Perception of sign language and its application to visual communications for deaf people

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怎么照顾聋哑儿童英语作文

怎么照顾聋哑儿童英语作文Taking care of deaf-mute children requires special attention and understanding. These children face unique challenges in their daily lives and need support to thrive. Here are some ways to care for them:1. Sign language: Communicating with deaf-mute children can be done through sign language. Learning basic sign language can help you interact with them effectively. This can involve using gestures, facial expressions, and body language to convey messages.2. Visual aids: Visual aids such as picture cards, charts, and diagrams can be used to facilitate learning. These aids help in explaining concepts, teaching vocabulary, and improving communication skills. Visual aids provide a visual representation of information, making it easier for deaf-mute children to understand and learn.3. Patience and understanding: Deaf-mute children maytake longer to process information or express themselves.It is important to be patient and understanding when communicating with them. Give them time to respond and avoid interrupting them. Show empathy and support, as it can make a significant difference in their confidence and self-esteem.4. Inclusive environment: Creating an inclusive environment is crucial for the overall development of deaf-mute children. Encourage their participation in activities and ensure they feel included in the classroom or social settings. This can be achieved by involving them in group discussions, games, and other interactive activities.5. Assistive devices: Assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants can greatly enhance the hearing abilities of deaf-mute children. These devices help them perceive sound and improve their communication skills. Encourage the use of such devices and ensure they are properly maintained and adjusted.6. Sensory stimulation: Engaging deaf-mute children insensory activities can help stimulate their other senses, such as touch, sight, and smell. This can includeactivities like painting, playing with textured objects, or exploring different scents. Sensory stimulation can enhance their overall sensory perception and cognitive development.7. Encourage social interaction: Deaf-mute children may face challenges in socializing due to communication barriers. Encourage them to interact with their peers and provide opportunities for social engagement. This can be done through group activities, team projects, or participation in clubs or sports.8. Continuous learning: Keep in mind that caring for deaf-mute children is an ongoing process of learning and adapting. Stay updated on new techniques, technologies, and resources that can support their development. Seek guidance from experts and professionals in the field to ensure you are providing the best care possible.Caring for deaf-mute children requires a combination of patience, understanding, and specialized techniques. Bycreating an inclusive and supportive environment, these children can thrive and reach their full potential.。

关于色彩的英文作文

关于色彩的英文作文Title: Exploring the Language of Color。

Color is a fascinating aspect of our visual perception that influences various aspects of our lives, from our emotions to our choices in art and design. It serves as a powerful means of communication, conveying messages and evoking responses without the need for words. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted realm of color and explore its significance in different contexts.First and foremost, color plays a crucial role in expressing emotions and moods. Each color has its ownunique psychological associations, which can vary across cultures. For example, red is often associated with passion, energy, and danger, while blue is linked to calmness, trust, and stability. Understanding these associations allows artists, designers, and advertisers to harness the emotive power of color to effectively convey their intended messages.Moreover, color has practical applications in various fields, including branding and marketing. Companies carefully select colors for their logos and products to create specific impressions and appeal to their target audiences. For instance, fast-food chains often use warm colors like red and yellow to stimulate appetite and convey a sense of urgency, while luxury brands may opt for more subdued hues to evoke sophistication and exclusivity.In addition to its emotional and commercial significance, color also plays a vital role in cultural and symbolic contexts. Certain colors hold deep cultural meanings and are associated with specific rituals, traditions, or beliefs. For example, white is often associated with purity and innocence in Western cultures but symbolizes mourning and death in many Asian cultures. Similarly, the color green is associated with nature and fertility in some cultures, while in others, it represents jealousy or inexperience.Furthermore, the perception of color can be influencedby factors such as lighting, context, and individual differences in vision. Lighting conditions can alter the appearance of colors, affecting how they are perceived and interpreted. Similarly, the context in which colors are presented can influence their meaning and impact. For example, the color red may evoke different responses when used in a romantic setting versus a warning sign.Individual differences in color perception, such ascolor blindness, also highlight the subjective nature ofour experience with color. While most people perceive awide range of colors, individuals with color vision deficiencies may have difficulty distinguishing between certain hues. As a result, designers and developers must consider accessibility when creating color-codedinformation or products to ensure inclusivity for all users.In conclusion, color is a rich and complex languagethat influences our perceptions, emotions, and behaviors in myriad ways. From its role in expressing emotions and conveying messages to its practical applications inbranding and marketing, color permeates every aspect of ourlives. By understanding the psychology, cultural significance, and practical implications of color, we can better appreciate its profound impact on our world.。

language and cognition

distinguishing features for each one)
everyday reference; be basic in 3 respects– perception, communication, knowledge organization eg. chair) higher level or more general level than basic one
Language comprehension:
Word recognition Comprehension of sentences Comprehension of text
♥ Word recognition:
Factors the affect the word recognition : frequency & context
[in a word, the successful comprehension of speech sounds is a combination of the innate ability of humans to distinguish minute differences between speech sounds, and the ability to adjust to the acoustic categories of the language they are exposed to.]

nine types schema:
1. Access to words (conceptualization, select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept, morpho-phonological encoding);

社交媒体对人际关系的利弊英语作文

社交媒体对人际关系的利弊英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing how we communicate, connect, and build relationships with others. While its impact on interpersonal relationships can be both positive and negative, it is important to recognize the benefits and drawbacks that social media can have on our relationships.On the positive side, social media allows us to connect with friends, family, and colleagues from all over the world. We can easily keep in touch with loved ones through messaging apps, video calls, and social networking platforms. This has significantly improved our ability to maintain long-distance relationships and stay updated on each other's lives.Furthermore, social media has made it easier to meet new people and expand our social circle. We can join online communities, participate in group chats, and share our interests with like-minded individuals. This has helped introvertedindividuals to overcome social anxiety and engage in meaningful conversations with others.Additionally, social media has provided a platform for us to express our thoughts, opinions, and experiences. We can share photos, videos, and status updates to showcase our personal achievements and connect with others who have similar interests. This has strengthened our sense of identity and belonging within our social networks.However, social media also has its drawbacks when it comes to interpersonal relationships. One of the major concerns is the issue of privacy and security. With the rise of cyberbullying, online harassment, and data breaches, our personal information is at risk of being exposed and misused by others. This can lead to trust issues and conflicts within our relationships.Moreover, social media can create unrealistic expectations and comparisons among individuals. We tend to showcase only the positive aspects of our lives on social media, leading others to believe that our lives are perfect and without flaws. This can result in feelings of inadequacy, jealousy, and resentment among our friends and followers.Additionally, the overuse of social media can interfere with our face-to-face interactions and communication skills. We maybecome overly reliant on digital communication, resulting in a lack of emotional connection and intimacy with others. This can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunications, and a breakdown in our relationships.In conclusion, social media has reshaped the way we form and maintain relationships with others. While it has improved our ability to connect and interact with people from all walks of life, it has also introduced new challenges and complexities to our interpersonal dynamics. It is important to strike a balance between our online and offline interactions, and to cultivate genuine, meaningful connections with others in both realms. By being mindful of the benefits and drawbacks of social media on our relationships, we can build stronger, more fulfilling connections with the people in our lives.篇2Social media has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, allowing us to easily connect with people around the world. While it has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits to our social interactions, it has also raised concerns about the impact it has on our personal relationships. In this essay, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of social media on interpersonal relationships.One of the greatest advantages of social media is its ability to connect people from different parts of the world. Through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, we can easily keep in touch with friends and family members who live far away. This has made it possible for us to maintain relationships that would have been difficult to sustain without the help of technology. Moreover, social media has made it easier for us to meet new people and expand our social circle. Through online groups and forums, we can connect with like-minded individuals who share our interests and values.However, the ease of communication that social media offers can also have negative consequences on our interpersonal relationships. One of the main drawbacks of social media is its potential to create misunderstandings and conflicts between people. Misinterpretations of posts and comments can lead to unnecessary arguments and hurt feelings, which can strain relationships. Moreover, the constant presence of social media in our lives can lead to a sense of disconnection in our real-life interactions. Instead of engaging in meaningful conversations with the people around us, we may find ourselves constantly checking our phones for updates on social media, leading to a lack of genuine connection with others.Another disadvantage of social media is the potential for it to negatively impact our self-esteem and mental health. The curated nature of social media profiles can lead to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, as we compare ourselves to the seemingly perfect lives of others. This can lead to a decrease in self-confidence and a distorted perception of reality. Moreover, the constant exposure to negative news and opinions on social media can contribute to feelings of anxiety and depression, further impacting our relationships with others.Despite its drawbacks, social media can have a positive impact on our interpersonal relationships if used thoughtfully and mindfully. By setting boundaries for our social media usage and prioritizing face-to-face interactions with loved ones, we can ensure that social media enhances, rather than detracts from, our relationships. Additionally, using social media as a tool for coordinating social gatherings and staying connected with friends and family can strengthen our bonds with others.In conclusion, social media has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to its impact on interpersonal relationships. While it has the potential to connect us with a vast network of people and facilitate communication, it can also create misunderstandings, conflicts, and feelings ofdisconnection. By being mindful of our social media usage and prioritizing real-life interactions, we can ensure that social media enhances our relationships rather than detracting from them.篇3The Impact of Social Media on Interpersonal RelationshipsIn today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, we are more connected than ever before. While social media has its benefits, it also has its drawbacks when it comes to interpersonal relationships.One of the biggest advantages of social media is that it allows us to stay connected with friends and family members who are far away. We can easily share updates, photos, and videos with them, keeping them informed about our lives. Social media also provides a platform for us to meet new people and expand our social networks. We can connect with like-minded individuals, join groups and communities, and engage in discussions on a wide range of topics.However, the constant use of social media can also have negative effects on our interpersonal relationships. Many people spend hours scrolling through their feeds, liking andcommenting on posts, and comparing their lives to others. This can lead to feelings of jealousy, inadequacy, and FOMO (fear of missing out). In addition, social media can create a false sense of connection, as we often only see the highlight reels of people's lives and not the struggles and challenges they face.Furthermore, social media can also create misunderstandings and conflicts in relationships. The lack of face-to-face communication can lead to misinterpretations of tone and intent, causing unnecessary arguments and disagreements. In addition, some people may feel pressured to present a certain image of themselves online, leading to inauthenticity and a lack of genuine connection with others.Despite these drawbacks, there are ways to mitigate the negative effects of social media on interpersonal relationships. It is important to set boundaries and limit the amount of time spent on social media. We should also be mindful of the content we consume and how it affects our mental health and well-being. Building strong relationships offline, through meaningful conversations and quality time spent together, is essential for maintaining healthy interpersonal connections.In conclusion, social media has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to interpersonal relationships.While it provides a convenient way to stay connected with others and expand our social networks, it can also have negative effects on our mental health and the quality of our relationships. By being mindful of our social media use and prioritizing offline interactions, we can strike a healthy balance and cultivate meaningful connections with those around us.。

大猩猩捶胸是为了停止打架英语读后感

大猩猩捶胸是为了停止打架英语读后感全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The article "Gorillas Beat Their Chests to Stop Fights" provides fascinating insight into the behavior of gorillas in the wild. According to research conducted by primatologists, the seemingly aggressive act of chest-beating is actually used by male gorillas to ward off potential threats and avoid physical confrontations.The study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, observed a group of wild gorillas in their natural habitat and found that chest-beating is not solely a display of dominance or intimidation, as previously believed. Rather, it serves as a form of communication aimed atde-escalating conflicts and maintaining social harmony within the group.This revelation challenges the traditional perception of gorilla behavior and sheds light on the complexity of communication among these primates. By understanding the underlying purpose of chest-beating, researchers can gainvaluable insights into the dynamics of gorilla societies and how they navigate social interactions.Moreover, this research has important implications for conservation efforts aimed at protecting gorilla populations in the wild. By recognizing the significance of chest-beating as a non-aggressive behavior, conservationists can better understand the behavioral cues of gorillas and promote peaceful coexistence among these endangered species.In conclusion, the study on gorilla chest-beating offers a compelling perspective on the behavior of these majestic animals. By delving deeper into the motivations behind this unique form of communication, researchers are able to unravel the mysteries of gorilla behavior and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricacies of the natural world.篇2Gorillas are known for their impressive size, strength, and occasionally intimidating behaviors. One behavior that has captured the curiosity of many observers is the gorilla'schest-beating display. This behavior, often seen as a sign of aggression or dominance, actually serves a different purpose in the complex social dynamics of the gorilla group.In the wild, male gorillas will sometimes engage inchest-beating displays as a way to establish their dominance and avoid physical conflict with other group members. This behavior can be seen as a form of communication, with the loud noises produced by the chest-beating serving as a way to assert dominance and avoid more violent confrontations. By showcasing their strength and power through chest-beating, male gorillas can effectively communicate their status within the group without resorting to physical violence.It is important to note that chest-beating is not always a sign of aggression in gorillas. In some instances, gorillas may engage in chest-beating displays as a way to communicate with other group members or express their emotions. For example, a male gorilla may beat his chest to attract the attention of a female or to express excitement or agitation. In these cases, chest-beating can be seen as a form of social communication rather than a display of dominance or aggression.Despite its intimidating appearance, chest-beating is actually a way for gorillas to communicate and resolve conflicts within their social group. By using vocalizations and body language to assert dominance and avoid physical confrontations, gorillas are able to maintain a peaceful and stable social structure. Throughtheir intricate behaviors and communication methods, gorillas demonstrate the complexity of their social relationships and the importance of non-verbal communication in their everyday lives.Overall, the observation of chest-beating behavior in gorillas serves as a reminder of the importance of understanding the intricacies of animal behavior and communication. By studying and appreciating the behaviors of gorillas and other wildlife, we can gain valuable insights into the diversity of life on Earth and the ways in which animals interact with one another in their natural environments. Through continued research and observation, we can continue to learn about the fascinating behaviors and social dynamics of these incredible creatures.篇3The chest-beating behavior of gorillas has long been a source of fascination and intrigue for scientists and animal behavior enthusiasts alike. This peculiar action, characterized by the rhythmic pounding of the chest with the fists, is commonly observed in male gorillas during displays of aggression or territorial disputes. While many have speculated on the purpose and meaning behind this behavior, recent research suggests that chest-beating may serve as a form of communication and conflict resolution among gorillas.One of the most widely accepted theories regarding the function of chest-beating in gorillas is that it serves as a warning signal to potential rivals. By producing loud, reverberating sounds that can be heard from a considerable distance, male gorillas are able to establish their dominance and deter others from encroaching on their territory. In this way, chest-beating may help to prevent physical confrontations and reduce the need for costly and potentially dangerous fights.Furthermore, studies have shown that chest-beating in gorillas is often accompanied by other visual displays, such as intense eye contact, posturing, and vocalizations. These multimodal signals are thought to convey important information about the individual's intentions, emotions, and overall state of arousal. By combining auditory, visual, and olfactory cues, gorillas are able to communicate complex messages to one another and facilitate social interactions within the group.Interestingly, recent research has also suggested that chest-beating may play a role in resolving conflicts and establishing social hierarchies within gorilla communities. Observations of captive gorillas have revealed that individuals will sometimes engage in chest-beating bouts in the presence of a dominant male, seemingly as a way to appease or appease him.This behavior, known as "conciliatory chest-beating," may help to diffuse tensions and promote peace among group members.In conclusion, the chest-beating behavior of gorillas represents a fascinating and complex form of communication that serves multiple functions within their social structure. By using a combination of auditory, visual, and olfactory signals, gorillas are able to convey messages, establish dominance, and resolve conflicts in a non-violent manner. While much remains to be discovered about the precise mechanisms and significance of chest-beating in gorillas, it is clear that this behavior plays a crucial role in their social dynamics and may hold important clues to understanding the evolution of communication in primates.。

涉外礼仪总结(美国英国意大利希腊法国)

涉外礼仪AmericanThe United States does not have an official language, but English is spoken by about 82% of the population as a native language.America is ultimately a nation of immigrants and as a result is a cultural mish-mash in every sense of the word. Not only is the country populated by people from foreign countries but all Americans in one way or another trace their ancestry back to another culture, whether Irish, German, Italian or Scottish.Time is Money：The country that coined the phrase obviously lives the phrase. In America, time is a very important commodity. People 'save' time and 'spend' time as if it were money in the bank. The Family：The family unit is generally considered the nuclear family, and is typically small (with exceptions among certain ethnic groups). Extended family relatives live in their own homes, often at great distances from their children.Individualism is prized, and this is reflected in the family unit. People are proud of their individual accomplishments, initiative and success, and may, or may not, share those sources of pride with their elders.Meeting and Greeting：Greetings are casual. A handshake, a smile, and a 'hello' are all that is needed. Smile! Use first names, and be sure to introduce everyone to each other.Gift Giving Etiquette：In general, Americans give gifts for birthdays, anniversaries and major holidays, such as Christmas. A gift can be as simple as a card and personal note to something more elaborate for a person with whom you are close. Gift giving is not an elaborate event, except at Christmas. When invited to someone's home for dinner, it is polite to bring a small box of good chocolates, a bottle of wine, a potted plant or flowers for the hostess. Gifts are normally opened when received.Dining Etiquette：Americans socialize in their homes and ‗backyards‘, in restaurants and in other public places. It's not at all unusual for social events to be as casual as a backyard barbecue or a picnic in the park. Arrive on time if invited for dinner; no more than 10 minutes later than invited to a small gathering. If it is a large party, it is acceptable to arrive up to 30 minutes later than invited. Table manners are more relaxed in the U.S. than in many other countries. The fork is held in the right hand and is used for eating. The fork is held tines down. The knife is used to cut or spread something. To use the knife, the fork is switched to the left hand. To continue eating, the fork is switched back to the right hand. If you have not finished eating, cross your knife and fork on your plate with the fork over the knife. Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel across the right side of your plate. If you are more comfortable eating in the Continental manner, go ahead. It will not offend anyone. Feel free to refuse specific foods or drinks without offering an explanation. Remain standing until invited to sit down. Do not begin eating until the hostess starts or says to begin. Do not rest your elbows on the table. Put your napkin in your lap as soon as you sit down. Food is often served family-style, which means that it is in large serving dishes and passed around the table for everyone to serve themselves. Many foods are eaten by hand, without a fork or spoon. It‘s―ok‖ to leave a small a mount of food on your plate when you have finished eating.Table settings For formal dining：Some setting may be different, but this is common place setting for formal dining. Notice where things are placed and the shape of glasses, spoons and forks. Americans hold their forks in their dominate hands, until the knife is needed. They thenswitch the fork to their other hand and use the knife. When the knife is not needed, it is laid across the top of the plate and the fork is switched back to their dominate hand. When you do not need both hands, your free hand should be laid in your lap.Communication Styles：Americans are direct. They value logic and linear thinking and expect people to speak clearly and in a straightforward manner. To them if you don‘t ―tell it how it is‖ you simply waste time, and time is money. If you are from a culture that is more subtle in communication style, try not to be insulted by the directness. Try to get to your point more quickly and don‘t be afraid to be more direct and honest than you are used to. Americans will use the telephone to conduct business that would require a face-to-face meeting in most other countries. They do not insist upon seeing or getting to know the people with whom they do business. Friendship：Friends have fewer rules of etiquetteAustraliaLanguages：English is the primary language used in Australia. Yet their colourful vocabulary, accent, phonetics system and slang ('Strine') can take a lot of getting used to. In 1788, there were about 250 separate Aboriginal languages spoken in Australia, plus dialects. Today, only two thirds of these languages survive and only 20 of them (eight per cent of the original 250) are still strong enough to have chance of surviving well into the next century. In addition to these there are also the languages of immigrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia.Facts and Statistics：Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South 。

身体语言在交流中很重要的英文作文

身体语言在交流中很重要的英文作文The Importance of Body Language in Communication.Body language, often referred to as nonverbal communication, plays a crucial role in everyday interactions. It is a silent yet powerful form ofexpression that complements spoken language, enhancing the clarity and effectiveness of our messages. This essay explores the significance of body language in communication, discussing its various functions and how it shapes our understanding of others.Body language encompasses a wide range of movements, postures, and facial expressions that convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions. It is often unconsciously employed, making it a spontaneous and natural form of expression. In face-to-face communication, body languagecan account for up to 65% of the overall message, making it more significant than the spoken word itself.One of the primary functions of body language is to convey emotions. Facial expressions, for instance, are a powerful tool for expressing happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, and other emotions. The furrowing of eyebrows or the pursing of lips can communicate displeasure or dissatisfaction, while a smile or a raised eyebrow can indicate interest or curiosity. These emotional cues are often picked up by others instinctively, shaping their interpretation of the conversation.Body language also helps establish and maintain social relationships. Postures and gestures can communicate respect, dominance, familiarity, or distance. For instance, maintaining eye contact and leaning forward during a conversation can convey engagement and interest, while avoiding eye contact or maintaining a closed posture may communicate discomfort or disinterest. These subtle cues play a crucial role in establishing the tone and dynamics of social interactions.In addition to emotional and social functions, body language can also influence the perception oftrustworthiness and credibility. People tend to trust those who display honest and congruent body language, such as maintaining eye contact, nodding in agreement, and using open, non-defensive postures. Conversely, avoiding eye contact, crossing arms, or adopting a defensive stance may communicate distrust or lack of credibility, affecting how others perceive and respond to us.Body language is also crucial in cross-cultural communication. Different cultures have unique norms and expectations regarding body language, and understanding these differences can help avoid misunderstandings and冲突. For instance, in some cultures, direct eye contact is considered a sign of respect and honesty, while in others,it may be interpreted as a challenge or disrespect. Similarly, gestures such as nodding or raising eyebrows may have different meanings in different cultures.In conclusion, body language is an essential componentof communication, playing a crucial role in conveying emotions, establishing social relationships, andinfluencing trust and credibility. Its significance lies inits ability to complement spoken language, often conveying messages that words alone cannot express. Understanding and mastering body language can enhance our communication skills, making us more effective and empathetic in our interactions with others.。

语言影响思维――外语学习对中国人思维造成的影响

语言影响思维――外语学习对中国人思维造成的影响[Abstract] This paper presents a careful analysis of the relations between thought and language， which provides the precondition for the exploration in the rest chapters. There have been many arguments for the exploration between thought and language. Among them is the famousSpair-Whorf hypothesis， which proposes linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. From this hypothesis we deduce that since every language has a form and no two forms are the same， no two cultures having different languages can have identical views of the world. Chapter Two of this thesis makes a comparative study of the thinking styles of the Chinese and English in four aspects: figurative thinking vs. abstract thinking， comprehensive thinking vs. analytical thinking，subject-centered thinking vs. object-centered thinking as well as straight thinking vs. converse thinking. Thought is the basis of language and language has to depend on thought for its content; at the same time， language provides the best instrument for the expression and communication of thought. The illustration of the relation between thought and language places us in a better position to clarify that language influences thought， particularly how English studying could influence Chinese’s thought.[Key Words] language; thought; Spair-Whorf hypothesis; English study【摘要】迄今为止，有许多关于思维和语言两者之间关系的争论，其中最著名的就是萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，它提出了语言决定论和语言相对论的观点。

教学论出题汇总(新)

1班第一组：一．Fill In The Blanks1—In real life,language is used to perform certain ______function.答案：communicative3、In the_____, the teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.答案：inductive method5._____of a word or a lexical item refers to those words that we used to label things as regards real objects, such as a name or a sign,etc. in the physical world.答案: Denotative meaning二．True and False1.Task -based Language Teaching is widely promoted in English language teaching nowadays.答案：T3、Stress and intonation are as important as the sounds themselves and should be taught from the very beginning.（）答案：T第二组：一.Fill In The Blanks1.There arethree principles of communicative language teaching: communication principle, ____ _, meaningfulness principle.答案：task principle3.A PPP cycle leads from accuracy to _____. ; a TBL cycle leads from fluency to ___ ___.答案：fluency, accuracy5.Our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be consistency, intelligibility and ( ).答案:communicative efficiency7.In the top- down model listening for( ) and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.答案gist8.Maintaining a balance between ( )and ( ) practice is essential in teaching speaking.答案1. accuracy-based 2. fluency- based.9.( ) and transformation drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice.答案：Substitution10.Meaningful practice usually comes ( ) mechanical practice.答案：after二.True and FalseBased on the Behaviorist theory, Skinner suggested that language is also a form of behaviour.答案：T2.Pragmatic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.答案：F3. Connotative meaning of a word refers to those words that we use to label things as regard real objects,such as a name or a sign.(F)4.Contextualising practice means teachers need to identify a situation in which a target structure is commonly used.答案：T第三组：一．Fill In The Blanks1._________________ refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.答案：Discourse competence2.Task-based Language Teaching has stressed the importance tocombine_________with communication-focused teaching.答案：form-focused teaching7.______refers to words that one is able to recognise and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing.答案：Receptive/passive vocabulary9.We introduced three ways of teaching grammar, the_____method, the_____method, and the____method.答案：deductive, inductive, guided discoverymonly, two approaches are frequently used to describe different processes of listening. In the____, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognition.答案:bottom-up model二.True and False1.In the top-down model listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.答案：T3.The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems答案：T第四组：一．Fill In The Blanks1. The structural view of language sees language as a ___________system made up of various subsystem.答案：linguistic4. In order to accomplish the communicative purpose, there must be some _______ that students seek to bridge when they are communicating.答案：information gap7. ___________ refers to knowledge that unconsciously exists in our mind, which we can make use of automatically without making any effort. (Implicit knowledge)二.Ture and False3. Minimal pairs are pairs of words which have only one sound different from each other. 答案：T第五组：一．Fill In The Blanks2. Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence. Namely, linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and答案: fluency4. If a teacher is teaching grammar and he gives appropriate examples first, then let students try to apply the new knowledge, and finally the teacher elicit the rules from the students, we can know he use the _____ method.答案：inductive5. According to Hedge，vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its ＿＿＿and connotative meaning. 答案：denotative7. As far as classroom procedures are concerned, the teaching of listening generally follows three stages: ______, ______, ______.答案: pre-listening, while-listening, post-listeningII. True or FalseThe interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose is to build up and maintain social relations between people.答案: T3. Teaching pronunciation does not mean teaching phonetics.答案：T5. Productive/active vocabulary are able to recognize and comprehend in reading and listening.答案：F二班判断第一组1.The structural view of language not only sees language as a linguistic system,but also a means for doing things. (×)2.Perception practice is aimed at deve loping the students’ ability to identify and distinguish between different sounds. （√）4.The inductive method relies on reasoning，analyzing and comparing. 答案：（×）5.A denotative meaning of a word refers to ‘the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader 's interpretation of the word'. （×）第二组2.Personalising practice means teachers need to identify a situation in which a target s tructure is commonly used.（×）3.Pragmatic competence involves spelling, pronunciation,vocabulary, word formation , grammatical structure, sentence structure, and semantics.( ×)5. Denotative meaning refers to those words that we use to label things asregards real objects such as a name or sign, etc. in physical world.(√)第三组1.Each language has a finite number of such structural items.（✓）2.Principles of communicative language teaching is communication principle, task principle and meaningfulness principle. (✓)3.Generally speaking, Chinese learners learning English as a foreign language don't need a certain degree of mastery of English grammar .( ×)第四组1.The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learnerconstructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already know.(✓)2. Teachers can use hand or arm movement to indicate change of intonation as if conducting music. (√)3.The guided discovery method is different from the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves . （×）5.In the bottom-up model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized. (×)第五组1.Pragmatic competence refer to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.（×）2.Generally speaking, Chinese learners learning English as a foreign language needa certain degree of mastery of English grammar.However, it should be noted that learning grammar itself is not the ultimate goal of learning English.（✓）填空第一组1.There are a variety of elements that contribute to the qualities of a good language teacher.These elements can be categorized into three groups: ________ ________________. (ethic devotion, professional qualities, personal styles)2.Hedge discusses five main components of communicative competence:________ Competence,________competence,________competence,________competenceand________. (linguistic, pragmatic, discourse, strategic, fluency)1._________ are pairs of words which have only one sound different from each other. (Minimal pairs)9.The models for teaching listening are ________ 、________、________.（the bottom-up model，the top-down model，the interactive model.）10.C ontrol activities mainly focus on form and _________ (accuracy)第二组4. The goal of CTL is to develop students`( )competence,which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.答案：communicative5.Hedge discusses five main components of communicative ly, ling uistic competence, pragmatic competence,discourse competence ,（）and fluency.答案：strategic competence7. Our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be ( ),intelligibility and communicative efficiency.答案：consistency第三组3. PPP teaching model refers to the (presentation, practice and production).4. A task has four main components: (a purpose,a context,a process and product).6. List some examples of perception practice of English sounds. (Using minimal pairs) (Which order) (Same or different) (Odd one out)（Completion）8. ( Substitution ) and transformation drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice .第四组1.The (structural view) of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems.5. Our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be (consistency), (intelligibility), (communicative efficiency).7.（Mechanical practice）involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.9.The important thing in designing listening activities is to give a clear(purpose),a (specific)task and an appropriate(context)for doing them.第五组8.Grammar practice is usually divided into three categories,__________,_______and_________.答案:mechanical practice, meaningful, communicative practice.10.Vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning,the first aspect involves the understanding of its_and_meaning.答案:denotative,connotative11.Models for teaching listening consists of bottom-up mode,top-down model and____________model.答案：interactive三班一组一、填空1、In the past century, language teaching and learning practice has been influenced by three different views of language, namely, the (structural view), the (functional view) and the (interactional view).4、Our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be:（consistency），（intelligibility），（communicative efficiency ）.6、A connotative meaning of a word refers to 'the（emotions) or (attitudes) of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader's interpretation of the word'.二、判断2、Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context. (√)4、Grammar presentation includes the deductive method，the inductive method，and the guided discovery method.（✓）7、Building up confidence is one of the principles of teaching speaking. (✓)二组Unit1There are at least three theoretical views of language and the nature of language proficiency. The first is ______, the second is ______ and the third is ______. structural view，functional view，interactional viewUnit81.Vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning，the first aspect involves the understanding of its _and_ meaning。

人际沟通Interpersonal communication

人际沟通Interpersonal communicationInterpersonal communication is generally divided into two types: verbal and nonverbal语言沟通和非语言沟通.In most interpersonal communication在大多数人际沟通中, verbal and nonverbal communications are not mutually exclusive语言和非语言的沟通并不相互排斥. Instead, the destination’s interpretation of a message is generally based both on the words contained in the message and on such nonverbal factors as the source’s gestures and facial expressions.言语沟通verbal communicationVerbal communication uses either spoken or written words to share information with others.言语是人际沟通的主要手段。

利用言语交流信息时，只要参与交流的各方对情境的理解高度一致，所交流的意义就损失得最少。

特别是言语沟通伴随着合适的副言语和其他非言语手段时更能完美地传达信息。

社会心理学家研究言语沟通的重点放在说者和听者是怎样合作以及对信息的理解是怎样依赖于沟通情境和社会背景的。

谈话的规则言语沟通要遵循一定的规则。

这些规则通常是不成文的共同的默契。

谈话规则在不同社会、不同文化、不同团体和不同职业之间有所差别。

但也有一些普遍性的规则。

例如:一方讲话时对方应注意倾听;不要轻易打断对方的谈话;一个时间只能有一个人讲话,一个人想讲话,必须等别人把话讲完；要注意用词文雅,等等。

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PerceptionofSignLanguageandItsApplicationtoVisualCommunicationsforDeafPeople

LauraJ.MuirIainE.G.RichardsonImageCommunicationTechnologyGroup,TheRobertGordonUniversity,Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom

Videocommunicationsystemsfordeafpeoplearelimitedintermsofqualityandperformance.Analysisofvisualat-tentionmechanismsforsignlanguagemayenableoptimiza-tionofvideocodingsystemsfordeafusers.Eye-movementtrackingexperimentswereconductedwithprofoundlydeafvolunteerswhilewatchingsignlanguagevideoclips.Deafpeoplearefoundtoﬁxatemostlyonthefacialregionofthesignertopickupsmalldetailedmovementsassociatedwithfacialexpressionandmouthshapes.Lowerresolution,peripheralvisionisusedtoprocessinformationfromlarger,rapidmovementsofthesignerinthevideoclips.Acodingschemethatgivesprioritytothefaceofthesignermaybeappliedtoimproveperceptionofvideoqualityforsignlan-guagecommunication.

Visualperceptionistheprocessofacquiringknowl-edgeaboutenvironmentalobjectsandeventsbyex-tractinginformationfromthelighttheyemitorreﬂect(Palmer,2002).Howwe‘‘see’’remainsanactivere-searchchallengeforvisionscientistsandspecialists.Understandingthedetection,recognition,andinterpre-tationofvisualinformationcouldhaveatremendousimpactonhowwepresentandusevisualinformationandonthedesignofinformationsystems.Thechal-lengeistounderstandhowvisualinformationcanbe

presentedsothatitsusecanbeoptimizedfortheobserver.Ofallthesenses,visionisreliedonmostheavilyforsensoryinputabouttheenvironment(Hendee&Wells,1997).Thisisparticularlytruefordeafpeoplewhorelyonvisualcommunicationofinformationusingsignlanguageand/orlipreading.Theaimofthisresearchistoinvestigatehowdeafpeopleseesignlanguage.Therationaleforthisisthatanunderstand-ingofhowdeafpeopleobservesignlanguagecouldenablevideocommunicationsystems,forexample,videoconferencing,tobeoptimized.Inthisstudy,weexaminetheinﬂuenceofsignlanguagevideocontentontheattentionmechanismsofdeafviewersandtheimplicationsfordesignofvideocommunicationssystemsfordeafpeople.Wereviewthequalityrequirementsforsignlanguagevideocommunicationandwhatisknownaboutsceneperceptionandtheeyegazeofdeafpeopleobservingsignlanguage.Anexperimentispresented,usingeyetracking,toinvestigatehowdeafpeopleperceivesignlanguagevideoandthisisdiscussedinthecontextofimprovingsignlanguagevideocommunicationquality.

BritishSignLanguageandVideoQualityRequirements

Signlanguageisacomplexcombinationoffacialexpres-sions,mouth/lipshapes,handandbodymovements,andﬁngerspelling.Visualcommunicationofinforma-tionbetweendeafpeopleduringfreelyexpressedsign

TheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgethehelpandsupportofJimHunterwhoactedasBSLinterpreterandorganizedvolunteersfortheexperiments.SpecialthankstoEdithEwenandthedeafpeopleattheAberdeenDeafSocialandSportsClubfortheircon-tinuedinterestandsupportandfortakingpartintheeye-movementtrackingexperiments.CorrespondenceshouldbesenttoLauraJ.MuirorIainE.G.Richardson,ImageCommunicationTechnologyGroup,TheRobertGordonUniversity,Schoolhill,Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom(e-mail:l.muir@rgu.ac.ukori.g.richardson@rgu.ac.uk).

ÓTheAuthor2005.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress.Allrightsreserved.ForPermissions,pleaseemail:journals.permissions@oupjournals.orgAdvanceAccesspublicationonJuly6,2005doi:10.1093/deafed/eni037languageconversationisdetailedandrapid.Move-mentsofthehandsduringaperiodofﬁngerspellingcanbeobservedtobeblurredevenwhencapturedat25framespersecond.TheInternationalTelecommu-nicationUnion—TelecommunicationStandardisationSector(ITU-T)draftproﬁle(ITU-TSG16,1998)de-tailsthequalityrequirementsforsignlanguagevideocommunicationincludingaminimumofcommonin-termediateformat(CIF)resolution(i.e.,3523288displayedpixels)andframerateofatleast25framespersecond.Visualperceptionofsignlanguagevideorequiressufﬁcientspatialandtemporalresolutiontocapturethedetailedmovementsofthesigner.Reason-ablevisualqualityandframeratescanbeobtainedusingcurrentvideocompressioncodingstandardssuchasH.263(ITU-TH.263,1998)athighbitrates.Atbitratesbelow200kilobitspersecond(kb/s),real-timevideocommunicationischaracterizedbylowframerates,smallpicturesizes,and/orpoorpicturequality(Richardson,2003).Deafpeopleusingvideophoneshavetomakemodiﬁcationstotrytoovercometheseproblems,forexample,usingslowexaggeratedmove-ments.ThiscanprovetobetiringandfrustratingtotheuserandlimitstheusefulnessofvideotechnologytotheDeafCommunity.Eventheimprovedvideocom-pressionefﬁciencyofthenewH.264codingstandard(ITU-TH.264,2003)maynotbeacceptableforaccu-ratesignlanguagecommunicationatlowbitrates.Deafpeopleareenthusiasticabouttheuseoftechnologyforpersonalcommunicationatadistancebutfrustratedbythecurrentpoorperformanceatlowbitratescharacterizedbypoorpicturequalityandjerkymovements(McCaul,1997).Thereisthereforeare-quirementtooptimizevideocommunicationsystemsfordeafusersandthismotivatesthestudyofpercep-tualbehaviorofdeafpeopledescribedinthispaper.