An overview of packed bed combustion
PD-10 Desalting Columns
GE HealthcareInstructions 52-1308-00 BBPD-10 Desalting ColumnsPD-10 Desalting Columns contains•30 prepacked disposable PD-10 Desalting Columns containing8.3 ml of Sephadex™ G-25 Medium•4adapters•Instructions for usePurposePD-10 Desalting Columns are prepacked and designed for rapid, convenient sample clean-up of proteins and other large biomolecules (>5000 M r).PD-10 Desalting Columns can be used in a wide range of applications such as desalting, buffer exchange and removal of low-molecular weight compounds.Table of contents1. Principle 22. Advice on handling 43. Safety precautions 64. Column assembly 65. Gravity protocol 76. Spin protocol 87. Recovery and desalting capacity 98. Column characteristics 109. Ordering information 111PrinciplePD-10 Desalting Columns contain Sephadex G-25 Medium, which allows rapid group separation of high molecular weight substances from low molecular weight substances.PD-10 Desalting Columns are used for desalting, buffer exchange and sample clean up. Small molecules like salt, free labels and other impurities are efficiently separated from the high molecular weight substances of interest.The chromatography technique is gel filtration and molecules are separated on the basis of differences in size.p. 2p. 3•Molecules larger than the largest pores in the Sephadex matrix are excluded from the matrix and are eluted first, in or just after the void volume . The void volume is the column volume outside the Sephadex matrix. •Molecules smaller than the largest pores in the Sephadex matrix will penetrate the pores to varying extent. They have a larger accessible column volume than the large molecules and therefore they elute after the large molecules just before one total column volume of buffer has passed through the column.Group separation can be made using two different protocols, gravity protocol and spin protocol.GE Healthcare provides an assortment of sample clean-up products. The different formats available are summarized in Table 1.Table 1. Product overview 1Recommended sample volumes.Clean-Up product Exclusion limit, M rBed volume Sample volume gravity protocol 1Sample volume spin protocol 1PD SpinTrap™ G-2550000.5 ml -70 to 130 μl PD MultiTrap™ G-2550000.5 ml -70 to 130 μl PD MiniTrap™ G-255000 2.1 ml 0.1 to 0.5 ml 0.2 to 0.5 ml PD MidiTrap™ G-255000 3.5 ml 0.5 to 1.0 ml 0.75 to 1.0 ml PD-10 Desalting Columns 50008.3 ml 1.0 to 2.5 ml 1.75 to 2.5 mlPD MiniTrap G-10700 2.1 ml 0.1 to 0.3 ml -PD MidiTrap G-107005.3 ml0.4 to 1.0 ml-p. 42Advice on handlingProtocol selectionThe separation can be made using two different protocols, gravity protocol or spin protocol, see Table 2 for protocol overview.Gravity protocolThe liquid passes through the column by gravity force.•There is a slightly higher recovery and desalting capacity using gravity protocol compared to when using the spin protocol. •The applied sample is diluted.Spin protocolAdditional gravity force is added by spinning the column in a centrifuge for some protocol steps.•There is no dilution of the sample.Table 2. Protocol overview 1 1.4 times dilution valid if 2.5 ml sample volume is used.RecoveryThe recovery of applied amount sample is dependent on type of protein or other biomolecule. Typically the recovery is in the range 70-90%. An increase in sample concentration can improve recovery.Protocol Sample volume Elution buffer Dilution factor Desalting capacity Spin1.75-2.5 mlNoneNone>90%Equilibration•It is critical to equilibrate the column since UV absorbing stabilizers are used in column packing.•Equilibration is most conveniently made by gravity also when using the spin protocol.Sample Application•The PD-10 Desalting column is intended for sample volumes up to2.5 ml.•For sample volumes less than 2.5 ml, allow the sample to enter the packed bed completely and then add equilibration buffer (stackervolume) so that the total volume of sample and buffer added equals2.5 ml.•Allow the sample to enter the packed bed completely before any addition of buffer for elution.LabMate buffer reservoirsTo simplify the use of PD-10 columns for gravity protocol use LabMate™ buffer reservoirs. For ordering information, see Section9.•Place the LabMate buffer reservoir on top of the PD-10 column.•Add all buffer (25 ml) that should be added in step 2 in the Gravity procol (Section5) in one step.Elution•For higher recoveries, use stacker volumes (spin protocol).Centrifugation•For better result if using a fixed angle rotor centrifuge: Put the columns in same direction in all centrifugation steps (spin protocol).p. 53Safety precautionsAlways use normal personal protection devices like gloves and safety glasses when handling PD-10 Desalting Columns.4Column assemblyFor use in the spin protocol the PD-10 Desalting column should be assembled with adapter and collection tube as shown in Fig1. Note:This column assembly may also be used for convenient handling of columns when using the gravity protocol.Fig 1. Assembly of column, adapter and collection tube.p. 65Gravity protocol1PD-10 Desalting column preparation•Remove the top cap and pour off the column storagesolution.•Cut the sealed end of the column at notch.2Column equilibration•Fill up the column with equilibration buffer and allowthe equilibration buffer to enter the packed bedcompletely.•Repeat4times.•Discard the flow-through.Note:About 25 ml equilibration buffer should be used intotal for all three steps.3Sample application•Add maximum 2.5 ml of sample to the column.•For sample volumes less than 2.5 ml, add equilibrationbuffer to adjust the volume up to 2.5 ml after the samplehas entered the packed bed completely.•Let the sample or equilibration buffer enter the packedbed completely.•Discard the flow-through.4Elution•Place a test tube for sample collection under thecolumn.•Elute with 3.5 ml buffer and collect the eluate. A typicalelution profile is shown in Fig2.p. 76Spin protocol1PD-10 Desalting column preparation•Remove the top cap and pour off the column storagesolution.•Remove the top filter using forceps.•Cut the sealed end of the column at notch.•Put the PD-10 Desalting column into a 50 ml collectiontube by using the column adapter, see Fig1.2Column equilibration•Fill up the column with equilibration buffer and allowthe equilibration buffer to enter the packed bedcompletely.•Repeat 3 times and discard the flow-through.•Fill up the column a fifth time with equilibration bufferand spin down at 1000 x g for 2 minutes.•Discard the flow-through.Note:About 25 ml equilibration buffer should be used intotal for all three steps. LabMate PD-10 BufferReservoir can be used for more convenientequilibration (allows loading of total 25 ml bufferat the same time).3Sample application•Add sample (1.75-2.5 ml) slowly in the middle of thepacked bed.4Elution•Place the PD-10 Desalting column into a new 50 mlcollection tube.•Elute by centrifugation 1000 x g for 2 minutes.•Collect the eluate.p. 87 Recovery and desaltingcapacityThe following experiment is included as an example of a desalting experiment using the gravity protocol. A PD-10 Desalting column was equilibrated with MilliQ™ water. 2.5 ml of bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ ml) in 1M NaCl was applied onto the column. The protein recovery was 95% and the desalting capacity was above 99%, see Fig2.Fig 2. Removal of NaCl from albumin solution with a PD-10 Desalting column.The albumin is eluted in volume fractions between 2.5 and 6.0 ml (indicated by arrows).p. 98Column characteristicsMatrix Sephadex G-25 MediumParticle size range85 to 260 μmPacked bed dimensions 1.45 x 5.0 cm (8.3 ml)Maximum sample volume 2.5 ml3.5 mlVolume of eluted samplegravityVolume of eluted sample spin 2.5 mlDesalting Capacity>90%Exclusion limit M r 5000Chemical stability All commonly used buffersWorking pH range2-13Storage temperature+4 to +30°CStorage solution 0.15% Kathon CG/ICP Biocidep. 109Ordering informationProduct Pack size Code No.PD-10 Desalting Columns3017-0851-01Related products Pack size Code No.PD SpinTrap G-255028-9180-04PD MultiTrap G-25 4 x 96-well filter plates28-9180-06PD MiniTrap G-255028-9180-07PD MidiTrap G-255028-9180-08PD MiniTrap G-105028-9180-10PD MidiTrap G-105028-9180-11PD-10 Spin Adapter1028-9232-45 LabMate PD-10 Buffer Reservoir1018-3216-03 HiTrap™ Desalting 5 x 5 ml17-1408-01 HiTrap Desalting1 100 x 5 ml11-0003-29 HiPrep™ 26/10 Desalting 1 x 53 ml17-5087-01 HiPrep 26/10 Desalting 4 x 53 ml17-5087-021 Pack size available by special order.p. 11/trap GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB Björkgatan 30751 84 UppsalaSweden GE Healthcare Europe GmbH Munzinger Strasse 5,D-79111 Freiburg,GermanyGE Healthcare UK Ltd Amersham PlaceLittle Chalfont Buckinghamshire, HP7 9NAUKGE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp 800 Centennial AvenueP.O. Box 1327Piscataway, NJ 08855-1327 USAGE Healthcare Bio-Sciences KK Sanken Bldg.3-25-1, HyakuninchoShinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073 JapanGE, imagination at work and GE monogram are trademarks of General Electric Company.Drop design, SpinTrap, MultiTrap, MiniTrap, MidiTrap, HiTrap, HiPrep, and Sephadex are trademarks of GE Healthcare companies.All third party trademarks are the property of their respective owners.© 2007 General Electric Company – All rights reserved.First published Sep. 2007.All goods and services are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale of the company within GE Healthcare which supplies them. A copy of these terms and conditions is available on request. Contact your local GE Healthcare representative for the most current information.52-1308-00 BB 11/2007 imagination at work。
Schneider Altivar21 说明书
Altivar 2122 to 75 kW – IP54 rangeProductEnvironmental ProfileProduct OverviewThe main function of the Altivar 21 range is control and rotation speed variation of an asynchronous electric motor, mainly for HVAC applications.This range comprises products from 0.75 to 75 kW, operating at voltages from 200 and 480 V, single or three-phase.The representative product used for carrying out assessment is the complete Altivar 21 of rating 22 kW 400 V (ref ATV21WD22N4).It is representative of the entire ATV21 22 to 75 kW IP54 range. Other products of the range are produced using the same technology and on the same production process. Environmental assessment was carried out conforming to standard ISO 14040 "Environmental management: life cycle assessment, principle and framework".This assessment takes account of product life cycle stages.Constituent materialsWeight of products in the range is from 29000 g to 88000 g. It is 29168 gexcluding packaging for the Altivar 21 - 22 kW 400 V assessed.Constituent materials are broken down as follows:0.57 %Substance assessmentProducts of this range are designed in conformity with the requirementsof the RoHS directive (European Directive 2002/95/EC of 27 January2003) and do not contain, or in the authorised proportions, lead, mercury,cadmium, chromium hexavalent, flame retardant (polybromobiphenylesPBB, polybromodiphenylthers PBDE) as mentioned in the Directive. ManufacturingThis range is manufactured on a Schneider Electric production siteoperating to an ISO 14001 certified environmental management system.Constant process improvement enables reduction by an average 5 % ofannual energy consumption of the site.Complete waste sorting enables achievement of a recovery rate of 99 %. DistributionPackaging has been designed with a view to reducing its weight andvolume, respecting the packaging directive of the European Union.The weight of packaging of the 14970 g, consisting of cardboard, woodand steel (recyclable materials).Product distribution flows are optimised by location of local distributioncentres in close proximity to market areas.UtilizationProducts of the Altivar 21 - 22 to 75 kW IP54 range present noenvironmental stress requiring particular use precautions (noise,emissions, etc.).Electrical energy consumed depends on product installation and useconditions.Power consumed varies from 632 W to 1953 W. It is 632 W for the Altivar21 - 22 kW 400 V and represents less than 3 % of total power through theproduct.End of lifeAt end-of-life, products of the Altivar 21 range can either be dismantled orground to recover maximum value of the various constituent materials.Recovery potential is greater than 89 %.This percentage consists of ferrous metals, copper and aluminium alloysand marked plastics.Products of this range also include electronic cards to be extracted anddirected towards specialised processing channels.End-of-life data is detailed in the product end-of-life sheet. Environmental impactsLife cycle assessment (LCA) was produced using EIME (EnvironmentalImpact and Management Explorer) software, version 1.6 and its databaseversion 5.4.Product use duration is estimated as 10 years and the electrical energymodel used is the European model.Scope of assessment is the Altivar 21 – 22 kW 400 V IP54.Environmental impacts have been assessed on phases of Manufacturing(M) including conversion of raw materials, Distribution (D) and Use (U). Presentation of the environmental impactsgreatest impact on the majority of environmental indicators.Assessment also shows that indicators of this phase are highly influencedby the "product thermal dissipation" parameter.System approachAs the product of the range are designed in accordance with the RoHS Directive (European Directive 2002/95/EC of 27 January 2003),they can be incorporated without any restriction within an assembly or an installation submitted to this Directive.N.B.: please note that the environmental impacts of the product depend on the use and installation conditions of the product.Impacts values given above are only valid within the context specified and cannot be directly used to draw up the environmental assessment of the installation.GlossaryRaw Material Depletion (RMD)This indicator quantifies the consumption of raw materials during the life cycle of the product. It is expressed as the fraction of natural resources that disappear each year, with respect to all the annual reserves of the material.Energy Depletion (ED)This indicator gives the quantity of energy consumed, whether it be from fossil, hydroelectric, nuclear or other sources.This indicator takes into account the energy from the material produced during combustion. It is expressed in MJ.Water Depletion (WD)This indicator calculates the volume of water consumed, includingdrinking water and water from industrial sources. It is expressed in dm 3. Global Warming (GW)The global warming of the planet is the result of the increase inthe greenhouse effect due to the sunlight reflected by the earth’s surface being absorbed by certain gases known as "greenhouse-effect" gases. The effect is quantified in gram equivalent of CO 2.Ozone Depletion (OD)This indicator defines the contribution to the phenomenon ofthe disappearance of the stratospheric ozone layer due to the emission of certain specific gases. The effect is expressed in gram equivalent of CFC-11.Photochemical Ozone Creation (POC)This indicator quantifies the contribution to the "smog" phenomenon (the photochemical oxidation of certain gases which generates ozone) and is expressed in gram equivalent of ethylene (C 2H 4).Air Acidification (AA)The acid substances present in the atmosphere are carried by rain.A high level of acidity in the rain can cause damage to forests.The contribution of acidification is calculated using the acidification potentials of the substances concerned and is expressed in mode equivalent of H +.Hazardous Waste Production (HWP)This indicator calculates the quantity of specially treated waste created during all the life cycle phases (manufacturing, distribution and utilization). For example, special industrial waste in the manufacturing phase, waste associated with the production of electrical power, etc.It is expressed in kg.© 2010 - S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c - A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d04-2010ENVPEP070203ENSchneider Electric Industries SAS35, rue Joseph Monier CS30323F - 92506 Rueil Malmaison Cedex RCS Nanterre 954 503 439Capital social 896 313 776 €Published by: Schneider ElectricWe are committed to safeguarding our planet by "Combining innovation and continuous improvement to meet the new environmental challenges".Registration No.: SCHN-2011-107-V0Programme information: PEP in compliance with PEPecopassport according to PEP-AP0011 rules ACV rules are available from PEP editor on request。
我喜欢的音乐类型以及原因英语作文高中
我喜欢的音乐类型以及原因英语作文高中全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Favorite Type of Music and WhyMusic is one of the most amazing things in the world! There are so many different types and styles to choose from. For me, my absolute favorite kind of music is rock music. Rock speaks to my soul in a way that no other genre does. Let me tell you all about why I love rock so much!First off, I have to say that the energy and power behind rock music is simply unmatched. When I listen to a great rock song, I feel this incredible rush of adrenaline and passion. The heavy guitar riffs, the pounding drums, the vocals that seem to pour raw emotion into every single line - it's pure intensity! Rock has this undeniable force that grabs hold of me and doesn't let go until the final chord rings out.I remember the first time I truly experienced the might of rock music. It was at a concert for my favorite band at the time. Thousands of fans packed into this huge arena, eagerly awaiting the start of the show. Then, the lights went down and those firstfew notes blasted through the speakers. In an instant, the entire crowd erupted into cheers and a frenzy of movement. The energy was electric and absolutely electrifying! That's the power I'm talking about - rock has the ability to turn any scenario into an exhilarating experience.Speaking of that live experience, rock concerts are definitely another major reason why I gravitate towards this genre. There's simply nothing else like it. Sure, other genres put on phenomenal live shows too. But a rock concert is a truly special event. The musicians pour their heart and soul into every performance, giving it their absolute all. And the fans feed off of that fiery passion, transforming the whole venue into this euphoric combustion of music and unity. Rocking out alongside thousands of other die-hard fans, singing along at the top of our lungs, is an unforgettable and deeply connecting experience that you can really only get at a rock show.Then there's the whole culture and lifestyle surrounding rock music that really resonates with me. A lot of rock is centered around ideas of rebelling against the status quo, exploring your identity, and getting fired up about the issues you care about. The artists are willing to take a stand and speak their mind through their music. I love that openminded, bold, and defiantattitude! Rock encourages you to embrace your individuality and stay true to yourself, without caring about judgments from others. It's an empowering mindset that I try my best to apply to my own life as I navigate these crazy periods of growth and self-discovery.The fashion, imagery, and aesthetics of rock are also super cool in my opinion. The edgy styles, iconic logos, art centered around these mind-bending visuals - it all feels very raw, grunge, and unique compared to a lot of other modern music scenes. I've always been drawn to that very distinctive look and vibe that rock has been cultivating for decades now. Plastering your walls with vintage band posters, rocking shirts with the logos of your favorite groups, doing your hair and makeup in a way that makes you feel like you're sticking it to societal norms - it's an art form and way of self-expression unlike any other.Additionally, I have a deep respect and appreciation for the musicianship and talents required to create really excellent rock music. It takes years of devotion and practice to shred those complex riffs and solos on the electric guitar. Becoming a powerhouse rock vocalist who can nail those high-energy performances night after night is incredibly demanding. And the rhythms that the best rock drummers throw down are justmind-blowing! The skill and precision needed to play in lockstep as a full band, feeding off each other's energy and channeling it into a cohesive sound - that's true artistry. I'm constantly in awe of what I'm hearing and seeing when I experience an amazing rock group.Lyrically, rock also has a lot to offer in terms of storytelling and emotional depth. Yes, there's certainly a lot of rock music that's more style over substance. Basic songs about standard subjects like partying and relationships. But then you have all these amazingly poetic, introspective, and profound lyrical compositions in rock too. Tapping into the darker aspects of the human experience and describing them with gut-punching intensity. Telling deeply personal tales of struggle, love, pain, joy, and the all-too-human pursuit of finding one's purpose. When rock gets into that cinematic style of vivid lyricism and conceptual storytelling, it can cut you down to the core in the most beautifully raw way.At the end of the day, what really cements rock as my favorite musical genre is just how this style of music makes me feel. Listening to rock pumps me up, filling me with thoughts of ambition, self-confidence, and limitless possibilities. It puts me in a mood of total euphoria and escapism, allowing me to gettransported away from the stresses of daily life for a while. In my most cynical and apathetic moments, a hard-hitting rock anthem will reignite my determination and lust for life. And in times of emotionally vulnerability or sadness, a gentler rock ballad has a way of reminding me that I have the inner fire to get through any situation. Rock music is the ultimate companion for this wild rollercoaster of adolescence that I'm currently riding.So yeah, that's why rock will forever reign supreme as my number one favorite type of music! The uncontainable energy, the incredible talents on display, the whole attitude and culture surrounding it, the raw lyricism and self-expression - it all combines to create this insanely powerful art form that never fails to stir my soul. While I'll always appreciate and enjoy other genres too, nothing can ever quite replicate that special spark I feel when I hear those opening riffs of an absolute face-melting rock banger. Horns up for life!篇2My Favorite Type of Music and WhyMusic is the best! There are so many different types of music and I love a lot of them, but my absolute favorite is pop music. Pop music makes me happy and gets me dancing and singingalong. I know all the words to tons of pop songs and I'm not afraid to belt them out at the top of my lungs!Pop music is just so fun and catchy. The melodies get stuck in my head in the best way possible. I'll be sitting in class trying to focus, but then the hook from the latest Taylor Swift or Harry Styles song pops into my brain and I can't stop humming it under my breath. Sometimes I get in trouble for not paying attention because the tunes are too irresistible!I love how pop music tells stories too. My favorite songs always seem to be about falling in love, having a broken heart, being a teenager and all the drama that comes with it, or just letting loose and going wild. The lyrics are super relatable a lot of the time. Like when Olivia Rodrigo sings about her ex-boyfriend who was a total jerk - I may not have had a boyfriend yet, but I can still understand those hurt feelings. It makes me feel less alone.Then you've got the visuals that come with pop music videos and concerts. They are a total blast! The singer is usually looking gorgeous with stunning outfits, beautiful makeup, and awesome choreographed dance moves. The sets and backgrounds are so colorful and creative. Watching music videos is like getting access to a mini-movie that goes along with the song. Andconcerts for pop stars look like the most fun a person could ever have.Speaking of concerts, I go absolutely crazy anytime I get to see my favorite pop artists live. The energy in the crowd is just electric! Everyone is jumping up and down, screaming the lyrics at the top of their lungs, and waving their light-up bomb pops and glow sticks all around. You can really feel the bass thumping in your chest. It's such a rush getting to experience the music that loudly and passionately with thousands of other fans.Some people might say pop music is vapid or too manufactured, but I disagree. Sure, a lot of pop songs might not be as deep and complex as other genres, but that's not the point. Pop music is all about entertaining people, giving them an escape, and letting them have a good time. It makes me smile and relieves any stress I'm feeling. An upbeat, sugary sweet pop song can turn my entire mood around when I'm having a bad day.I also think pop artists actually are really talented. Have you seen some of the choreography in their music videos and live shows? It's insanely difficult and requires a ton of training in singing and dancing. Plus, a lot of pop stars write or co-writetheir own songs, coming up with wildly catchy tunes and relatable lyrics. That's not easy at all!Lastly, I love that there are so many different types of pop music. You've got the huge, smash hit songs meant for big arenas and radio play. But then there's also pop-punk, indie pop, K-pop, Latin pop, and so many other variations. No matter what your specific tastes are, there's a type of pop music out there for you to jam out to.Pop music is happy, comforting, catchy, uplifting, and provides me with an outlet for self-expression. Blasting my favorite tunes and singing/dancing like a total goofball is one of my favorite activities. I've tried to get into other genres like rock, country, or classical, but I always come back to pop as my number one. It's just such a bright, shimmery escape from the stress of normal life.When I'm feeling down, insecure, or just blah, I know I can turn on some pop music to instantly improve my mood. The soaring vocal riffs, thumping rhythms, and sugary-sweet melodies bring me a sense of joy, comfort, and familiar excitement. Pop songs narrate experiences that I can relate to as a teenager, like first crushes, family drama, and growing pains.I plan on being a pop music fan forever! It will always hold a special place in my heart and current Spotify playlists. Maybe someday I'll even become a pop star myself and get to give that same happiness and escapism to millions of other fans. Hey, a girl can dream!In the meantime, I'll be in my room, covered in posters of my favorite singers, belting out the newest radio hits into my hairbrush "microphone." And I wouldn't have it any other way!篇3My Favorite Music Genres and WhyMusic has always been a huge part of my life. Ever since I was a little kid, I loved singing along to songs on the radio or movies. As I've grown up, my music tastes have evolved and expanded into different genres. These are some of my favorite genres of music and why I love them so much.Rock MusicI have to start with rock because it was really the first genre of music that I became obsessed with. When I was around 10 years old, I started listening to classic rock bands like AC/DC, Led Zeppelin, and Guns N' Roses. There was just something about that hard-driving, powerful sound that spoke to me. The wailingguitar solos, the thunderous drum beats, the snarling vocals – it all combined into this raw, electrifying energy that I Found exhilarating.I loved hearing the stories and messages in the lyrics, which often rebelled against authority or celebrated personal freedom. Songs like "Paradise City" by Guns N' Roses or "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen took me on incredible journeys with their multi-part epics. And of course, the showmanship of a great live rock band is second to none – I'll never forget the first rock concert I went to and how amazed I was.As I got a bit older, I expanded into other sub-genres of rock like punk rock, alternative rock, and indie rock. The punk attitude of bands like Green Day or The Clash resonated with my teenage angst. The introspective, poetic lyrics of alternative bands like Nirvana or Oasis showed me deeper perspectives on life. And indie rock artists like The Black Keys or Phoenix opened my eyes to more experimental, genre-blending styles. Rock will always hold a special place in my heart.Hip Hop/RapAnother genre I got really into during my teen years was hip hop and rap music. Just like with rock, I was drawn to the raw energy and defiant spirit. Whether it was old school rappers likeRun-DMC and Public Enemy bringing the noise with their powerful beats and social commentary, or modern mainstream megastars like Kendrick Lamar and J. Cole dropping knowledge over hard-hitting production, I loved how rappers used their music as a voice for their experiences and perspectives.I was also amazed by the incredible lyricism and wordplay that the best rappers displayed. Being able to string together those intricate flows and rhyme patterns is a mind-blowing talent. Rappers like Eminem, Nas, and Andre 3000 showed off their verbal dexterity with internal rhymes, metaphors, double entendres, you name it. And when you combined that with the rhythmic delivery and cadences, it created a hypnotic effect like few other genres could match.On the other side of the spectrum, I got really into more melodic, poetic rappers and R&B-influenced hip hop. Artists like Chance the Rapper, Frank Ocean, and Outkast blended bars with beautiful, soulful vocals and harmonies. Their music could hit you right in the feels with thoughtful, timely messages about life and love. Tracks like "Same Drugs" by Chance or "Ms. Jackson" by Outkast showed how powerful and heartfelt hip hop could be.Pop MusicAs much as I love the aggressiveness and edginess of rock or hip hop, I also have a major soft spot for well-crafted pop music. I'm not talking about shallow, manufactured pop meant for13-year-olds (though I'll still jam to some of that too, not gonna lie). I mean pop artists like Taylor Swift, Lorde, Harry Styles, and Lana Del Rey who incorporate dynamic songwriting, creative melody composition, and genuine emotion into hook-filled, radio-friendly tunes.There's just something so satisfying and catchy about a perfectly constructed pop song with a massive chorus designed to stick in your brain. To me, it's kind of like the equivalent of academic works or films that manage to be innovative and intelligent while still being entertaining and accessible to a wide audience. Taylor's albums like "Folklore" and "Evermore" showed her incredible lyrical storytelling abilities wrapped in lush, atmospheric productions. Lorde's esoteric, referential lyrics and minimalistic style gives pop music an arthouse flare. And Harry Styles incorporates classic rock influences with a modern pop sheen.I have a deep respect for pop artists who can craft those undeniable earworms while bringing more musicality and substance than your average radio confection. It's the balancebetween creating something artistically compelling and creatively fulfilling, while still being incredibly catchy and crowd-pleasing. The best pop music achieves that sweet spot.Electronic/DanceIn recent years, I've also really gotten into electronic dance music of all kinds – everything from high-energy EDM bangers to more laid-back, atmospheric electronic soundscapes. What draws me to this genre is how it uses synthesizers, samples, drum machines and modern production techniques to build these intricate, layered compositions that just wash over you in waves of sound.When I want to get hyped up and go crazy on the dance floor, I'll throw on some electro house or dubstep by artists like Skrillex, Zedd or The Chainsmokers. Those massive drops, squelching bass lines, and pounding beats combined with melodies that almost sound synthetic or alien-like just put me in an almost trance-like state where I can get completely immersed in the music.On the other end, I'm equally enthralled by the more atmospheric, downtempo styles of electronic music by producers like Bonobo, Tycho or Jon Hopkins. These artists create lush, enveloping sonic landscapes that are almost meditative to listento. With expert sound design and unique tones and textures, they're able to craft rich, emotive pieces that feel more like an experience than just music. My favorite way to vibe to this style is putting on some good headphones or playing it through a powerful sound system so the layers and intricacies really come through.No matter the sub-genre or style though, electronic music is the ultimate playground for sonic experimentation and innovation nowadays. Producers can quite literally create sounds that have never existed before using modular synths and digital tools. It's where the cutting-edge of music creation lies, and that boundless freedom to explore different tones and atmospheres is really exciting to me.Overall, I just love how varied the world of music is, with so many different genres and styles to explore and vibe with depending on my mood or mindset. While genres remain distinct, I also love how artists are blending and fusing different influences to create novel hybrids (just look at the popularity of hip hop/rock fusions or pop with dance and electronic elements). Music is the universal language that connects us all, and I'm endlessly fascinated by the infinite possibilities artists have toexpress themselves in new and unique ways. Here's to a lifetime of discovering and appreciating fresh auditory awesomeness!。
Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using glass fabricated microreactor
Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide using glass fabricated microreactor – Multichannel operation and catalyst comparison
Tomoya Inoue ∗ , Kenichiro Ohtaki, Jiro Adachi, Ming Lu, Sunao Murakami
Research Center for Ubiquitous MEMS and Micro Engineering (UMEMSME), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
Article history: Received 11 December 2013 Received in revised form 28 March 2014 Accepted 29 March 2014 Available online xxx Keywords: The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide Microfabricated glass reactor Palladium catalysis
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 29 861 7030; fax: +81 29 861 7842. E-mail address: inoue-tomoya@aist.go.jp (T. Inoue). /10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.065 0920-5861/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
综述阅读报告 PPT课件
05.04.2020
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目前，国内对水系沉积物铅同位素组成的研究仍少见报 道。尚英男等对成都市河道表层沉积物淤泥铅污染做了分析， 结果表明，成都市燃煤端元和燃油端元物质的铅同位素组成 总体特征是放射成因铅高，而且燃煤的放射成因铅高于燃油， 特别是汽油铅和燃煤铅同位素组成区别明显。成都市主要河 流沉积物的铅同位素组成均大多落在崔家店热电厂降尘和华 能热电厂燃煤飞灰的范围，表明河道沉积物的铅主要来源于 位于成都东郊的这两大热电厂的燃煤污染。沙河、府河有少 数几个样品点落在燃煤铅和柴油铅之间，其铅的来源可能是 两者的混合。
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土壤-植物系统的研究
国外对土壤 植物体系的铅同位素研究从 20 世纪 80 年代开始，现 在已成为一个新的研究热点。
HURST 等曾分析了美国内华达州一个正在运转的火力发电厂周 围的煤灰、土壤及植物的铅同位素组成，也清楚地揭示了燃煤对 环境的污染。KASTE分析低纬度落叶林区域土壤铅同位素组成发 现，大气铅沉降主要富集在土壤表层10 cm附近，高纬度针叶林 地区由于地表覆盖有较厚的植被故阻止大气铅沉降至地表， 近似 能反映大气 60 年左右的铅含量变化。RABINOWITZ等最近对上 世纪美国几个州的冶炼厂附近土壤样本中的铅同位素组成进行了 分析，结果表明，虽然铅冶炼厂已经关闭很多年， 但目前旧址附 近土壤中的铅仍是当初冶炼厂污染所造成的。
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水系沉积物铅污染研究
通过分析城市水系淤泥积聚污染物中铅的分散、迁移和富集的环 境因素及地球化学过程，可以探索和了解城市生态环境中的物质 循环方式，途经以及一些环境中的自我净化剂机理。
有关水系沉积物的铅同位素示踪起步较晚，国外的研究主要涉及 于湖泊，例如：BLAISJ UL ES对湖底沉积物的铅同位素组成进行 了测定，研究表明加拿大工业排放物的铅同位素206Pb/207Pb比值 (1.153 ±0.005) 明显比美国工业排放物的铅同位素比值 (1.213 ±0.008) 低，因此选定了简单的两端元铅同位素混合模型，以追溯 两国工业排放物中的铅对湖区 (在北美洲东部地区) 沉积物中的铅 相对贡献。EADES用湖泊沉积物中稳定铅同位素记录考察了苏格 兰的环境铅污染历史。通过考察206Pb/207Pb 比值的变化，绘制了铅 污染主要原因的年代学谱图，并用地表沉积物中同位素比值作为 标识对 20 世纪 90 年代大气铅进行了源解析研究，结果表明，当 时大约 27 %～40 %的大气铅来源于含铅汽油的使用。
Fluent用户手册
The FLUENT User's Guide tells you what you need to know to use FLUENT. At the end of the User's Guide, you will find a Reference Guide, a nomenclature list, a bibliography, and an index.!! Under U.S. and international copyright law, Fluent is unable to distribute copies of the papers listed in the bibliography, other than those published internally by Fluent. Please use your library or a document delivery service to obtain copies of copyrighted papers.A brief description of what's in each chapter follows:∙Chapter 1, Getting Started, describes the capabilities of FLUENT and the way in which it interacts with other Fluent Inc. and third-party programs. It also advises you on how to choose the appropriate solverformulation for your application, gives an overview of the problem setup steps, and presents a samplesession that you can work through at your own pace. Finally, this chapter provides information aboutaccessing the FLUENT manuals on CD-ROM or in the installation area.∙Chapter 2, User Interface, describes the mechanics of using the graphical user interface, the text interface, and the on-line help. It also provides instructions for remote and batch execution. (See the separate Text Command List for information about specific text interface commands.)∙Chapter 3, Reading and Writing Files, contains information about the files that FLUENT can read and write, including hardcopy files.∙Chapter 4, Unit Systems, describes how to use the standard and custom unit systems available in FLUENT.∙Chapter 5, Reading and Manipulating Grids, describes the various sources of computational grids and explains how to obtain diagnostic information about the grid and how to modify it by scaling, translating, and other methods. This chapter also contains information about the use of non-conformal grids.∙Chapter 6, Boundary Conditions, explains the different types of boundary conditions available in FLUENT, when to use them, how to define them, and how to define boundary profiles and volumetric sources and fix the value of a variable in a particular region. It also contains information about porousmedia and lumped parameter models.∙Chapter 7, Physical Properties, explains how to define the physical properties of materials and the equations that FLUENT uses to compute the properties from the information that you input.∙Chapter 8, Modeling Basic Fluid Flow, describes the governing equations and physical models used by FLUENT to compute fluid flow (including periodic flow, swirling and rotating flows, compressibleflows, and inviscid flows), as well as the inputs you need to provide to use these models.∙Chapter 9, Modeling Flows in Moving Zones, describes the use of single rotating reference frames, multiple moving reference frames, mixing planes, and sliding meshes in FLUENT.∙Chapter 10, Modeling Turbulence, describes FLUENT's models for turbulent flow and when and how to use them.∙Chapter 11, Modeling Heat Transfer, describes the physical models used by FLUENT to compute heat transfer (including convective and conductive heat transfer, natural convection, radiative heat transfer,and periodic heat transfer), as well as the inputs you need to provide to use these models.∙Chapter 12, Introduction to Modeling Species Transport and Reacting Flows, provides an overview of the models available in FLUENT for species transport and reactions, as well as guidelines for selectingan appropriate model for your application.∙Chapter 13, Modeling Species Transport and Finite-Rate Chemistry, describes the finite-rate chemistry models in FLUENT and how to use them. This chapter also provides information about modeling species transport in non-reacting flows.∙Chapter 14, Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion, describes the non-premixed combustion model and how to use it. This chapter includes details about using prePDF.∙Chapter 15, Modeling Premixed Combustion, describes the premixed combustion model and how to use it.∙Chapter 16, Modeling Partially Premixed Combustion, describes the partially premixed combustion model and how to use it.∙Chapter 17, Modeling Pollutant Formation, describes the models for the formation of NOx and soot and how to use them.∙Chapter 18, Introduction to Modeling Multiphase Flows, provides an overview of the models for multiphase flow (including the discrete phase, VOF, mixture, and Eulerian models), as well as guidelines for selecting an appropriate model for your application.∙Chapter 19, Discrete Phase Models, describes the discrete phase models available in FLUENT and how to use them.∙Chapter 20, General Multiphase Models, describes the general multiphase models available in FLUENT (VOF, mixture, and Eulerian) and how to use them.∙Chapter 21, Modeling Solidification and Melting, describes FLUENT's model for solidification and melting and how to use it.∙Chapter 22, Using the Solver, describes the FLUENT solvers and how to use them.∙Chapter 23, Grid Adaption, explains the solution-adaptive mesh refinement feature in FLUENT and how to use it.∙Chapter 24, Creating Surfaces for Displaying and Reporting Data, explains how to create surfaces in the domain on which you can examine FLUENT solution data.∙Chapter 25, Graphics and Visualization, describes the graphics tools that you can use to examine your FLUENT solution.∙Chapter 26, Alphanumeric Reporting, describes how to obtain reports of fluxes, forces, surface integrals, and other solution data.∙Chapter 27, Field Function Definitions, defines the flow variables that appear in the variable selection drop-down lists in FLUENT panels, and tells you how to create your own custom field functions.∙Chapter 28, Parallel Processing, explains the parallel processing features in FLUENT and how to use them. This chapter also provides information about partitioning your grid for parallel processing.18. Introduction to Modeling Multiphase FlowsA large number of flows encountered in nature and technology are a mixture of phases. Physical phases of matter are gas, liquid, and solid, but the concept of phase in a multiphase flow system is applied in a broader sense. In multiphase flow, a phase can be defined as an identifiable class of material that has a particular inertial response to and interaction with the flow and the potential field in which it is immersed. For example, different-sized solid particles of the same material can be treated as different phases because each collection of particles with the same size will have a similar dynamical response to the flow field.This chapter provides an overview of multiphase modeling in FLUENT, and Chapters 19 and 20 provide details about the multiphase models mentioned here. Chapter 21 provides information about melting and solidification.18.1 Multiphase Flow RegimesMultiphase flow can be classified by the following regimes, grouped into four categories:gas-liquid or liquid-liquid flowsbubbly flow: discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a continuous fluiddroplet flow: discrete fluid droplets in a continuous gasslug flow: large bubbles in a continuous fluidstratified/free-surface flow: immiscible fluids separated by a clearly-defined interfacegas-solid flowsparticle-laden flow: discrete solid particles in a continuous gaspneumatic transport: flow pattern depends on factors such as solid loading, Reynolds numbers, and particle properties. Typical patterns are dune flow, slug flow, packed beds, and homogeneous flow.fluidized beds: consist of a vertical cylinder containing particles where gas is introduced through a distributor. The gas rising through the bed suspends the particles. Depending on the gas flow rate, bubbles appear and rise through the bed, intensifying the mixing within the bed.liquid-solid flowsslurry flow: transport of particles in liquids. The fundamental behavior of liquid-solid flows varies with the properties of the solid particles relative to those of the liquid. In slurry flows, the Stokes number (seeEquation 18.4-4) is normally less than 1. When the Stokes number is larger than 1, the characteristic of the flow is liquid-solid fluidization.hydrotransport: densely-distributed solid particles in a continuous liquidsedimentation: a tall column initially containing a uniform dispersed mixture of particles. At the bottom, the particles will slow down and form a sludge layer. At the top, a clear interface will appear, and in the middle a constant settling zone will exist.three-phase flows (combinations of the others listed above)Each of these flow regimes is illustrated in Figure 18.1.1.Figure 18.1.1: Multiphase Flow Regimes18.2 Examples of Multiphase SystemsSpecific examples of each regime described in Section 18.1 are listed below:Bubbly flow examples: absorbers, aeration, air lift pumps, cavitation, evaporators, flotation, scrubbersDroplet flow examples: absorbers, atomizers, combustors, cryogenic pumping, dryers, evaporation, gas cooling, scrubbersSlug flow examples: large bubble motion in pipes or tanksStratified/free-surface flow examples: sloshing in offshore separator devices, boiling and condensation in nuclear reactorsParticle-laden flow examples: cyclone separators, air classifiers, dust collectors, and dust-laden environmental flowsPneumatic transport examples: transport of cement, grains, and metal powdersFluidized bed examples: fluidized bed reactors, circulating fluidized bedsSlurry flow examples: slurry transport, mineral processingHydrotransport examples: mineral processing, biomedical and physiochemical fluid systemsSedimentation examples: mineral processing18.3 Approaches to Multiphase ModelingAdvances in computational fluid mechanics have provided the basis for further insight into the dynamics of multiphase flows. Currently there are two approaches for the numerical calculation of multiphase flows: the Euler-Lagrange approach and the Euler-Euler approach.18.3.1 The Euler-Lagrange ApproachThe Lagrangian discrete phase model in FLUENT (described in Chapter 19) follows the Euler-Lagrange approach. The fluid phase is treated as a continuum by solving the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, while the dispersed phase is solved by tracking a large number of particles, bubbles, or droplets through the calculated flow field. The dispersed phase can exchange momentum, mass, and energy with the fluid phase.A fundamental assumption made in this model is that the dispersed second phase occupies a low volume fraction, even though high mass loading ( ) is acceptable. The particle or droplet trajectories are computed individually at specified intervals during the fluid phase calculation. This makes the model appropriate for the modeling of spray dryers, coal and liquid fuel combustion, and some particle-laden flows, but inappropriate for the modeling of liquid-liquid mixtures, fluidized beds, or any application where the volume fraction of the second phase is not negligible.18.3.2 The Euler-Euler ApproachIn the Euler-Euler approach, the different phases are treated mathematically as interpenetrating continua. Since the volume of a phase cannot be occupied by the other phases, the concept of phasic volume fraction is introduced. These volume fractions are assumed to be continuous functions of space and time and their sum is equal to one. Conservation equations for each phase are derived to obtain a set of equations, which have similar structure for all phases. These equations are closed by providing constitutive relations that are obtained from empirical information, or, in the case of granular flows , by application of kinetic theory.In FLUENT, three different Euler-Euler multiphase models are available: the volume of fluid (VOF) model, the mixture model, and the Eulerian model.The VOF ModelThe VOF model (described in Section 20.2) is a surface-tracking technique applied to a fixed Eulerian mesh. It is designed for two or more immiscible fluids where the position of the interface between the fluids is of interest. In the VOF model, a single set of momentum equations is shared by the fluids, and the volume fraction of each of the fluids in each computational cell is tracked throughout the domain. Applications of the VOF model include stratified flows , free-surface flows, filling, sloshing , the motion of large bubbles in a liquid, the motion of liquid after a dam break, the prediction of jet breakup (surface tension), and the steady or transient tracking of any liquid-gas interface.The Mixture ModelThe mixture model (described in Section 20.3) is designed for two or more phases (fluid or particulate). As in the Eulerian model, the phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. The mixture model solves for the mixture momentum equation and prescribes relative velocities to describe the dispersed phases. Applications of the mixture model include particle-laden flows with low loading, bubbly flows, sedimentation , and cyclone separators. The mixture model can also be used without relative velocities for the dispersed phases to model homogeneous multiphase flow.The Eulerian ModelThe Eulerian model (described in Section 20.4) is the most complex of the multiphase models in FLUENT. It solves a set of n momentum and continuity equations for each phase. Coupling is achieved through the pressure and interphase exchange coefficients. The manner in which this coupling is handled depends upon the type of phases involved; granular (fluid-solid) flows are handled differently than non-granular (fluid-fluid) flows. For granular flows , the properties are obtained from application of kinetic theory. Momentum exchange between the phases is also dependent upon the type of mixture being modeled. FLUENT's user-defined functions allow you tocustomize the calculation of the momentum exchange. Applications of the Eulerian multiphase model include bubble columns , risers , particle suspension, and fluidized beds .18.4 Choosing a Multiphase ModelThe first step in solving any multiphase problem is to determine which of the regimes described inSection 18.1 best represents your flow. Section 18.4.1 provides some broad guidelines for determining appropriate models for each regime, and Section 18.4.2 provides details about how to determine the degree of interphase coupling for flows involving bubbles, droplets, or particles, and the appropriate model for different amounts of coupling.18.4.1 General GuidelinesIn general, once you have determined the flow regime that best represents your multiphase system, you can select the appropriate model based on the following guidelines. Additional details and guidelines for selecting the appropriate model for flows involving bubbles, droplets, or particles can be found in Section 18.4.2.For bubbly, droplet, and particle-laden flows in which the dispersed-phase volume fractions are less than or equal to 10%, use the discrete phase model. See Chapter 19 for more information about the discrete phase model.For bubbly, droplet, and particle-laden flows in which the phases mix and/or dispersed-phase volume fractions exceed 10%, use either the mixture model (described in Section 20.3) or the Eulerian model (described in Section 20.4). See Sections 18.4.2 and 20.1 for details about how to determine which is more appropriate for your case.For slug flows, use the VOF model. See Section 20.2 for more information about the VOF model.For stratified/free-surface flows, use the VOF model. See Section 20.2 for more information about the VOF model.For pneumatic transport, use the mixture model for homogeneous flow (described in Section 20.3) or the Eulerian model for granular flow (described in Section 20.4). See Sections 18.4.2 and 20.1 for details about how to determine which is more appropriate for your case.For fluidized beds, use the Eulerian model for granular flow. See Section 20.4 for more information about the Eulerian model.For slurry flows and hydrotransport , use the mixture or Eulerian model (described, respectively, inSections 20.3 and 20.4). See Sections 18.4.2 and 20.1 for details about how to determine which is more appropriate for your case.For sedimentation, use the Eulerian model. See Section 20.4 for more information about the Eulerian model.For general, complex multiphase flows that involve multiple flow regimes, select the aspect of the flow that is of most interest, and choose the model that is most appropriate for that aspect of the flow. Note that the accuracy of results will not be as good as for flows that involve just one flow regime, since the model you use will be valid for only part of the flow you are modeling.18.4.2 Detailed GuidelinesFor stratified and slug flows, the choice of the VOF model, as indicated in Section 18.4.1, is straightforward. Choosing a model for the other types of flows is less straightforward. As a general guide, there are some parameters that help to identify the appropriate multiphase model for these other flows: the particulate loading, , and the Stokes number, St. (Note that the word ``particle'' is used in this discussion to refer to a particle, droplet, or bubble.)The Effect of Particulate LoadingParticulate loading has a major impact on phase interactions. The particulate loading is defined as the mass density ratio of the dispersed phase ( d) to that of the carrier phase ( c):The material density ratiois greater than 1000 for gas-solid flows, about 1 for liquid-solid flows, and less than 0.001 for gas-liquid flows. Using these parameters it is possible to estimate the average distance between the individual particles of the particulate phase. An estimate of this distance has been given by Crowe et al. [ 42]:where . Information about these parameters is important for determining how the dispersed phase shouldbe treated. For example, for a gas-particle flow with aparticulate loading of 1, the interparticle space is about 8; the particle can therefore be treated as isolated (i.e., very low particulate loading).Depending on the particulate loading, the degree of interaction between the phases can be divided into three categories:For very low loading, the coupling between the phases is one-way; i.e., the fluid carrier influences the particles via drag and turbulence, but the particles have no influence on the fluid carrier. The discrete phase, mixture, and Eulerian models can all handle this type of problem correctly. Since the Eulerian model is the most expensive, the discrete phase or mixture model is recommended.For intermediate loading, the coupling is two-way; i.e., the fluid carrier influences the particulate phase via drag and turbulence, but the particles in turn influence the carrier fluid via reduction in mean momentum and turbulence. The discrete phase, mixture, and Eulerian models are all applicable in this case, but you need to take into account other factors in order to decide which model is more appropriate. See below for information about using the Stokes number as a guide.For high loading, there is two-way coupling plus particle pressure and viscous stresses due to particles (four-way coupling). Only the Eulerian model will handle this type of problem correctly.The Significance of the Stokes NumberFor systems with intermediate particulate loading, estimating the value of the Stokes number can help you select the most appropriate model. The Stokes number can be defined as the relation between the particle response time and the system response time:where and t s is based on the characteristic length ( L s) and the characteristic velocity ( V s) of thesystem under investigation: .For , the particle will follow the flow closely and any of the three models (discrete phase, mixture, or Eulerian) is applicable; you can therefore choose the least expensive (the mixture model, in most cases), or themost appropriate considering other factors. For , the particles will move independently of the flowand either the discrete phase model or the Eulerian model is applicable. For , again any of the three models is applicable; you can choose the least expensive or the most appropriate considering other factors. ExamplesFor a coal classifier with a characteristic length of 1 m and a characteristic velocity of 10 m/s, the Stokes number is 0.04 for particles with a diameter of 30 microns, but 4.0 for particles with a diameter of 300 microns. Clearly the mixture model will not be applicable to the latter case.For the case of mineral processing, in a system with a characteristic length of 0.2 m and a characteristic velocity of 2 m/s, the Stokes number is 0.005 for particles with a diameter of 300 microns. In this case, you can choose between the mixture and Eulerian models. (The volume fractions are too high for the discrete phase model, as noted below.)Other ConsiderationsKeep in mind that the use of the discrete phase model is limited to low volume fractions. Also, the discrete phase model is the only multiphase model that allows you to specify the particle distribution or include combustion modeling in your simulation.。
Sauermann 产品说明书
HEATING ANDCOMBUSTION2For more than 45 years, Sauermann Group has designed, manufactured and sold products and services dedicated to the industrial and HVACR markets. The Group specifically focuses on the detection, measurement and control of indoor air quality (IAQ).Measurement instruments : Sauermann measurement instruments monitor a broad spectrum of indoor air quality parameters and serve a wide range of applications, from building ventilation (heating and air conditioning) systems, to cold-chain installations and combustion gas analysis. Backed by our testing laboratories and in-house research and development program, Sauermann instruments deliver the accu-racy and reliability that HVACR engineers need.Condensate management solutions : Safe and effective conden-sate management for air quality systems can be a challenge. Sauer-mann pumps are designed to look good, while our patented piston technology delivers whisper-quiet operation and unrivalled reliability.ABOUT USLOW SOUND LEVELLOW FAIL RATE HIGH PERFORMANCEHIGH ACCURACYUNMATCHED RELIABILITY MULTIPLE APPLICATIONSAccredited to N F EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017WWW.COFRAC.FRWWW.COFRAC.FRSCOPE N°2-6860AVAILABLE ON TEMPERATURE SCOPE N°2-6861AVAILABLE ON HUMIDITY3SUMMARYFlue Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 06Servicing Heat Pumps . . . . . . . . 07Differential Pressure Check . . . . 08Temperature Check . . . . . . . . . . 09Tightness testing and gasleak detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Full Product List (11)The 10 killer features ofa modern portable combustiongas analyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Analysis (13)Our Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Heating and Combustion . . . . . . 04About us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02, CO ambient2perature measurements.SolutionSi-CA 130 Combustion analyzer6Servicing Heat Pumps Heat pumps generate heat without any combustion processes and offer greater energy efficiency than even the best condensing boilers .The hea-ting process is based on a refrigerant gas, transporting heat through a phase change cycle .However, most refrigerant gases are not harmless for the environment and usually have a significant cost, so these heat pump systems need to be properly commissioned and maintained .In order to reliably provide sustainable heat and optimize the heating curve, the heat pumps must be thoroughly checked using suitable mea-surement technology at regular service and maintenance intervals .An annual service is also recommended for all heat pumps .This ensuresefficient operations, detects any refrigerant gas leaks, and optimizes effi-ciency to reduce energy costs .pressure and subcooling / superheatingtemperatures simultaneously.SolutionSi-R M13 Combined manifold with smartwireless probes and 2-channel by-pass789In order for a heating system to work efficiently and distribute heat en-ergy as uniformly as possible, temperature measurement is crucial . At Sauermann you will find temperature measuring instruments for these important heating measurements, directly performed on heating equipment or in a room’s ambient air .Temperature CheckMeasuring flow and return water temperatures of a heat circuit distribution system.SolutionKiray 100 Infrared thermometer10leaks throughout a heat Si-RD3 Refrigerant gas leak Detect any combustible gas leaks, such as natural gas, methane, propane, isobutane, and LPG, throughout a boiler's gas piping system.SolutionSi-CD3 Combustible gas leak detector11Full Product ListPRODUCTITEMREF.MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIOND i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r eS i -R M 13 M a n i f o l dT e m p e r a t u r eC o m b u s t i o n A n a l y e r sPa: Differential pressure; °C/°F: Temperature; % RH: Relative humidity; m/s: Air velocity; m 3/h: Airflow; ppm: Gas concentrationOur most common articles for heating and combustion applications12Customized ProductsIf you cannot find the product (instrument, probe, accessory) that suites your specific needs in this list, we canalso deliver a large range of products that are available with longer delivery lead times.PRODUCTITEMREF.MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONFull Product ListOur most common articles for heating and combustion applicationsG a s l e a k sA c c e s s o r i e sPa: Differential pressure; °C/°F: Temperature; % RH: Relative humidity; m/s: Air velocity; m 3/h: Airflow; ppm: Gas concentration13The 10 Killer Features of a Modern Portable Combustion Gas Analyser1 - Extremely robust CO measure-ment cellsCombustion professionals work on a wide variety of residential, commer-cial and industrial boilers . And this versatility means that the instruments they use need to be able to withstand high concentrations of CO . That’s why, for modern combustion gas analysers, extremely robust CO cells are an ab-solute must .Our Si-CA 030 and Si-CA 130 mo-dels are the only analysers in their weight and price category to include advanced CO cells, which are capable of measuring and withstanding CO concentrations of up to 8,000 ppm . The Si-CA 230 model, meanwhile, has a range of up to 10,000 ppm – and as high as 50,000 ppm thanks to its built-in automatic dilution system . The CO dilution not only allows for higher CO measurements, but also helps prevent the CO sensor from becoming oversa-turated with high CO levels that can damage the sensor .2 - NO X measurement capability without changing the deviceThese days, NO X has become an essen-tial m easurement p arameter f or v arious zcombustion equipment – for both environmental, health and financial reasons . For some combustion appli-cations, such as power stations, inci-nerators and high-powered boilers, strict regulations often require NO X concentrations to be measured at various points in the combustion pro-cess . A good combustion gas analyser therefore needs to support this capa-bility when needed .That’s why our Si-CA 030 and 130 ana-lysers are the only instruments in theirclass that can be adapted to measure NO X , with the Si-CA 130 supporting field-replaceable pre-calibrated cells . And of course, the top-of-the-range Si-CA 230 can measure NO X (including Total NOx with both NO & NO 2 sen-sors) and have a maximum of six gas sensors .3 - Multiple cells for simultaneous measurementsFor reasons of speed and efficiency, engineers naturally prefer all-in-one instruments that can handle multiple measurements at once . The aim is to reduce the number of maintenance and analysis steps, allowing specia-lists to service a combustion equip-ment quickly without compromising on reliability .Our Si-CA 030 and 130 analysers come with three replaceable measurement cells, while our top-of-the-range Si-CA 230 model features six cells: more than any competitor in its format and price category!4 - Measurement reliability backed by metrology expertsAs emissions regulations become ever stricter and more precise, mo-dern combustion gas analysers must be able to take measurements to a high degree of accuracy . Periodically calibrating these instruments is more essential now than ever before . And it’s a task that needs to be done in the lab by metrology experts – both be-fore and after sales .Our Si-CA 030, 130 and 230 models are backed by 45 years of measure-ment expertise, with specialist gas analysis laboratories located on thesame premises as our productionToday, combustion gas analysis requires instruments that are built for speed, versatility and reliability – and many older devices no longer make the grade. Here, we look at the 10 killer features that a modern analysercannot do without.lines .Our metrology experts and production engineers provide the full range of after-sales services: calibration, adjustment and repair .5 - Wireless connectivity and free appsP aid apps linked to measuring devices are a thing of the past . Customers buying professional- grade instruments no longer ex-pect to pay extra for an accom-panying iOS, Android or Windows app .Why? Because these apps are now viewed as an integral part of the package when purchasing a combustion gas analyser .The brand-new Sauermann Com-bustion mobile app & PC software are free to download when cus-tomers purchase any of our three latest-generation Si-CA combus-tion gas analysers .The app, for Android, iOS and Windows, gives users access to the extra features available in this digital environ-ment, which has formed a natural extension to our products in recent years .The app allows for real-time remote display and control func-tionality when used with all three combustion analyzers .6 - One-click auto-generationof exportable measurement reportsAgain for reasons of efficiency, modern combustion gas analysers must be able to generate com-prehensive measurement reports, which can then be exported and emailed instantly in various for-mats (such as Excel, CSV or PDF) . The report generation interface needs to be linked to a customer (and equipment) database stored on the device and/or in the app .Our Si-CA 030, 130 and 230 mo-dels can all generate and export reports in any standard electronic format, as well as store a customer database .They can also export a hard-copy version of the document to a portable, wireless printer .The accompanying Sauermann Com-bustion mobile app & PC software even generates statutory service reports .For instance, the app can create the “Attestation d’E ntre-tien” (AdE, or “Service Certifi-cate”) for France, as well as servicereports that include CO room &sweep tests and pressure let-bytests as required under UK regula-tions .7 - User-friendly features builtfor speedEase and convenience are the firstthings that today’s customers lookfor in a measurement instrument .In other words, it needs to be ins-tantly usable out of the box .Thatmeans the device must be intui-tive, quick and easy to handle inany circumstances .And with somany clever technical design fea-tures, modern-day instruments arehelping combustion professionalswork more efficiently than ever .Our new Si-CA analysers arepacked with smart design fea-tures that make them incrediblyconvenient to use: powerfulmagnets to affix them to heat-ge-nerating machines and keepengineers’ hands free, an LCDdisplay that’s easy to see in anysituation, built-in software thatissues cell service cycle reminders,the ability to manage them froma smartphone, and more .The 130and 230 even have a large touchscreens that allows for easy & qui-ck operations of the analysers .8 - The perfect balancebetween size, weight and pricefor on-site operationsWhen it comes to user-friendly de-sign features for measurement de-vices, portability and maneuverabi-lity definitely top the list .Advancesin digital technology and minia-turisation have made modern ins-truments smaller and lighter thanever – and allowed manufacturersto tweak their design so they fitseamlessly into the palm of thehand .And combustion gas analy-sers, despite containing complexelectrochemical components, areno different .At Sauermann, we wanted to strikethe perfect balance with our mid-range instrument: the Si-CA 130model is one of the smallest,lightest and most comprehen-sive devices in its class, withoutcompromising on features (touch-screen display, CO measurementof up to 8,000 ppm, etc .) .For com-bustion professionals, it deliversunmatched versatility at this pricepoint .9 - Rugged design that’s builtto lastModern measurement instrumentsare packed with more technolo-gy and feature fewer structuralweaknesses that their predeces-sors .Professionals expect to beable to use them in any situation,without having to take more pre-cautions than with a conventionalmechanical instrument .In fact,rugged design is a critical aspect ofuser-friendliness and ease of use .Our new Si-CA analysers comewith an additional protective ru-bber casing, which also meansthey sit firmly in the palm of thehand without slipping .The probeconnectors are hidden awayinside the unit, so there’s no risk ofthem breaking if the instrument isdropped .They also have an ingressprotection rating of IP42 .10 - Flexible configuration outof the boxProfessionals know exactly whatthey need to do their job .That’swhy, when it comes to designinga specialist measurement instru-ment like a combustion gas analy-ser, flexibility is key .In other words,manufacturers need to supply theexact cells, accessories and optionsthat the user wants .Our latest-generation Si-CA 030,130 and 230 models are availablein dozens of different kits, whichvary from country to country .Customers can also order acces-sories and field-replaceable gascells separately .For informationand advice, speak to our CustomerServices department .With these 10 killer features, youcan’t possibly go wrong!1415Pressure TemperatureHumidity Weight Radiometry TachometryAir velocity Air flow Gas analysis Light measurement Electrical current AcousticsOur measurement expertise covers a wide range of fields:07/2022 N o n -c o n t r a c tFor more information, visit:。
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Stream 15 is then distilled in T-102 to separate acrolein and propylene from water and acrylic acid. The bottoms (Stream16) consisting of wastewater and acrylic acid are sent to waste treatment. The distillate (Stream 17) is sent to T-103 where propylene is separated from acrolein and the remaining water in the system. The distillate from T-103, contains 98.4% propylene. The possibility of recycling this stream can be investigated. The bottoms (Stream 19) is then sent to T-ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้04 where acrolein is separated from water. Stream 21 is sent to waste treatment, and the distillate (Stream 20) consists of 98% pure acrolein.
外文文献翻译1
A COMPARISON STUDY OF ACFB AND PCFB ASHCHARACTERISTICSK.M. Sellakumar and R. ConnFoster Wheeler Development Corporation, 12 Peach Tree Hill Road,Livingston, NJ 07039, USAA. BlandWestern Research Institute, 365 N. 9th St, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA Abstract:The advent of fluidized bed combustion technology has provided avenuesfor environmental issues-free use of all types of fossil fuels. With the potential commercial application of Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (PCFB) technology in the very near future, there is a need to understand the similarities and differences in the characteristics of solid by-products from the conventional Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (ACFB) and the PCFB. Similar toACFB residues, the main components in PCFB residues are from: -the inorganic constituents in the coal and incorporated sediments (Al, Fe, and Si),-the inorganic constituents in the coal and incorporated sediments (Al, Fe, and Si),And-sulfur released from the coal during combustion that is captured by the sorbent.However, the concentration of each component in the residues may show great variations, depending on the feeds and operating conditions in the unit. In general, the residues discharged from PCFB units with the same types of feeds and sulfur retention should have a relatively lower content of calcium but a higher content of coal-derived constituents than those from ACFB units, because a lower sorbent feed is required for pressurized systems. Also, the sorbent-derived components in the residues from both systems are different due to the various sulfation mechanisms under atmospheric and pressurized conditions.Ash samples from the commercial ACFB plants and the Foster Wheeler 10 MWth PCFB pilot plant in Karhula have been used in this study. In this paper, the ash characteristics and where one type of ash- ACFB ash or PCFB ash –has better application over the other are described.INTRODUCTIONCFB combustion has proven to be one of the most promising technologies for burning a wide range of coals and other fuels and handling wide variations in fuel quality, while still achieving strict air emission requirements. Low-grade fuels that have large ash content andvery high sulfur do not normally find acceptance in pulverized coal (p.c.) units. These fuels are burned efficiently in CFB systems. However, if the sulfur content is large, then necessary sorbent has to be added to capture SO2 in solid form.CFB boilers generate two major waste streams, fly ash and bottom ash, which are a mixture of fuel ash, unburned carbon residues, and lime particles coated with sulfate layers. The ash properties are substantially different from the p.c. ashes typically marketed as ASTM Class C and F fly ashes. The operating conditions for CFBC units, in addition to the fuel and sorbent characteristics, directly contribute to the chemical characteristics of the ashes. CFB ashes generally contain a higher content of calcium as an oxide and as a sulfate, but a lower content of silica and alumina than ashes generated from p.c. boilers. One notable exception is ashes resulting from the firing of low sulfur anthracites and bituminous coals; these by-products are composed primarily of fuel ash constituents, since sorbent does not dominate ash chemistry. Consequently, the utilization options for CFB ashes are somewhat more diverse than p.c. ash, due to the effect of sorbent on the overall ash chemistry.Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) represents one of the most promising emerging Clean Coal Technologies (CCT). Circulating PFBC technology is being demonstrated at the pilot-scale at Foster Wheeler Energia Oy in Karhula, Finland. Western Research Institute(WRI) has completed a three-year project under sponsorship of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Foster Wheeler Energy International, Inc., and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC) that addressed ash use markets and options for PFBC technologies. FW supplied representative ash samples from the Karhula PCFB pilot combustor operation for this study. The overall objectives of this study were to determine the market potential and the technical feasibility of using PFBC ash in high-volume use applications.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made a final rule that effective September 2, 1993, four large-volume fossil fuel combustion (FFC) waste streams from electric utility power plants are exempted from RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976) Subtitle C for hazardous waste regulations (Federal Register 1993). The waste streams include fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slags, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sludge. Nevertheless, the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) waste streams were not included in this final regulatory determination due to the lack of information. Since early 1990s, extensive studies have been conducted on the ACFB and PCFB ashes (Young, 1996; Conn and Sellakumar, 1997, Conn, Wu, and Sellakumar 1997; Bland, 1998).In this paper, a review of the ACFB and PPCFB processes, key changes in the by-product constituents, and attendant differences in thephysical and chemical properties are described. In addition, the current and potential uses of the by-products are outlined.ACFB AND PCFB PROCESSESIn fluidized bed combustors, limestone is added in the bed for sulfur capture. Probable sulfur capture mechanisms in the ACFB and PCFB combustors have been summarized earlier (Koskinen et al., 1993). Numerous studies have confirmed that at atmospheric conditions, the first step in the sulfur capture process is the calcination of CaCO3.CaCO3 (s) →CaO (s) + CO2 (g) (1)The calcination reaction proceeds significantly faster than the next step that is the sulfur capture step, called the sulfation reaction.CaO (s) + SO2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) →CaSO4 (s) (2)Under pressurized fluidized bed combustion conditions, the high partial pressure of CO2 that exists by virtue of the high combustor pressure, prevents the decomposition of CaCO3. At high O2 partial pressures, the desulfurization reaction in pressurized conditions is via the "direct" sulfation of CaCO3.CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) →CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) (3)However, in the presence of some catalysts SO2(g) can be convertedto SO3(g), and the following reaction is also possible (Hajaligol et al. 1988):CaCO3(s) + SO3(g) ® CaSO4 (s) + CO2(g) (3a)Thermal decomposition of CaSO4 in normal pressurized fluidized bed combustion conditions is not probable because of low temperatures and high pressures in the reactor. However, according to Lygnfelt and Leckner (1989) significant amounts of SO2 may be released from the sorbent in the pressurized fluidized bed combustion if conditions become reducing in the reactor.In summary, it can be concluded that under PCFB conditions:- the sulfation of sorbents takes place by a direct reaction between CaCO3 and SOx..- the sulfation rate increases with temperature and- the total pressure in the combustor does not limit the sulfur capture by the sorbent.- The surface structure of the ash particles from the PCFB process is likely to be different from that of the ash from the ACFB process. CHARCTERIZATION OF ACFB ASHChemical Properties: Key oxides of interest for ash use in typical ACFB bottom ash and fly ash are presented in Table 1. The chemical characterization testing included major element composition, as well asphase analysis. There is a general decrease in CaO and SO3 with decreasing sulfur content of the fuel burned. Fuel ash contributes silica, alumina, and certain amounts of alkalis. The fly ash and the bed ash were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase composition. The data confirm the observation that the ashes are composed principally of anhydrite[CaSO4], lime [CaO], quartz [SiO2], and associated oxides of iron, magnesium, and dehydroxylated clays originating from the fuel ash components.Physical Properties: The general physical properties of the ashes were also determined, including poured and packed bulk densities, specific gravity, particle size distribution, and moisture. The fly ashes all were relatively fine with greater than 80% passing a 200-mesh screen (74mm). As a result, these ashes can readily be made into cement-type pastes without further milling. The poured bulk density of the fly ashes ranged from about 540 (low S fuel) to 916 (high S fuel) kg/m3; the compacted bulk density of the fly ashes were slightly higher and ranged from 840 (low S) to 1167(high S) kg/m3. The specific gravity ranged from 2.2 (low S) to 2.7 (high S) for the fly ashes. CHARACTERIZATION OF PCFB ASHThe study of PFBC ash use options has included two different ashes: ash from the combustion of low-sulfur Powder River Basin subbituminous coal (Black Thunder) with limestone sorbent and thecombustion of high-sulfur Illinois Basin coal with a limestone sorbent. (Bland, 1998).General Chemistry: With the exception of relatively high mineral carbon, the chemistry of the PCFB ashes is typical of ashes from ACFB of low-sulfur and high-sulfur coals using limestone and dolomite sorbents. Phase analyses of the ashes by X-ray diffraction show that the PCFB ashes are composed principally of anhydrite (CaSO4 ), calcite (CaCO3 ), coal ash oxides, and dehydroxylated clays. The lack of lime (CaO) in the PFBC ashes is distinctly different from AFBC ashes, which contain large amounts of lime. As stated earlier, in PFBC systems, the partial pressure of CO2 favors both calcination and recarbonization. This results in low lime and high carbonates (calcite) in pressurized FBC ash. Key oxides of interest for ash use are presented in Table 1. The loss on ignition (LOI) is composed of the moisture and the organic carbon. The LOI in the PFBC ashes has been corrected for mineral carbon. Moistures are less than 0.1% and the organic carbon contents are less than 2%. The free lime (CaO) content of the PFBC ashes was determined by ASTM C-25 to be in the range of 0.5 to 1.0%. The majority of the lime appears to still be carbonated in the form of CaCO3.Physical Properties : The general physical properties of the ashes were also determined, including bulk densities, specific gravity, and particle size distribution. The PCFB fly ashes measured poured-bulkdensities of 795 to 948 kg/m3 and specific gravities of 2.73 to 2.34 for high sulfur and low sulfur fuels respectively. This is just opposite of the ACFB fly ash characteristicsDISCUSSIONAsh Characteristics: Leachate characteristics of the ashes were tested according to the U.S. EPA Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (EPA CFR Part 241). The ash leachate data substantiate that none of the leachates generated from the ACFB and PFBC ashes exceeded the 1976 RCRA limits. As such, these ashes would not be classified as hazardous. Ashes from other coal-fired power systems are already categorized as nonhazardous and have been given an exclusion from these RCRA requirements (Table 2).Ash Utilization Studies: Diverse utilization options have been studied for ACFB and PCFB coal ashes. The potential applications include:- construction applications: cement substitute, concrete blockproduction, brick production, soilstabilizer, roadbase/subbase materials,structural fill materials, and syntheticaggregates;- agricultural applications: liming and soil amendment;- waste stabilization: acidic waste stabilizer and sludge stabilizer.The key fuel and sorbent properties, which can influence ashcharacteristics, are sulfur content, ash content, and ash composition including the form of Ca (CaCO3 or CaO). Other important fuel properties influencing ash characteristics are the size and friability of the fuel minerals. These properties will impact on how these minerals will exit the CFB in the fly or bottom ash stream, which can have a significant effect on the utilization of these streams. Extensive literature is now available on the ACFB ash use options based on the studies since early 1980s. (Anthony et al. 1995, Kilgour et al, 1991, Sun et al. 1980, Tavoulareas et al. 1987; Conn et al. 1997; Bland, 1998; Bland, 1999). Details on PCFB ash use has been reported since 1993 (Bland et al. 1994; Bland, 1998). A summary of the current know-how is given below.Ash Use in Construction Applications: ACFB and PCFB fly ashes cannot be classified as Class F or C, because of low FAS (ferric oxide, alumina, and silica) and high SO3 content (Table 1). Even though CFB fly ash may not qualify as a Portland cement admixture, it may have the potential for use in concrete blocks. Bottom and fly ash can be used as an aggregate and pozzolan in concrete blocks. The bottom ash used as an aggregate has a lower unit weight than many naturally occurring aggregates, thus reducing the weight of the block. CFB fly ash with properties of Class C and F can be used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in some block plants. Generally, the carbon content of the fly ash must be limited to less than 5%, since segregation can occurduring handling and result in nonuniform blocks.The free lime and sulfate contents of CFB ashes can limit their utilization in concrete block production. Free lime present in ash will form water-soluble calcium hydroxide, resulting in weakening of the block from contact with moisture. As with Portland cement concrete, ettringite can form in concrete blocks due to high ash sulfate levels resulting in mechanical weakening of the block. It is possible that CFB ash may replace some Class C or F fly ash or Portland cement in more moderate strength blocks. Such materials may not be preferred for heavy construction applications, but more for residential uses (Conn et al. 1997). Testing of PCFB ash has indicated that PFBC ash, when mixed with low amounts of lime, develops high strengths, suitable for soil stabilization applications and synthetic aggregate production. Synthetic aggregate produced from PFBC ash is capable of meeting ASTM/AASHTO specifications for many construction applications (Bland 1998).Soil/Mine Spoil Amendment: The technical feasibility of ACFB/PFBC ash as a soil amendment was examined for acidic problem soils and spoils encountered in agricultural and reclamation applications. The results of the technical feasibility testing indicated the following: ·Ash streams from CFB boilers firing low sulfur semi-anthracite and anthracite waste would not be good candidates for agricultural liming due to very low free lime ( and CaCO3 equivalent) contents.On the other hand, ash streams from CFB boilers firing bituminous coals may be suitable for liming, depending upon how calcium is partitioned between the fly ash and bottom ash.·PFBC fly ashes were effective acid spoil and sodic spoil amendments though they have low CaO content. In a comparison with ag-lime, the fly ashes reacted with the acidic spoil at a slower rate and the final pH of the treated material was slightly lower (i.e., fly ash treated, pH≈7 and the ag-lime treated ≈8).·the greenhouse studies demonstrated that PFBC fly ash amended spoils resulted in higher plant productivity than the ag-lime-amended spoils. These results possibly are due to pH and nutritional issues, but root penetration was undoubtedly a factor. CFB ash streams can also be used to stabilize waste streams from a variety of processing operations. This stabilization includes solidification and fixation of sludge materials for landfilling, neutralization of acidic wastes, and municipal sludge waste sludge. For each of these applications, the suitability of CFB ash is enhanced by its free lime content. CONCLUSIONIn-house and literature data show that ash streams from CFB boilers firing diverse fuels have the potential for use in one or more applications. FW has studied the ACFB bottom ash and fly ash characteristics from both an environmental impact and by-product utilization standpoint. First,the risk screening criteria and exposure analysis results indicate that these CFB wastes are as clean or better than those generated from conventional combustors such as p.c. boilers. As a result, CFB by-products can be used in various applications without impacting the environment. The exact utilization options for ACFB by-products will depend primarily on the type of fuel being fired, and to a lesser extent the type of sorbent utilized for sulfur capture. The PCFB ash differs from the ACFB in the uncalcined CaCO3 in the by-product.As with ACFB ashes, there is a significant market potential for PFBC ash in the construction and soil amendment industries. In particular, PFBC ash represents a technically viable material for use in these currently established applications for conventional coal combustion ashes. It is possible to modify the hydration reaction chemistry of the PFBC ashes through such processes as lime enhancement to produce the geotechnical properties required for construction applications. As a result, PFBC ash should be viewed as a valuable resource, and commercial opportunities for these materials should be explored for future PFBC installations.。
LEWCO-Furnace-NFPA86-standard-for-ovens-and-furnac
An Overview of: NFPA 86
Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
Copyright ©2014 LEWCO, Inc.
December 4, 2014
An Overview of NFPA 86 – Standard for Ovens & Furnaces
Fuel-fired burners include the following requirements:
1. An emergency shutoff valve located away from the oven that is readily accessible and provides visual indication. 2. Regulators, relief valves and switches shall be vented to an approved location. 3. Vent lines may not tie into a common manifold from different ovens. 4. Prior to the furnace heating system startup, provision shall be made for the removal of all flammable vapors and