国际营销 亚马逊 4ps 英文双语 案例
国际营销英文版第16版第1章
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Developing Global Awareness
To be globally aware is to have: tolerance of cultural differences and knowledge of cultures, history, world market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends
The Internationalization of U.S. Businesses
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The International Marketing Task
One
Two
Three
Four
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Exhibit 1.2 Selected U.S. Companies and Their International Sales
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The Orientation of International Marketing
Environmental/cultural approach Relate the foreign environment to the marketing process Illustrate how culture influences the marketing task The cultural environment within which the marketer must implement marketing plans can change dramatically from country to country
Source: Compiled from annual reports of listed firms, 2021
4C营销理论——中英文单词
4C营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Cs）4R营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Rs）4P营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Ps）感性营销（Sensibility Marketing）利基营销（Niche Marketing）交叉营销（Cross Marketing）知识营销（Information Marketing）文化营销（Cultural Marketing）服务营销(Services Marketing)体验营销(Experience Marketing)定制营销(Customization Marketing)色彩营销（Color Marketing）绿色营销(Green Marketing)关系营销(Relationship Marketing)合作营销(The Co Marketing Solution)伙伴营销(Partnership Marketing)一对一营销(One-to-One Marketing)差异化营销(Difference Marketing)大市场营销（Big Marketing）个性化营销(Personalization Marketing)堡垒式营销（Focalization Marketing）数据库营销（Data base Marketing）服务分销策略（Services Distribution Strategy）服务促销策略（Services Sales Promotion Strategy）整合营销传播（Integrated Marketing Communications, IMC)水坝式经营（Dam Operation）战略营销联盟(Strategic Marketing Union)网络数据库营销（Internet Data base Marketing）“整时营销”与“晚盈利”（Profit by Timing Marketing and Lag Profit Marketing) 管理篇目标管理（Management by Objectives, MBO）标杆瞄准（Benchmarking)开明管理（Open Management）宽容管理（Allowance Management）危机管理（Crisis Management）标杆管理（Benchmarking Management）人格管理（Character Management）品牌管理（Brand Management）变革管理（Change Management）沟通管理（Communication Management）走动管理（Management by Walking Around，MBWA）价值管理（Value Management）钩稽管理（Innovation and Practice Management）能本管理(Capacity Core Management)绩效管理（Managing For Performance）赋权管理（Delegation Management）灵捷管理（Celerity Management）物流管理(Logistics Management/Physical Distribution ) (Physical Distribution为传统意义上的物流)知识管理（Knowledge Management）时间管理（Time-Management）互动管理（Interactive Management）T型管理(T Management)预算管理（Budget Management）末日管理（End Management）柔性管理(Soft Management)例外管理（Exception Management）K型管理(K Management)EVA管理(Economic Value Added, EVA)5S管理法（5S ：Seiri、Seiten、Seigo、Seiketsu、Shitsuke）零缺陷管理（Zero Defects）一分钟管理（One Minute Management）供应链管理（Supply Chain Management, SCM）客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management，CRM）产品数据管理(Product Data Management, PDM)过程质量管理法（Process of Quality Management）管理驾驶舱（Cockpit of Management）OEC管理法(Over All Every Control and Clear)数字化管理(Digital Management)海豚式管理(Management as Porpoise)丰田式管理（Toyota- Management）跨文化管理（Span-Culture Management）蚂蚁式管理（Style of Ant Management）购销比价管理（Purchase by Grade Management）企业内容管理（Enterprise Content Management）企业健康管理（Health of Enterprise Management）薪酬外包管理（Salary Epibolic Management）戴明的质量管理(William Edwards Dem’s Quality Management)六西格玛管理法(Six Sigma)倒金字塔管理（Handstand Pyramidal Management）变形虫式管理(Amoeba Management)定律篇木桶定律（Cannikin Law）墨菲定律(Moffe's Law)羊群效应（Sheep-Flock Effect）帕金森定律（Parkinson's Law）华盛顿合作定律(Washington Company Law)手表定律（Watch Law）蘑菇定律（Mushroom Law）鲇鱼效应（Weever Effect）飞轮效应（Flywheel Effect）光环效应（Halo Effect）马太效应（Matthew Effect）蝴蝶效应（Butterfly Effect）多米诺效应（Domicile Effect）皮格马利翁效应（Pygmalion Effect）彼德原理(The Peter Principle)破窗理论（Break Pane Law）路径依赖（Path Dependence）奥卡姆剃刀（Occam's Razor）博弈论(Game Theory)定位法则（Orientation Law）80/20原理（80/20 Law）X理论-Y理论（Theory X- Theory Y）超Y理论（Exceed theory Y）综合篇7S模型（Principle of 7S）ABC分析法（ABC-Analysis）SWOT分析(SWOT Analysis)波士顿矩阵法（Boston Matrix Analysis）新7S原则(Principle of New 7S)PDCA循环（PDCA Cyc）平衡记分卡(Balanced Score Card)品管圈（Quality Control Circle，QCC）零库存（In-Time Inventory）顾客份额（Constituency Share）业务流程重组(Business Process Reengineer)动态薪酬（Dynamic Salary）管理审计（Managed Audit）管理层收购（Management Buy-out）逆向供应链(Reverse Supply Chain)宽带薪酬设计（Broad Band Salary Design）员工持股计划（Employee Stock Ownership Plan，ESOP）人力资源外包（Epiboly HR）360度绩效反馈(360-Degree Performance Feedback)人力资源价值链（Human Resource Value Chain）柯氏模式（Kirkpatrick Model）归因模型(Attribution Model)期望模型（Expectancy Model）五力模型(The Five-force Model)安东尼模型（Anthony Model）CS经营战略（Customer Satisfaction）532绩效考核模型（532 Performance Appraisal Model）101℃理论（101℃Theory）双因素激励理论（Dual Stimulant Theory）注意力经济（The Economy of Attention）灵捷竞争（Adroitly Compete）德尔菲法（Delphi Technique）执行力(Execution)领导力(Leadership)学习力（Learning Capacity）企业教练（Corporate Coach）首席知识官（Chief Knowledge Officer）第五级领导者（Fifth Rank Leader）智力资本（Intellect Capital）智能资本(Intellectual Capital)高情商团队（High EQ Team）学习型组织（Learning Organization）知识型企业（Knowledge Enterprise）高智商企业（Knowledge-Intensive Enterprise）灵捷组织（Adroitly Organization）虚拟企业（Virtual Enterprise，VE）4Cs营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 4Cs)随着市场竞争日趋激烈，媒介传播速度越来越快，4Ps理论越来越受到挑战。
4P营销理论案例分析——华莱士
4P营销理论案例分析——华莱士一、4ps理论概念4Ps营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 4Ps)产生于20世纪60年代的美国，是随着营销组合理论的提出而出现的。
1953年，尼尔•博登在美国市场营销学会的就职演说中创造了“市场营销组合”这一术语，其意是指市场需求或多或少的在某种程度上受到所谓“营销变量”或“营销要素”的影响。
为了寻求一定的市场反应，企业要对这些要素进行有效的组合，从而满足市场需求，获得最大利润。
二、4ps理论分析A、产品角度（Product ）华莱士总部根据市场细分的原则，在选定的目标市场内，确定消费者需求，有针对性地发现口味好和口感棒的食品，以满足消费者对美味的需要。
如华莱士是中国本土最大的一家集产品开发、生产、销售为一体的西式快餐企业。
在快餐市场上，华莱士公司根据不同地区的环境特点，考虑不同的消费需求，提供不同口味的快餐。
并且，快餐是我们生活中不可或缺的主食类餐饮行业，以其服务快，卫生健康深受广大消费者喜爱。
西式快餐中，比较有名的是肯德基和麦当劳，都是国外的品牌，西式快餐一直没有国内品牌，这也是华莱士快餐为什么要建立自己的西式快餐品牌的原因。
华莱士吸收了国外快餐品牌的优点和经验，以中国本土的食材加上做工，开发了一系列适合中国人口味的快餐品牌-华莱士快餐。
B、价格（Price ）华莱士定价的目的是树立和维护华莱士的品牌和品质形象。
具体的定价策略如下：1、满意定价策略：又称平价销售策略，是介于和渗透定价之间的一种定价策略是指产品销售以稳定价格和预期销售额的稳定增长为目标，力求将价格定在一个适中水平上，所以也称为稳定价格策略。
2、华莱士定价的原则：①产品价格即消费者认可的产品价值；②消费者更关注华莱士快餐的口感。
C、渠道（Place ）华莱士的渠道组合策略如下：1、采取直供分销制，自建营销网络华莱士作为国内著名的洋式快餐加盟品牌，是中国本土最大一家集产品开发、生产、销售为一体的快餐企业。
4Ps营销理论案例分析
4Ps营销理论案例分析4Ps营销理论案例分析案例分析一：基于4Ps的人力资源管理营销策略组合[3]在对企业内部员工进行市场细分的基础上，借用市场营销的基本策略组合:4ps—产品(product)、价格(price）、分销(place)和促销（Promotion)可以帮助企业人力资源部门更好地完成各种人力资源管理”产品”的”生产”与”推广”。
具体而言对于人力资源管理的营销可以针对以下三个目标市场展开企业高层管理人员直线经理(同级部门经理)和基层员工。
1.人力资源管理的一产品策略针对不同层次人员对人力资源管理的不同需求.开发相应的人力资源管理的“产品”有利于提高员工的满足感营造和谐的劳资关系。
由于不同职位层次的员工具体承担的任务、职责有所不同企业的各项人力资源政策和各种人力资源计划在具体执行时，其内容、方法等方面相应地也有所差别。
以培训”产品”(培训计划或培训项目)为例，针对高层管理人员的培训”产品”通常以新理论、新观念、新方法为主要内容常用的方法有案例分析与研究、文件处理、商业游戏等;而针对直线经理的培训”产品”则通常以具体的管理方法、管理沟通技巧为主适当增加相关理论内容，常以小组‘(团队)的方式.通过角色扮演、街论等方法进行:对于基层员工的培训则主要侧重‘般的理论知识、专业知识和业务操作技能方法上多采取听讲座、视听教学、学徒制等。
2.人力资源管理的“定价策略”人力资源管理的“产品价格”并非真正的商品销售价格而是通过一定的方法为各种人力资源管理的“产品”贴上一个标签(类似“价签”)从而体现各项人力资源政策和计划的价值丈能为员工带来的益处)。
而这些方法则可被喻为”定价策略”。
例如积分式培训，这种方式是由人力资源管理者根据本企业的实际情况设计适当的课程系列并将设计出的各类课程标记上合适的分值，所有员工根据其所在层级和职务被给予一定数量的原始选修积分以用于选修特定的培训课程，选修了某门课程的员工将被减去该课程所标记的选修分值而根据企业需要参与了培训课程授课的员工将被奖励一定数量的选修积分，同时选修了某门课程的员工将根据其培训绩效加上相应数量的培训积分。
国际市场营销英文ppt课件
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2.(1 )International Marketing(P10)
1-24
5) Developing a Global Awareness
To be globally aware is to have: tolerance of cultural differences knowledge of cultures, history, world
market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends
1-4
Part Three Research of the international marketing (Chapter 8)
Part Four STP (Chapter12 )
Segmentation Targeting Positioning
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Part Five 4Ps
International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit.
跨境电商英语Unit 4——选品
sign-up 报名者；注册用户 =registered user
closed listing 商品页面关闭如果你选择关闭特定listing，它便会在库存页面上显示“inactive”的状态，意味着它还在你的库存页面，但买家看不到这个listing。也就是说，关闭listing会移除店铺的产品，但它不会从库存中删除产品数据。
跨境电商英语
English for Cross-border E-commerce
模块二
售前准备
Pre-sale Preparation
Unit 4
选品
Product Selection
Warm-up question
Passage 1Words and expressionsUnderstandingSentences
durability /ˌdjʊərəˈbɪləti/ n. The state or quality of being durable; the power of resisting agents or influences which tend to cause changes, decay, or dissolution; lastingness 持久性，耐用性Eg: Airlines recommend hard-sided cases for durability. 航空公司推荐使用硬边的提箱以求耐用。
buzz /bʌz/adj. You can use buzz to refer to a word, idea, or activity which has recently become extremely popular. 流行的Eg: The buzz phrase in the industry is content anywhere.
国际营销英文版(自己亲手整理)
CH11. Definition of MarketingMarketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. 2. Core Concepts of Marketinga. Target Markets ＆Segmentationb. Needs, Wants, and Demandsc. Product or offeringd. Value and satisfactione. Exchange and Transactionsf. Relationships and networksg. Marketing channelsh. Supply Chaini. Competitionj. Marketing Environment 3、 Simple Marketing SystemIndustryMarket（a collection of sellers ） a collection of buyers ）4. Company Orientations(导向) Towards the Marketplace（1）production concept 生产导向 expand resources→ Consumers prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive daily commodities （生活须品） (成本) （价格） （2）product Concept 产品导向 research development ，innovation→ Consumers favor products that offer the most quality, performance or Innovative features.（reliability ） （speed ）Risky（3）selling concept 销售导向 advertise, promote sales→ Consumers will buy products only if the company aggressively promotes/sells theseproducts. （4）marketing concept 市场导向→ focuses on needs/wants of target markets&delivering value better than Competitors 5. Customer Delivered Value（a ） the Selling conceptStarting point focus means ends（b ） the marketing Concept6. Evolving Views of Marketing’s roleprofits through sales volume selling and promotionExisting products Factoryprofits through customer satisfactionIntegrated marketingcustomer needss Marketa Marketing as an equal function b. Marketing as more important function. ProductionC.Marketing as the major function d . The customer as the Controlling factor other sections need to Serve for Marketing and achieve the marketing needse. The customer as the Controlling function and marketing as the integrative function.project manager 项目经理→Solve Customer’s problems and Contact the customers 7. need 、want 、 demandneed: basic requirements for people’s survival （ food, clothes ） want: more advanced/specific requirements （coke, KFC ）demand: not only specific requirements but also the ability of payment 8. The Four Ps The Four Cs Marketing Mix （营销组合）【Combination of techniques and skills and marketing condition 】➢ Product →Customer Solution （not only Consider the quality, performance, features ofproducts but also brand, related service）➢Price→定价cost of production, profits, demand, competitors.➢Promotion→specific methods used to push customers to buy product（gifts. discount, Coupon）give stimulators➢place→move the product from the manufacturer➢where we buy→retailers （distribution channels）, where the market locatedThe Four Cs➢Convenience for place➢Customer Solution products + services➢Customer Cost customers are more likely to but Products with more convenience➢Communication for Promotion information about the product, company, promotional information（benefits）though media, face-to-face communications9. Customer Satisfactioncustomer Satisfaction →value →benefit ÷cost①increase the benefits and reduce the costs at the same time→technology changeiphone, car②increase the benefits reserve the cost steady at the same time→手机、加量不如价③reserve the benefits and reduce the costs at the same time→促销（New Arrival）④increase the benefits by more than increasing the cost→iphone Plus⑤reduce the cost by more than reducing the benefits10.transaction 交易five Conditions must be satisfied to achieve transaction①at least two parties②each party must have something valve to the other party③each party is capable of the ability of communication and delivery④each party believes appropriate or desirable to deal with other parties→both of them canbenefit from the transaction not a zero Sum game but a win-win gameone winner one loser⑤each party is free to accept or reject the exchange and offer→not much interference（government）11.Scope of market10 terms of entity can be marketeda)Goods产品（physical goods实物）b)Service 服务（insurance, security, medication）c)idea （innovation, creation, new tech, small company with technology sell itself）d)persons （组织人）e)information→Culture related products→movief)property→expensive product(real property不动产house, building)real estate 房地产（persuade to buy real property）financial property（stock、bound债秀、future期货）g)experience体验→theme park、翔伞、真人CSh)event→Olympic games, Expo, Shows, trade fairi)place→scenic sports, cities, countries (investment)j)organization→(universities, hospital，museum）12.Four levels of Competition1)brand competition→company Sees the competitors as other companies offering same products or Services to the Same customers at similar prices大众Vs丰田top and second in sales, same level of salesprice花冠、高夫w迈腾-suv途锐in2)industrial competition→company Sees the competitors as all companies that make the same products 大众VS宝马VS奔驰VS起亚all provide cars, how to compete with othersdesign a new model 向上→辉腾向下→高尔夫（cheap）多品牌竞争大众（斯科达、西雅特）宝马BMW斯莱斯（奥迪、宾利）mini cooper（兰博尼、布加迪）3)form competition→company sees the competitors as all the companies that supply the same services 大众→transportation→motor bike BMW produces motor bike本田、雅马哈、川崎摩托车4)generic Competition→company sees the competitors as all the companies that compete for the same customers＇dollars大众→people→same sun of money 10万（car/house/travel）CH2 Winning Markets: Market-Oriented Strategic planning1.market-oriented strategic planningachieve profits and growth➢objectives→start from the Head office to each division➢resources→money, human resources, capital., raw material.(skilled workers, basic labor)Relations, technology resources, place resources➢skills→Special methods will be used or applied to achieve or realize the objectives➢opportunity→policy（reform and opening up, e-car, government Support, diplomatic relationship）Japanese cars→USA（economical）oil crisisbusiness unit业务单位2.objectivesCorporate and division strategic planningbusiness unit planningthe marketing processproject level planningthe marketing plan3.Strategic-Planning, Implementation and Control ProcessPlanning Implementation Control4.Define the corporate mission→What shoud be done for the company*values: culture of company*competitive Scopes:a)industry Scope→industry or range of the industry in which the company operate美的→家电领城（白色）索尼→电子产品奥克斯空调→车b)products and application scope→the product that company will supply富士康OEM provides services for big companyc)Competence scope竞争力→know the range of technology and other core competence董明珠→空调、电池NEC→TV、laptopapple→iOS, Chips, designingd)market Segment Scope→the type of market or the customersthe company will serve→group of the customers sharing same similaritybased on education, income, age…phones→income，age，sexe)vertical scope 垂直范围→the company have the number of channellevels from raw materials to final products and distnbution→Start with one Company and end in another companyDesigning, manufacturing, resembling, distributingonly cover one industry that they have advantage in apple: design, marketing, never produce raw material, never resemble productsf)geographical scope→range of regions and countries in which the company will operaterestaurant→local5.Establishing Strategic Business Units（SBU）建立战略义务单位*three characteristics of SBU①It’s the Single business, which is separated from the rest of the companyBMW -lots of sections, but it has different business unitsSBU- motorbike②It has it’s own Competitorsmotorbikes of BMW VS雅哈…→摩托③It has its own manager who is responsible for strategic planningand profit, performance管宝马摩托的经理与管宝马汽车的经理是平级的*Sign分配how to sign the resources?to the business unitsin order tohead office must evaluate the performance, profit, potential of the business unit.(重点)The Boston consulting Group＇s Growth Share Matrix矩阵Question Mark➢high market growth rate and low market share➢most business units Start from question mark➢need a lot of money, investment, resources to develop its market shareexpand the production→buy more machines, raw materials, hire more employees, build more factories➢result: not sure they have to think hard whether to continue to pour their money into this or not●Stars(不一定赚钱，甚至还需要继续投资) most shining ones 最需要钱→are the leaders of high market growth rate and high market share→Star was question mark oncealways show great performance in both growth market&market share*Where star makes money？Star不定赚钱公司要继续砸钱以保持优越Star doesn’t necessarily make a profit, the company still need to continuously pour the cash （money）to reserve the high growth rate＆market share●Cash Cow最赚钱impossible to develop quickly→is the former star of slow growth rate and the largest market share→produce a lot of cash for the company*why？1)the largest market share2)higher profit rate利润率→pays the company’s bills Income heavily rely on cash cowit supports＂other business units●Dogs不赚钱，甚到还会亏→are business units with weak market share→in low growth market maybe from cash Cow or question marks→make low profits or even lossSpecific Strategies for each sale (不是一一对比，一个sale可用1-2个strategy）（a）build the object of build strategy is to increase the market share even giving up short-term earning if that purpose of achieving.it is necessary→always need large investmentappropriate for question Marks/ Stars until it becomes star饿了么滴滴、支付宝红包、微信摇一摇→billions dollars for marketing（b）hold to preserve market shareSuitable for strong cash cow→mate sure it can continuouslyAchieve positive cash flow foreign language training young students’ study（c）harvest increase the short-term cash flow regardless of the long-term effect, make sure to make money within a short period of time→don’t care about the futuremaximize the use of the final profitwithdraw the business and get money back quickly reduce the cost input成本下降利润上升→cast flow reboostedSuitable for dog, question mark, weak cash cow马自达内置差一点，价格降一半4）divest剥夺放弃to sell the business because the resources can be better used elsewhere sell stars, question marks to Small company诸基亚手机大公司垃圾是小公司的宝贝Product Life Grade Theory （three stages）（USA→always new products）1) new product Stagenew product will only be produced and sold in the United States because of lag:A. imitation lag 模仿滞后（it takes time for another country to make similar product, long time to copy or imitate train employees）B. demand lag 需求滞后（they have no idea about the product. It takes time to develop a market and create demand）2)maturing stageexport this new product to other developed countries （similar market Condition→income, interest, habit）make the same product in Eu and Japan, sell them to the local market→production cost, transportation cost, better local servicelocalization export↓try to buy the same product from other developed countries→economic choice, manufacture advantages3)standardized stageeven the developing countries can make the same product, have quality control, more manufacture to developing countriesgive up manufacture and buy products*How does the USA reserve its advantage in export? Innovation.CH3 Analyzing Consumer Markets and Buying Behavior**Buying Behavior: Study how individuals and groups, organizationsSelect, buy, we, and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences tosatisfy their needs and desires. 1. Simple Response Model （external 外部）↓ ↓sales promotion: discount internal decision advertising based on personalities reference group age, gender government）①Economic ： policy →exchange rateRevaluation of RMB →buy abroadDevaluation of RMB →buy domestic products 贸战②IT →buy online（不针对某品）③political: 萨德，中韩关系break of the relationship④Cultural: culture -related productsHollywood movies, KFC, MCCultural Factors1. Culture is the most foundamental determination of the people’s behavior.When a child grow up in the USA, he/she is exposed to these cultural values: freedom, achievement and success individualism ……（1）freedom ： independence （leave family earlier than in China ）right(do sth. freely ） （2）achievement and success: how much contribution you can make to the society（3）individualism: emphasize on individual characters and seek more individual benefits or rights（4）efficiency and practicability: 效率和实践性trying is encouraged深圳速度→efficiency（5）material comfort物质享受（6）humanitarianism人道主义2. Subculture→each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide morespecific identification and socialization for their membersnationality国籍racial groups种族geographical region地理位置在美中国人→餐饮、IT黑人→taxi driver白人→businessdo similar things3.Social class→are relatively homogeneous and divisionalthey are hierarchically or deal and their members share similar valves, interests and behavior, show distinct products and brand preference→income, education and occupationPeople in the USA are divided into 7 cases.1)Top class: “upper upper”less than 1％of USA’s population→Social elites who live on inherited wealth, they give large sums to charity and maintain more than one home. They send their children to top Schools.This small group serves as a reference group for others.标杆make contribution to the country表率作用how much you donate this year2)“lower lower＂:more than 7% of the population→people on welfare, visible poverty, Usually out of work and some of them are uninterested in finding a permanent work. most depend on the charity, social aid for income→jobless people, don’t like to workbeg restaurant for basic food, sleep in the park3)lower upperPeople coming up from the middle class who have earned high income or wealth through professions (professional sills→lawyers, dentists, scientists, engineers）or business, they tend to be active in Social and civic affairs.They buy status symbol products （top brands）and hope to be accepted in the “upper upper”about 2% very rich or powerful in politics施瓦辛格→加州州长4）”middle class”: about 32%, average pay, white and blue collar workersthey often buy -popular products （普通商品not very expensive）to keep up with the trend. they believe in spending more money on experiences for their children and aiming them towards college educationWorking class4. personal influence①age and family life Cycle Stage②lifestyle③occupation→economic circumstance④personality& self-concept5. Maslow＇s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-actualization（setf-development and realization）→top class already achieve recognition Esteem needs（self-esteem,recognition）→receive more respect,recognition(donate,buy, luxuries) Social needs（Sense of belonging, love）→学生不买车买衣服书Reflect social status, buy things belong to the group Safety needs（security-protection）→qualityPsychological needs（food, water, shelter）→quantityCH4 Marketing Channels1. What is marketing channels？→refers to the middle man or intermediaries who are involved in the process of moving the products to the buyers and customers.2. two groups of channels1) merchants→deeply involved in buying and selling. They have to buy the products first and then resell. They have the title(ownership) of goods. They make money by price difference.e.g.: distributor 经销商Whole seller批发商retailer零售商exporter →distributor wholesaler →retailer →Individual customers（生产商）middlemanprice increases a lot2) agents→they do not need to buy the products first, they just help the exporter Search for customers and negotiate with the customers on behalf of the manufacturer.Conclude the deal/ transaction达成交易make money by commission(佣金) given by exporterpercent of the total valuese.g.: broker经纪人→use client’s money find business opportunitymanufacturer’s representativessales agent代理商Q: What kind of the product need relatively longer/ shorter channels?Consuming products 消费品→个人longerindustrial products工业品→公司shorter价格敏感、时间宝费→reduce channels3. advantages of marketing channels1）saving exporter’s money and time→if they want to sell products by themselves, they need to establish large Sales department, hire people which need money2) increasing the sales→sell through channels can achieve more sales because they are professionals. local channels know more about the market3) transferring more attention to manufacturer’s main business→manufact→Save all resources on manufact which they are good at and have advantage, same input different output4) improving the service→the channels can provide better service （presell and aftersell）near the customers and know well宝马→4s店→修车4.jobs and functions of agents1) gather information about the potential and current customers2) develop communication to stimulate the purchasing3) reach an agreement on price and other terms, help manufacturer and buyer conclude a dealcontract, delivery, payment, Insurance4) place orders(下订单)with manufacturer5) finance inventory at different levels 库存管理6）provide service of storage and transportation7) provide for buyer’s payment and bills8) oversee监管the extra transfer of ownership from one organization to another5. Commission for agents*On what kind of circumstance the percentage is big/small？Large, long- term order低many competitors →make Compromisesmall, Short-term order高△del credere→payment6. main considerations for agent selection1) make sure the potential agents are respectable businessmen(good business reputation)2）make sure the potential agents have their own resources to access the customers and government3) make sure the potential agents have well-developed facilities to achieve the goals.经营场所premise，location，places of the business→close to customers（office, well decoration, good transportation）good image vehicle5)make sure the potential agents have a long-term interest in handling exporter’s productswilling to sell the product for a long time very risky, expensive (find, confirm) to frequently change agents potential→affect the image7. different kinds of merchants in the market1) distributor direct buyers on manufacturer, given special rights→top level in channel system excusive selling nighty独家经销商≠专卖店in the specific area, this distributor can controlthe sales, other people have to buy from the distributorfirst and then resell2) consignment distributor委托经销商not necessary for consignment distributor to arrange the payment immediately for the goods they bought, pay after successfully selling them lower risk, arrange payment partially(→more troubles for exporters: more paperwork, but higher profits3) import house进口商行Complete transaction 交易not regular buyer，only buy the products when receiving an order help the customer to purchase4) state-buying organizationstate-owned corporationlarge buying quantitygiven special nights and licensescontrol the exporting and importing in specific areasbuy products through these corporation5)wholesaler批发商large buyer, buy products directly from the exporter if there is no distributorlarge quantity and sell to retailer零售商hope to become distributor6) retailer零售商much bigger than any wholesalere.g. Supermarket Chain store沃尔玛buy from wholesaler or directly from the exporterlarge quantity→have more influence on the manufacturerProducts with their own brand→leave the manufacture to other manufacturers·for small manufacturer·sales will increase, less favorable brand image·for big manufacturer, top brand higher price, sales can’t be guaranteed ·increase the sales volume(销售量)·can’t simply reduce the price which would lower the imageCH5 Marketing Communication→”P”romotion1. marketing communication mix→combination of the major skills and techniques for communicating with the customers.①promotional sub mix: short-term marketing objective→increase the sales within a short period of time→manufacturer has to provide specific information about the products and brands to the customers，provide stimulates and incentives to push the buyer to make a decision to buy the product immediatelyAd.discount, off, gifts coupons P.O.P.= point of purchase(place) given directly at the P.O.P(打折，show, try)可以立马买到②Public relation sub mix :→make more people like your company/ brand·focus on long-term marketing objectives·establish favorable brand image or reputation in the market·provide information about the company history, story of the leader - background ·noncommercial media：news, report, documentary→don’t have to payIntel→computer chips CPUAMD→second largest Computer chips manufacture through news (provide scholarship and position for graduates in Suzhou University)(merge with ATI)2. Consideration for marketing communication selection1) product characteristic→different products need different communicationsconsuming products: heavy advertisements, sales promotionindustrial products: personal selling2) marketing objectives→long/short term3) marketing environment→location, culture, political policy, law4) targeted audience→find customers who have the same interest hit the customers who are likely to be persuaded, and final communication is the budget and whether it is acceptable3. Specific techniques and media can be used for the marketing communication1) personal Selling:most efficient way→persuade the buyerhigh success rate but low efficiency 效率低limited coverageface-to-face talking：①give detailed information②Customers achieve more attention③get feedback and response which can be handled immediately*useful for large buyer& expensive products2) special trade presslike magazines, with limited readers, people work in specific industry, more likely to be persuaded and interested in companies introduced in the special trade presse.g.纺织品出版物3）direct advertising（sales literature and direct mail）有联系Sales literature：pointed materials （e.g. pricelist. Brochure. catalogue）it will be given directly to the customersprovide detailed information readers will catch information at their Conveniencehow to? through personal selling, trade fairs, direct maildirect mail: samples （used for confirming the quality of the product）(buyer’s sample -ask manufacturer to produce similar product)gifts （improve the relations with customers）mass media pros: large coverage variety of choicescons: expensivee.g. radio: popular, used when other media are not availablespoken language with music backgroundnewspaper: economic choice, limited coverage, select geographically（local restaurant→local newspaper）relatively detailedInformation, word description and picturesBillboard: improve brand familiarity 品牌熟悉度by repeating many timesmagazine: high-quality photos, more impressive, focus customers with common interest, football magazines( football fans players)。
亚马逊跨境电商成功案例分享
亚马逊跨境电商成功案例分享作为全球知名的电商平台，亚马逊凭借其高效的物流系统、强大的用户服务以及丰富的产品类别，成为了全球消费者购物的首选之一。
其中，作为亚马逊的重要业务之一，跨境电商也得到了越来越多的关注和重视。
在亚马逊跨境电商的成功案例中，不乏一些值得我们借鉴的经验和教训。
下面，我们来分享一些典型的亚马逊跨境电商成功案例。
一、Lululemon Athletica 的成功之路Lululemon Athletica是一家加拿大的运动品牌，主要生产瑜伽、舞蹈、跑步等运动服装。
虽然其在1988年成立之初只是在加拿大市场销售产品，但在2013年时，该公司开始进军美国市场。
而由于其产品在美国市场获得了广泛的认可，Lululemon Athletica公司开始考虑在全球范围内拓展业务。
在进军亚马逊跨境电商领域之前，Lululemon Athletica首先对其产品进行了重新设计和定位。
在此基础上，该公司开始在亚马逊平台上销售其产品。
由于Lululemon Athletica公司早期在美国市场的成功，其产品在亚马逊平台上也获得了良好的销售效果。
随着时间的推移，Lululemon Athletica公司逐渐拓展了其在亚马逊平台上的产品线，并与亚马逊平台上的其他商家合作，以更好地服务全球消费者。
总体来看，Lululemon Athletica公司在亚马逊跨境电商的成功之路上，借鉴了自身在美国市场的成功经验，并通过在亚马逊平台上的不断试错，提升了其全球市场的竞争力。
二、Fandango Labs的跨境创新Fandango Labs是一个电影票务平台，总部位于美国洛杉矶。
Fandango Labs的目标是在全球范围内帮助电影迷更便捷地购买电影票。
在进军亚马逊跨境电商时，Fandango Labs在市场调研和定位方面进行了充分的准备工作。
并且，该公司也在亚马逊平台上开发出适合各国消费者需要的产品线，以更好地满足全球消费者的需求。
国际市场营销课件英文版chapter4
4. Second, Philip Parker reports strong correlations between the latitude (climate) and the per capita GDP of countries
Origins of Culture: History
1. The impact of specific events in history can be seen reflected in technology, social institutions, cultural values, and even consumer behavior • For e.g., American trade policy depended on tobacco being the original source of the Virginia colony’s economic survival in the 1600s
Origins of Culture: Social Institutions (3) School and education, and literacy rates affect culture and economic growth (4) Media (magazines, TV, the Internet) influences culture and behavior (5) Government policies influence the thinking and behaviors citizens of adult citizens, e.g., the French government offers new “birth bonuses” of $800 given to women as an incentive to increase family size (6) Corporations influence culture via the products they market, e.g., MTV
案例四 亚马逊名振全球之道
案例四亚马逊名振全球之道赢得顾客，就赢得未来亚马逊网络书店已经成为全球电子商务的一面旗帜。
创办至今的短短几年中，亚马逊的全球客户已达2000万，是最受欢迎的购物网站；它在网络上销售的商品已达430万种；营业额已超过10亿美元；其股票市值更超过了300亿美元。
亚马逊几乎一夜成名，也几乎一夜就造就了一批亿万富翁。
亚马逊的秘密到底在哪里？亚马逊书店的创始人杰夫?贝索斯在创业之初就曾一语道破天机：“为顾客创造最大价值。
因特网是一股飓风，而在风暴中永恒的只有顾客”。
贝索斯深刻地认识到了这一点，因此他将“以客为尊”的理念深深融入到了网站设计、公司运营等方方面面。
为顾客操心，而非利润今天的利润与未来的价值，是跨入网络经济时困惑全球的矛盾。
贝索斯作为企业经营者，获利当然重要，但和拥有顾客相比，短期的利润在他眼中就成了二等公民。
贝索斯曾自信地说：“亚马逊可能是有史以来最以顾客为念的公司。
”而在一次接受《时代》周刊采访时，他更生动地阐述道：“利润就像是维持生命的血液，但人不会为了血液而生活。
”“亚马逊公司的竞争策略，是将心放在顾客身上，而不是竞争对手身上。
”贝索斯是这样说的，亚马逊在经营的方方面面也是这么做的。
让技术在人性化中‘隐身’网络本身的特性，赋予了亚马逊书店从不歇业和上架时间长的优势。
这是传统书店无法做到的。
但仅靠一种新的媒介技术来树立优势还很不够。
因此，在亚马逊开张之前，贝索斯花费了一年的时间来做准备，并设计出了种种贴心的人性化服务功能。
对此，亚马逊的一位高级编辑有一段很恰当的注解：“虽然科技正在提供只有科技才能提供的事物，但人类不应该感受到科技的存在。
”是的，虽然科技本身并没有生命，但是期望完成更富于人性化的科技，使因特网显得“更友善”，和使消费者觉得“更可靠”，正是贝索斯及其亚马逊书店所追求的。
当你进入到亚马逊的主页，你就能切身感受到无所不能的技术所带给你的无处不在的人情味：随心所欲的选择。
顾客只要登陆亚马逊的主页，就可以任意检索、预览、购买任何书籍。
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Public Relations公关
03
二、Promotioning Strategy
1.Advertise 货到付款 满29元免运 30 天 内 无 条 件 退 换 货 费 ment Web Media ： 广告 also in the community network (such as micro-blog) to establish
• • • •
PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4
Development and Products Promoting Place Price
1
In 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co., a Wall Street firm, and moved to Seattle. He began to work on a business plan for what would eventually become
3、Public Relations公共关系
Press media
Web media
公关 关系
deals with emergencies connect with consumers
Public Relations 公共关系
Amazon allows reporters to enter their warehouse, who can shoot out a piece of magnificent "Amazon logistics Empire map“ Bezos once said: "I don't mind people have a lasting misunderstanding on Amazon, but I believe that no one query Amazon's distribution". Reported through the media ，
the customers will see the amazon s strength ,that’s what make amazon such a success.
3
Place
Amazon & 淘宝 & 京东
Now I'll show you Amazon's marketing channel by comparing it with taobao and JD . It is widely shared that taobao is a C2C (customer to customer) e-commercial website. So it doesn't have it's own system of logistics and warehousing（物流和仓储）. is a B2C(business to custom) corporation. We all learn that this company always loss since it sets up, the reason is that JD costs a lot of money to build it's own sophisticated transportation, warehousing and distribution services Amazon is similar with . But it's more open, everyone can use it's logistics and warehouseing system even if you are a merchant belong to taobao or JD. And amazon is more mature than other two companies.
Mainly advertising in the online shopping platform, but communication platform.
Print Media：Advertising mainly in marketing or some business magazines. Packet Media：Design their own unique distribution packaging
and packaging bags Mail Media ：catalog or manual
购物免运费 无消费金额限制
超多选择 天天低价 正品保证！！
满减
黑色星期五 Prime Day
小黄人快递盒 现金券 Minions cash coupon
2、Business promotion营销推广
Black Friday黑色星期五
“Fulfillment by Amazon” (FBA) (亚马逊物流)allows independent merchants not just to sell their wares on Amazon’s website but also to ship them through Amazon’s supply chain.
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Books were a good way into online retailing: once people learned to buy books online they would buy more and more other stuff, too.
In 2000,Dotcom Bubble Burst(互 联网泡沫破裂)… But, Amazon survived…
In 2000, Amazon launched Marketpalce（第三方 卖家平台）service for the third party vendors.
Amazon’s invention in 2006 of cloud-computing as a pay-as-you-go service. That venture, called Amazon Web Services (AWS)(亚马逊云服务）, has slashed the technology costs of starting an enterprise or running an existing one.
Visa Europe predicts that shoppers will spend USD6,000 per second on the day
小黄人快递盒
During the promotional campaign, the purchase of books, DVD, electronic products, toys and so on, the Amazon users will receive these delivery box. But the delivery box of different sizes corresponding to different roles, the tuba is Stuart, the medium is Bob, the small is Kevin, you can decide how much to buy according to your interest of the role .
Proted otherwise, the List Price or Suggested Price displayed for products on any Amazon Service represents the full retail price listed on the product itself, suggested by the manufacturer or supplier, or estimated in accordance with standard industry practice; or the estimated retail value for a comparably featured item offered elsewhere. • amazon also attribute it's low price to lower cost structure , which rely on it's advanced technology and years of management experience
We can easily find from the pictures that amazon's new business AWS is rapidly growing and it has become one of the most important new driver of growth for amazon. During its development and growth, the company has also emphasized technical input and development of new products,that is what amazon told us , that's also why amazon can run without profit . and that's the reason why amazon can become a company which market value of more than onethird of a trillion dollars.（3000多亿)
Amazon only account for ten percent of the revenue for the United State's retail market . So how would amazon do. Would it stop developing new business and get profit,or continue it's investment and provide more products? Bezos has a very clear opinion: he will spend all money on investing to the new business and catching the opportunity of development.