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2018-2019学年上海新复兴牛津上海版六年级下册 Unit 1单元测试及解析

2018-2019学年上海新复兴牛津上海版六年级下册 Unit 1单元测试及解析

2018-2019学年上海新复兴牛津上海版六年级下册 Unit 1单元测试注意事项:1.答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2.请将答案正确填写在答题卡上第I卷(选择题)一、单选题A.south ofB.to south ofC.in the south ofD.on the south of2.Japan is __________ China.A.east ofB.in the east ofC.to east ofD.to the east of3.Shall we travel to Dalian__________?A.by the seaB.by shipC.on the seaD.in a ship4.There are more than __________ people in Shanghai now.lions ofB.18 millionsC.18 millionD.18 million of5.__________ the trees in the west have been cut down in the past few years.A.Thousands ofB.Ten thousandC.Ten thousandsD.Ten thousand of6.Hangzhou is__________ the West Lake.A.famous asB.famous forC.well-known toD.well-known as7.He spends__________ on his homework every evening.A.two and a half hourB.two hours and thirty minutesC.two hours and a halfD.thirty minutes and two hours8.How many__________ are there on the team?A.ChinesesB.AmericanC.GermansD.Japaneses9.What__________ they have brought us!A.an important informationB.a important informationC.important informationsD.important information10.We must__________ rubbish. We should__________ the environment clean.A.not to leave, to keepB.not leave, keepC.not leave, to keepD.not to leave, keep11.He doesn't like music. He knows only__________ about it.A.fewB.a fewC.a littleD.little12.He has never__________ to another countryA.goneB.beenC.leftD.got13.Old people__________ much sleep every day.A.don’t needB.needn’t toC.don’t have toD.haven’t to14.The heavy foggy weather made all the passengers ________ overnight at the airport.A.stayB.stayingC.to stayD.stayed15.– Alice ,_______ do you take the DIY course?--Every Saturday afternoon .A.how longB.how oftenC.how muchD.how far16.Some people are coming back to Shanghai from ________cities after the Spring Festival.A.OthersB.otherC.anotherD.the others17.Choose the word with the different sound.A.TokyoB.jobC.holidayD.hot18.Which word of the following has the same sound as /ə /?A.JapanrmationC.famousD.Thailand19.– Mary , can you help me carry the heavy bag ?-_________________________.A.You are welcome .B.with pleasure .C.That ‘s all right .D.Don’t mention it .20.--Could you help me, James? There is something wrong with my smart phone.--______ I can put it right.C. Don’t worryD. What a pity二、阅读理解both in school and life. They planned their first meeting for 7: 00 pm at the train station.“You’ ll find me easily,” she wrote, “by the red rose on my coat”.so at 7: 00 pm, he was in the station looking for a girl wearing red rose.A young woman as walking toward him. She was wearing a green coat and was everything that he hoped the girl would be. But there was no red rose. Then a plain- looking woman walked pass him. She was well past 40. On her coat there was a red rose.He didn’t hesitate(犹豫)."I'm John Blanchard and you must be Miss Maynell. I am so glad you could meet me.“May I take you to dinner ?" he asked.The woman had a kind smile on her face. "I don’t know what this is about, dear." she answered. " But the young lady in the green coat just asked me to wear this rose on my coat. She said if you asked me out to dinner, I should tell you that she is waiting for you in the big restaurant across the street. She said it was a kind of test".21.How could John find the girl, according to their plan?A.She would wear a green coat.B.She would be young and good-looking.C.She would wear a red rose on her cost.D.She would wear plain clothes.22.The girl did the test to see if John___.A.came to the meeting on time.B.was young and handsome.C.could find her easily.D.judged a person on her look.23.Which of the following words can best describe the girl?A.plain-lookingB.cleverC.outgoingD.selfish24.What lesson can we learn from this story?A.Friendship can bring people happiness.B.Looks can give others the wrong idea.C.Inner beauty is more important than looks.D.Good looks and a seat mind often go together.三、完型填空wash the dishes , clean the house--everything a mother usually does. But what do you do on Father’s Day?Father’s Day, which falls on the third Sunday of June in the US, is a more difficult holiday to _______because a father’s role is more difficult to explain. What does a father “usually do”? If you ask 10 different families, you may get 10 different answers.In more traditional times, a father's role was _______. He was the one who went to work every day and _______ home the money. But in modern families, many mothers work too, and there are even a number of _________in which the mother works, but the father doesn’t.Perhaps the best way to celebrate Father’s Day is to _______ the role fathers used to play and just thank your father for whatever he does for you. These can be simple things, including walking you to school, helping you _______ homework, or cooking breakfast and cleaning the house.Whatever it is, just do something to say thanks. You could draw him a card, give him a gift--or just say, “Happy Father's Day!”25.A.celebrate B.remember C.remind D.like26.A.strong B.not important C.weak D.clear27.A.got B.brought C.went D.walked28.A.houses B.families C.jobs panies29.A.remember B.forget C.take D.play30.A.to B.with C.on D.aboutStarting a new school term is always exciting. It is a _______ to see your friends again. But most exciting of all, the new term lets you _______ new hobbies after the Christmas holidays. Starting to _______something new is a common New Year’s resolution(决心).Most schools offer different kinds of hobby classes. Students _______ them in their free time or after school. Some classes you have to pay for and others are free. For example, I once took a free Wednesday evening gymnastics class my school offered. But when I learnt how to play the drum my parents had to pay for the lessons.The most popular hobby classes at my school were piano lessons and drama club. Both classes had exams that students should take. Students _______ many hobbies sometimes felt more stressed than those students who learned nothing. But the students with hobbies left school with many useful skills.I didn’t keep studying these hobbies when I began the new term. But I don’t regret taking them. My best friend today is _______ I met in my gymnastics class.31.A.day B.chance C.way D.time32.A.put up B.put on C.take up D.take off33.A.learn B.buy C.borrow D.wear34.A.bring B.carry C.let D.take35.A.by B.with C.on D.under36.A.someone B.others C.him D.anyoneI was not good at giving speeches in public. My teachers asked me to see a speech expert at school. I’d _______ thought about my speech before. If other people understood me, it was good enough._______testing me, the speech expert asked, “What do you think about improving your speech?” I told her it was not important.“Well, when you are at an interview for a job and they don't understand what you are saying, what are they going to say to you? Nice to meet you, goodbye,” she said.Maybe she was right, I thought. So I took classes each week with the expert.She quickly found that I spoke too______ and didn't pay attention to my audience.I also found that I spoke too fast during our first class. When I spoke too fast,theexpert______ me and asked me to speak again.At first, I stopped at the end of every sentence. Later, I felt my speech slowed down. I don't know if people understood me_____ , but my friends noticed the______ when they talked with me. Learning to speak clearly and effectively is an important skill that everyone should learn.37.A.always B.often C.never D.sometimes38.A.Under B.In C.On D.Before39.A.slowly B.fast C.loudly D.simply40.A.brought B.went C.stopped D.left41.A.worse B.best C.bigger D.better42.A.changes B.facts C.parts D.stories第II卷(非选择题)四、句型转换43.He walks two kilometers after supper every day.(提问)_______________________________he walk after super every day?44.Kate flew to Bangkok last Sunday .(句意不变)Kate ________to Bangkok _______________last Sunday .Kate __________________________to Bangkok last Sunday .45.Paris is the capital of France .(提问)______________ is the capital of France?46.Shall we travel by ship?(句意不变)________travel by ship?47.They are talking about the cities in Asia. (提问)________are they talking about?五、短文填空Who cooks in your family? Who cleans the clothes? Who washes the dishes? Who t48.care of the baby? Maybe on most days, the answer would be your mother. But not on the second Sunday of May. On that day, it's you and your father.That's because the second Sunday of May is Mother's Day. Mother's Day is a day to appreciate and give t49. for all the things that mothers do for the family.One way people can do that is by doing all of her chores(家务活) for her. For example, one tradition in the US is for the father and children in a family to cook breakfast for the mother and do housework. Mothers get to be very lazy on this day. It's probably their favourite h50..Another thing you can do is to give her a gift. Fathers will often buy their wives flowers or chocolates. Children often make them gifts. For example, they might draw their mom beautifulc51. or make a nice necklace out of candy.But the most i52. thing to do on Mother's Day is to show your mother you love her. Any way you do it is fine. Sometimes, the best Mother's Day present is a hug.六、任务型阅读York with the Long Island. He shared his idea with building engineers throughout the world, but no one was interested and they asked John to forget about it. According to them, it was a very difficult task and impractical to be done.However, John could not forget the picture he had in his mind of the bridge. He thought about it day and night and wanted to share it with someone who would believe in his idea. John's son Washington Roebling was a young engineer then. He believed in his father and thought that the bridge could be built.John and Washington, working together for the first time, developed plans of how the bridge could be built. They hired(雇佣) their workmen and began to build their dream bridge on January 3rd, 1870.The project started well, but after a year, a terrible accident took John Roebling’s life. After that, Washington began to take charge of the bridge. However, after a few months Washington was seriously hurt, and it caused him brain damage. He was not able to walk or talk. The building of the bridge stopped.Everyone around him lost hope about the future of the project. “We told them so.” “Crazy men and their crazy dreams.” These wor ds hurt Washington, who still lay in hospital. However, his dream was still alive. He wanted to get up and continue his work, but his poor health did not allow him to. At that time, Washington could move only on finger and this gave him an idea. He tapped(敲打) that finger on his wife Emily’s arm, meaning he wanted her to call back the engineers. Then he used the same method to tell the engineers what to do.For the next 11years, Washington gave instructions(指示) by tapping on Emily’s arm and she patiently passed on his message to the engineers. The bridge was finally completed and opened with a big celebration in May 1883.Today, the 5,989 feet Brooklyn Bridge stands over the East River as one of the best examples of human will and love.53.What was Washington Roebling?54.What happens to John Roebling one year after the project started?55.Soon Washington lost the ability to walk or talk, didn’t he?56.How did Washington use only one finger to communicate with his wife?57.How long did it take the bridge to be completed?58.What can we learn from the story?七、选词填空A. busyB. repairC. workD. take part inE. togetherOver the weekend, American people spend their time in many different ways.All the family members may enjoy weekend59. .They may go shopping, go for a drive, or visit friends. They may also invite friends over and have a party at home. Many American families60. ports, such as swimming in summer and skiing and skating in winter.Weekend is also me for America miles to work in their gardens or on the houses, Many families plant flowers and grow vegetables. Some families use the weekend to paint or 61.their houses. For many Americans, here are so many things to do that weekends are just as 62. as weekdays.八、单词拼写63.Hefei is the c __________ city of Anhui province. (安徽省)64.You can find a large number of p __________ in Beijing.65.Tokyo is 1, 400 k __________ away from Shanghai.66.Which city is f __________ from Shanghai, Tokyo or Bangkok?67.Have you got enough i __________ about the great cities in Asia?68.Were you present at the e __________ about great cities in Asia yesterday?69.Doing everything carefully is a h __________ problem for us.70.She was more f __________ as a writer than as a singer.九、用所给单词的正确形式填空71.To my ________, our class won the first prize in the competition .(enjoy )72.You can ask ___________for help when you are lost in an unfamiliar city. (location )73.Our English teacher encourages us to practice dialogues in __________in class .(pair)74.Have you ______________your friends of the latest news ? (information )75.I have never been to another _________country before .( Asia)76.He went to Hollywood in search of __________and fortune (命运)(famous)Fill in the blank with the verb its proper forms :77.Barbie enjoys _______________(travel ) to different places in summer holidays .78.How long ______ it ______ (take ) ________(travel ) to Beijing by train in the past ?79.Miss Guo asked the students ___________(not break )rules at school .80.Jane , __________(not be ) late for school next time .81._______you _______(visit ) our Chinese teacher in the last few years ?82.I would like _________(swim ) with my friend this afternoon .参考答案1.C【解析】1.句意:海南岛在中国的南部。

20届高考英语二轮 专题2 阅读理解 第2节 推理判断题 1 细节推断题

20届高考英语二轮 专题2 阅读理解  第2节 推理判断题 1  细节推断题

第二节推理判断题一、细节推断题(2019·全国Ⅱ,B)“You can use me as a last resort(选择),and if nobody else volunteers,then I will do it.”This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’lacrosse(长曲棍球) club.I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule,or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright.Yes,I’ll do it.”I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule,sends out emails,and collects money for end-of-season gifts.Somewhere along the way,the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.Still,most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community(社区) as you freely give your time,money,skills,or services provides a real joy.V olunteering just feels so good.In that sense,I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.However,if others benefit in the process,and I get some reward too,does it really matter where my motivation lies?24.What can we infer about the parent from her reply in Paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isn’t good at sports.C.She just doesn’t want to volunteer.D.She’s unable to meet her schedule.答案 C解析推理判断题。

高中 英语 A land of diversity

高中 英语 A land of diversity

高中英语 A land of diversity(考试总分:100 分考试时间: 120 分钟)一、阅读理解(本题共计 10 小题,每题 10 分,共计100分)1、Humans have been making boats for thousands of years. Archeologists have found evidence of boat building by early human beings all over the world.Some of the earliest boats have been found on the Aleutian Islands, in the northwestern United States. People who lived there long ago ate sea mammals (哺乳动物) to survive. They used a small, quick kayak (爱斯基摩划子) to hunt the animals. Russians would later name the kayak a “baidarka.” It is only built on the Aleutian Islands.Corey Freedman works at the Center for Wooden Boats in Seattle, Washington. He teaches students how to build baidarkas using methods that are respectful of the culture.“We use very, very little materials, thus our boats are the lightest in the world.”Students make the boats the same way boat builders did hundreds of years ago, except that they do not use animal skins. The boats are built without detailed technical plans or drawings or modern tools—except electric-powered tools.“They’re all done, built like sculptures, freehand. So it’s more of an art than a science.”A student named Jim had always wanted to make boats for about 40 years. He said it was the center that made his dream of making boats come true. Now in the center, he puts different pieces together without using nails. He is building his fourth kayak. Each one is built in about nine days.Corey Freedman says the boats may look the same, but they have discrepancies. And the boats are shaped actually to their personality. Sounds hokey(夸张可笑的), but if one person is more competitive than another, we’re going to have different-shaped boats. All those things are taken advantage of.The students at the center are adults. But Mr. Freedman also teaches young people in Alaska. They are from 12 to 14 years of age, and come from villages throughout the large state.Mr. Freedman says he has loved boat building since he was a child. And he loves sharing his passion with people who live in an area where the boats were first made.9. Early human beings built boats to ______.A. travel on waterB. enjoy themselvesC. carry living goodsD. hunt animals10. What do you know about the kayak? A. It is a boat completely made of wood.B. It was first made by Russians.C. It is a boat made with animal skins.D. It is a boat that is suitable for living in.11. What does the underlined word “discrepancies” mean?A. Numbers.B. Differences.C. Names.D. Functions.12. From the passage, we can learn that ______.A. children from Alaska are also taught at the centerB. all the boats are made according to the builders’ looksC. Mr. Freedman teaches how to make boats in Alaska and SeattleD. Mr. Freedman teaches people how to build boats only at the center2、The way we do things round hereSome years ago, I was hired by an American bank. I received a letter from the head of the Personnel Department that started, “Dear John, I am quite pleased that you have decided to join us.” That “quite” saddened me. I thought he was saying “we’re kind of pleased you decided to join us although I wish we had hired someone else.” Then I discovered that in American English “quite” sometimes means “very”, while in British English it means “fairly”.So the first lesson abo ut working in other countries is to learn the language and by that I don’t just mean the words people speak. It is the body language, dress, manners, ideas and so on. The way people do things highlights many of the differences we see between cultures.Some of these differences may be only on the surface—dress, food and hours of work—while others may be deeper and take longer to deal with. Mostly, it is just a question of getting used to the differences and accepting them, like the climate, while getting on with business.Some of the differences may be an improvement. People are more polite; the service is better; you ask for something to be done and it happens without having to ask again. However, other differences can be troubling, like punctuality(准时). If you invite people to a party at 7 o’clock, your guests will consider it polite to turn up exactly on time in Germany, five minutes early in the American Midwest, an hour early in Japan, 15 minutes afterwards in the UK, up to an hour afterwards in Italy and some time in the evening in Greece. I prefer not to use the word “late” because there is nothing wrong with the times people arrive. It is simply the accepted thing to do in their own country.90. The author was unhappy as mentioned in Paragraph 1 because he thought ______.A. the American bank might hire another personB. the American bank didn’t think much of himC. it’s difficult to get used to American cultureD. it’s easy to misunderstand Americans91. According to the author, what should we do with most cultural differences?A. Ask the native people for help.B. Do things in your own way.C. Understand and accept them.D. Do in-depth research.92. When invited to a party the people who are usually punctual are______.A. GermansB. ItaliansC. GreeksD. The British3、Time flies, or so they say. No matter where you are, humans are constantly measuring and checking time. Some of us are good at it—planning and doing things ahead of time—while others are always trying to beat the clock and do things at last. What about if you are behind time?Delay can be serious. If you were one minute late for work, would you resign? It may sound extreme to many of us, but that is exactly what occurred in the UK upper chamber of parliament, the House of Lords, in January 2018. International development minister Lord Bates arrived one minute late, and, as a result, was unable to answer a scheduled question. Instead of trying to make up for lost time, he resigned on the spot. He apologised for his discourtesy and stated that he was ashamed. His resignation, though, was not accepted by the UK prime minister.So, how late is too late? Many cultures take punctuality very seriously, whereas others seem to accept lagging behindas just the normal way of things. BBC employees from Latin America, Rwanda and Sri Lanka said that there are more flexible attitudes to timekeeping in their cultures. In Latin America, things may happen five minutes, 20 minutes, an hour or even two after they were planned. Whereas, in Sri Lanka, lateness is a part of the daily routine. This is because of poor infrastructure and heavy traffic conditions. In Rwanda, those who attend to deadlines with strick timekeeping are said to be “like a typical European”.On the other hand, German and Japanese employees mentioned a stricter adherence to time. In Japan, it is common to make an effort to arrive with time to spare for an appointment. Those who arrived at the stroke of nine to a meeting starting at 9 am would be considered late. In Germany, however, if a dinner party were to begin at eight, a person who had arrived five minutes prior, may walk around the block to make sure that they arrive at eight on the dot.56. What did Lord Bates do when he arrived one minutes late?A. He continued to answer questions.B. He resigned on the spot.C. He made up for lost time.D. He apologized and ran away.57. The underlined word “discourtesy” means “______”.A. rudenessB. misunderstandingC. ignoranceD. position58. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that ______.A. many cultures take punctuality very seriouslyB. people have flexible attitudes to timekeepingC. what is considered acceptable is based on cultureD. heavy traffic conditions always lead to lateness59. German people share the same idea about time with people from ______.A. RwandaB. Latin AmericaC. Sri LankaD. Japan4、On Saturday my Catalan friend invited me to come along to a Calotada. Being from the UK, I had no idea what this would need, but he promised me it was a fun Catalan(卡塔兰)tradition, and so I agreed to go. I wasn’t disappointed!First, we took a train out to a small town near Tarragona, about an hour away from Barcelona centre. I was already amazed by how different everything looked from the city as the train rushed through small towns, all sitting on the coastline.When we arrived, we were greeted by the sight of a small wind instrument band and about a dozen people dancing in a circle. While my friend later told me that it is a traditional Catalan dance called La Sardana, at the time I was totally confused at what I was seeing! It seemed so strange but yet so lovely that they were doing this dance completely for themselves.Once we had been fully entertained by the dancers, we finally went inside for the Calotada and it was soon revealed to me what it actually was. We sat down at the table and a huge plate of leeks(大葱)was placed in front of us. It was explained to us that you have to peel the leeks with your fingers, dip them in a (delicious!) sauce and eat them. This sounds easier than it was.My friend had been right in the end, it had been an extremely fun day and it felt great to get involved in a localtradition of a place I am temporarily calling home. It really inspired me to learn more about the Catalan culture, although hopefully next time it will be something less messy!79. What made the author accept his friend’s invitation?A. To experience a different traditionB. To get a further knowledge of his friendC. To free himself from the pressure of studiesD. To make a record of Catalan traditions80. How did they go to a small town near Tarragona?A. By taxiB. By trainC. By waterD. By bike81. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs?A. The author was tired of eating leeksB. They participated in the local dancersC. The author doesn’t think the Catalan culture is perfectD. The author had a through research on Italian traditions82. What is the best title for the passage?A. Traveling with a Friend AbroadB. A Special Dish Astonished MeC. A Day’s Journey Changed MeD. Taking Part in Traditions5、Today, we talk about a common object that appears in many expressions—buttons! Buttons, which are usually small and round and made of metal or plastic, are found on all sorts of clothing. They fasten or connect one piece of clothing to another in order to make sure your clothes don’t fall off.To be cute as a button is an old saying, which means to be attractive or sweet, but in a small way. Babies are often described as cute as a button. Language exp erts don’t know why. But they do say this expression dates back to the late 1860s.Here is another expression related to button: button-down. People often wear button-down shirts to the office. Button-down as an adjective means to be conservative or traditional. People described as button-down stay as close as possible to the normal way of dressing and behaving.When buttoning a button you slip it into a buttonhole. A buttonhole traps the button. So, to buttonhole someone means you have trapped them in a sp oken conversation. Now, let’s say you find yourself buttonholed in a conversation at a party. Someone just keeps talking and talking and talking! Finally, you can’t take it any longer. You tell the person to button it! This is a direct, but unacceptable wa y of saying, “Stop talking!” Button your lip is another equally rude but effective way to stop a person who talks too much.Another kind of difficult person is someone who pushes one’s buttons. To push one’s buttons means to know exactly how to get that pe rson angry or upset. People who like to push other people’s buttons usually do it for selfish reasons. They find a person’s weak point and then they use it to upset them.78. What do you think of someone who wears a button-down shirt to the office?A. FunnyB. FashionableC. CrazyD. Traditional79. What will you probably say to get rid of a long and boring talk?A. Be cute as a buttonB. Button your lipC. Push your buttonsD. Be button-down80. How does the fourth paragraph mainly develop?A. By making contrasts (对比)B. By giving examplesC. By listing figuresD. By analyzing cause and effect81. What does the underlined phrase “pushes one’s buttons” in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Learns of one’s secretB. Shouts loudlyC. Gets someone to lose his temperD. Argues with someone6、The clock is ticking. David Brunelli has just swallowed a huge burger. The crowd cheers excitedly as he downs fistfuls of fries.Welcome to the world of competitive eating.Brunelli is part of a select group who compete to eat massive quantities of food as quickly as possible. Eating contests may seem like harmless fun, but they have a dark side and some critics are saying it’s time for them to stop.Pouring crazy amounts of food down our throats is nothing new. Gorging banquets (狼吞虎咽会) were a regular part of ancient Roman culture. In the 1800s, some New York City politicians settled bets through eating challenges. Pie-eating contests have been a Fourth of July tradition for more than a century.For supporters like Brunelli, though, eating contests are more than a custom. They are a path to fortune.But prize money does nothing to reduce the health risks of competitive eating. Competitive eating can even be life-threatening. In 1991, a man in Virginia suffered a stroke (中风) after eating 38 eggs in 29 seconds; In Florida, in 2012, a man died shortly after winning an eating contest leading a group of doctors to call for a ban on eating contests.In any event, the risk to competitors is only part of the story. Nearly two-thirds of Americans areoverweight, and competitive eating sets a terrible example by encouraging overeating. And in a world where 805 million people go hungry every day, downing ridiculous quantities of food for entertainment seems not just wasteful but also cruel.For now, though, it seems eating contests are here to stay. Last year, more than three million viewers watched Nathan’s Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest on TV. This year, Matt Stonie ate 182 pieces of bacon in 5 minutes, breaking the world record.What record will be broken next? Do you really want to find out?6. What does the author try to express in Paragraph 4?A. Competitive eating is a tradition.B. It’s great to learn from ancient people.C. Competitive eating should be accepted.D. It’s exciting to challenge others to eat.7. Why does Brunelli take part in the eating contest?A. For food.B. For fun.C. For honor.D. For money.8. The examples given in Paragraph 6 are used to show eating contests ______.A. use unhealthy food.B. waste too much food.C. put competitors at risk.D. set a bad example to kids.9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. The author hopes to break the record.B. The author is eager to know the result.C. The author wants readers to find out the result.D. The author disapproves of competitive eating.7、The concept of good manners varies a lot when we compare different cultures, values and ways of living. However, when we talk about the western part of the world, the differences are not so big. In my opinion, going to a restaurant in Brazil will rarely be an embarrassing situation. But there are some basic and necessary rules of etiquette (礼节) that Brazilians usually respect every day. They are:●Being on time is polite, but it is not a strict rule in Brazil. Being late for up to 15 minutes probably will not make a Brazilian angry.●When you go to a restaurant, be careful to greet the people who work at the place, and don’t forget to greet the people who are already waiting for you at the table. It’s not necessary to hug or kiss everybody if they are already seated.●You can ask somebody about how the food is prepared and also about prices or tips if you are not sure about them.●Before they start eating, Brazilians usually say “born appetite” to their friend.●You should never talk to another person while you still have some food in your mouth.●Making noise while eating is also considered really rude. Avoid doing it.●Be careful not to put your elbows on the table while eating. It is not terrible, but it can be considered a little bit rude by some people.●Don't worry about the time. Usually people in Brazil stay seated for a long time, especially when they have interesting things to talk about.●It’s not necessary to talk in a really low voice because people there usually talk in a little loud voice. But please, don't exaggerate.●Finally, saying “thank you” and “bye” are always seen in Brazil.68. According to the writer, the concept of good manners in western countries is ______.A. quite different from each otherB. not easy to tellC. not quite differentD. exactly the same69. From the first paragraph we can know that ______.A. there are many rules of etiquette for you to remember if you go to a restaurant in BrazilB. it may easily get you into trouble if you go to a restaurant in BrazilC. it won’t get you into a difficult situation in a restaurant in Brazil if you follow some necessary mannersD. it is unnecessary to remember the rules of etiquette before going to a restaurant in Brazil70. According to the passage, it is impolite in Brazil to ______.A. talk with your mouth fullB. talk in a bit loud voiceC. ignore time while chattingD. ask the prices of food71. It can be inferred that in Brazil ______.A. being late usually annoys the hostsB. guests usually hug or kiss the hosts when going to a restaurantC. it is bad manners to talk over mealsD. you’d better not ask your host how the food is prepared8、Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Let’s shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.44. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.A. where handshaking was first practisedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China45. The main purpose of the text is ______.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel abroad9、Have you ever noticed how Americans fill up their entire glass with ice and then pour their beverage (饮品) in, but Europeans take their drinks at room temperature? In the U. S. , we’ve created fridges that give you cold ice at the press of a button, but in Britain they typically serve their tap water warm.This tradition—if that’s what you want to call it-dates back to the 19th century. During that time, it was already commonplace for most American homes to have an ice box. Ice would be harvested in northern America or Canada and shipped across the Atlantic and sold at a high price in British department stores. Can you imagine heading to Macy’s to treat yourself to a block of ice?Putting ice in your drink started to become somewhat of a fashion (时尚) trend for the wealthy in Britain. Some would put a few cubes in their champagne and sip on their chilled drinks at high-class parties. But, like with any fashion trend, it eventually faded, mainly because the ice was just too expensive. And even once ice boxes began appearing in homes in Britain as well, Brits never took a liking to ice in their drinks.So, next time you travel overseas, don’t feel offended (冒犯) when your server gives you an eye roll when you ask for ice water.36. Who has written the text?A. A European.B. An American.C. A Canadian.D. An Asian.37. Why do Europeans take their drinks at room temperature?A. Because they have no fridges.B. Because they have warm taps.C. Because they are accustomed to it.D. Because they can’t afford ice.38. What can we infer about Brits?A. They treat their guests to cold drinks.B. They always follow what Americans do.C. They don’t know where to get ice blocks.D. They have ice boxes later than Americans.39. What does the text mainly talk about?A. Why Americans like icy drinks while Europeans don’t.B. When people overseas have icy drinks with their meals.C. Where people can entertain themselves with icy drinks.D. How Europeans and Americans make different beverage.10、Whenever we talk about holidays, my mother teases my sister and me about how we “make out like robbers. ” She is referring to the fact that we are half Jewish and half Indian, so we receive gits on both the. festivals of lights. Hanukkah and Diwali. Though my mother teases us, I do not mind getting two sets of gifts!Hanukkah is celebrated on the 25th day of the Jewish month. which is usually sometime in December. On Hanukkah, like most Jewish families. we light a menorah and say a prayer each night. We also say a special prayer onD. She likes Diwali better. the first night. After that, it is a tradition tor my sister and me to do ‘hot and cold’, for our hidden Hanukkah gifts.When we walk towards the gift, our parents say ‘hot’and when we walk further away, they say ‘cold’. We eachreceive one present every night of Hanukkah. Another part I like about this holiday is seeing family members who wedo not see often. My aunt usually stays for a few days, and we sometimes visit other relatives.Diwali is celebrated on the 13th day of the dark fortnight of the month of Ashwin(October / November). Tocelebrate Diwali, my family does a pooja, or prayers, in honor of the goddess Lakshmi. Since she is the goddess ofwealth and prosperity, the pooja includes washing silver coins in milk and water. In India, people decorate theirhouses with lamps, similar to the way you might light up your house for Christmas. My family just places a fewcandles outside We also set off firecrackers, which is my favorite part. We often do this activity with friends to add tothe excitement.Both holidays have different histories and stories We celebrate them in different ways, yet they both have thesame meaning. They both translate into. Festival of Lights, and they both mean family and presents for me!40. Why does the author receive gifts on both Hanukkah and Diwali?A. Because he lives in a rich family.B. Because he lives in two different countriesC. Because his parents like celebrating their different cultures.D. Because his parents like spending money buying gifts for them.41. What does the underlined phrase “hot and cold” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A kind of Hanukkah game.B. A kind of Hanukkah giftC. A can of festival drink.D. A riddle written on lights.42. we can learn from the text that Hanukkah and Diwali ______.A. share the same history and cultureB. are celebrated by both Jews and IndiansC. are both related to the legend of lightsD. encourage the families to do their prayers43. What is the author’s attitude towards Hanukkah and Diwali?A. She enjoys celebrating both of them.B. She does mind spending them.C. She likes Hanukkah better.一、阅读理解(本题共计 10 小题,每题 10 分,共计100分)1、【答案】DCBC【解析】这是一篇说明文。

Bstion解题报告sgu枚举堆

Bstion解题报告sgu枚举堆

Bstion解题报告sgu枚举堆

The latest revision on November 22, 2020 试题翻译 SGU148 B-Station 试题描述 在离着名的国家Berland不远的地方,有一个水下工作站。这个工作站有N层。已知:是第i层装有Wi的水,最多可以容纳Li的水,恐怖分子炸毁第i层的代价是Pi。第i层一旦被炸毁,该层所有的水都将倾泻到第i+1层。如果某一层的水量超过了它的容量(即Li),那么该层就将自动被毁坏,所有的水也会倾泻到下一层。 Pivland的恐怖分子想要用最少的钱毁掉第N层,现在他雇佣你来计算,需要炸毁哪些层。

输入 第一行有一个自然数N(1<=n<=15000)。接下来的N行,每行3个整数Wi, Li, Pi(0<=Wi,Li,Pi<=15000)。

输出 输出需要炸毁的层的编号。

样例 Input 3 1000 1000 1 0 1000 2 2 10 100

Output 1 2 解题报告 B-Station解题报告 【题意分析】 令Si=W1+W2+…+Wi(特别的S0=0)。 不妨设恐怖分子炸毁的第高层是第p层(第一层是最高层,第N层是最底层)。 因为恐怖分子的目标是毁灭第N层,所以水必须从第p层一直泻下去。如果存在一个i,满足Wp+Wp+1+…+Wi-1+Wi<=Li,也就是说前面几层的水全部泄下来也无法把第i层自动冲毁,那么就必须要使用炸药把它炸开了。 所以恐怖分子需要炸毁的层的集合就是Bomb[p]={p}∪{i |i>p Si-Sp-1<=Li} 令Qi=Si-Li,那么: Bomb[p]={p}∪{i |i>p Qi<=Sp-1} 我们枚举p,然后看哪些层需要炸毁。这样就得到了一个O(n2)的算法。

【设计算法】 n<=15000,O(n2)的算法效率太低。 注意到Sp是随着p的增加而递增的,观察两个集合: Bomb[p]={p}∪{i |i>p Qi<=Sp-1} Bomb[p-1]={p-1}∪{i |i>p-1 Qi<=Sp-2}

雅思6分听力讲义

雅思6分听力讲义
Oh, and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know(语义停顿), there aremore than twelvepeople.
请对照文本模仿,注意语速变化、音调变化和停顿。并且将这种语音现象使用在日常沟通和雅思口语备考中。
Well, obviously it varies, but always places of historical interest and also which offera variety of shopping(重读),because our students always ask about that... and(长音)then we go for ones where we know there areguided tours(重读), because this gives a good focus for the visit.
Refund
例题:剑4第3套第1题
语言点讲解
Academic English/general English/Beginner/intermediate/advanced
Postcode
Homestay
Accommodation的类别:boarding/ hostel/inn/hotel/B&B
练习:剑4第4套第1题
1 6th February
45
6………………
7…………
3rdMarch
18
S. S. Great Britain
Salisbury
18th March
50
Stonehenge
Bath
23rd March
16

2020-2021年 七年级英语上册任务型阅读培优训练(附解析)经典1

2020-2021年 七年级英语上册任务型阅读培优训练(附解析)经典1

2020-2021年七年级英语上册任务型阅读培优训练(附解析)经典1一、七年级英语上册任务型阅读专项目练习(含答案解析)1.任务型阅读Nina is 8 years old. One day, she brings her report card home from school. She gets good marks (分数). ________.However, her teacher writes on the report card: "________, but she talks too much in class. ________. I think it may help her change this bad habit."Nina's dad signs(签字) the report card. ________: "I want to know your idea, I would like to try it out on Nina's mother!"A. I have an ideaB. Nina is a clever little girlC. There are many "A"s on itD. He writes a note on the backE. Nina's mother talks too much【答案】 C;B;A;D【解析】【分析】A. I have an idea 我不知道。

B. Nina is a clever little girl 妮娜是个聪明的小女孩。

C. There are many "A"s on it 上面有很多“A”D. He writes a note on the back 他在背面写了张纸条。

E. Nina's mother talks too much 妮娜的妈妈说的太多。

GMAT逻辑神笔记

GMAT逻辑笔记终稿一.削弱题(weaken\ cast doubt\ argue against\ damage\ counter\ refute\ jeopardize\ challenge\ undermine)1.看问题2.看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1原文中原因和结论关系不密切2.2因果型结论2.3结论是类比2.4调查型结论2.5条件型结论2.6削弱现象解释2.7削弱plan-goal2.8由于某种变化导致的结论3.按类型预测答案方向3.1原文中原因和结论关系不密切答案直接weaken结论3.2因果性结论3.2.1先预测有没有可能是因果颠倒了3.2.2有没有可能是文章所提出的原因有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.3没有因果颠倒和原因有特殊性的可能就直接割断因果也就是直接攻击主论据可能会有新元素出现来攻击主论据注意:若原文中提出了两个可能原因A和B 但文中说正确原因不是A而是B 这时正确答案就是在说原因就应该是A而不是B 切不可只围绕不是B来进行分析而忽略了A3.3结论是类比:正确选项有两种:类比的两件事本质上有区别或直接削弱结论但前者居多注意:当选项旨在说明类比的两者有本质不同时选项中可能是明显的比较结构但是也有可能在选项中根本就看不出比较而是在说文章主体具有特殊性这样也就说明不可以类比了3.4 调查性结论:正确答案可能是调查或调查对象没有代表性或者说调查有特殊性不能说明问题或者说调查的有效性受到怀疑3.5 条件型结论:If A,B 那么正确答案是承认了A,削弱了B 千万注意不要去攻击A 承认它就好接下来有可能会有新元素的作用使A即使做了B也实现不了3.6 削弱现象解释:正确答案是现象的一个新解释在原文中有可能有提示有可能没有3.7 削弱plan-goal:3.7.1 原因A导致了不好的结果B,现在提出plan 这个plan是通过解决A从而解决了B,也就是plan的根本goal是解决B 但是正确选项有可能是再说其实导致B的原因根本就不是A 或者是不只是A 还有别的原因所以说plan即使做了goal也达不到这种削弱方法有点像“现象的新解释”但其实两者并不相同要注意在削弱plan-goal题型中光提出新原因是不行的最后落脚点必须是“plan无效”否则提出新原因也没用3.7.2 基本plan-goal的削弱:一个新原因的作用使“plan做了goal也达不到”这个新原因在文中可能有提示也可能没有“plan做了goal也达不到”是所有plan-goal削弱题型的最终落脚点注意:不要去讨论plan做还是不做而是讨论做了有没有用3.8 由于某种变化导致的结论:若文章说因为某种变化(尤其是上升或下降)会导致某种结果为了削弱结论正确选项是消除这种变化消除这种变化所能带来的影响所以可能有新元素出现这种削弱题跟paradox题型是一个思路(或是割断因果关系但是这种解法不常见)4.看选项选答案4.1与主论据所讨论主题无关选项错无关比较错4.2 模糊词选项(some\ possible\ not + 极端词)在结论没有极端词时错注意:at least some不算模糊词4.3 “大金刚”错(other than\ any other\ most other\ some other\ many other\ apartfrom\ aside from)注意:“否定词\ 否定词缀+ other than”不算“大金刚”例如:no+ other than是only的意思5. 检验:想象成一场辩论正确答案会使作者没有反手的余地二.缺陷题(flaw of reasoning\ reasoning error\ criticism\ weakness)缺陷题和削弱题相近但是也有明显的不同之处1.在plan-goal题型中削弱题是有一个新原因使plan做了goal也达不到但是缺陷题中是plan本身有缺陷使goal达不到2.普通缺陷题:直接找论据和结论间的差异正确答案描述原文的错误描述的因素一定在原文中有绝对不可以有新元素总结:缺陷题的核心是描述原文的推理错误正确选项中的每个元素都在原文中出现过三.加强题(support\ strengthen\ provide the strongest ground\ conclusion can be drawn if it was true that\ justify\ provide justification)1.看问题2.看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1原文前提和结论关系不密切2.2因果型结论2.3结论是类比2.4调查性结论2.5加强现象解释2.6加强plan-goal2.7paradox3.按类型预测答案方向3.1原文前提和结论关系不密切答案直接加强结论3.2因果型结论:3.2.1原文逻辑链条中有没有gap需要架桥有的话正确选项架桥3.2.2有没有可能有别的因素会削弱结论如果有的话要排除使结论不成立的可能性(如果不好预测的话可以直接在选项中辨析)有点像“排除他因”但还不完全一样不过这种解答方式很少慎用3.2.3正确选项直接与原因结合提高结论成立的可能性这时要求正确选项与结论有“共同元素”才能够结合注意:3.2.1和3.2.3中正确选项可能有新元素出现不要当无关选项排除了但是3.2.1中架桥时不可以架出与原文逻辑链无关的桥3.3结论是类比正确选项说两者本质是相同的或者直接加强结论注意:当说两者本质相同时有可能正确选项是明显的比较结构也有可能就是在说文章所讨论的主体没有什么特殊性这样正确选项就没有对比结构了3.4调查型结论调查对象有代表性所以调查的有效性不受怀疑3.5 加强现象解释3.5.1 没有此原因就没有此结果也就是原文逻辑链的否命题正确答案通常是类比3.5.2 用另外一个解释来解释这个解释或用另外一个证据来证明这个解释(但是注意原文中已说明确切无疑的事情不要在选项中再去重复只有must be true题型中才会去重复原文)正确选项中会出现新词新概念3.5.3 排除他因没有其他原因或可能导致该结果(排除他因的选项中有可能出现“大金刚”:other than\ any other\ most other\ many other\ some other\ apart from\ aside from)少见慎用!3.6 加强plan-goal3.6.1 一个新原因与plan结合使goal能更好地达到3.6.2 plan无害(文中会暗示plan的害处但未必暗示具体是什么)注意:如果文中确实说了plan有可能有害处但是文章中自己把这种害处给否了那么正确选项中继续讨论这种害处的可能性不大还是回归到3.6.1中的情况3.6.3别的plan不好(文中有对比措施)注意:如果文中暗示了害处(未必暗示具体是什么)比如文中说“应该不会有什么不好的影响”这个时候就采取 3.6.2 也就是正确选项证明了就是不会有什么不好的影响的如果文中有对比措施就采取3.6.3 除了这两种情况都采取3.6.1 这个法则通常都是比较准的甚至可以用于排除选项可以记住直接用3.7 paradox:按paradox的思路来解题可以把这种直接归到paradox一类4. 看选项选答案4.1 模糊词选项(some\ possible\ not + 极端词)当结论没有极端词时不选极端词选项是可以的注意:(1)at least some不算模糊词(2)如果选项拿一个毫不相干的其他对象来进行比较比如选项说“B就是这样的”去证明结论“A也应该这样”这个逻辑是不对的但是如果选项是在讨论A所在的整体比如“A在C这个范围内这个范围内的所有相关的个体都是这样的”去证明“A也应该这样”这是可以的这也就是极端词选项的出现情况(3)如果文章结论说“是A而不是B”那么正确选项两个方面都要加强也就是说不但要加强“是A”还要加强“不是B”光加强“是A”是不可以的4.2 “大金刚”(other than\ any other\ most other\ any other\ some other\ many other\apart from\ aside from)选项除非是在排除他因否则错注意:“否定词\ 否定词缀+ other than”不算“大金刚”4.3. 无关选项错(除非是在paradox中)注意:当文章有两个并列结论时加强其中一个(只要不对另一个起削弱作用)就算加强了四.假设题(assumption\ assume\ presuppose\ additional premise\ not true unless\ rely on\ depend on)1. 看问题2. 看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1 原文逻辑链条中明显有gap2.2 暂时看不出来明显的gap3. 按类型预测答案方向3.1 原文逻辑链条中有明显的gap 直接奔填补gap的选项去3.2 暂时还看不出明显的gap3.2.1 找否定句选项(带not的是最标准的否定句带no的有的不算是要进一步慎重考虑)把否定词去掉看剩下的内容能不能削弱选项(接下来的步骤就跟做削弱题一样了)3.2.1.1 原因和结论间关系不密切去掉否定词后直接削弱结论3.2.1.2 因果型结论3.2.1.2.1 因果有没有可能颠倒如果可能的话把否定词去掉就是因果颠倒3.2.1.2.2 推出结论的原因可能有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.1.2.3 因果也没颠倒原因也没有特殊性有没有可能直接割断因果也就是直接攻击主论据可能会有新元素出现来攻击主论据3.2.1.3 结论是类比考虑类比的两者有没有本质区别注意:正确选项未必是比较结构有可能就是说文章讨论主体的特殊性3.2.1.4 调查型结论调查对象有没有代表性调查有没有效3.2.1.5 条件型结论(结论中带有if引导的条件状语从句)3.2.1.5.1即使条件产生了一定能推出结论吗有没有可能有新元素的作用使条件和结论之间的关系断掉或是条件产生了也产生不了结论3.2.1.5.2 在assumption题型中的条件型结论还比削弱中多了一种答案:条件也就是if后面的内容到底有没有可能实现(OG12th44)注意:条件型结论有可能是文章最重要的一个推导,当选项中没有否定句或否定句都不可行时,可以考虑在条件型结论中的条件和最终结论中间架桥3.2.1.6 现象解释型有没有可能有别的解释3.2.1.7 plan-goal型3.2.1.7.1 有没有可能是新原因导致的坏结果所以说针对原来原因的plan达不到预期的效果3.2.1.7.2 有没有可能就是新元素与plan结合使plan做了goal也达不到3.2.1.8 由于某种变化导致的结论有没有可能有新元素抵消原来的变化使结论不成立3.2.2 选项中没有否定句或是否定句都不可行且结论和原因之间有因果关系则重新考虑架桥注意:(1)架桥不可以架出无关名词(2)架桥弥补gap选项中一定会出现新元素(3)条件型结论有可能是文章最重要的一个推导,当选项中没有否定句或否定句都不可行时,可以考虑在条件型结论中的条件和最终结论中间架桥4. 看选项选答案4.1 去掉not以后模糊词(some\ possible\ not + 极端词)选项好极端词选项不好注意:(1)和削弱题是相反的(2)“not + 极端词”去掉not以后留的是极端词是不好的(3)如果选项中没有not 这条不适用要慎重考虑4.2 条件句选项要么是架桥要么错4.3太绝对了反而不能成为假设题正确答案因为越绝对越没有可能是必要条件慎用此条!5. 检验(当有两个选项拿不定主意时用)将选项取反削弱结论的是正确选项五.解释题(explain\ reason\ account for\ provide a rational for 注意:有的还应当归到paradox一类中去)1. 看问题2. 看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1 原文中出现paradox(在之前读问题时没判断出来)2.2 原文中有原因2.3原文中无原因2.3.1 原文的现象中包含比较2.3.2 原文的现象中包含变化2.3.3 原文中说某个plan不好2.3.4 其他类型3. 看选项找答案3.1 原文中出现paradox(在之前读问题时没判断出来)直接归到paradox一类用解paradox题型的方法来求解3.2 原文中有原因直接把原因选出来即可3.3 原文中无原因则尽量用文中的信息去解释3.3.1 原文中的现象中包含比较正确答案必须体现两者不同也可以说是主体的特殊性3.3.2 原文中的现象中包含变化(尤其是上升或下降)正确答案要体现出变化注意:3.3.1和3.3.2中所说的“比较”和“变化”一定是可以明显看出来的“比较”和“变化”不要牵强地往上靠如果既看不出“比较”又看不出“变化”就尽量用文中的信息去解释3.3.3原文中说某个plan不好(也可以归到paradox类)3.3.3.1这个plan与goal无关(断掉plan和goal之间的关系)3.3.3.2这个plan本身有坏处或有更大的弊端(有点类似削弱题缺陷题)3.3.4 其他类型如文中呈现一个现象需要解释就尽量用文中的信息去解释注意要联系原文最好别出现新元素注意:如果把paradox从解释题中分出来的话那么解释题就尽量用文中的信息去解释最好不要出现新元素(paradox中会出现新元素)六.Paradox(resolve the discrepancy\ resolve the paradox\ reconcile the discrepancy\ reconcile the paradox\ explain the surprising finding 包括在阅读原文过程中判断为paradox的题)1.看问题2.看原文找出相矛盾的现象或内容缕清逻辑链条找出前因后果细分类型2.1 普通paradox2.2 说某个plan(或类似的东西)不好2.3 做了A预期会有什么样的后果但是做A是对的或者说做了A预期的后果不会产生3. 根据类型预测选项方向3.1 普通paradox:发生了A,本来预期会因为发生了A就会发生B 但是B没发生或者发生的事情反而与B相反正确选项极有可能是新元素与A结合导致了paradox 也有可能不和A结合就是一个新元素导致了paradox 或者是这个新元素断掉了前因与后果之间的联系但还是结合的情况比较多所以A 也就是文章中的前因一定要好好留意附加说明:paradox中最常见的就是上升或下降问题:A变B不变或成意料之外的反方向变动那么正确答案C的出现会将A的变化抵消或断掉AB之间的联系注意:continue to increase\ continue to decrease并不是“变了”或是“没变”而是出乎意料地继续increase或decrease 所以也可以归到“A变B不变或成意料之外的反方向变动”这种情况3.2 说某个plan(或类似的东西)不好3.2.1 plan和goal无关(也就是断掉plan和goal之间的联系)3.2.2plan本身有缺陷或有更大的弊端(有点类似削弱题缺陷题)3.3 做了A预期会有什么样的后果但是做A是对的或者说做了A预期的后果不会产生正确选项多数是用的反向证明法也就是说如果不做A会出现什么样的后果所以说做A是对的(OG12th73题)总结:paradox的根本就是新元素的作用即使极个别情况下连“新元素”是什么都不说(OG12th57题)七.填空题1. 看问题2. 看原文细分类型2.1 非paradox型因果型2.2 paradox型3. 根据类型预测选项方向2.1 非paradox型因果型缕清逻辑链条找逻辑链条中的gap 考虑怎样架桥补缺注意:因果型填空题和解释题相类似要尽量用到文中的信息很少出现新元素2.2 paradox型按paradox的思路解题八.评价题(justify the conclusion\ evaluate the argument)1. 看问题2. 看原文细分类型(和削弱题是一样的)2.1 原因和结论间关系不密切2.2 因果型结论2.3 结论是类比2.4 调查型结论2.5 条件型结论2.6 现象解释型2.7 plan-goal型2.8 由某种变化导致的结论3. 根据类型预测选项方向3.1 原因和结论间关系不密切正确选项直接用来判断结论成不成立3.2 因果型结论3.2.1 有没有可能因果颠倒3.2.2 有没有可能是文章所提出的原因有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.3 既没有因果颠倒文章原因也没有特殊性有没有可能直接断掉因果3.3 结论是类比两者有没有本质不同或者文章主体有没有特殊性导致无法类比3.4 调查型结论调查对象有没有代表性调查有效性受不受到怀疑3.5 条件型结论即使A做了有没有可能有新元素的作用使B达不到有没有可能做到A 本身就是件不可能的事(前者居多后者较少)3.6 现象解释型有没有可能有新的解释3.7 plan-goal型有没有可能有新元素的作用使plan做了goal也达不到注意:不要去讨论有没有别的plan 评价题从不讨论原文逻辑链以外的东西3.8 由某种变化导致的结论有没有可能有新元素的作用消除这种变化消除这种变化所带来的影响(类似paradox的思路)4. 检验:对选项的肯定或否定回答是否能加强和削弱结论(拿不准的时候用)注意:评价题除了以上标注会出现新元素的情况之外不会出现新元素即使在以上标注的情况下出现新元素新元素也是作用在文章自身逻辑链上的也就是说评价题正确选项从来不会讨论自身逻辑链以外的内容这也是plan-goal在评价题中不会去讨论有没有别的plan的原因注意:(1)评价题要找好因果关系回溯原因(2)评价题中模糊词(在结论没有极端词时)和极端词选项都不好九.Must be true(must be true\ infer\ imply\ serve as part of an argument\ support the following 最后一个到底是归到must be true类还是归纳类有争议)1. 看问题2. 看原文整理文章结构有逻辑链条的缕出逻辑链条有信息结合的列出信息结合3. 看选项寻找正确答案正确答案是原文中某句话的重写或逆否命题或信息的结合(也就是概括总结文中信息点)也可以是弥补推理链中的gap 但是弥补gap也不可以出现新元素关键信息点必须能在原文中找到依据注意:“正确选项是原文某句话的重写或逆否命题”这是题目比较简单的情况一般比较复杂的题会用到信息整合或填补gap 这个时候思路要稍微发散不要局限4. 检验:正确选项中包含结论或推理中的关键词且正确答案中的信息全部来之原文绝对不可以有新元素即使是在弥补gap 信息点也必须全部来自原文注意:看到数字和percentage要特别敏感基本都是将数字信息结合起来比较大小或说明什么问题并且注意数字和百分比是不同的概念不要混淆并且归纳题比数字的时候通常不会直接比大小会做一个计算比如说用“profits/ sales= 利润率”然后来比较利润率的大小十.归纳题(conclude\ conclusion\ main point\ support the following 最后一个有争议)1. 看问题2. 看原文整理文章结构有逻辑链条的缕出逻辑链条有信息结合的列出信息结合找原文中有没有主结论3. 看选项寻找正确答案3.1 原文中就能找到主结论正确选项是主结论的重写重写时候可能有适当的改写但是不可能改的面目全非本质也是“重写”3.2 原文中找不到结论通过原文的信息结合或逻辑链概括总结出结论(也就是原文所有信息加总所能说明的问题)注意:原文中出现多个信息点时正确答案最好是将所有信息点结合起来而不是只根据一个信息点一个逻辑链条来推结论注意:看到数字和percentage要特别敏感基本都是将数字信息结合起来比较大小或说明什么问题并且注意数字和百分比是不同的概念不要混淆并且归纳题比数字的时候通常不会直接比大小会做一个计算比如说用“profits/ sales= 利润率”然后来比较利润率的大小4. 检验:正确选项的信息必须是概括全文的并且是must be true注意:归纳题和must be true类型题的区别就是must be true类只需要是正确的信息就可以了可以是概括性的也可以不是概括性的归纳题不但要是正确的信息(也就是must be true)还必须是概括性的十一. 论证方法题(method of reasoning\ The main point of the argument is made primarily by…?\ The doctor does which of the following in refuting the patient?)1.看问题2.看原文细分类型判别论证结构3.根据类型预测选项3.1对话型论证方法题3.2普通型论证方法题4.看选项选择正确答案4.1对话型论证方法题一般都是问第二个人对第一个人的观点是怎样反应的先判断感情色彩是支持还是赞同(如果在问题中已经说明感情色彩了这一步可以省略)然后再根据原文找论证方法多用排除法4.2普通型论证方法题直接根据原文找论证方法即可多用排除法注意:排除在原文中没出现过的元素正确答案中的信息点一定可以在原文中找到依据不可以有新元素十二. Parallel reasoning1.看问题2.看原文找出原文推理形式(因果推理充分必要类比循环论证等)结论和前提的特点(certainty level)推理有效性(问题说有推理缺陷的选项也应该有相应的推理缺陷问题没说则没有推理缺陷)3.看选项选择正确答案将上面四个因素和答案比较(绝对配绝对意见配意见条件配条件must\ could\ many\ some\ never配相应词)十三. Principle(问怎么办好要求设计出一个plan 或问怎么样符合条件)1.看问题2.看原文细分类型2.1原文中有问题需要解决需要一个恰当的plan或strategy2.2原文是陈述principle就在原文中3.根据类型预测选项方向3.1原文中有问题需要解决需要一个恰当的plan或strategy 那么需要找出原文中的主要矛盾主要需要解决的问题以及产生问题的根本原因根据原文中找到的依据寻找恰当的plan或strategy3.2原文是陈述principle就在原文中找准原文中的principle 正确选项是对该principle进行改写4.看选项找答案十四. Boldface1.时间允许的话读文章缕清逻辑链条时间不允许这步直接跳过2.直接找标志词判断2.1找转折词判断句子的态度2.1.1 But\ Yet放句首是转折相当于however but\ yet放句中不是转折相当于没看见2.1.2 although相当于没看见2.1.3 however不管句首句中大写小写都是转折要考虑2.1.4 Nevertheless\ nonetheless是语气比较弱的转折词要考虑2.2 找因果关系词判断句子的角色Since A, B\ A thus B\ Because A, BA是evidence\ expectation\ premiseB是conclusion\ position\ claim\ judgment\ prediction(象征词would)\ proposal Explanation也应该是在A的位置不应该是在B的位置补充说明:(1)句首的负面评价也有可能是转折(2)文中没有转折正确选项就不能有反对拒绝或质疑(3)对比写法的地方是论据让步是结论(4)到底是支持还是反对基本会在正确选项中明确地体现出来正确选项一般不会是“和稀泥”的态度对感情色彩模棱两可慎用!综述:1.“大金刚”(other than\ any other\ many other\ most other\ some other\ apart from\ asidefrom)选项基本都可以排除但注意“否定词+ 大金刚”不可以排除在排除他因的选项中有可能出现“大金刚”2.“At least + some”不算模糊词3.Should的选项排除4.写逻辑链信息的时候保留定语有的时候定语可能会影响到细节从而影响正确性5.文中有两个并列结论可以针对一个结论来解题只要不对另一个结论起相反作用文中有两个并列逻辑链可以针对一个逻辑链解题只要不对另一个逻辑链起相反作用6.如果一个逻辑链很严密看起来很合理但要求找毛病要求weaken 就要格外关注细节往往突破口在细节上面7.注意在原文句子改写的题中逆否命题是对的逆命题不一定是对的通常都不对8.“忽略了两者可以结合的可能”这种题常出现就是说原文一直在讨论选A还是选B其实两者可以都选可以结合9.尤其是在削弱和加强题中选项中有加强或比较千万注意不要比反尤其是年份间的比较不同时间下情况的比较特别容易比反10.注意“时间观念”(1)选项所讨论时间要和文章主体的时间尽量一致(2)注意after一类的词原文中出现由于时间引起的变化选项中多数会体现(3)选项中涉及不同时间比较时注意不要比反例如要看清楚是“last year”还是“this year”11.注意比重、percentage和绝对量之间的区别12.认真读问题有时候问题会限定正确选项的范围(prep43)补充一些需要引起注意的词或话题:1.Argue on the basis是因果联系词要引起注意2.看到讨论profit的选项就要想到有四个因素会影响profit:cost\ price\ sale\ market其中影响price的还有供求关系四个因素想全面且并“profit/ sale= 利润率”也可以去比较利润率的大小3.供求关系会影响price 供大于求price低供小于求price高为了降低price或控制price上涨可以增加供给也可以减少需求两种情况想全面一个因素会使供给增加未必price就高了没准需求也多了没准有别的因素使供给高不了两种情况也要想全面4.Import\ export\ 自产自销三者之间有着密不可分的联系共同作用影响供给影响销量在原文中看到其中一个(多数这种原文是在讨论销量和供给)就要联想到另外两个5.关于weed和crop的问题很多经常讨论怎样有效地对付weed还能有效地保护crop 不。

《GEMS》解题报告

珠宝给一棵n个结点的树,给每个点安排一个正整数编号,使得相邻点具有不同的编号,编号的总和尽量小。

输入第一行:n(n<=50,000)以下n-1行,每行两个数u,v(1<=u,v<=n),表示u 和v有一条边输出仅一行,为最小编号和样例输入81 21 31 41 55 65 75 8样例输出11分析:看完题目,很自然地联想到树型DP,而且也不难得到状态表示方法。

先根据输入的数据构造出一棵树,然后从树的叶子结点往上倒推。

设F[I,J]表示以I为根的子树在I的编号为J时,可以得到的最小编号和。

状态转移方程为:F[I,J] = Min{∑F[I1, J1]} + J其中I1表示I的一个子结点编号,J1为不同于J的一个自然数。

很显然,在最优方案中,所有解的编号都是不可能超过N的。

因此不难推出算法的时间复杂度为O(N^3),空间复杂度为O(N^2)。

这对于本题的规模来说,是无法承受的。

分析一下几个比较小的数据,会发现在最优方案中,最大的编号全部都没有达到N,不妨设其为M。

而且凭感觉来看,M比N要小很多。

很自然地,我们会考虑计算出这个比N小的M,然后DP的时候只要对每个点考虑编号为1到M的状态即可。

这样时间复杂度就降为O(NM^2),空间复杂度降为O(NM)。

但是M究竟怎么得到呢?我们发现这是很难计算的,而且也不太好估算出一个界(至少我没有想到好的方法)。

事实上可以采取一种比较无奈的方法。

因为N 最大为50000,时限为1S,所以要想算法在理论上的最坏情况下不超时,M取30左右比较保险,实践证明,M取30足以通过所有测试数据了。

似乎通过上面的分析本题已经解决得差不多了,但M毕竟是“贪”出来的,正确性不能得到理论上的证明,我们不妨从算法优化的角度来考虑这个问题。

还是回到最初的DP算法。

仔细推敲一下就会发现,F[I,1 .. M]这M个状态中,能够在以后的状态转移中真正利用到的只有两个,它们是这M个状态中值最小的两个。

剑桥雅思4阅读解析-Test4

READING PASSAGE 1文章结构体 主 裁 题 说明文 如何提高运动员的成绩段落概括 第一段 第二段 第三段 第四段 第五段 第六段 第七段 第八段 第九段 人类的运动成绩一直在不断提高。

基因对提高成绩的影响。

合理训练方法的重要性。

肌肉增强训练的简要介绍。

营养的重要性。

针对性训练的作用。

生物力学对运动成绩的影响。

运动员自身的创造性。

我们对运动的理解还很浅显。

本节考查词汇第一段 steady hurl massive endurance explosive marathon [ [ [ [ [ [ ] 第二段 performance genetics invoke [ [ [ ] ] ] n. n. v. 表现 基因学 调用,使用 ] ] ] ] ] adj. v. adj. n. adj. n. 稳定的 投掷 巨大的 耐力 爆发性的 马拉松adage appreciably complement[ [ ’ [] ] ] 第三段n. adv. v.谚语,格言 略微,一点点 补充,互补identify duplicate[ [] ] 第四段v. v.确认(身份) ,找出 复制sprinter devoted to interval brief[]n. v. n. adj.短跑运动员 致力于 间歇 短暂的,简洁的[ [ ]]第五段 nutrition deficiency injury [ [ [ ] 第六段 focused training apply [ [ ] 第七段 methodology digitize dimension take-off 第八段 [ [ [ ] ] ] n. v. n. n. 方法 把…数字化 维度 起飞,起跑 ] n. v. 针对性训练 应用 ] ] n. n. n. 营养 营养不良 受伤contradiction instantly dub flop unorthodox complex cushion pit foam[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] 第九段 ] ] ] ] ] ]]n. adv. v. n. adj. adj. n. n. n.矛盾,抵触 立即 命名 跳跃 不正统的 复杂 垫子 坑 泡沫humble vexing issue mundane fundamental[ [ [ [ [ ]]v. adj. n. adj. adj.使相形见拙 令人惊讶的 问题 世俗的 基本的,基础的] ] ]考题精解Questions 1-6 『题型』T/F/NG 『解析』 1. 定位词/关键字 原文重现 第一段首句 Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records,…. records/date from/ about 1900参考译文 题解 答案 2. 定位词/关键字 原文重现 题解 答案 3. 定位词/关键字 原文重现 参考译文 题解从国际运动联合会在二十世纪初开始记录运动成绩到现在…. 原文中,since 相当于题干中 date from,early twentieth century 相当于 about 1900, record 则在题干中原形重现。

英语八年级英语完形填空经典例题

必备英语英语八年级英语完形填空经典例题一、八年级英语完形填空训练1.阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Michael rises every morning at 4: 00, in good and bad weather, and walks into his sandwich shop. By 5:50, he's making the rounds of the shelters on Centre Streets. He gave out 200 sandwiches to the 1 , before beginning his workday.It started 20 years ago when Michael met a homeless man named John. He began to help him 2 effort then. Day after day, he brought John some food. When it was really 3 , he invited John to rest in his car while he worked. Once he asked John if he wanted to get cleaned up.It was a(n) 4 offer, because Michael thought John would refuse. 5 , John said, "Are you going to wash me?" Michael knew that he was looking at a test of his promise. It was at the moment that Michael 6 to help the homeless.Michael began his work. He received no sponsorship, saying, "I'm not getting media 7 .I just want to do some good in my way. There are snowy days, and I have a hard time leaving my warm bed to go downtown with sandwiches. But I've 8 ."Michael makes 200 sandwiches every day for the past 20 years. "I don't simply lay the sandwiches on a table for the homeless to 9 . I shake their hands and wish them a good day," says Michael. Once Mayor Koch came to help him. They ignored the media, and it seemed like it was just the 10 of them. Of all Michael's memories, working with the Mayor was not as important as working next to someone else.A man 11 was one of the sandwich takers left, and Michael thought about him from time to time. He hoped he had moved on to a better environment. One day, the man came back, greeting Michael and 12 sandwiches of his own. He said Michael's daily food, warm handshakes and wishes had given him the encouragement he badly needed. 13 he achieved some success, he decided to do the same thing as Michael.The moment needed no 14 . The two men worked silently, side by side, handing out their sandwiches. It was another day on Centre Streets, but a day with just a little more 15 .1. A. kids B. women C. old D. homeless2. A. with B. around C. from D. over3. A. sunny B. warm C. cloudy D. cold4. A. silly B. empty C. crazy D. free5. A. Luckily B. Disappointedly C. Surprisingly D. Thankfully6. A. succeeded B. agreed C. answered D. determined7. A. benefit B. attention C. news D. information8. A. suffered B. worried C. managed D. wondered9. A. take up B. pick up C. give up D. put up10. A. one B. two C. three D. four11. A. what B. which C. who D. whom12. A. eating B. carrying C. selling D. treating13. A. After B. Before C. Unless D. If14. A. purpose B. dialogue C. trust D. doubt15. A. luck B. fun C. pride D. hope【答案】(1)D;(2)A;(3)D;(4)B;(5)C;(6)D;(7)B;(8)C;(9)B;(10)B;(11)C;(12)B;(13)A;(14)B;(15)D;【解析】【分析】文章大意:文章讲述了,迈克尔不管阴天晴天都会早早起床,在工作之前,为中央大街的庇护所发放三明治的故事,后来科赫市长也来帮忙,他们忽视了媒体的存在,做着自己该做的事。

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Catenyms解题报告 学号:不详 姓名:钟鏸 日期:2011.6.10-2011.6.20 题目 http://172.21.81.30/ZQUOJ/problem/Problem.jsp?id=1394

题意 catenym是用一个连接符号( .)串接起来的两个单词,其中,前一个单词的最后一个字母,与后一个单词的第一个字母,是一样的。如题干所示,下面就是两个catenym: dog . gopher 或 gopher . rat 然后,题干定义一个“组合catenym”就是若干个前后相连起来的catenym,如:aloha.aloha.arachnid.dog.gopher.rat.tiger (前一个单词的最后一个字母 = 下一个单词的第一个字母) 现题目给出若干个单词,让我们构造一个“组合catenym”。构造时,要求每个单词都出现一次,且仅一次。

题意弄懂之后,还有几个事项是需要注意的: 1. 给出的单词,不一定是按照字典序从小到大的顺序给出的,因此有可能需要排序 2. 问题的规模是1000个单词 3. 所给的若干个单词,存在构造不出一个“组合catenym”的可能性,即无解,此时输出"***" 4. 关于“the lexicographically least compound catenym”,为什么提出要“字典序最小”? 如何去满足这个“字典序最小”的条件?

分析 题目要求把所有单词前后连接在一起,每个单词出现一次且仅一次,看起来就是一个排列问题,用穷举法貌似可以解决。但问题规模达到1000个单词,那么,就有1000!种排列,要从这1000!种排列中判断是否存在满足“组合catenym”条件的排列,如存在,则寻找字典序最小的排列。总的计算量非常巨大。“超时”是必然结果。

题目所给的第一个样例太简单了,一眼就能看出可以构造出“组合catenym”,所以不具有什么代表性。因此,需要我们自己设计一些具有代表性的例子:

例1: ejjjc assse bfffa dkkkb ebbd bnnna dcccb ayyye 由于catenym涉及的只是单词的首字母以及最后一个字母,对于单词中间的字母以及长度,是根本不敏感的,所以,在设计这些单词的时候,中间的字母都是随意设计。 经过尝试,对于例1,我们可以构造出多个“组合catenym”:

dkkkb.bfffa.assse.ebbd.dcccb.bnnna.ayyye.ejjjc —— ①

dcccb.bnnna.ayyye.ebbd.dkkkb.bfffa.assse.ejjjc —— ② dcccb.bfffa.assse.ebbd.dkkkb.bnnna.ayyye.ejjjc —— ③ ……

因此,如果不给出限制条件,答案是不唯一的。正因为如此,题目才给出“字典序最小”这个条件,使得答案唯一。对于例1,正解是③。 例1告诉我们答案的多样性,以及如何根据题目条件选择合适的答案。那么,什么情况下会出现无解呢? 题目所给的第二个样例同样是太简单,一眼就看出不能构造出“组合catenym”:因为单词oak无法与任何其他单词前后连接起来。 有没有具有代表性的无解的例子呢? 我们可以思考设计出这样的例子:

例2:akkkb annnc bfffc

例3:akkkb acccb bfffc bjjjc 例2和例3都是无法满足“使用全部单词一次且仅一次”这个条件来构造出“组合catenym”的。

通过以上分析,自然而然打算采用“搜索”策略来解题,希望通过搜索解空间,寻找符合题目条件的正解。(如果我们没有这样的想法,说明我们没接触过“搜索”法,或者还没有建立“搜索”策略的思维。)

如果没有接触过“欧拉图”或“半欧拉图”的概念,自然打算用朴素的“深度优先搜索DFS”来求解本题。(广度优先搜索BFS在理论上可以求解本题,但BFS多用在求最短路径,用于本题速度很慢)

如果没有时间上的限制,或者问题规模较小,朴素的DFS是可以求得正解的。对例1画出搜索过程的示意图如下: 说明:DFS搜索过程中,为了尽快搜到正解,每一步在有多个单词可供选择时,先选择字典序小的单词,这样这样可以尽快搜到正解(满足字典序最小的“组合catenym”),避免遍历整棵搜索树。

以上做法虽然看似可以求解问题,但是,考虑到问题的数据规模:1000个单词,那么,搜索树高度最多可达1000层,第一层有1000个节点,第二层有1000*999个节点,第三层有1000*999*998各节点,依此类推,那么,这棵搜索树是极为庞大的。 此外,由例1的搜索图解,必须想到的是,按字典序选择最小的单词作为第一个单词,往往求不出一个可能解。 根据经验,这些题目的大多数测试数据的正解往往不在搜索树的左下角,平均几率是在搜索树的中间底部位置,最坏的情况是在搜索树的右下角(这也是ICPC题目喜欢出的数据)。 再考虑到无解的情况,必定是搜完整棵树之后才知道无解。那么,搜索所花的时间就会很长,耗费的空间也很多。 根据经验,朴素的BFS搜索策略的结果必然是TLE。 因此,朴素搜索策略在本题是不适用的,必须要加上剪枝。

本题所考的知识点是“欧拉图”和“半欧拉图”,如果没接触过,就不能AC本题。因此,我们只能老老实实学一学“欧拉图”、“半欧拉图”、“欧拉回路”和“欧拉通路”等概念。

先看定义: 定义1 通过图(无向图或有向图)中所有边一次且仅一次,行遍图中所有顶点的通路称为欧拉通路。 定义2 通过图中所有边一次并且仅一次,行遍所有顶点的回路称为欧拉回路。 定义3 具有欧拉回路的图称为欧拉图,具有欧拉通路而无欧拉回路的图称为半欧拉图。

学习了以上定义,我们可以把每个单词看作一条弧,单词的首字母看作弧的始点,单词的最后一个字母看作是弧的终点。因此,本题对应的是有向图。

题目所给第一个样例的图如下:

例1的图如下: 学习了以上定义,我们也可以想到,题干所说的“每个单词都使用一次,且仅一次”,与欧拉路径的性质是完全吻合的。

题目本质 此时,本题就从表面上的字符串连接问题,首先否定了朴素的穷举思想(排列问题模型),然后建立搜索问题模型,最终归结为有向图的欧拉图问题——求欧拉回路或欧拉通路。 利用欧拉图的知识建立强有力的剪枝条件,再加上搜索的优先条件:按字典序从小到大选用单词(也就是说,我们要对所有单词进行排序),就可以大大缩小搜索空间。

解题思路 有了以上概念之后,再看欧拉图的相关定理: 定理1 无向图G是欧拉图当且仅当G是连通图,且G中没有奇度顶点。(意思就是:每个顶点的度都是偶数。) 定理2 无向图G是半欧拉图当且仅当G是连通的,且G中恰有两个奇度顶点。 定理3 有向图D是欧拉图当且仅当D是强连通的且每个顶点的入度都等于出度。 定理4 有向图D是半欧拉图当且仅当D是单向连通的,且D中恰有两个奇度顶点,其中一个的入度比出度大1,另一个的出度比入度大1,而其余顶点的入度都等于出度。 定理5 G是非平凡的欧拉图当且仅当G是连通的且为若干个边不重的圈的并。(“非平凡的”指的是图中大于一个顶点) 其中定理1和2是针对无向图的,定理3是针对欧拉图的,定理4是针对半欧拉图的。定理3和定理4都适用于本题。(请问定理5适用于什么问题?) 有了定理3和定理4,在本题判断是否存在“组合catenym”,也就是判断是否存在可能解,就是轻而易举的事情了,时间复杂度大大降低。 首先,要满足“连通”条件,像题目所给的第二个样例,由于它是非连通图(就更不用说强连通了),所以可以马上判定它无解。 示意图如下:

其次,只要测试数据满足了定理3或定理4的条件,那么它就一定有解,剩下的问题就是怎样尽快找到正解。

经思考,本题的数据可分为3种情况: 1. 不存在欧拉通路(此时当然也不存在欧拉回路),此时无解 2. 存在欧拉通路,但不构成欧拉回路 根据定理4,问题有解,且可行解不止一个,但出发点只有一个:应该选择“出度比入度大1”的顶点作为欧拉通路的出发点,按字典序选择下一个可用的单词(弧)走下去即可得正解。(顺便说一句,“入度比出度大1” 的顶点必然成为欧拉通路的终点。)这样就可以大大缩小搜索树的第一层,也就是从“源头”就缩小了搜索树。 再举例如下图所示: 在这个图中,欧拉通路的出发点就应该是"s",而不选择字典序最小的以"k"开头的单词,因为s的入度为3,出度为4。欧拉通路的终点是"p"。

3. 存在欧拉回路 此时,问题肯定有解,且可行解不止一个,那么,就选定字典序最小的单词的首字母作为出发点。然后按字典序选择下一个可用的单词(弧)走下去即可得正解。 可以想象,在第2种和第3种情况下,应该都是一气呵成走完整个搜索过程,无需回溯。

现在,可以写出伪代码如下: 1. 检查所给图形是否欧拉图或半欧拉图 如果否,则"***" 如果是,则把单词按字典序排序,备用。 2. 如果是欧拉图,则从最小的字母出发 否则就是半欧拉图,则从“出度比入度大1”的字母出发 3. DFS,每次选取一个“未用过”的字典序最小的单词(即未走过的弧),一直走下去,一边走一边输出单词。(也可以一边走一边记录行走路线,最后一次性输出路径)

其中,1要判断是否连通图,弱连通也可以。可用并查集来实现。在这个过程中,可顺便统计每个顶点的入度、出度。然后,检查每个顶点,看出度是否等于入度;出度比入度大1的顶点是否只有一个;入度比出度大1的顶点是否只有一个。

代码 const int maxn=10000;

int V,E; // 顶点数 边数 struct edge { int t; // s->t = w char w[30]; // 存储单词本身 int next; };

int p[maxn]; // 表头节点 edge G[maxn]; // 邻接表

// u->v=w, 邻接表节点 l

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