高级英语语法

Sentence (one or more) Clause (one or more) Phrase (one or more) Word (one or more) Morpheme
Clause Phrase
Sentence
Word Morpheme
2.1 Morpheme
• Morpheme: the minimum or smallest
composed of a free morpheme, most of them being short ones.
• for instance
• at, by , in , hand, foot, make.
•b) Derivatives •Derivatives results from the
grammatical unit, also the smallest meaning element of speech.
• “bark” and “-s” in “barks” • a unit which cannot be divided without
destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical
•Derivational affix
• Prefix
suffix
both prefix and suffix
• anti-war movement inappropriateness
• postwar careless co-existence
2.2 Word
• The word is composed of one or more than one
• Words consist of one morpheme or
more than one morpheme.
• 1—morpheme boy, desire • 2—morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+able • 3—morpheme boy+ish+ness,
desir(e)+abl(e)+ity
•1.1 Do we need to study English
grammar?
1.2 What is grammar ?
• 1) Grammar is the structural system of a language.
• 2) Grammar is the structure and system of a language or of
•… • over 5—morpheme
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
Morpheme
Free Morphemes
Bound Morphemes
2.1.1) Free morphemes
• A free morpheme has a complete meaning
• Inflectional affixes are in a
small number and includes：
• -s /-es in “brothers” and “buses” • -’s in “boy’s”, “student’s” • -s/-es in “He sees or watches sth.” • -ed • -ing • -er/-est
morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways.
• 2.2.1) Classification in terms of word-formation
Words
simple words derivatives compounds
• a) A simple word (morpheme word), is
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Sentence
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Clause
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NP
VP
Prep P
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• Det
N
Aux Adv
MV
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mm m
m mm m
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↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Leabharlann Baidu
These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improv-ing
Prep Det N
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mm ↓↓
in their writ-ing
languages in general, usually considered to consist of syntax and morphology.
• 3) Grammar (in linguistics ) refers to the logical and structural
rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.
and can stand by itself as a simple word.
• “bed”, “tree”, “sing”, “dance”, “give”, “take”
2.1.2) Bound morphemes
• Bound morphemes are mostly affixes.
They are also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form. Therefore, a bound morpheme can not stand by itself; it only exists as an inflectional or derivational affix.