape ofthe natural resources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production, and carried consumer goods to households; it dispatchedimmigrants to unsettled places, drew emigrants away from farms and villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle. It standardized time and travel, seeking to annihilate distance and space by allowing movement at any time and inany season or type of weather. In its grand and impressive terminals and stations, architects recreated historic Roman temples and public baths, French chateaus and Italian bell towers — edifices that people used as stages for many of everyday life's high emotions：meeting and parting, waiting and worrying, planning new starts or coming home.Passenger terminals, like the luxury express trains that hurled people over spots, spotlight the romance ofrailroading. (The twentieth-Century Limited sped between Chicago and New York in twenty hours by 1915). Equally important to everyday life were the slow freight trans chugging through industrial zones, the morning and eveningcommuter locals shuttling back ions and urban terminals, and the incessant comings and goings that occurred in the classifications, or switching, yards. Moreover, in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals, crossings, bridges, and junctions, plus telegraph and telephone lines the railroad nurtured factory complexes, coat piles, warehouses, and generating stations, forming along its right-of-way what has aptly been called "the metropolitan corridor" of the American landscape.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ancient architecture on the design of railroad terminals(B) The importance of natural resources in the development of railroads(C) The railroad's impact on daily life in the United States in the nineteenth century(D) Technological improvements in the area of communication in the nineteenth century2. It can be inferred from the quote from the Omaha Daily Republican (line 2-4) that railroads(A) made all sections of the nation much wealthier(B) brought more unity to what had been a fragmented nation(C) reduced dependence on natural resources。
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的托福考试答案已经出炉了，难度到底有多大呢？还在等什么，快来看看2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
R1：insect senses 昆虫有多种感知世界的方式。
用compound eye来感知世界，探测movement，而Simple eyes对光敏感。
Antennae负责一个或多个感官功能，可以感知空气中的性引诱信息素，并起到声音接收器的作用。
R2：地震的测量方法R3：fresco，一种画教堂穹顶的美术形式。
说了米开朗基罗的西斯廷教堂，还有古代作品保护的争议。
R4：英国工商业发展，英国为什么经济领先于欧洲其他国家R5：中美洲阿兹台克的一种农业形式，在湖的浅水地带堆土分层种植。
有一张示意图，每个长方体间都有水渠，人们每年可以在土地上种植至少7种植物，因为可以transplant到别的地方以有效利用土地。
R6：密歇根的一种松树和一种鸟。
为了种植blueberry砍了很多松树，然后砍下来的树枝堆积引发了森林火灾，然后那种鸟增多了，因为烧死的松树适合这种鸟筑巢。
R7：生物进化论对求偶特征的影响。
基因突变导致物种生殖隔离，讲了各种导致生殖隔离的情形，如地理变化形成无法逾越的屏障，还说到当物种被分散成了小的部分就会更容易形成生殖隔离。
R8：昆虫的sense（compound eyes simple eyes 触角）。
R9：美国18世纪钢铁业和交通发展。
R10：一种在墙上painting的方式。
一个是湿涂一个是干涂。
干涂常用于修改，第一段讲了一些特点，然后说M被安排去绘制一个建筑，是一项很大的工程（这里考到了reluctant不情愿的）他完成的很快（有道题问为什么他这么有效）。
但后来颜料因为建筑外部下雨渗漏和内部candles等等而变黑了，于是就派人去修理，最后讲了有的专家认为修理反而会损害原本的意境。
R11：solar system形成模型。
R12：indo-European语言的发展和影响。
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案(九)
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（九）Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production： a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestonefor removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the 1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some 80,000 cast-iron stoves.1. The word "implications含意，暗示，暗指，卷入，牵连" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) significance 重要性，意义(B) motives(C) foundations(D) progress2. It can be inferred that the purpose of the legislation passed by England in 1750 was to(A) reduce the price of English-made iron goods sold in the colonies(B) prevent the outbreak of the War of Independence(C) require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England.(D) keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials.3. The author compares iron furnaces to which of the following?(A) cannons(B) pyramids(C) pots(D) windows4. The word "rushing" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) reliable(B) fresh(C) appealing(D) rapid5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area.(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby.(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood.6. The passage mentions "roads, canals, and railroads" in line 25 in order to explain that(A) improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks(B) iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation(C) the transportation system of Pennsylvania was superior to that of other states.(D) Hopewell never became a major transportation center7. The word "they" in line 26 refers to(A) links(B) parts(C) workers(D) sites8. The word "some" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) only(B) a maximum of(C) approximately 将近，近似地，大约地(D) a variety ofACBDB ABC。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-托福考试语法题笔记1(六)(专项试题模拟)
——教学资料参考参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-
托福考试语法题笔记1（六）（专项试题模拟）
______年______月______日
____________________部门
51. _________ denotes currency in circulation plus bank deposits.
A. The term “money supply”
B. The term is “money supply”
C. When the term “money supply”
D. “Money supply” is the term
答案：A
分析：缺主语。
B，D中出现两个谓语，一定错。
C中when多余，
使得句子不完整。
参考译文：术语货币储备是指流通货币加上银行存款。
52. The Franklin stove， invented around 1742， ________，originally with a partially open front， and was designed to
fit into a fireplace.
A. was made of cast iron
B. cast iron was made of
C. cast of iron was made
D. was of iron made cast
答案：A
分析：invented around 1742为插入语，2个was为并列谓语。
be made of 为固定搭配。
参考译文：Franklin火炉发明于1742年，是用铁浇铸的，原先前面可以部分打开，而且设计成能正好装进壁炉。
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案(十一)
2019年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（十一）As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.1. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers(C) the expanding economic problems of schools(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country2. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) advantages(B) probability(C) method(D) qualifications3. The phrase "coincided with与。
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——参考范本——
【资格考试】2019最新整理-新托福阅读模拟试题
______年______月______日
____________________部门
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Hormones in the Body
Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous
system was thought to control all communication within the
body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists
had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical
impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for
thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as
digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest
Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the
small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually
challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin
travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it
stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this
fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin
ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in
a different organ, the pancreas.
Such a coordination of processes had been thought to
require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling
showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This
discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer
to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning
“to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a
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chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen
elsewhere.
As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized,
primarily according to the process by which they operated on
the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system)
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands
include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system
consists of organs and glands that produce substances that
are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion.
The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some
chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the
endocrine system.
Much has been learned about hormones since their
discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily
processes or behavior that their absence would cause
immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that
are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and
difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human
behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as
voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute
amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm
aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a
child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the
body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an