光伏英语_第一章_____一二节课_3
应用光伏学第1章阳光特性讲解
光伏发电的优越性（客观）
①不占用城市昂贵的地皮（多建于沙漠） ②可代替传统的墙面和屋顶材料 ③当地发电当地用，就地取用，无需输电设备 ④若和电网相连，可将剩余电力输给电网 ⑤在电网供电处于高峰期发电，消减城市用电负荷 ⑥属于绿色能源，不污染环境
1、因为大量燃烧化石燃料 会带来多种环境问题 （尤其是环境污染、生态破坏导致气候变化问题）
在过去的100年中全球平均气温上升0.3—0.6℃，海平 面平均上升10—25CM。（温室效应）
预计，若人类不采取减措施，全球气温每10年将升高 0.2℃，到2100年全球平均气温将升高13.5℃。
2、由于化石燃料不可再 生，资源终将枯竭。
2019/6/8
UNSW新南威尔士大学
7
单晶硅电池组件24V 太阳能草坪灯
屋顶光伏 发电系统
高速路 太阳能 监控器
位于澳大 利亚东海岸的 蒙塔古小岛— —— 一个国家 公园和野生动 物保护区，太 阳能点亮了这 里的房子。
图上左边的小太阳能电池板为灯塔提供电力，同 时右边大块的电池板负责为图片里面露出一部分的房 屋供电。房屋里存放着给国家公园守护者和岛上的研 究者的设备。
本世纪初关于世界能源储存数据调查显示：
石油可采量为40年左右 天然气60年左右 煤炭230年左右
促使
寻求新能源取而
代之（预测，本世纪 50年代，直接利用太 阳能的比例将发展到 世界能源结构中的 13-15％）
§ 0.1 太阳能
光伏发电（通常简称为PV）是一种简易而优美的利用 太阳能的方式。光伏器件（太阳能电池）是独特的， 因为它能把入射光线直接转换成电而不会产生噪音、 污染且不需要移动零部件，这使得它们很牢固、可靠 以及寿命长久。需要指出的是，太阳能电池跟通讯及 电脑革命基于同样的原理和材料。
光伏电池及其特性(课堂PPT)
漂移： 自由电子和空穴在电场作用下的定向运动。 结论: 1. 本征半导体的电子空穴成对出现, 且数量少； 2. 半导体中有电子和空穴两种载流子参与导电； 3. 本征半导体导电能力弱，并与温度有关。
19
（2） Extrinsic Semiconductor
Principle of Solar Cells
思考：
light negative electrode negative doped silicon
PN junction positive doped silicon
positive electrode
24
(1) 无光照时,PN结的形成
采用不同的掺杂工艺，将P型半导体与N型半导体制作 在同一硅片上，在它们的交界面处就会形成PN结
Si 2 8 4
Ge 2 8 18 4
简化模型
+4 惯性核
价电子
14
本征半导体
• 本征半导体的原子结构和共价键
共价键内的电子
挣脱原称子为核束束缚缚电的子电子 价带中留下的称空为位自由电子
称为空穴
导带
自由电子定向移动 形成外电电子场流E
禁带EG
束缚电子填补空穴的 定向移动形成空穴流
价带
• 在半导体物理中，通常把这种形成共价键的价电子
N
问题1：为什么可把光伏电池看成一个电流源和一个硅二极管的复合体?
上电极
1.少数载流子的漂移产生电流；
内建电场 下电极
P- +
+
-
N
电流
+-
+++
-- -
光伏基础知识介绍PPT(共 62张)ppt课件
砷化镓
－
燃料敏化
－
TiO2纳米薄 膜
光谱响应特性好，弱光和高温条件下性能 相对较好，耐辐射
光吸收率极高，转换效率高，性能稳定
镉及其化合物有毒，污染 环境
生产成本高，现用于太空 领域，未来有希望应用于 聚热式太阳能发电系统
规模商业化 生产 （First solar）
太空和聚光 太阳能发电
理论转换效率高，透明性好，工艺简单， 生产成本低
使用液体电解质，使用不 便，且对环境有潜在影响
实验室阶段
光伏产业链介绍
（三）组件
光伏产业链介绍
➢ 组件设计
组件设计分三步走： ❖ 确定需求（单晶/多晶、常规/双玻、电压及功率、有框/无框等
等）。 ❖ 根据需求设计组件图纸（根据组件电流电压要求确定是否切片、
串并联数量，确定外形尺寸等）。
❖ 选择合适的材料进行封装并评估其性能（电性能、可靠性等）。
❖ 转换效率η ：太阳电池的最大输出功率 Pm 与入射光功率的比值，
是衡量太阳电池性能的最重要参数；
❖ 填充因子 FF ：太阳电池的最大输出功率 Pm 与短路电流 Isc 、开路 电压 Voc 乘积的比值；
❖ 串联电阻 Rs ：主要是太阳电池的体电阻、表面电阻、电极导体电阻、 电极与硅表面的接触电阻组成。
光伏产业链介绍
➢ 太阳能电池制造流程
化学表面处理
丝网印刷 烧结
PECVD 分档测试
磷扩散 周边及背结刻蚀
光伏产业链介绍
➢ I-V曲线
将太阳电池接上负载。在光照条件下，改变负载的电阻，太阳电池的输出电压V、输出电流 I 和 输出功率 P 将随之变化。记录下 V、I、P 的变化情况，并将数据绘成曲线，将得到上图的曲线， 称为太阳电池的电流－电压特性。
光伏控制英语
IntroductionPhotovoltaic (PV) systems, harnessing the power of sunlight to generate electricity, have emerged as a pivotal component of global renewable energy strategies. The efficient and reliable operation of these systems is largely dependent on sophisticated control mechanisms that optimize their performance, ensure safety, and facilitate seamless integration with electrical grids. This comprehensive analysis delves into various aspects of PV control, exploring the technologies, methodologies, and standards that underpin high-quality, high-standard PV systems.I. Fundamental Principles of Photovoltaic ControlThe core objective of PV control is to maximize energy yield while maintaining system stability and compatibility with the grid. Key principles guiding this endeavor include:1. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): MPPT algorithms dynamically adjust the operating point of the PV array to extract the maximum available power under varying environmental conditions such as solar irradiance and temperature. Advanced MPPT techniques, such as perturb-and-observe, incremental conductance, and fuzzy logic, offer improved tracking accuracy and response time.2. Power Quality Management: PV inverters, responsible for converting DC power from the PV array to AC power compatible with the grid, must adhere to stringent power quality standards. Harmonic distortion, voltage flicker, and reactive power compensation are critical parameters that need to be controlled to prevent grid instability and equipment damage.3. Grid Interfacing and Compliance: PV systems must comply with grid codes and regulations, which vary across jurisdictions. Key requirements include low-voltage ride-through capability, frequency and voltage regulation support, and provision of ancillary services like reactive power control and active power curtailment.II. Advanced Control Strategies for Enhanced Performance1. Distributed MPPT: In large-scale PV installations, employing multiple MPPT units per inverter or using module-level power electronics can significantly enhance overall system efficiency by mitigating the effects of partial shading, module mismatch, and soiling.2. Forecasting and Predictive Control: Integrating weather forecasting and historical data analysis enables proactive control strategies that anticipate changes in solar irradiance and temperature, thereby optimizing power output and reducing energy losses. Machine learning algorithms can further enhance predictive capabilities by learning patterns and adapting to site-specific conditions.3. Hybrid Energy Systems Control: In scenarios where PV is combined with other renewable sources or energy storage, advanced control strategies are necessary to coordinate the operation of these components, ensuring optimal energy utilization, stability, and cost-effectiveness.III. Cybersecurity and Communication ProtocolsAs PV systems increasingly rely on digital communication and remote monitoring, cybersecurity becomes a paramount concern. Ensuring secure data transmission, protecting against cyber threats, and maintaining system integrity are vital for high-quality, high-standard PV control. Key aspects include:1. Secure Communication Protocols: Implementing industry-standard communication protocols like Modbus TCP/IP, DNP3, or IEC 61850, with robust encryption and authentication mechanisms, safeguards against data breaches and unauthorized access.2. Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems: Deploying advanced cybersecurity measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), and regular firmware updates, fortifies PV systems against potential cyberattacks.3. Cybersecurity Standards Compliance: Adhering to international standards like IEC 62443 for industrial control systems security and NIST Cybersecurity Framework ensures a systematic approach to addressing cybersecurity risks in PV systems.IV. Quality Assurance and StandardizationTo guarantee high-quality, high-standard PV control, adherence to rigorous testing, certification, and standardization processes is essential. Key aspects include:1. International Standards: Compliance with international standards like IEC 61727 for MPPT performance evaluation, IEC 61000 for electromagnetic compatibility, and UL 1741 for inverter safety and performance ensures consistency and interoperability across different PV systems and markets.2. Certification and Testing: Third-party certification by recognized bodies like TÜV Rheinland, UL, or Intertek provides independent validation of PV control systems' compliance with relevant standards, enhancing reliability and consumer confidence.3. Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance: Regular system monitoring, performance assessment, and maintenance according to guidelines like O&M Best Practices Guidelines for Photovoltaic Systems ensure sustained high performance and early detection of potential issues.V. Future Perspectives and Technological AdvancesThe ongoing evolution of PV control is driven by advancements in areas such as:1. Digital Twins and Virtual Commissioning: Digital replicas of PV systems enable virtual testing and optimization of control strategies before deployment, reducing commissioning time and costs while enhancing overall system performance.2. Edge Computing and AI: Integrating edge computing devices and artificial intelligence algorithms can enable real-time, autonomous decision-making at the component level, further improving MPPT efficiency, fault detection, and predictive maintenance.3. Grid 2.0 Integration: As power grids transition towards more decentralized, flexible, and intelligent architectures (Grid 2.0), PV control systems will need to adapt to support bi-directional power flows, enhanced grid stability services, and participation in local energy markets.ConclusionHigh-quality, high-standard photovoltaic control is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses advanced control strategies, robust cybersecurity measures, rigorous quality assurance, and continuous adaptation to technological advancements. By diligently addressing these aspects, the global PV sector can accelerate its contribution to a sustainable, resilient, and low-carbon energy future.。
最新光伏基础知识介绍PPT(共 62张)精品PPT课件
光伏产业链介绍(jièshào)
➢ 单多晶硅片比较(bǐjiào)
总体来说，单晶和多晶硅锭的生长方法 (fāngfǎ)各有所长，单晶的转换效率高，但产能 低、能耗大；多晶的转换效率相对较低，但能耗 低、产能大，适合于规模化生产。
第十六页，共63页。
光伏产业链介绍(jièshào)
大规模商 业化生产
多晶硅成本比单晶硅低
转化率相对较低；原料成 本仍相对较高
大规模商 业化生产
可在多种廉价衬底材料上制备，成本低 于晶体硅电池
对太阳光的吸收系数高，因此材料需求 量少，可沉积在各种廉价衬底材料上， 生产成本低，单片电池面积大，适宜于 大规模生产
转化率相对较低
禁带宽度较大，对太阳光 辐射的长波区域不敏感， 致使转换效率难以提高； 有光致衰退现象
掺硼原子(yuánzǐ)（B）
B杂质原子最外层的电子数比硅原子少一个，相当于 B杂质原子最外层多了一个空穴。在常温条件下，B 杂质原子多余的空穴很容易挣脱原子核的束缚。掺B 杂质的Si半导体主要依靠空穴导电，称为p型Si，B杂 质称为受主杂质。
第二十页，共63页。
光伏产业链介绍(jièshào)
➢ PN结
陷引起。
第二十七页，共63页。
光伏产业链介绍(jièshào)
➢ 各种太阳能电池(diànchí)比较
具体分类
转换效率%
单晶硅
17-20
多晶硅
15-18
多晶硅薄膜 10-12
非晶硅薄膜 6-10
优点
缺点
产业化阶 段
技术工艺最为成熟，市场主导产品，转 换效率高，性能稳定
原料成本高，目前受上游 晶体硅供应瓶颈所困
至烧毁。 EVA：容易黄变，粘结性能下降后会出现脱层。 边框：决定了组件机械载荷能力，也是组件各部件（电池片除外）中目前成本最
名师推荐太阳能科技英文课件PhotovoltaicSolarEnergy
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Trend Analysis & Extrapolation
on historical data. • Trend analysis involves several processes. One process is spotting an
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Photovoltaic Solar Energy Futures
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But first a word from our sponsor
The Futurist Tool of the day
Trend Analysis & Extrapolation
• Trend analysis requires that you do more than simply extrapolate the trend forward.
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光伏系统术语中英文对照表
序号术语对照英文注释1施工组织设计construction organization plan以施工项目为对象编制的，用以指导施工的技术、经济和组织管理的综合性文件。
2光伏建筑附加-BAPV building attached photovoltaics 指将太阳能光伏电池组件附着在建筑物上，引出端经过控制器、逆变器与公用电网相连接，形成户用并网光伏系统。
亦称光伏建筑附加。
3光伏建筑一体化-BIPV building Integrated photovoltaics 指将太阳能光伏电池组件集成到建筑物上，同时承担建筑结构功能和光伏发电功能；引出端经过控制器、逆变器与公用电网相连接，从而形成户用并网光伏系统。
亦称光伏建筑一体化4并网光伏电站grid-connected PV power station指接入公用电网（输电网或配电网）运行的光伏电站。
5光伏组件PV module指具有封装及内部联接的，能单独提供直流电的输出，最小不可分割的光伏电池组合装置。
6光伏阵列PV array 指由若干个光伏电池组件或光伏电池板在机械和电气上按一定方式组装在一起并且有固定的支撑结构而构成的直流发电单元，地基、太阳跟踪器、温度控制器等类似的部件不包括在阵列中。
7汇流箱combining manifolds 指在太阳能光伏发电工程中，将一定数量规格相同的光伏组件串联起来，组成一个个光伏串列，然后再将若干个光伏串列并联汇流后接入的装置。
8逆变器grid-connected inverter 指将光伏阵列的直流电转化为交流电，同时又具备各种保护功能并在满足特定的条件下能够实现自动并网的装置。
9光伏支架PV support bracket指太阳能光伏发电系统中为了摆放、安装、固定光伏电池面板而设计的特殊支架。
10调试debugging 指设备在安装过程中及安装结束后、移交生产前，按设计和设备技术文件规定进行调整、整定和一系列试验工作的总称。
光伏专业英语词汇
光伏专业英语词汇Solar photovoltaics, often abbreviated as PV, is a burgeoning field that harnesses the sun's energy to generate electricity. This technology relies on photovoltaic cells, which are the heart of the solar panels.These cells are made from semi-conductive materials, predominantly silicon, that absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, creating an electric current. The efficiency of these cells is a critical metric in the industry, as it determines the amount of power that can be produced per unit of sunlight.The inverter is another key component in a PV system, converting the direct current (DC) generated by the solar panels into alternating current (AC), which is the standard for household and commercial use.Energy storage is an essential aspect of PV systems, especially in off-grid applications. Batteries, oftenlithium-ion, are used to store excess electricity for use during periods of low sunlight or at night.The term "solar irradiance" refers to the power per unit area received from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is a crucial factor in determining the potential output of a solar energy system."Photovoltaic efficiency" is a measure of how well a solar cell converts sunlight into electricity. Higher efficiency cells are more desirable as they can generate more power from the same amount of sunlight."Net metering" is a billing arrangement that allows solar energy system owners to feed excess electricity back into the grid, offsetting their consumption and reducing their utility bills."Solar trackers" are devices that move the solar panels to follow the sun's path across the sky, increasing the amount of sunlight captured and thus enhancing the system's overall performance.Finally, "renewable energy certificates" or RECs are tradable commodities that represent proof that one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from a renewable energy source such as solar PV. They are a way for consumers to support renewable energy without installing their own systems.。
光伏太阳能专业英语词汇
AC交流电Altern ating curren tAmorph ous silico n solarcell 非晶硅太阳能电池Thin-film solarcellsare usuall y produc ed by evapor ating severa l semi-conduc tor filmsonto a so-called "substr ate"Ampère安培Unit indica tingthe streng th of electr ic curren tAssemb lingsystem集成系统System to instal l solarmodule s on roofs, façade s or in the field.Azimut h angle方位角Descri bes the deviat ion from the Southtoward s East-wester n direct ionBuildi ng-integr atedPV (BIPV)Used to descri be a struct ure wherePV replac es conven tiona l materi als and is integr atedinto the buildi ng. Typica lly, a photov oltai c arrayis incorp orate d into the roof or wallsof a buildi ng. Roof tileswith integr atedPV cellscan now be purcha sed. Arrays can also be retrof itted into existi ng buildi ngs; in this case they are usuall y fitted on top of the existi ng roof struct ure. Altern ative ly, an arraycan be locate d separa telyfrom the buildi ng but connec ted by cableto supply powerfor the buildi ng.By-pass diode旁路二极管Conduc ts the electr icity automa tical ly past a module in case it is shadow ed in one series. This is suppos ed to preven t any destru ction due to overhe ating.Circui t 电路A system of conduc torsthat convey electr icity.CdTe solarcell碲化镉太阳能电池Thin-film solarcell made of very thin CdTe semi-conduc tor films(< 3 micron s)CIS solarcellThin-film solarcell made of severa l filmsof differ ently dopedcopper-indium-disele nideCircui t breake r 断路开关A safety device that shutsoff powerwhen it senses too much curren t.Combin er box 和路箱Wherethe electr icalwiring from the PV module s is joined togeth er in parall el to combin e electr icalcurren ts.Conduc tor 导体A materi al that is used to convey electr icity, i.e. wires.Conver sioneffici ency转换效率The percen tageof electr icity that is create d by a solarcell as compar ed to the amount of energy needed to genera te that electr icity.Curren t 电流The flow of electr icity betwee n two points. Measur ed in amps.DC 直流电Direct curren tEnerge tic amorti zatio n period能量偿还期Period of time a photov oltai c system requir es to produc e the energy requir ed for produc tion.Effici ency功率The ratioof output energy to inputenergy.Electr icalgrid 电网A largedistri butio n networ k that delive rs electr icity over a wide area.Electr ode 电极A conduc tor used to lead curren t into or out of a nonmet allic part of a circui t.Energy能量Usable power. Measur ed in kWh.Energy audit能量审核A proces s that determ ineshow much energy you use in your houseor apartm ent.Energy yield能量输出Electr ic energy indica ted in kWh yielde d by a photov oltai c systemENSEquipm ent to contro l the grid with attrib utedall-pole contro l elemen t in series. The ENS includ es a redund ant voltag e and freque ncy contro l of the electr icity grid and evalua tes any leapsascert ained in the grid impeda nce. If the set limits are exceed ed, the ENS will switch off the invert er. When the line voltag e is re-establ ished, the invert er will restar t operat ion automa tical ly. Europe an effici encyrateWeight ed effici encyrate is calcul atedby weight ing differ ent partia l load effici encyratesand the full-load effici encyrate in line with the freque ncy of theirappear ance.Facade system正面系统Photov oltai c system instal led on the facade of a buildi ng or an integr al part of a facade.Feed-in meter输入计Measur ing instru mentfor the supply of electr ic energy into the public powergrid (unit in kWh) Mismat ching interc onnec tionof better and worsemodule s in one string as a conseq uence of whichthe worstmodule of one series determ inesthe electr icity.Fieldsystem野外系统Photov oltai c system instal led in a fieldFlat-roof system平台屋顶系统Photov oltai c system instal led on a flat roof.Fossil fuels矿物燃料Fuelsthat are formed underg round from the remain s of dead plants and animal s. i.e. oil, natura l gas, and coal are fossil fuels.Global radiat ion 总辐射Sum of diffus e, direct and reflec ted solarradiat ion onto a horizo ntalsurfac e.Greenh ouseeffect温室效应When heat from the sun become s trappe d in the Earth's atmosp heredue to certai n gases.Greenh ousegases温室气体The gasesrespon sible for trappi ng heat from the sun within the Earth's atmosp here.i.e. watervapor, carbon dioxid e, methan e, ozone, chloro fluor ocarb ons, and nitrog en oxides.Grid 电网A distri butio n networ k, includ ing towers, poles, and wiresthat a utilit y uses to delive r electr icity. Grid-connec ted PV system并网光伏系统When the electr icity grid is availa ble but electr icity from a cleansource (solar) is desire d, solarpanels can be connec ted to the grid. Provid ed that suffic ientpanels are placed, the applia ncesinthe house/buildi ng will then run on solarelectr icity. A grid-connec ted solarelectr icity system basica lly consis ts of one or more solarpanels, an invert er, cables, the electr ic load and a suppor t struct ure to mountthe solarpanels.Hertz(HZ) 赫兹The freque ncy of electr icalcurren t descri bed in cycles per second, i.e. Applia ncesin the United States use 60 HZ.Invert er 逆变器Conver ts the DC output of the PV system into usable AC output that can be fed direct ly into the buildi ng load.Irradi ance辐照度the amount of solarenergy that strike s a surfac e during a specif ic time period. Measur ed in kilowa tts.I-V curveIV曲线A graphthat plotsthe curren t versus the voltag e from the solarcell as the electr icalload (or resist ance) is increa sed from shortcircui t (no load) to open circui t (maximu m voltag e). The shapeof the curvecharac teriz ing cell perfor mance. Threeimport ant points on the IV curveare the open-circui t voltag e, short-circui t curren t, and peak or maximu m power(operat ing) point. Juncti on box The pointon a solarmodule whereit connec ts, or is strung, to othersolarmodule s. In-roof instal latio n 镶嵌屋顶系统Photov oltai c system whichis integr atedinto the roof claddi ngIsland system独立系统Grid-indepe ndent powersupply systemkWh – kilowa tt hourUnit indica tingenergy/work and corres pondi ng with the perfor mance of one kilowa tt during a period of one hourkWp - Kilowa tt peakUnit indica tingthe maximu m perfor mance understanda rd test concit ions(STC)Load 负载The amount of electr icaldemand used in the buildi ng at any giventime.Mono-crysta lline silico n solarcell 单晶硅太阳能系统Basicraw materi al is a monocr ystal drawnfrom melted silico n.Multi-crysta lline silico n solarcell 多晶硅太阳能电池Basicraw materi al is solarsilico n cast in blocks.Nation al Electr icalCode (NEC) 国家电气代码The U.S. minimu m inspec tionrequir ement s for all typesof electr icalinstal latio ns, includ ing solarsystem s.Nation al Electr icalManufa cture rs Associ ation (NEMA) 国家电力生产商协会The U.S. tradeassoci ation that develo ps standa rds for the electr icalmanufa cturi ng indust ry. NREL The Nation al Renewa ble Energy Labora tory国家可再生能源实验室A nation al lab that concen trate s on studyi ng and develo pingrenewa ble energy source s.Open circui t voltag e 开路电压Maximu m voltag e in an electr ic circui t whichis genera ted when the electr icity I equals zero (depend ing on termpe ratur e).Perfor mance guaran tee 性能质保Extend ed guaran tee of the module produc er for the perfor mance of the solarmodule s.Perfor mance tolera nce 性能公差Tolera nce stated by the produc er with regard s to the nomina l power.Poly-crista lline solarcell 多晶硅太阳能电池See multi-crysta lline silico n solarcell.PSC 电力供应公司Powersupply compan ies.Peak load 最大负荷The larges t amount of electr icity beingused at any one pointduring the day.Photov oltai c (PV) 光伏the conver sionof lightinto electr icity. The term "photo" comesfrom the Greek"phos," meanin g light. "Voltai c" is namedfor Alessa ndroVolta(1745-1827), a pionee r in the studyof electr icity for whom the term "volt" was named. Photov oltai cs, then, means"lightelectr icity."Photov oltai c (PV) module光伏组件A number of photov oltai c cellselectr icall y interc onnec ted and mounte d togeth er, usuall y in a sealed unit of conven ientsize for shippi ng, handli ng and assemb linginto arrays. The term "module" is oftenused interc hange ablywith the term "panel.Photov oltai c array光伏阵列An interc onnec ted system of solarmodule s that functi on as a single electr icity-produc ing unit. Photov oltai c cell 光伏电池（格）This is the basicunit of a solarmodule that collec ts the sun's energy.Photov oltai c system光伏系统A comple te set of compon entsthat conver ts sunlig ht into usable electr icity.Rectif ier 整流器Transf ormsaltern ating curren t into direct curren tRoof inclin ation屋顶倾斜度Angleof a roof toward s the horizo ntalRatedpower额定功率Nomina l poweroutput of an invert er; some unitscannot produc e ratedpowercontin uousl y. Semico nduct or A materi al that has an electr icalconduc tivit y in betwee n that of a metaland an insula tor. Typica l semico nduct ors for PV cellsinclud e silico n, galliu m arseni de, copper indium disele nide, and cadmiu m elluri de.Short-circui t electr icity短路电流Maximu m electr icity in an electr ic circui t, whichis genera ted when the voltag e U at the termin als equals zero (propor tiona l to solarradiat ion).Solargenera torSum of solarmodule s.Specif ic energy yield能量生产率（比能率）Electr ic energy indica ted in kWh and yielde d by a photov oltai c system divide d by the instal led perfor mance (kWp).Standa rd Test Condit ions– STC 标准测试条件Genera l condit ionsunderwhichthe perfom anceof a solarmodule is measur ed in a labora tory. Consta nt factor s for measur ing are: Irradi anceof 1,000W/m²5f; lightspectr um afterpenetr ation of 1.5folddensit y of the atmosp here(AM1,5); temper ature of the solarcell 25°C.Supply meter电源表Measur ing instru mentfor the supply of electr ic energy from the public powergrid (unit in kWh) Termpe ratur e coeffi cient温度系数Indica tes to what extent the indivi dualfactor change s with the temper ature. Temper ature-indepe ndent factor s are voltag e, electr icity and conseq uentl y also perfor mance. Thin-film solarcell 薄膜太能能电池Roughl y a hundre d timesthinne r than crysta lline cells.Indust rialproduc tionproced ure (evapor ation, atomiz ation proced ure…) onto the substr ate lowers the cost. Doping specif ic contam inati on of purest silico n with impuri ty atoms.In a so-called diffus ion proced ure, impure atoms(e.g. borum, phosph or), whichcan give off electr ons, are transp orted belowthe surfac e of the wafers.Three-phasevoltag e contro l 三相电压控制器Equipm ent to contro l the grid. Voltag e contro l of the threephases. If a voltag e fallsbelowa stipul atedlimit, the equipm ent will be switch ed off.Tilt angle倾斜角The angleof inclin ation of a module measur ed from the horizo ntal.Transf ormer变压器Used to step up or down the voltag e emergi ng from the invert er to matchthe requir ed voltag e of the onsite load or the utilit y interc onnec tion.V olt 伏特Unit indica tingthe voltag e.Watt 瓦特Unit indica tingthe perfor mance.WhUnit indica tingthe wattho ur.WpUnit indica tingthe wattpe ak.。
中英文翻译--光伏系统设计-精品
Photovoltaic System Design1 IntroductionAfter PV workers unremitting efforts, solar cell production technology constantly improve, and increasingly widely used in various fields. Posts and telecommunications in particular, the telecommunications industry in recent years because of the rapid development of communication power requirements have become more sophisticated, so stable and reliable power Solar energy is widely used in communications. And how the various regions of solar radiation conditions, to the design of both economic and reliable photovoltaic power system, which is one of the many experts and scholars study the long-standing issue, but there are many excellent research results, for the development of China's photovoltaic laid a solid foundation. The author of the study at the design methodology of experts found that the design has only considered the self-maintenance of battery time (that is, the longest consecutive rainy days), without taking into account the loss of electric batteries as soon as possible after the recovery time (ie, two sets of the longest continuous rain days, the shortest interval between the days). This problem particularly in the southern China region should pay great attention to the southern region because of our rainy day is long too, and for the convenience of independent photovoltaic power system, because there is no other emergency backup power protection, so this problem should be included in the design considered together.In this paper, an integrated design method of the previous advantages, combined with the author over the years actually engaged in the design of photovoltaic power systems experience, the introduction of two sets of the longest consecutive rainy days, the shortest interval between the number of days as the basis for the design of one, and comprehensive consideration of the the impact of solar radiation conditions of the factors that made solar cells, the formula for calculating battery capacity, and related design methods.2 Many factors affect the designSun solar cells on the ground square on the radiation of light spectrum, light intensity by the thickness of the atmosphere (ie air quality), geographic location, the location of the climate and weather, terrain and surface features such as the impact of its energy in one day, January and a year of great change, or even years between the total annual amount of radiation There were also large differences.Square solar photoelectric conversion efficiency, by the battery itself,temperature, sunlight intensity and battery voltage fluctuations, which is three in one day will change, so square photovoltaic solar cell conversion efficiency is also variable.Battery is charging in the float state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature.Solar energy battery charge and discharge controller made by the electronic components manufacturer, it is also necessary energy, while the use of components of performance, quality, etc. is also related to the size of energy consumption, thus affecting the efficiency of charge.Load of electricity, but also as determined by uses, such as communications relay stations, unmanned weather stations and so on, have a fixed power equipment. Some equipment such as a lighthouse, beacon lights, civilian power consumption such as lighting and equipment power consumption are often changing.Therefore, the solar power system design, the need to consider many factors and complex. Characteristics are: the data used in most previous statistical data, the statistical data measurement and data selection are important.Designers of the mission are: In the solar cell matrix under the conditions of the environment (that is, the scene of the geographical location, solar radiation, climate, weather, terrain and surface features, etc.), the design of solar cell and battery power system matrix is We should pay attention to economic efficiency, but also to ensure system reliability.Location of a particular energy of solar radiation data to meteorological information provided the basis for the design of solar cells used phalanx. These meteorological data required to check the accumulation of several years or even decades on average.Various regions on the Earth by sunlight and radiation changes in the cycle for the day, 24h. In a square area of solar cells also have the power output 24h of the cyclical changes in its laws and sun radiation in the region, the changes of the same. However, changes in weather will affect the square of the generating capacity. If you have a few days consecutive rain days, almost square on the power generation should not rely on batteries to power, and battery depth of discharge and then need to be added as soon as possible good. Most designers in order to weather the sun to provide a daily total of radiation energy or the annual average sunshine hours as the design ofthe main data. Each year because of a regional data is not the same as for the sake of reliability should be taken within the last decade of the minimum data. Under the load of electricity consumption, in sunshine and no sunshine when battery power is required. Weather provided by solar power or the total amount of radiation the total sunshine hours on the battery capacity of the size of the decision is indispensable data.Phalanx of the solar cell, the load should include all power system devices (except for use but also have a battery and electrical circuits, controllers, etc.) consumption. Matrix components of the output power and the number of series-parallel, and series are required in order to obtain the operating voltage, in parallel are necessary in order to obtain the current work, an appropriate number of components through which the composition of series-parallel connection of solar cells required phalanx.3 Designed capacity of batteriesSolar cell power supply system is the battery energy storage devices. And solar cell batteries are usually square matching job at Floating state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Its load capacity than the power required is much greater. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature. And solar cells in order to match the job requirements of long life battery and easy maintenance.(1)Battery SelectionAnd be able to support the use of solar cells, many different types of batteries, widely used at present have lead-acid maintenance-free batteries, ordinary lead-acid batteries and alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries of three. Domestic use are mainly maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, because of its inherent "free"maintenance of properties and less polluting to the environment characteristics, it is suitable for the performance of reliable power systems solar power, especially in unattended workstations. Ordinary lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance because of its larger environmental pollution, so the main suitable for the maintenance of the ability or have the use of low-grade occasions. Although alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries have better low-temperature, over-charge, take-off performance, but because of their higher prices, only applies to more special occasions.(2)Calculation of battery capacityBattery capacity to ensure continuous power supply is very important. At one year,the month of matrix generation has very different. Phalanx at the generating capacity can not meet the electricity needs of the month, to rely on battery power give supplement; electricity required in more than month, are relying on batteries to store excess energy.Phalanx so inadequate generating capacity and surplus value, is to determine the basis for one of the battery capacity. Similarly, the continuous overcast and rainy days during the load of electricity must also be obtained from the battery. Therefore, the power consumption during this period to determine the battery capacity is also one of the factors.光伏系统设计1引言经过光伏工作者们坚持不懈的努力，太阳能电池的生产技术不断得到提高，并且日益广泛地应用于各个领域。