托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类
托福阅读tpo28R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo28R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)原文Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes①A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern UnitedStates.②Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.③Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a verticaldirection. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.④Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.⑤Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function.Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut. Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trail. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes.译文鹿和鹿的摩擦①一个表示白尾鹿在小树林中存在的显著标志是雄鹿擦痕。
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福考试几乎是每个店铺的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage1 Why Paleozoic Insects were So Large？为何古生代昆虫如此之大？（重复2016.12.10）本文共4段。
第1段提出Paleozoic 之前大气含氧量不是很大；第2段讲到Paleozoic 含氧量大大提升，因此 insects 可以吸收更多氧气，所以变得更大。
第3段讲到air got denser 所以更多insects可以飞；第4段讲到为什么insects没有变得像飞机一样大，因为都有limit。
Passage 2 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements美索不达米亚和埃及的定居方式（重复2017.11.18）美索不达米亚和埃及的城市分布情况。
美索不达米亚的城市共用语言、钱币，城市间的精英之间有土和资源的竞争，城市和城市之间会进行资源交换，所以其城市的大小取决于可以从相邻城市所获得的利润的多少。
埃及的城市分布在尼罗河流域，每个地区都可以使用到水资源，并且其贸易很公平，埃及的城市的人口分布非常均匀，所以埃及的城市时间比美索不达米亚的时间长。
Passage 3 The Chaco Roads查科道路（重复2017.02.25）主要讲的是美国有一个地方道路有神秘性，平时没有动物或者推车之类的经过。
对于这个地方有两种不同的说法。
一是这条路还是目的在于交通和运输，另一个说法是除了交通运输的作用，这条道路可能也有着某些宗教性用途，论证的过程中有图片作为证据。
细节描述了几条从Chaco峡谷里的大房子Pueblo Bonito 和大房子Chetro Ketl 延伸出来的狭窄小路向上攀升，攀上了Chaco峡谷的北缘，然后这几条小路汇聚于Pueblo Alto变成一条道路。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO2--2 Desert Formation
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO2(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Desert Formation托福阅读原文The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Waterabsorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over cultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and over irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing useof dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.托福阅读试题1. The word threatenedin the passage paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.RestrictedB.EndangeredC.PreventedD.Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of thefollowing consequences for soil?A.Increasedstony contentB.Reducedwater absorptionC.Increasednumbers of spaces in the soilD.Reducedwater run off3. Theword delicate(paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.FragileB.PredictableplexD.Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA.Adjustingto stresses created by settlementB.Retainingtheir fertility after desertificationC.Providingwater for irrigating cropsD.Attractingpopulations in search of food and fuel5. Theword progressively(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest inmeaning toA.OpenlyB.ImpressivelyC.ObjectivelyD.Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated withraising crops?ckof proper irrigation techniquesB.Failureto plant crops suited to the particular areaC.Removalof the original vegetationD.Excessiveuse of dried animal waste7. Thephrase devoid of(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.ConsistingofB.HiddenbyC.Exceptforckingin8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess water isa factorin desertification because it canA.Interferewith the irrigation of landB.Limitthe evaporation of waterC.Requiremore absorption of air by the soilD.Bringsalts to the surface9. Allof the following are mentioned in the passage as contributingtodesertification EXCEPTA.SoilerosionB.GlobalwarmingC.InsufficientirrigationD.Theraising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?A.Desertificationis a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.B.Slowingdown the process of desertification is difficult because of population growththat has spread over large areas of land.C.Thespread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved onlyif large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D.Desertificationis extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areasaffected.11. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which ofthe following about the future of desertification?ernmentswill act quickly to control further desertification.B.Thefactors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in thefuture.C.Desertificationwill continue to increase.D.Desertificationwill soon occur in all areas of the world.12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where wouldthe sentence best fit?Thiseconomic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of landsusceptible to overgrazing.■【A】The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiaridlands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■【B】Theconsequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are thereduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of thesoil. ■【C】This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and acceleratederosion.■【D】13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Manyfactors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recentdecades.A.Growinghuman populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth haveupset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B.Asperiods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of anumber ofdifferent crops have increased.C.Excessivenumbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses andtrees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D.Extensiveirrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a processthat reduces water and air absorption.E.Animaldung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F.Grassesare generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.托福阅读答案1-6.BBAADC7-12.DDCACB13.ACD。
新托福阅读真题解析题目：热带雨林生物多样性
新托福阅读真题解析题目：热带雨林生物多样性对于托福阅读考试，想要回忆出完整回忆是一个很大的工作量，这里小编为大家整理了一些新托福阅读考试的真题解题，希望可以为大家托福阅读的备考带来些帮助。
本次分享的新托福阅读真题是：热带雨林生物多样性，大家一起来看看吧。
新托福阅读真题解析题目：热带雨林生物多样性热带雨林生物多样性2017年4月23日托福阅读内容回顾：讲热带雨林生物多样性的，就说这里为什么会有这么多样的植物，因为经历过物种隔离所以这些植物就各长各的，而且这里不存在某一个物种的dominant或是 suppress其他物种，因为有一些吃幼苗的虫子会把离它们最近的同一类植物的幼苗吃掉，所以没有出现某类植物数量明显多于其他类的现象，再有就是因为植物多啊之类的原因所以生物也多。
热带雨林生物多样性原因，经历过物种隔离，不存在某一个物种占主导或者压制另一个物种的生长;又一些吃幼苗的虫子会把理它们最近的同一类植物的幼苗吃掉，没有出现植物数量明显多于其他种类的情况。
雨林中植物种类本身也多。
参考练习：官方真题Official 03：The Long-T erm Stability of Ecosystems 官方真题Official 17：Animal Signals In The Rain Forest官方真题Official 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems官方真题Official 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions新托福阅读题目:太平洋物种多样性托福阅读题目考试日期：2017年10月21日新托福阅读题目Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific Islands太平洋物种多样性。
有关太平洋群岛上的物种, 给了一幅图影响群岛上的物种的因素有land size、经度(越东越isolated species越少)、纬度(纬度高的不易有tropical plants)、wind，wind独立一段讨论。
托福培训丨植物在托福听力中的常见出场方式
托福培训丨植物在托福听力中的常见出场方式朗阁托福培训中心吴灵燕但凡对于托福考试有一点了解的学生就知道生物学在整个托福考试中的重要性，其出现的比例之大可能类似于米饭出现在南方人的餐桌上的概率了。
而从如今的考题趋势来看，现在的考试中生物学的内容不仅仅考动物，植物学以及衍生的农业技术都成为了如今考试的重点。
本文中，朗阁托福培训中心的专家将说说植物在托福听力中的常见考察点。
TPO中出现的部分植物种类首先，我们简略地整理一下TPO中出现的植物。
TPO 32 Lecture 2考到了橡树oak tree。
橡树是世界上最大的开花植物，生命期很长，果实是鼠类的食物，橡树是美国的国树。
这篇文章中提到了食物链关系，考到了老鼠、蛾子、橡树以及橡树叶子的关系。
TPO 27 Lecture 1考到了红树mangrove。
红树一般生长在沿海的岸边，泥土松软的潮肩带，这些地方的基层不怎么稳定，盐分比较高。
红树的根起呼吸作用，并能使它在被水淹没的情况下都能生存，被称为“植物海水淡化器”。
这篇文章主要讲了红树的根能够分解污染物，从而保护珊瑚的生长环境。
TPO 25 Lecture 1考到了榧树Florida Torrey。
榧树属于乔木类植物，榧树的种子有很大的药用价值，能够驱蚊虫。
一、植物的光合作用(photosynthesis)Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light, energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism’s activities.不论对于植物还是人类乃至整个地球来说，光和作用都是非常重要的过程。
简单来说，光和作用就是绿色植物利用光能将其所吸收的二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)和水转化为有机物(organics), 并释放出氧气(oxygen)的过程。
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读 题材结构科目分类
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读题材结构科目分类自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development6 TPO 29-2：Competition7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles三、生态/环境/能源1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07-2：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?结构体裁难度系数现象到解释：形成过程Exposition 现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：原因：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Historical现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition5现象到解释：对比Exposition 现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）理论解释（新旧对比）现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释总分：分类起源及发展Historical起源及发展Historical现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释总分：分类Historical HistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistorical 现象到解释Historical 现象到解释Historical现象描述：分类Exposition起源及发展Historicalcandinavia起源及发展Historical现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分HistoricalHistorical 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释： Classification Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical Exposition 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）。
windpollination托福阅读
windpollination托福阅读引言植物的繁殖方式多种多样，其中风媒传粉是一种常见的方式。
本篇文章将介绍风媒传粉的过程、特点以及与其他传粉方式的比较。
一、风媒传粉的定义风媒传粉是指植物利用风力将花粉传递到其他植物的传粉方式。
与昆虫媒介的传粉方式不同，风媒传粉不依赖于动物，而是利用风的力量来传播花粉。
二、风媒传粉的过程风媒传粉的过程相对简单，主要包括三个步骤：2.1花粉的制备风媒传粉植物的花粉通常较为轻盈，表面光滑，不具有黏性。
这样的花粉更容易被风力吹散，并且能够在风中远距离传播。
2.2花朵的结构为了适应风媒传粉，这类植物的花朵通常开放宽大，花瓣不明显，花药突出。
这种结构使得风能够轻松地吹散花粉。
2.3花粉的传播当风吹过花朵时，花粉会随着风流被带到其他植物的花器官上，完成传粉的过程。
由于风的不确定性，风媒传粉的效率相对较低，但能够覆盖较大的范围。
三、风媒传粉与其他传粉方式的比较3.1风媒传粉与昆虫媒介与风媒传粉相比，昆虫媒介的传粉方式更为常见。
昆虫通过访花取食的行为，将花粉从一朵花传到另一朵花上。
相比之下，风媒传粉不依赖于昆虫，能够适应更多的环境条件。
3.2风媒传粉与水媒传粉水媒传粉主要发生在水生植物之间。
水流能够将花粉带到其他植物的位置，但限制在水域内。
相比之下，风能够将花粉传播到更远的地方，适应陆地上更广泛的植物种群。
3.3风媒传粉的优势风媒传粉的主要优势在于适应性强。
由于不依赖于特定的媒介动物或水流，风媒传粉的植物可以生长在干旱、高寒等环境下，扩大了它们的分布范围。
四、风媒传粉的例子4.1麦类植物麦类植物是典型的风媒传粉植物，如小麦、大麦等。
它们的花序开放宽大，容易被风吹动，将花粉散布到其他植物上，确保了它们的繁殖。
4.2草类植物草类植物中有很多也是通过风媒传粉来进行繁殖的，如牧草、禾本科植物等。
它们的花朵数量众多，花粉轻盈，通过风力传播，以确保种群的延续。
结论风媒传粉是一种常见的植物繁殖方式，与其他传粉方式相比，它具有适应范围广、不受媒介限制等特点。
指代题托福阅读应试技巧
指代题托福阅读应试技巧指代题托福阅读应试技巧托福考试分为听力、阅读、写作和口语四部分。
出国托福频道根据托福考试题型构成，为各位考生提供了托福听力、托福口语、托福作文、托福阅读四个方向的复习资料，欢迎大家参考借鉴。
TYPE6指代题指代题，顾名思义，问文中代词，such as they, them, it, others, 这些代词指代的是什么，接下来我要给大家讲的东西，可能会颠覆你从前作指代题的思路，相信我，我会让你很爽很high很准确的做对每一道指代题!无耻技巧1 and 解题步骤1指代题的选项设置一般是这样的，一个正确的，两个在代词之前的，一个代词之后的，基本上这几个都在文章中出现过。
请大家想一下，在文章不同位置出现的词，所以表达的意思就是不同的，如果把它们的位置顺序颠倒，那么一定是不通顺不符合句意的。
举个例子吧：我深爱我的实验室，因为每天都有许多美女师妹来这里做实验。
此外，它旁边还有一个很棒的图书馆。
It有许多很经典的'小说。
Question：The word it refers toA 实验室B 实验C图书馆D小说有同学说这还用想么，图书馆呗，是，给你中文谁都能做对，但是给你英文呢，给你托福这种夹杂着大量专业词汇和复杂句式的文章，你能像读上面的话那样通6顺么!!So，开始运用我们无耻技巧1，同时也是指代题的step1：读一下有代词的那句话，然后带入四个选项，选出通顺的一个。
其他三个基本是不靠谱的。
看上面的题，it 有许多经典的小说。
带入A 实验室有许多经典的小说??实验室是最实验的，只有实验器材啊带入B实验有许多经典的小说??更不通了带入C 图书馆有许多经典的小说，很通顺啊!带入D 小说有许多经典的小说这是人话么哈哈哈哈当你们接受了这种思路之后，给大家一个英文的例子。
These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movements.They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.The word they refers toA powerful musclesB bodiesC jawsD flying reptiles开始运用我上面介绍的方法：先读一下那句话：他们一定是专业的G(我默认你不认识gliders滑翔机)，而不是技巧熟练的飞行员，依靠风力移动。
托福阅读tpo55R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO55 阅读-2 Evolution of the Flowering Plants原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (7)背景知识 (8)原文Evolution of the Flowering Plants①Many aspects of the history of flowering plants (angiosperms) remain mysterious. Evidence of the earliest angiosperms comes from fossilized leaves, stems, fruits, pollen, and, very rarely, flowers. In addition, there has been much study of modern plant morphology (structure) and genetics in order to determine which living species might be most closely related to the ancient ancestors of angiosperms. Despite intensive efforts for over 200 years, scientists have still not reached consensus on which type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms, and when and where the angiosperms first evolved. Indeed, Charles Darwin himself called the origin of the flowering plants an “abominable mystery.”②What type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms? Most botanists now agree that the flowering plants are monophyletic in origin, meaning that they evolved from a common ancestor. Some paleontologists have suggested that the common ancestor may have been a type of cycad (palmlike tropical plants). Other paleontologists maintain that the angiosperms may have evolved from seed-bearing ferns. Finally, analysis of the morphological traits of some primitive living plants suggests that the ancestor may have been related to the modern pines. The question of angiosperm ancestry remains unresolved.③The time and place of the first appearance of flowering plants have long been a topic of great interest. There is good fossil evidence that early angiosperms, including a number resembling modern magnolias, were present in the Early Cretaceous geologic period (more than 100 million years ago). Angiosperms became increasingly abundant during this period. Between 100 million and 65 million years ago, a period known as the Late Cretaceous, angiosperms increased from less than 1 percent of flora (plant life) to well over 50 percent. Many of the modern plant families appeared during this time period. In the Early Tertiary period which followed, angiosperms increased to comprise 90 percent or more ofEarth’s total flora. Where did these successful plants first originate and spread from?④Analysis of the fossil leaf structure and geographic distribution of the earliest Cretaceous angiosperms has led many biogeographers to conclude that they evolved in the tropics and then migrated poleward. It is known that angiosperms did not become dominant in the high latitudes until the Late Cretaceous. Paleontologists have recovered fossil angiosperm leaves, stems, and pollen from Early Cretaceous deposits in eastern South America and western Africa. These two continents were joined together as part of Gondwanaland, one of two supercontinents that existed at that time. The locations of these early angiosperm finds would have been close to the equator during the Early Cretaceous and are conformable with a model by which angiosperms spread from the tropics poleward.⑤Not all botanists agree with an African-South American center for the evolution and dispersal of the angiosperms, pointing out that many of the most primitive forms of flowering plants are found in the South Pacific, including portions of Fiji, New Caledonia, New Guinea, eastern Australia, and the Malay Archipelago. Recent genetic research has identified the rare tropical shrub Amborella as being the living plant most closely related to the ancient ancestor of all the angiosperms. This small shrub, which has tiny yellow-white flowers and red fruit, is found only on New Caledonia, a group of islands in the South Pacific. Many botanists conclude that the best explanation for the large numbers of primitive living angiosperms in the South Pacific region is that this is where the flowering plants first evolved and these modern species are relics of this early evolution. Comparisons of the DNA of Amborella and many hundreds of species of flowering plants suggest that the first angiosperm arose and the development of separate species occurred about 135 million years ago.⑥Recently discovered fossils complicate our understanding of the origin of the angiosperms even further. Paleontologists from China have found beautifully preserved fossils of an angiosperm plant, including flowers and seeds, in Jurassic period deposits from China. The site, which is about 130 million years old, is near modern Beijing. The new fossil plant found at the site is one of the oldest known angiosperms. The age of the fossils and the very primitive features of the flowers have led the discoverers to suggest that the earliest flowering plants may have evolved in northern Asia.译文开花植物进化史①开花植物(被子植物)历史的很多方面仍然是神秘的。
托福阅读TPO2答案解析
托福阅读TPO2(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Early Cinema托福阅读答案1-6.CBCBCD7-12.ADBAAD13.CEF托福阅读译文电影院的播放技术从最初的西洋镜形式演变为将影像投影到幽暗的影院屏幕，这一转变使得电影院大众化消费成为可能。
在通过西洋镜播放电影的年代里，人们只能通过播放仪器的一个专门设置的小窗口来看电影。
到了1894 年，托马斯•爱迪生发明的活动电影放映机公布于众，这种放映机仅适用于活动电影放映室或电影娱乐城。
它里面仅包含少量的独立播放器，每次仅允许一个顾客观看一部50 张胶卷的小短片。
第一个电影放映厅的放映机中有五台播放器。
价格是25 美分/次，（每台播放器观看价格是5 美分）。
观众们从一个播放器换到下一个播放器依次观看不同的影片（就像有名的职业拳击赛，每场都要连续进行好几轮比赛）。
这些电影播放厅是仿照留声机播放厅设计的，这也证明了爱迪生前几年的设计非常成功。
在留声机播放厅中，顾客们通过独立的耳管听取已经录制好的声音，从一台机器换到另一台听取不同演讲或音乐的录音。
电影放映室的功能与之类似。
相比之下，爱迪生对这些电影放映机（每台一千美元）的销售更感兴趣，而不是那些需要放映的电影（每部10-15 美元）。
他不愿研究投影技术，因为他认为如果研发并且销售投影机，电影放映者就只会买一台投影机而不是几台。
然而，电影放映者们期望将自己的收益最大化，他们希望能更简易地将少量电影同时放映给几百个顾客（而不是每次为一个顾客播放一次电影），每次收费25到50 美分。
在1894 年电影放映机公布的一年之后，摄影师如Louis 和Auguste Lumiere，Thomas Armat 和Charles Francis Jenkins，Orville 和WoodvilleLatham 以及爱迪生先前的助手William Dickson 将投影设备变得更加完善。
这些早期的投影机在众多场合为大众观众播放电影，如：杂技剧团、正当的影院、当地镇上的礼堂、临时的影院店面、露天游乐场和游乐园等。
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托福阅读Unit2指代
技巧2：相邻两句，主语对应
• The mountain’s summit is broad and rounded. It
• Eg2: Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
Lesson 2 指代题 植物
Ⅰ应试技巧
托福阅读Unit2指代题植物
知己知彼百战不殆：
ETS 指代题出题思路
• 常见提问方式：
– The word X in the passage refers to…
• 原文大量的词意对应 • 考题随机挖取，代词替换
Hale Waihona Puke 2011-11-43
见招拆招：
• 指代题无非就是本句读懂，上 一句话读懂，而已。
The word others in the passage refers to: A: masters B: baskets C: pendants D: surfaces
托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类
• 词意替代≈
指代题+细节题+词汇题
• 没反应过来怎么办？
2011-11-4
10
技巧1：指代题一般往前找
is 14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile.
• The ecosystems of the Earth provide an array of free public services that are essential for the
The word they in the passage refers to: A: future explosions B: pent-up aggressive impulses C: outlets D: indirect ways
托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类
• Eg3: Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets’ surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.
牛刀小试
• Eg1: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. The word it in the passage refers to: A: the advent of projection B: the viewer’s relationship with the image C: a similar machine D: Celluloid 托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类
support of civilizations. They maintain the
quality of the atmosphere , provide food from the sea….
解题原则：
• 词意对应
– 文章中不同的位置的不同的单词来表达 同一语境。
托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类
• Eg1: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others.
The word It in the passage refers to: A: the advent of projection B: the viewer’s relationship with the image C: a similar machine D: celluloid
托福阅读Unit2指代题植物类