跨文化交际学考试名词解释
跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Intercultural communication:intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Perception :in its simplest sense ,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us “the process by which an individual selects ,evaluates ,and organizes stimuli from the external world .”in other words ,perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context culture:it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,GermanActivity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breatheP-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .Proverbs :(1)even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor (一人得道，鸡犬升天)it represents that thecollective nature of Chinese values is largely the product of thousands of years of living and working together on the land .collectivism is characterized with a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group (relatives ,clans, organizations )member to look after them .individual identity is based on the social system .the individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions ,that is their in-group framework ,if one of the in-group member ,especially the head of the in-group ,gets a great success ,all the others can get benefit from him .(2)when everybody adds fuel the flames rise high ,the more people the more strength (众人拾柴火焰高) it shows the collectivism –orientation of Chinese people in their work .they are great readiness to cooperate with ingroup members .they tend to have a homogeneous work fore with little differentiation between managers and workers .the high value placed on the collective fosters mutual dependence in a group-oriented environment :they interact and conduct work activities as group efforts ,depending heavily upon one another .in collectivism-oriented culture .everyone has duty to contribute his most to the collective . (3)better to be a fool with the crowd than wise by oneself .it shows that mexican Americans have most of the characteristics of collectivism .they put more emphasis on beliefs shared with the ingroup rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup and great readiness to cooperate with ingrooup membership(4) a man in king in his homeit shows that they tend toward a masculine world view .sex roles in a masculine society are clearly differentiated ,with men taught to be assertive and women nurturing .Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaningof words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference:language, thought patterns…Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only besuspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time commitments seriouslyAre committed to the jobAdhere religiously to plansEmphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationshipsP: Do many things at onceConsider time commitments an objective to beachieved, if possibleAre committed to people and humanrelationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationshipHave strong tendency to build lifetimerelationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity?Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain. Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise. Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance High-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, whichincludes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.。
《跨文化交际》课程 术语解释
Introduction1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvement in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
语言与交际名词解释
语言与交际名词解释语言与交际名词解释“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“cross-cultural communication （或inter-cultural communication）”。
它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际, 也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道（由于存在语言和文化背景的差异），应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。
在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际非语言交际非语言交际指除了语言之外的所有交际手段，包括肢体语言，服饰如制服，发型，化妆，等等。
拿身势语举例：“身势语”同语言一样，都是文化的一部分。
在不同文化中，身势语的意义并不完全相同。
各民族有不同的非语言交际方式。
价值观价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物（包括人、事、物）的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。
一方面表现为价值取向、价值追求，凝结为一定的价值目标；另一方面表现为价值尺度和准则，成为人们判断价值事物有无价值及价值大小的评价标准。
个人的价值观一旦确立，便具有相对稳定性。
但就社会和群体而言，由于人员更替和环境的变化，社会或群体的价值观念又是不断变化着的。
传统价值观念会不断地受到新价值观的挑战。
对诸事物的看法和评价在心目中的主次、轻重的排列次序，构成了价值观体系。
价值观和价值观体系是决定人的行为的心理基础。
名词解释 1.文化文化是一个群体（可以是国家、也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动。
传统意义上所说的，一个人有或者没有文化，是指他所受到的教育程度。
后者是狭义的解释，前者是广义的解释。
另有人以此为名。
广义：人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
特指社会意识形态。
在阶级社会中，文化是阶级斗争的武器。
一定文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济，从洪秀全的金田起义、康梁的维新变法、何子渊的教育革新，再到孙中山的民主革命无一不是推动社会向前发展的动力。
跨文化交际能力名词解释
跨文化交际能力名词解释
跨文化交际能力是指一个人能够在不同的文化背景下有效地进行沟通和交流的能力。
具体来说，跨文化交际能力包括理解不同文化之间的差异、掌握不同的语言和表达方式、了解不同的文化和价值观、尊重不同的文化和习俗、有效沟通和交流等。
跨文化交际能力是一个非常重要的能力，因为随着全球化的进程，人们越来越需要在不同的文化背景下进行交流和合作。
无论是在商务、教育、旅游、外交等领域，都需要具备良好的跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际能力的提升可以通过多种途径，如学习不同国家的语言和文化、参加跨文化交流活动、了解不同的文化和价值观、培养文化敏感度等。
此外，还可以通过实践来提高跨文化交际能力，如尝试与不同文化的人进行沟通和交流、参加跨文化的合作和交流项目等。
跨文化交际能力对于个人和社会的发展都具有重要的意义，有助于提高人们的沟通能力、增进文化交流和理解、促进不同文化之间的和谐与合作。
跨文化交际知识点整理
跨⽂化交际知识点整理第⼀章.跨⽂化交际概论1跨⽂化交际汉语国际教育本质上是⼀种跨⽂化的活动。
新世纪如此⼴泛⽽深⼊的跨⽂化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.⼈⼝的流动4.⼴泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨⽂化交际？跨⽂化交际既是⼀种⼈类的社会活动，也是指⼀门研究跨⽂化交际活动的学科。
根据⼏个定义归纳出跨⽂化交际的重要特点：1.跨⽂化交际是不同⽂化背景的⼈们之间的交流；2.跨⽂化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨⽂化交际是⼀种动态的过程4.跨⽂化交际是⼀种双向的互动；5.跨⽂化交际的⽬标是创建共享的意义跨⽂化交际是不同⽂化背景的⼈们之间的交际，这⾥的跨⽂化交际实际上包含着两个层⾯⼀个层⾯是指不同国家和不同民族的⼈们之间的交际，例如中国⼈与美国⼈等另⼀个层⾯是指同⼀个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的⼈们之间的交际，例如男性和⼥性之间的交往就可以被看做是⼀种跨⽂化的交往跨⽂化交际的特点1.跨⽂化交际主要指⼈与⼈之间⾯对⾯的交流⾯对⾯的交流既包括了语⾔交际也包括了⾮语⾔交际，⽽且是⼀种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨⽂化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是⽂化传统、价值观、信仰等⽅⾯的差异，也涉及⾏为⽅式和习俗⽅⾯，如⼿势、⾐着、语⾔使⽤的差异，同时也涉及个⼈⽂化⾝份和社会⾓⾊⽅⾯的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作⽤，影响了跨⽂化交流的过程和结果3.跨⽂化交际容易引起冲突由于语⾔、交际风格、⾮语⾔⾏为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等⽅⾯的差异，跨⽂化交际很容易产⽣误解和冲突4.跨⽂化交际的误解和冲突⼤多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于⼈们恶意的动机，⽽是来源于⼈们良好的愿望。
在⾃⼰⽂化中得体⽽礼貌的⾏为到了另⼀种⽂化中却成了⽆礼的举动，善良的意图却产⽣了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨⽂化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成⼼理紧张，⼈们经常提到的“⽂化休克”就是形容在跨⽂化交际中产⽣的⼼理反应。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际跨文化交际---总复习Part 1: Definitions1. Cross-cultural communication: (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds endeavor to communicate.Intercultural communication involves communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. ?Cross-cultural communication is usually concerned with the contrastive study of patterns of communication between speakers from two cultures.International communication refers to communication between people from different nations.2. Enculturation:patterns of culture are acquired through the process of learning or interacting with the individual?s environment. The process of cultural acquisition is called enculturation. The learning environment includes the family, neighbourhood, schools, social groupss, physical surroundings etc. if the environment is different, the culture that each individual learns or acquires will be different too.Channel refers to the mode by which a message moves from the source of the message to the receiver of the message.Feedback means the information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Encoding: the act of putting an idea or thought into a code; process through which messages are cast into a system of signalsCulture is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior. It is everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society.For the purposes of the Intercultural Studies Project, culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group.Culture...consists in those patterns relative to behavior and the products of human action which may be inherited, that is, passed on from generation to generation independently of the biological genes" ?"Culture has been defined in a number of ways, but most simply, as the learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings"Dominant culture: mainstream culture of a society.3. Worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics. It is a concept fundamental to German philosophy and epistemology and refers to a wide world perception. Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which an individual interprets the world and interacts with it.4. Sub-culture or co-culture: It is often used for “ co-culture” because it implies that these groups are somewhat inferior or subjective to the dominant culture while the latter suggests that these groups are equal and co-existent with the dominant culture.A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinctor hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong.Cultural relativism: the idea that any part of a culture such as an idea, a thing, or a behavior pattern must be viewed from within its proper cultural context rather than from the view point of the observer?s. with this idea all cultures are equally worthy of respect and that in studying another culture we need to suspend judgmentnonverbal communication means the communication that involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver。
08级考试资料《跨文化交际》
跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” culture s because basic unit is thein-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and(c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1.Give some basic rules of boys or girls interaction2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western cultureChinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator’s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals’ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.1. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication2. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person’s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salarie s, people usually don’t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.3 . Analyze the cultural variations in selecting negotiators in America and Japan4. What would you do if a stranger pronounced your name incorrectly?5. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.6. Analyze the characteristics in Masculine communication culture7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some childrenaddress their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.9. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.10.Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for one’s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.11. What does "gilding the lily" mean?12.What are the communication differences between high-and low-context cultures?13.What are the social functions of compliments14. List some study area in nonverbal communication.15. What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?16. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context .17. Explain the definition of “collect ivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.18. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.19. Analyze the characteristics in Feminine communication culture20. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.21. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:22. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when anexecutive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.Part III Case Analysis (You are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)(3*20’)Case 1Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why?In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people..In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationshi p.Case 2An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?Yes. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their differenthospitality in different ways.Case 3Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promi sed, they didn’t get along well from then on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.Case 4In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it isillegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture.The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.Case 5Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it.The Chinese shout be loud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten.To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the streets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends.Case 6Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don’t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children’s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I’ve never taken the experiment as child’s play and I’m playing the game.Xie Li: You say you’re playing the game! It’s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question: What’s the problem in this case?Idiomatic phrases are often misinterpreted.In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn’t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom’s “playing the game” as that he hadn’t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure.A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport. After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!”The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里！）“Where! Where!”the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.”Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Your wife is beautiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verbalize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of their individual efforts. Case 8A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "It's exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, it's just an ordinary dress I bought in China."Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?Case 9A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street.B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a woman's point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds.Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, he's planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn't want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women?Case 11A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, who has not seen for several years. They greeted each other warmly and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. TheFilipinos noticed the reaction, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone.Question: Why did the British become agitated?Case 12An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full.Question: Why did the American get quite full?The culture for treating visitors varys from country to country.In China, the Chinese host often constantly puts foot on the visitors' plate, which is an expression of hospitality. The visitors refusals are usually ignored. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. in China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so. As result, misunderstandings occur. In this case, the American kept finishing all the tea in his cup to show his politeness. Therefore, the American got quite full.Case 13An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time. They are introducing themselves like this:American tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. I'm Lucy Webster. Thank you very much.Chinese woman: It's a pleasure. I'm Li Hong, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.American tourist: Thank you, Mr. and Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee?Chinese couple: No, thanks.Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hongs surname is her husband's surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.2) Li thinks that "Miss" is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone's first name. She also mistakes the given name "Lucy' for the surname.Case 14Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his American classmate Tom.Lee: It really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all day long: When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup of coffee and so on.Tom: Well, when I finished my tour in China, I said "thank you" to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The interpreter replied, "It's my duty to do so."I can't help thinking what he means, "I had no choice but to do it, because it is my duty. Otherwise I would not have done so."Questions: What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter's reply appropriate in the English context?1) A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher for the latter's help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents because Chinese people don't usually say "Thank you" to those who are very close. They would rather choose some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as saying something like "leile ba?"(累了吧) "Xingku le."( 辛苦了) "kuai xiexie ba," (快歇歇吧)etc. But one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and so the latter don't have to say thanks.2) Saying "Thank you" is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words like "Please", "Excuse me", "Thank you" in daily conversation, whether between intimates or between strangers.。
跨文化交际学概论（重点知识点）
跨文化交际学概论第一章：两个重要概念：文化（culture）,交际（communicate）:1.不同的文化定义（涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义）广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。
狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。
英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。
综上：是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。
可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。
特性：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。
2.交际与传播交际就是人与人之间的往来交际活动。
交际就是传播，主要指人际间进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通和沟通活动3.传播与跨文化交际传播：普通的存在的现象；动态行为；信息的流动过程。
含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播：口语产生后进行的传播活动；新闻、历史、文学、传说、神话等混在一起文学传播：象形文字【古埃及纸草文字、古印度印章文字、苏美尔人楔形文字、中国甲骨文】媒介传播：印刷媒介【报纸、杂志、书籍】，电子媒介【广播、电视】，网络媒介【网络、数字化】传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播【人内传播、人际传播、组织传播、大众传播】传播模式：是对客观事物的内外部机制的直观而简洁的描述。
理论的简化形式，可以向人们提供客观事物的整体信息传播中的障碍：主要来自社会系统，即不同文化传统和背景导致的传播沟通障碍。
有语言障碍、非语言障碍、心理障碍、理念障碍跨文化交际伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动范围：除国别文化研究外，还应对地区、阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异进行研究和探讨研究层面：不同民族、国家主流文化间的跨文化交际；亚文化间的跨文化交际；地区文化间的跨文化交际；小群体文化的跨文化交际文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段第二章：文化感知与价值观一、文化感知感知1、感觉：感官对刺激对象个别属性的直接反映，最简单的心理过程2、知觉：根据感觉所获信息作出的心理反应。
跨文化交际1(陆琳)
我国对跨文化交际的研究
我国对跨文化交际的研究起步比较晚，北京
外国语大学胡文仲教授在20世纪80年代初期 开始从事跨文化交际的研究，出版了《跨文 化交际学概论》、《跨文化与语言交际》等 多部图书。现在，在一些高校也开始了跨文 化交际学的专业，特别是研究生专业，比如 上海外国语大学，很多本科是英语专业的学 生，在研究生阶段会转向跨文化交际学作为 自己的专业。
最直观的例子就是生活在中国东北部的朝鲜族生活在朝鲜的朝鲜族以及生活在韩国的朝鲜族虽然他们是一样的民族有着共同的祖先说着一样的语言但是中国朝鲜族的文化背景依然植根于我们中华文明的土壤而朝鲜与韩国人民虽是同胞但是他们的社会形态思想意识生活方式文化现象等等都是大相径庭那么即使他们使用同一种语言进行沟通但是其间的差异是显而易见的
3.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际
Байду номын сангаас
跨文化交际的途径多种多样。可以是语言符号的交际，也可 以是非语言符号的交际，如商品、画报、实物、影像、演出 道具等其他物化形式符号的交际；可以是现场的双向交际， 也可以是通过媒介的单向交际，如电视、广播、报刊、广告 等传播方式的交际；可以是口语交际，也可以是书面交际， 如信函、公文等（商务人士，teresa，金融词汇的例子）的 来往。 从对外汉语专业来看，我们着眼的主要是实时的口语交际， 即双方面对面的交谈。此外也包括伴随口语交际而可能发生 的书面语交际，即文字传播方式的交际。
在东方文化中，为了表示礼貌、尊敬、羞怯、屈从等，交际 中人们往往避免直视对方，特别是面对异性、长者或者上级 的时候。受传统文化的影响，中国人的避视频率比较高，避 免直视对方往往被看成一种礼谦的行为。女子是被禁止注视 男子眼镜的，男子为了表示尊重，也不好直接注视女子，会 被认为是不稳重的表现；男子一般也不直接凝视女子，否则 会被认为是失礼，甚至有好色之嫌。 而在法国，男子在公共场合凝视妇女却是公认的文化习惯， 这不但不会招来非议，或许还能博得女子感激的眼神或者会 意的微笑。
《跨文化交际》名词解释之欧阳家百创编
Introduction1.欧阳家百（2021.03.07）2.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvmentin international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
3.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnicdifferences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
4.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people ofdifferent backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
5.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化6.Intercultural communication refers to communication betweenpeople whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 17.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations aboutbeliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
跨文化交际学概论考研题库
跨文化交际学概论考研题库跨文化交际学概论考研题库跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化之间交流和相互理解的学科。
在当今全球化的背景下，跨文化交际能力已经成为一个越来越重要的技能。
考研题库是考生备考的重要工具，下面将介绍一些跨文化交际学概论考研题库的相关内容。
一、跨文化交际的定义和意义跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和互动的过程。
它关注的是人们在跨越文化差异的情境中如何进行有效的沟通和理解。
在全球化的时代，人们需要与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流，跨文化交际能力成为了一种必备的技能。
它有助于增进不同文化之间的相互理解和尊重，促进国际合作与交流。
二、跨文化交际的理论框架1. 文化差异理论：文化差异是跨文化交际中最重要的问题之一。
文化差异理论研究了不同文化之间的差异，包括价值观、信仰、行为规范等方面。
了解和尊重文化差异是进行跨文化交际的基础。
2. 语言和交际理论：语言是跨文化交际的重要工具。
语言和交际理论研究了语言在跨文化交际中的作用和影响。
它探讨了语言的多样性、语言的规范和语用学等问题。
3. 跨文化适应理论：跨文化适应是指个体在跨文化环境中适应和融入的过程。
跨文化适应理论研究了个体在不同文化环境中的适应策略和心理状态。
它有助于提高个体在跨文化交际中的适应能力。
三、跨文化交际的实践技巧1. 尊重和包容：在跨文化交际中，尊重和包容是最基本的原则。
要尊重不同文化的差异，不做以自己文化为中心的评价和判断，包容他人的观点和行为。
2. 学习和了解：学习和了解对方的文化是进行跨文化交际的关键。
通过学习对方的语言、历史、宗教等方面的知识，可以更好地理解对方的观点和行为。
3. 提高语言能力：语言是跨文化交际的桥梁，提高语言能力对于有效的沟通至关重要。
可以通过学习对方的语言，提高自己的语言水平。
四、跨文化交际的挑战和解决方法1. 文化冲突：不同文化之间的冲突是跨文化交际中常见的问题。
要解决文化冲突，可以通过增加相互了解和沟通的机会，加强文化教育和培训，以及培养跨文化交际的能力。