[NPT][PrepCom2007.WP.25]欧盟提交的工作文件
欧盟跨界破产管辖权制度的创新与发展_主要利益中心_标准在欧盟适用的判例研究
第27卷第2期2009年3月政法论坛Tribune of Political Sci ence and Law Vo l.27,N o.2 M a r.2009作者简介:张玲,法学博士,中国政法大学国际法学院讲师。
* 该文为作者主持的中华人民共和国司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目 跨国公司破产与重整的法律问题研究 的阶段性研究成果。
欧盟跨界破产管辖权制度的创新与发展*!!!∀主要利益中心#标准在欧盟适用的判例研究张 玲 摘 要:跨界破产管辖权冲突及其协调是跨界破产法首先需要攻克的难题。
随着各国在跨界破产领域国际合作趋势的不断加强,逐渐形成了以主要破产程序为中心,辅之若干属地程序处理跨界破产案件的模式。
并且,在主要破产程序管辖权确定上提出∀债务人主要利益中心#的新标准。
2002年5月31日生效的 欧盟破产程序规则 (简称 欧盟规则 )采用的就是这种立法模式。
欧盟规则 实施以来,在欧盟境内发生了大量适用该标准确定跨界破产管辖权的司法判例。
这些判例有的很好地贯彻 欧盟规则 的原旨,彰显∀主要利益中心#标准对传统标准的超越和优势;同时,也有一些判例反映出这一新标准潜在的问题。
特别在跨国公司集团破产案件中如何确定债务人主要利益中心问题上,实践中存在很大分歧。
关键词:跨界破产;管辖权;主要利益中心;欧盟;跨国公司引 言如果一个债务人破产,其财产分布于多个国家,首先需要解决的问题是由一个程序、一部破产法分配或重组债务人所有财产,还是由多个程序依据各自破产法分割支配破产财产?这就是破产域外效力问题上两个传统的对立派!!!普及主义与属地主义。
目前看来,这两种理论都没有完全主导实践,一种以推动普及主义为中心目标,融合属地主义合理因素的∀实用主义#(Pragm atism)理论占据主流地位,并引导跨界破产的立法实践。
2002年5月31日正式生效的 欧盟破产程序规则 采用的就是以主要破产程序为中心,辅之属地破产程序处理跨界破产案件的模式。
何谓EU-ETS
EU-ETS（European Union Emissions Trading Scheme）即欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制，是欧洲议会和理事会于2003年10月13日通过的欧盟2003年第87号指令（Directive 2003/87/EC），并于2005年1月1日开始实施的温室气体排放配额交易制度。
该机制允许将碳排放权作为一种商品在欧盟流通。
欧盟委员会根据《京都议定书》为欧盟各成员国规定的减排目标和欧盟内部减排量分担协议，确定了各成员国的二氧化碳排放量，之后再由成员国根据国家分配计划（NAP，National Allocation Plan）分配给该国的企业。
若企业通过技术升级、改造等达到了减少二氧化碳排放的要求，可以将用不完的排放权卖给其他未完成的企业，此为二氧化碳排放交易机制。
一、EU-ETS的主要内容EU-ETS的核心是国家分配计划，实施EU-ETS的主要任务是欧盟各成员国制定各个国家的分配计划。
每个成员国的分配计划要确定该国总的排放上限，并且要列出被覆盖的排放实体的名单。
与此同时，还要确定分配给每个企业和部门在承诺期的配额数量。
根据2003/87/EC指令要求，自2005年开始的第一阶段，成员国必须在2004年3月31日之前提交NAP，并报欧盟委员会审阅和批准。
自2008年实施的第二阶段，成员国必须至少在18个月之前向欧盟委员会提交NAP。
根据该指令附件二的规定，在第一阶段的NAP中，必须至少有95%的配额免费分配，在第二阶段，必须至少有90%的配额免费分配。
1. 实施范围和承诺期目前，EU-ETS的实施分为两个阶段。
第一阶段（2005~2007年），在此阶段，EU-ETS将只用于二氧化碳排放。
2003/87/EC指令要求每个成员国对超过一定生产能力和产出量的排放实体的二氧化碳排放设定上限。
该阶段对各成员国及被指令包括在内的部门或排放实体来说是一个“边实施边摸索”的时期。
第二阶段从2008年起，成员国可以单方面将排放贸易机制扩大到其他的部门和温室气体种类，但要获得欧盟委员会的批准。
2007年的资金提供和支出
CPM 2008/112007年12月K1492/Ch.25CI ．2007年的资金提供和支出1.在2007年，新西兰、南部非洲农业工会联合会和美国农业部为国际植保公约信托基金提供了捐款。
（在国际植保公约信托基金之外为与国际植保公约信托基金范围内目的相似的目的提供了其他自愿捐款。
） 2.国际植保公约信托基金2007年的收入和支出详细情况见表1（附后）。
这些数据是临时的，因为截至2007年11月底，美国农业部于2007年9月提供的125,000美元的捐款尚未在粮农组织的帐户中得到反映。
3.国际植保公约信托基金在其运作第四年的支出比2006年低（27%）（收入亦如此，即2007年为214,712美元加结转，而2006年为416,712美元加结转），但仍然比前几年高。
为协助发展中国家参加植检委第二届会议和7次关于国际植检措施标准草案区域研讨会中的5次研讨会（2次在非洲讲法语国家和讲英语国家，1次在埃及，1次在智利，1次在格林纳达）提供了资金。
信托基金还为协助发展中国家参加标准委员会2007年10月的会议和国际植保公约可能的履约机制开放性工作组会议提供了资助。
4.由于国际植保公约可用于实施2008年工作计划的资源有限，因此鼓励成员CPM 2008/11 2向信托基金提供大量捐款，以便能够实现国际植保公约工作计划的目标。
5.请植检委：1.注意到表1中列出的对国际植保公约信托基金的捐款；2.接受表1中提供的国际植保公约信托基金的支出；3.感谢新西兰政府、南部非洲农业工会联合会和美国农业部为国际植保公约信托基金提供捐款；4.鼓励缔约方为2008年信托基金提供捐款。
CPM 2008/11 3 表1：国际植保公约信托基金的收入和估计支出额(美元）可结转至2008年的资金：CPM 2008/11 41,054,569－（22,323+168,411+335,064+242,597）=286,174美元。
橡胶制品应对欧盟环保法规
每天进步一点点
德国法规TRGS 552规定禁用12种致癌N-亚硝 胺，涉及多种目前国内广泛应用的橡胶助剂。 特别是2001年10月欧盟发表的《未来化学品政 策战略白皮书》，将硫化剂DTDM和某些秋兰姆 类促进剂（如TMTD等）列入限期淘汰的化学品， 不仅对橡胶制品生产企业、而且对轮胎行业有 威胁。 • 对策：（1）不用会产生N-亚硝胺的助剂。 （2）采用环保型的替代助剂。目前国外已开 发多品种无N-亚硝胺环保助剂。
每天进步一点点
（6）EU-D 2002/95/EC,系有关电气电子设备的 指令（简称EEERoHS指令），涉及铅、镉、汞和 六价铬、多溴联苯、多溴联苯醚，欧盟委员会决 议2005/618/EC对EU-D 2002/95/EC作了修改， 具体规定了上述六种有害物质的极限值。 （7）EU-D 2003/113/EC,系有关邻苯二甲酸酯类 增塑剂的指令。 （8）对于多环芳烃（PAHs），欧盟尚未发布正 式指令，仅有提案「EC-COM2004（98）」目前 采用的限制值指标依据专家讨论的建议（200508-02，柏林）。
每天进步一点点
• 3.有害物质的检测 • 3.1检测机构：只有通过经济合作发展组织 （OECD）国家认可的GLP的实验室的检测报告 才能获得欧盟的认可。目前，在上海设立的国 外检测机构，如瑞士SGS、德国TüV和InterteK 出具的检测报告，欧盟企业是承认的。 • 我国应尽快组建符合GLP标准实验室，由于GLP 组织内部成员是相互承认的，我国政府能早日 加入该组织，就能达成与其它国家试验数据的 互任工作。
每天进步一点点
• 2.6 其它限制禁用物质 • 欧盟的相关指令还对多种物质进行了限制和禁 用。例如： • （1）石棉：致癌物。在制动材料、垫片、绝缘 材料等使用，极限值为1000mg·kg-1。要开发和 使用车用非石棉制动材料。 • （2）甲醛：在硫化促进剂、粘合剂、塑料或树 脂的残留物和降解物，可致白血病，极限值为 1000mg·kg-1。 • （3）β-萘胺：在防老剂A、防老剂D含有致癌 物，极限量为100mg·kg-1。国外早已不使用防老 剂D,但是在国内还有少量生产和使用。
2007年IPCC评估主要内容
气候变化问题综述与政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第四次评估报告（2007年）内容概要水利水电规划设计总院气候变化专题研究组南京水利科学研究院目录气候变化问题综述 (1)一.全球气候变化的事实 (3)1.《政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第四次评估报告》提供的事实 .. 32.《中国应对气候变化国家方案》中提供的中国气候变化事实 (5)二.全球未来气候变化的预测 (6)1.《政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第四次评估报告》对全球未来气候变化的预测 (6)2.《中国应对气候变化国家方案》对中国未来气候变化的预测 (7)三.气候变化对水文水资源的挑战 (8)四.IPCC评估方法概述 (11)3．利用古气候资料评估无观测记录前的气候特征 (15)五．关于气候变化评估结论的某些质疑 (16)六．开展气候变化研究的初步思路 (18)1.研究目标 (18)2.研究内容 (19)2.1气候变化研究成果综述（Summary） (19)2.2中国气候变化预测 (19)2.3中国气候变化影响评估（Assessment） (20)2.4 气候变化对中国水资源影响的应对措施（Policymaking） (20)3.技术要求 (20)第一部分气候变化评估背景 (22)一．IPCC关于气候变化的前3次评估主要结论 (22)二．IPCC（2007年）关于气候变化第四次评估报告 (23)第二部分为决策者提供的气候变化评估要点 (25)一．第Ⅰ工作组为决策者提供的要点（关于自然科学基础）[3] (25)1. 人为和自然因素造成的气候变化 (25)2. 最近气候变化的直接观测 (28)4. 对气候变化的了解和变化缘由分析 (33)5. 未来气候变化的预测 (35)6．IPCC关于排放情景特别报告（SRES）中的排放情景说明 (40)二．第Ⅱ工作组为决策者提供的要点 (42)1．目前关于观测的气候变化对自然和人类环境影响的认识 (42)1.1区域气候变化对自然系统的影响 (43)1.2 人为因素变暖对自然与生态系统的影响 (44)2．其它方面区域性气候变化对自然系统和人居环境的影响 (45)3．目前对未来气候变化影响的认识 (46)3.1对更广泛的系统和部门的影响 (46)3.2对更广泛地区的影响 (50)3.3评估未来气候变化影响的量级 (51)3.4极端事件变化对气候变化产生的影响 (51)3.5大尺度气候事件的影响 (53)3.6全球气候变化影响集合的贴现值 (53)4.目前关于应对气候变化的认识 (55)4.1应对气候变化适应措施示例 (55)4.2增加适应能力的必要性 (55)4.3减少脆弱性 (55)4.4影响脆弱性的因素 (56)4.5经济社会发展对脆弱性的影响 (57)4.6气候变化与可持续发展的关系 (57)4.7减少温室气体排放的重要性 (58)4.8适应与减缓措施的重要意义 (58)5．重要术语定义 (59)6．不确定性说明 (60)6.1置信度 606.2或然性 60第三部分IPCC第Ⅰ工作组评估报告相关章节主要内容梗概 (61)一．第3章（表面与大气气候变化观测）主要内容梗概[5] (61)2. 引言 (65)3. 表面气候变化：温度 (67)3.1 陆面气温 (67)3.2 海面温度（SST）与海洋气温 (69)3.3 全球温度的时间变率与近期变暖 (69)3.4 空间趋势分析 (71)4. 表面气候变化：降水、干旱及表面水文 (72)4.1 背景724.2 大尺度降水变化 (72)4.3 土壤含水量、干旱、径流以及河流流量的变化 (74)4.4 温度与降水的一致性和关系 (75)5. 热带、亚热带和季风的变化（主要介绍亚洲情况） (76)6. 极端事件的变化 (78)6.1 背景786.2 变率或极值变化的证据 (79)7. 近年全球气候（极值）变化示例 (83)7.1 1998～2003年中亚与西南亚大范围干旱 (83)7.2 2002～2003年澳大利亚干旱 (83)7.3 1999～2004年北美西部地区的干旱 (84)7.4 2002年夏季欧洲洪水 (84)二．第5章（海洋气候变化与海平面观测）主要内容梗概 (85)1．综合要点（Executive Summary） (85)2．海平面变化 (87)2.1绪言872.2 海平面变化观测 (90)2.3海洋水体容积的变化 (91)2.4全球平均海平面变化的总体估计 (94)三.第10章（全球气候预测）主要内容梗概[7] (95)1．一般结论 (95)1.1 平均温度 (95)1.2. 平均降水 (97)1.3. 雪与冰 (98)1.4. 海平面 (98)1.5. 季风992．未来降水极值的变化分析 (99)3．21世纪海平面变化原因分析 (101)3.1 热膨胀引起海平面上升 (101)3.2 海洋密度和动力学特征变化引起海平面变化 (101)3.3 21世纪全球平均海平面变化预测 (102)四．第11章（区域气候预测）主要内容梗概[8] (104)1．重要命题 (105)2．未来区域性气候变化预测结论 (105)3．21世纪区域性气候预测 (106)3.1 第3次评估报告（TAR）小结 (106)3.2 区域预测简介 (107)4．21世纪亚洲气候预测简介 (109)4.1 关键过程 (110)4.2 模式模拟现代气候的技能 (111)4.3 温度与降水预测 (112)参考文献 (118)附件：第3次、第4次IPCC关于气候变化评估比较 (115)气候变化问题综述在全球气候变暖的大形势下，中国比世界其它地方热得更快。
欧盟+EuP+指令研究
独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢之处外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含获得西南政法大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解西南政法大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。
特授权西南政法大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，并采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅。
同意学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘。
（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权说明）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日硕士学位论文欧盟EuP指令研究On Energy-using Products Directive of EU作者姓名：牛鹏指导教师：张晓君教授西南政法大学Southwest University of Political Science and Law内容摘要随着经济的发展和社会的进步，人们对环境的关注程度与日俱增。
各国政府，特别是发达国家政府在制定政策时，越来越多地考虑环保方面的因素。
由于用能产品在其整个生命周期内都与重要的环境因素息息相关，对用能产品的生态保护和节能要求不断提高已成为当前世界发展的主流。
欧盟希望通过对用能产品确立生态设计要求来改善用能产品的环境绩效，同时彰显其在欧洲乃至全球确立的环保先驱的形象。
EuP指令于2005年8月生效，欧盟成员国被要求于2007年8月11日前完成指令的国内立法转换。
指令涉及范围极其广泛,指向几乎所有使用外部能源的产品，它着眼于用能产品的整个生命周期，要求在产品设计阶段就要考虑产品整个产品生命周期对能源、环境、自然资源的影响。
要将一件产品合法地投放欧洲市场或投入使用，制造商需要使产品通过合格评定、发表合格声明并取得CE标志。
2007_43_EC
DIRECTIVESCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE2007/43/ECof28June2007laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production(Text with EEA relevance)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,and in particular Article37thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament(1),Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(2),Having consulted the Committee of the Regions,Whereas:(1)The Protocol on protection and welfare of animalsannexed to the Treaty establishing the EuropeanCommunity requires that in formulating and imple-menting agriculture policies,the Community and theMember States are to pay full regard to the welfarerequirements of animals,while respecting the legislativeor administrative provisions and customs of the MemberStates relating in particular to religious rites,culturaltraditions and regional heritage.(2)Council Directive98/58/EC of20July1998concerningthe protection of animals kept for farming purposes(3),drawn up on the basis of the European Convention forthe Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes(4)(hereinafter referred to as the Convention)lays downminimum standards for the protection of animals bredor kept for farming purposes including provisions onhousing,food,water and care appropriate to the physio-logical and ethological needs of the animals.(3)The Community is a party to the Convention and aspecific Recommendation concerning domestic fowl(Gallus gallus)which includes additional provisions forpoultry kept for meat production has been adoptedwithin the framework of the convention.(4)The report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Healthand Animal Welfare of21March2000on the Welfareof Chickens Kept for Meat Production(Broilers)concluded that the fast growth rate of chicken strainscurrently used for this purpose is not accompanied bya satisfactory level of animal welfare and health,and thatthe negative effects of high stocking rates are reduced inbuildings where good indoor climatic conditions can besustained.(5)Specific provision for non-littered areas,to minimise theinfluence of genetic parameters or to include welfareindicators in addition to foot-pad dermatitis,will bemade when the relevant opinions of the EuropeanFood Safety Authority(EFSA)are available.(6)It is necessary to establish rules at Community level forthe protection of chickens kept for meat production inorder to avoid distortions of competition that mayinterfere with the smooth running of the commonmarket organisation in that sector and also to ensurethe rational development of the sector.(7)In accordance with the principle of proportionality,it isnecessary and appropriate for the achievement of thebasic objective of introducing animal welfareimprovements in the intensive farming of chickens tolay down minimum rules for the protection ofchickens for meat production.This Directive does notgo beyond what is necessary in order to achieve theobjectives pursued,in accordance with the thirdparagraph of Article5of the Treaty.(8)The rules should focus on the welfare problems inintensive farming systems.In order to avoid dispropor-tionate measures applicable to the keeping of small flocksof chickens,a minimum threshold for the application ofthis Directive should be set.(1)Opinion delivered on14February2006(not yet published in theOfficial Journal).(2)Opinion delivered on26October2005(not yet published in theOfficial Journal).(3)OJ L221,8.8.1998,p.23.Directive as amended by Regulation(EC)No806/2003(OJ L122,16.5.2003,p.1).(4)OJ L323,17.11.1978,p.14.Convention as amended by a Protocolof amendment(OJ L395,31.12.1992,p.22).(9)It is important that persons attending to chickens havean understanding of the relevant animal welfarerequirements and receive appropriate training toperform their tasks or have acquired experienceequivalent to such training.(10)In establishing rules for the protection of chickens keptfor meat production,a balance should be kept betweenthe various aspects to be taken into account,as regardsanimal welfare,health,economic and social consid-erations and the environmental impact.(11)Regulation(EC)No854/2004of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of29April2004layingdown specific rules for the organisation of officialcontrols on products of animal origin intended forhuman consumption(1)and Regulation(EC)No882/2004of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of29April2004on official controlsperformed to ensure the verification of compliancewith feed and food law,animal health and welfarerules(2)already establish a framework for officialcontrols including compliance with some animalwelfare rules.In addition,Regulation(EC)No882/2004provides that Member States are to submitannual reports on the implementation of the multi-annual national control plans,including results ofcontrols and audits carried out.For this purpose,financial support is foreseen both in these regulationsand in Council Decision90/424/EEC of26June1990on expenditure in the veterinary field(3).(12)Various voluntary schemes already exist in differentMember States for the labelling of chicken meat basedon compliance with animal welfare standards and otherparameters.(13)In light of the experience gained in applying suchvoluntary labelling schemes,it is appropriate for theCommission to submit a report on the possible intro-duction of a specific harmonised mandatory labellingscheme at Community level for chicken meat,meatproducts and preparations based on compliance withanimal welfare standards,including the possible socioe-conomic implications,the effects on the Community’seconomic partners and compliance of such a labellingscheme with World Trade Organization rules.(14)It is appropriate for the Commission to submit a reportbased on new scientific evidence taking into accountfurther research and practical experience in order toimprove further the welfare of chickens kept for meatproduction including the parent stock of such chickens,in particular as regards aspects not covered by thisDirective.That report should specifically consider thepossibility to introduce thresholds for indications ofpoor welfare conditions identified during the post-mortem inspections and the influence of genetic para-meters on identified deficiencies resulting in poorwelfare of chickens kept for meat production.(15)Member States should lay down rules on penaltiesapplicable to infringements of the provisions of thisDirective and ensure that they are implemented.Thosepenalties must be effective,proportionate and dissuasive.(16)The Council,in accordance with paragraph34of theInterinstitutional Agreement on better law-making(4),should encourage the Member States to draw up,forthemselves and in the interest of the Community theirown tables,which will,as far as possible,illustrate thecorrelation between the Directive and the transpositionmeasures and to make them public.(17)The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective should be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying down theprocedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission(5),HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1Subject matter and scope1.This Directive shall apply to chickens kept for meat production.However,it shall not apply to:(a)holdings with fewer than500chickens;(b)holdings with only breeding stocks of chickens;(c)hatcheries;(d)extensive indoor and free range chickens,as referred to inpoints(b),(c),(d),(e)of Annex IV to Commission Regu-lation(EEC)No1538/91of5June1991introducing detailed rules for implementing Regulation(EEC)No 1906/90on certain marketing standards for poultry(6);and(1)OJ L139,30.4.2004,p.206.Corrected by OJ L226,25.6.2004,p.83.Regulation as last amended by Council Regulation(EC)No1791/2006(OJ L363,20.12.2006,p.1).(2)OJ L165,30.4.2004,p.1.Corrected by OJ L191,28.5.2004,p.1.Regulation as last amended by Council Regulation(EC) No1791/2006.(3)OJ L224,18.8.1990,p.19.Decision as last amended by Regulation(EC)No1791/2006.(4)OJ C321,31.12.2003,p.1.Corrected by OJ C4,8.1.2004,p.7.(5)OJ L184,17.7.1999,p.23.Decision as amended by Decision2006/512/EC(OJ L200,22.7.2006,p.11).(6)OJ L143,7.6.1991,p.11.Regulation as last amended by Regu-lation(EC)No2029/2006(OJ L414,30.12.2006,p.29).(e)organically reared chickens in accordance with CouncilRegulation(EEC)No2092/91of24June1991on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs(1).2.The Directive shall apply to rearing stock on holdings which have both breeding stock and rearing stock.Member States shall remain free to take more stringent measures in the area covered by this Directive.Primary responsibility for animal welfare rests with the owner or keeper of the animals.Article2Definitions1.For the purpose of this Directive,the following definitions shall apply:(a)‘owner’means any natural or legal person or personsowning the holding where chickens are kept;(b)‘keeper’means any natural or legal person responsible for orin charge of chickens in terms of contract or by law whether on a permanent or temporary basis;(c)‘competent authority’means the central authority of aMember State competent to carry out animal welfare, veterinary and zootechnical checks or any other authority to which that competence has been conferred either at regional,local or other level;(d)‘official veterinarian’means a veterinarian qualified inaccordance with Annex I,Section III,Chapter IV(A)to Regu-lation(EC)No854/2004to act in such a capacity and appointed by the competent authority;(e)‘chicken’means an animal of the species Gallus gallus keptfor meat production;(f)‘holding’means a production site on which chickens arekept;(g)‘house’means a building on a holding where a flock ofchickens are kept;(h)‘useable area’means a littered area accessible to the chickensat any time;(i)‘stocking density’means the total live weight of chickenswhich are present in a house at the same time per square metre of useable area;(j)‘flock’means a group of chickens which are placed in a house of a holding and are present in this house at the same time;(k)‘daily mortality rate’means the number of chickens which have died in a house on the same day including those that have been culled either for disease or because of other reasons divided by the number of chickens present in the house on that day,multiplied by100;(l)‘cumulative daily mortality rate’means the sum of daily mortality rates.2.The definition of‘useable area’in paragraph1point(h) with regard to non-littered areas may be completed in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article11 following the results of a scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority on the impact of non-littered areas on the welfare of chickens.Article3Requirements for the keeping of chickens1.The Member States shall ensure that:(a)all houses comply with the requirements set out in Annex I;(b)the required inspections and the monitoring and follow-up,including those provided for in Annex III,are carried out by the competent authority or the official veterinarian.2.Member States shall ensure that the maximum stocking density in a holding or a house of a holding does not at any time exceed33kg/m2.3.By way of derogation from paragraph2,Member States may provide that chickens be kept at a higher stocking density provided that the owner or keeper complies with the requirements set out in Annex II,in addition to the requirements set out in Annex I.4.Member States shall ensure that,when a derogation is granted under paragraph3,the maximum stocking density in a holding or a house of a holding does not at any time exceed 39kg/m2.(1)OJ L198,22.7.1991,p. 1.Regulation as last amended byCommission Regulation(EC)No394/2007(OJ L98,13.4.2007, p.3).5.When the criteria set out in Annex V are fulfilled,Member States may allow that the maximum stocking density referred to in paragraph4be increased by a maximum of3kg/m2.Article4Training and guidance for persons dealing with chickens 1.Member States shall ensure that keepers who are natural persons have received sufficient training in their tasks and that appropriate training courses are available.2.The training courses referred to in paragraph1shall focus on welfare aspects and cover in particular the matters listed in Annex IV.3.Member States shall ensure that a system is established for the control and approval of training courses.The keeper of the chickens shall hold a certificate which is recognised by the competent authority of the Member State concerned,attesting to the completion of such a training course or to having acquired experience equivalent to such training.4.Member States may recognise experience acquired before 30June2010as being equivalent to participation in such training courses and shall issue certificates attesting to such equivalence.5.Member States may provide that the requirements set out in paragraphs1to4shall also apply to owners.6.The owner or keeper shall provide instructions and guidance on the relevant animal welfare requirements, including those concerning the methods of culling practised in holdings,to persons employed or engaged by them to attend to chickens or to catch and load them.Article5Labelling of poultrymeatNot later than31December2009,the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report on the possible introduction of a specific harmonised mandatory labelling scheme for chicken meat,meat products and preparations based on compliance with animal welfare standards.That report shall consider possible socioeconomic implications, effects on the Community’s economic partners and compliance of such a labelling scheme with World Trade Organisation rules.The report shall be accompanied by appropriate legislative proposals taking into account such considerations and the experience gained by the Member States in applying voluntary labelling schemes.Article6Report by the Commission to the European Parliament andto the Council1.Based on a scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority,the Commission shall no later than31December 2010submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report concerning the influence of genetic parameters on identified deficiencies resulting in poor welfare of chickens. That report may be accompanied by appropriate legislative proposals,if necessary.2.Member States shall submit to the Commission the results of the data collection based on monitoring of a representative sample of flocks slaughtered during a minimum period of one year.In order to enable a relevant analysis,the sampling and the data requirements as referred to in Annex III should be scien-tifically based,objective and comparable,and laid down in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article11.Member States may need a Community financial contribution for the collection of data for the purpose of this Directive.3.On the basis of available data and taking into account new scientific evidence,the Commission shall,not later than 30June2012,submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report concerning the application of this Directive and its influence on the welfare of chickens,as well as the development of welfare indicators.The report shall take into account the different production conditions and methods.It shall also take into account the socioeconomic and adminis-trative implications of this Directive including regional aspects.Article7Inspections1.The competent authority shall carry out non-discrimi-natory inspections to verify compliance with the requirements of this Directive.Such inspections shall be carried out on an adequate proportion of animals kept within each Member State,in accordance with the relevant provisions of Regulation(EC)No882/2004,and may be carried out at the same time as checks for other purposes.Member States shall put in place appropriate procedures for determining the stocking density.2.Member States shall submit to the Commission by30 June each year an annual report for the previous year on the inspections provided for in paragraph1.The report shall be accompanied by a list of the most relevant actions taken by the competent authority to address the main welfare problems detected.Article8Guides to good management practice Member States shall encourage the development of guides to good management practice which shall include guidance on compliance with this Directive.The dissemination and use of such guides shall be encouraged.Article9PenaltiesThe Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented.The penalties provided for shall be effective,proportionate and dissuasive.The Member States shall notify those provisions to the Commission by30 June2010at the latest and shall notify it without delay of any subsequent amendment affecting them.Article10Implementing powersMeasures necessary to ensure the uniform implementation of this Directive may be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article11.Article11Committee procedure1.The Commission shall be assisted by the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,set up by Regulation(EC)No178/2002of the European Parliament and of the Council of28January2002laying down the general principles and requirements of food law,establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety(1)(the Committee).2.Where reference is made to this paragraph,Articles5and 7of Decision1999/468/EC shall apply.The period referred to in Article5(6)of Decision1999/468/EC shall be set at three months.Article12TranspositionMember States shall bring into force the laws,regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by30June2010at the latest.When Member States adopt those provisions,they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication.Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.Article13Entry into forceThis Directive shall enter into force on the20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article14This Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Luxembourg,28June2007.For the CouncilThe PresidentS.GABRIEL(1)OJ L31,1.2.2002,p.1.Regulation as last amended by CommissionRegulation(EC)No575/2006(OJ L100,8.4.2006,p.3).ANNEX IREQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO HOLDINGSIn addition to the relevant provisions of other relevant Community legislation,the following requirements shall apply:Drinkers1.Drinkers shall be positioned and maintained in such a way that spillage is minimised.Feeding2.Feed shall be either continuously available or be meal fed and must not be withdrawn from chickens more than12hours before the expected slaughter time.Litter3.All chickens shall have permanent access to litter which is dry and friable on the surface.Ventilation and heating4.Ventilation shall be sufficient to avoid overheating and,where necessary,in combination with heating systems toremove excessive moisture.Noise5.The sound level shall be minimised.Ventilation fans,feeding machinery or other equipment shall be constructed,placed,operated and maintained in such a way that they cause the least possible amount of noise.Light6.All buildings shall have lighting with an intensity of at least20lux during the lighting periods,measured at bird eyelevel and illuminating at least80%of the useable area.A temporary reduction in the lighting level may be allowed when necessary following veterinary advice.7.Within seven days from the time when the chickens are placed in the building and until three days before theforeseen time of slaughter,the lighting must follow a24-hour rhythm and include periods of darkness lasting at least six hours in total,with at least one uninterrupted period of darkness of at least four hours,excluding dimming periods.Inspection8.All chickens kept on the holding must be inspected at least twice a day.Special attention should be paid to signsindicating a reduced level of animal welfare and/or animal health.9.Chickens that are seriously injured or show evident signs of health disorder,such as those having difficulties inwalking,severe ascites or severe malformations,and are likely to suffer,shall receive appropriate treatment or be culled immediately.A veterinarian shall be contacted whenever necessary.Cleaning10.Those parts of buildings,equipment or utensils which are in contact with the chickens shall be thoroughly cleanedand disinfected every time after final depopulation is carried out,before a new flock is introduced into the house.After the final depopulation of a house,all litter must be removed,and clean litter must be provided.Record keeping11.The owner or keeper shall maintain a record for each house of a holding of:(a)the number of chickens introduced;(b)the useable area;(c)the hybrid or breed of the chickens,if known;(d)by each control,the number of birds found dead with an indication of the causes,if known as well as thenumber of birds culled with cause;(e)the number of chickens remaining in the flock following the removal of chickens for sale or for slaughter.Those records shall be retained for a period of at least three years and shall be made available to the competent authority when carrying out an inspection or when otherwise requested.Surgical interventions12.All surgical interventions carried out for reasons other than therapeutic or diagnostic purposes which result indamage to or the loss of a sensitive part of the body or the alteration of bone structure shall be prohibited.However,beak trimming may be authorised by Member States when other measures to prevent feather pecking and cannibalism are exhausted.In such cases,it shall be carried out only after consultation and on the advice of a veterinarian and shall be carried out by qualified staff on chickens that are less than10days old.In addition,Member States may authorise the castration of chickens.The castration shall only be carried out under veterinary supervision by personnel who have received a specific training.REQUIREMENTS FOR THE USE OF HIGHER STOCKING DENSITIESNotification and documentationThe following requirements shall apply:1.The owner or keeper shall communicate to the competent authority his intention to use a stocking density of morethan33kg/m2live weight.He shall indicate the exact figure and inform the competent authority of any change in the stocking density at least 15days prior to the placement of the flock in the house.If requested by the competent authority,that notification shall be accompanied by a document summarising the information contained in the documentation required under point2.2.The owner or keeper shall maintain and have available in the house compiled documentation describing in detail theproduction systems.In particular it shall include information on technical details of the house and its equipment such as:(a)a plan of the house including the dimensions of the surfaces occupied by the chickens;(b)ventilation and,if relevant,cooling and heating system,including their location,a ventilation plan,detailing targetair quality parameters,such as airflow,air speed and temperature;(c)feeding and watering systems and their location;(d)alarm systems and backup systems in the event of a failure of any automated or mechanical equipment essentialfor the health and well-being of the animals;(e)floor type and litter normally used.The documentation shall be made available to the competent authority on request and shall be kept updated.In particular,technical inspections of the ventilation and alarm system shall be recorded.The owner or keeper shall communicate to the competent authority any changes to the described house,equipment or procedures which are likely to influence the welfare of the birds without undue delay.Requirements for the holdings—control of environment parameters3.The owner or keeper shall ensure that each house of a holding is equipped with ventilation and,if necessary,heatingand cooling systems designed,constructed and operated in such a way that:(a)the concentration of ammonia(NH3)does not exceed20ppm and the concentration of carbon dioxide(CO2)doesnot exceed3000ppm measured at the level of the chickens’heads;(b)the inside temperature,when the outside temperature measured in the shade exceeds30°C,does not exceed thisoutside temperature by more than3°C;(c)the average relative humidity measured inside the house during48hours does not exceed70%when the outsidetemperature is below10°C.MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP AT THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE(as referred to in Article3(1))1.Mortality1.1.In the case of stocking densities higher than33kg/m2,the documentation accompanying the flock shall includethe daily mortality rate and the cumulative daily mortality rate calculated by the owner or keeper and the hybrid or breed of the chickens.1.2.Under the supervision of the official veterinarian these data as well as the number of broilers dead on arrival shallbe recorded,indicating the holding and the house of the holding.The plausibility of the data and of the cumulative daily mortality rate shall be checked taking into account the number of broilers slaughtered and the number of broilers dead on arrival at the slaughterhouse.2.Post-mortem inspectionIn the context of the controls performed under the Regulation(EC)No854/2004,the official veterinarian shall evaluate the results of the post-mortem inspection to identify other possible indications of poor welfare conditions such as abnormal levels of contact dermatitis,parasitism and systemic illness in the holding or the unit of the house of the holding of origin.munication of resultsIf the mortality rate as referred to in paragraph1or the results of the post-mortem inspection as referred to in paragraph2are consistent with poor animal welfare conditions,the official veterinarian shall communicate the data to the owner or keeper of the animals and to the competent authority.Appropriate actions shall be taken by the owner or the keeper of the animals and by the competent authority.ANNEX IVTRAININGThe training courses referred to in Article4(2)shall at least cover Community legislation concerning the protection of chickens and in particular the following matters:(a)Annexes I and II;(b)physiology,in particular drinking and feeding needs,animal behaviour and the concept of stress;(c)the practical aspects of the careful handling of chickens,and catching,loading and transport;(d)emergency care for chickens,emergency killing and culling;(e)preventive biosecurity measures.。
欧盟如何管理《综合污染预防与控制指令》
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技术工作组（3/3）
向欧洲综合污染防治局提供相关信息需要耗费大量的时 间、精力和金钱 考虑到保密问题：生产过程和竞争力，生产/排放数据和一 贯可靠的成本数据 欧洲综合污染防治局工作人员的素质和数量是决定此进程 的连续性和速度的重要因素 在分配的撰写《最佳可行技术参考文件》时间期限内，从 各成员国获得数据的问题。各成员国推迟提交或者没有搜 集或没有提交数据
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为了做出 改变，政 府制定政 策目标和 财政激励 措施
寻求非 政府组 织的观 点
来自检查员的反馈 信息
国家工作组
研究机构和 大学提出的 新想法
来自管理部门 的要求数据
确定出行业的 问题及其解决 方案
行业使用的最佳 技术及其运营成 本
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技术工作组的国家代表们必须
确保最终的《最佳可行技术参考文件》包 括所在国使用的技术 证明其国家使用的最佳可行技术是合理的 并获得支持此观点的数据
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《综合污染预防与控制》和 信息交流
目的是促进欧盟成员国和行业之间在最佳可行技 术方面的广泛交流。
欧洲综合污染防治局组织信息交流并发布了《最 佳可行技术参考文件》。
各成员国在决定许可条件时必须参考《最佳可行 技术参考文件》。
欧洲综合污染防治局通过技术工作组(TWG)开展 信息交流工作。
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塞维利亚进程
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技术工作组机制一览表
这是提供给公众的文 件，任何人可以向技 术工作组提出他们的
欧盟EuP指令解读及其应对措施
令 的要求 ，设计人 员在 设计 新产 品时 就 要考 虑整 个产 品生 命周期对 能源 、 境 、 环 自然资源 的影 响程度 。这对 于 中国企业
来 说 确 实 是 个 新 的 挑 战 。在 公 司 内 导 入
二、 欧盟 出台 Ｅ Ｐ指令 的 目的 Ｕ 欧盟 出台该指令 的 目的在 于通 过 制 定一个具 有连贯 性 的综合 法律框 架 来 规
电子 电气产 品 ，还 包括 所有 使用 固体燃 料 、液 体燃料 和气 体燃 料 的产 品 ，远较 ＷＥ Ｅ指 令和 Ｒ Ｈ Ｅ ｏ Ｓ指 令覆 盖面 广 。 同
时 ，它 将 生 命 周 期 理 念 引 入 产 品 设 计 环 节 ， 于 耗 能 产 品 的 节 能环 保 要 求 将 贯 穿 对 到 产 品 的 整 个 生 命 周 期 ， 是 以 前 其 它 环 这
欧 盟 作 为 能 源 与 环 保 领 域 立 法 的 急
先锋 ，在报废 电子 电气设备指 令（ Ｅ ） ＷＥ Ｅ 以及 在 电气 电子 设备 中限制 使用特 定 危 险物质 的相关规定（ ｏ ｓ相继实施 后 ， Ｒｌ） 于
２０ ０ ５年 ７月 ６ 日正 式 颁 布 Ｅ Ｐ指 令 ， ｕ 引 起 了与 欧 盟 有 贸 易 往 来 国 家 的 极 大 关 注 ，
第 四， 积极参与标准 修订 。在欧盟制 定 的环境优 化发展标准时 ， 国产业 界如 我 果 能积极 参与绿色规范 的制定和 修改 ， 必 将为 中国的工业创造有利条件 。 有照 明公
司 说， 由于 企 业 的 积 极 运 作 ， 欧 盟 的灯 在
化为各成 员国的法律 。
具 能效标 准ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ， 很可 能会 被采取 ， 无疑将 这
加 了 固 体 燃 料 加 热 器 ［ｏ ｄｆｅ ｓ ｌ ｓｌ ｌ ｍａ ｉ ｕ ｌ
ZHZH——精选推荐
ZH欧洲委员会布鲁塞尔 17/10/2008SEC（2008年）2641/2委员会人员工作文件委员会提交予欧洲议会、理事会、欧洲经济和社会委员会、以及地区委员会的通讯欧盟、非洲和中国：走向三边对话和合作附件欧洲委员会对合作可能性的观点{COM（2008年） 654}{SEC（2008年） 2642}目录导言 (4)附件 1：在和平和安全领域合作 (5)附件 2：在基建领域合作 (7)附件 3：在环境和可持续资源管理领域合作 (9)附件 4：在食品安全和农业生产领域合作 (11)附件 5：缩写列表 (13)1. 导言欧洲和中国对非洲持续的强烈兴趣，引起了人们对中国和欧洲就非洲事务如何合作，以及如何在非洲展开合作产生了疑问和期盼。
虽然在双方之间存在竞争，但是亦给予了双方之间合作的机会。
表1: 欧盟和中国在非洲一览：欧盟-非洲中国-非洲贸易 2007年总计： 2320亿欧元。
在欧盟从非洲进口的商品中，23 ％是制成品，11 ％是食品和农产品。
欧盟是非洲产品最大的出口市场。
非洲出口的棉花、水果和蔬菜中，大约85 ％销往欧盟。
在2007年，欧盟从非洲进口价值625亿欧元的石油,其中189亿欧元从撒哈拉以南非洲进口(30%)。
欧盟在非洲的最主要贸易伙伴是：利比亚、阿尔及利亚和尼日利亚。
商品来自于非洲最不发达国家除了武器外，其它均享受市场免税待遇。
2007年总计： 536亿欧元。
从非洲进口的产品中，71.8% 是燃料和石油。
在2007年，中国石油总量中有32 ％从非洲进口，价值为190亿欧元，其中170亿欧元从撒哈拉以南非洲进口(90%)。
中国在非洲的最主要贸易伙伴是：安哥拉、苏丹和刚果。
中国取消了来自于29个非洲最不发达国家450种商品的关税。
外国直接投资在2005年和2006年，欧盟对非洲的外国直接投资达281.24 亿欧元。
据估计，中国公司的累计投资从 2005年的62.7亿美元增加到2006年的120亿美元，增长近一倍。
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NPT /CONF.2010/PC.I/WP.25＊ 不扩散核武器条约缔约国 2010年审议大会 筹备委员会
10 May 2007
Chinese Original: English 07-33031 * (C) 100507 100507 *0733031*
第一届会议
2007年4月30日至5月11日，维也纳
退出《不扩散核武器条约》：欧洲联盟的共同意见
欧洲联盟提交的工作文件
1. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2005年审议大会在题为“《条约》的其他条款，包括第十条”的第3附属机构会议上深入讨论了退出本条约问题。
欧洲联盟提出的工作文件(NPT/CONF.2005/WP.32)和澳大利亚及新西兰提出的工作文件(NPT/CONF.2005/WP.16)对进行有重点的辩论起到了很大的推动作用，成员国有望达成共识。
因此，为2010年大会做准备的审议进程应在这次讨论的基础上继续开展工作，为可能做出的决定作好准备。
在这方面，欧盟希望回顾其在这个问题上的共同意见。
一. 第十条
2. 《不扩散核武器条约》第十条第1款规定“每个缔约国如果断定与本条约主题有关的非常事件已危及其国家的最高利益，为行使其国家主权，应有权退出本条约。
该国应在退出前三个月将此事通知所有其他缔约国和联合国安全理事会。
这项通知应包括关于该国认为已危及其最高利益的非常事件的说明”。
3. 尽管每个缔约国都有退出《不扩散核武器条约》的主权权利，但是在特定情况下，退出本条约有可能构成对国际和平与安全的威胁。
因此应明确说明第十条所述法律要求和退出本条约的后果。
二. 法律要求
4. “退出通知”必须以书面形式提出，常用的形式是给本条约所有缔约国政府以及安全理事会主席的普通照会。
∗ 由于技术原因重新印发。
NPT/CONF.2010/PC.I/WP.25
5. 该普通照会必须在打算退出之前三个月提出，内容包括所要求的关于该国认
为危及其最高利益的非常事件的说明；说明应当尽可能详细、具体。
6. 三个月期限自向本条约所有缔约国政府以及安全理事会主席送交普通照会
之日算起。
任何其他宣告、公开声明或者意向书都不具有任何缩短这一期限的效力。
三. 执行第十条
7. 一旦某个缔约国表明打算根据第十条第1款退出本条约，保存国应立即开始
同有关当事方进行协商，探讨采取何种方式和手段处理意向通知引发的各种问
题，同时考虑到原子能机构定期评估所示通知国履行保障监督承诺的情况。
这种
通知还将促使本条约保存国紧急审议这个问题及其可能带来影响。
8. 重申安全理事会作为维持国际和平与安全最终仲裁人发挥的重要作用，对根
据第十条提出的退出通知，安全理事会应当立即审议，并采取适当行动。
根据第
十条第1款提出的任何退出通知都应促使安全理事会紧急审议这个问题及其可能
造成的影响，包括审查退出的原因，根据第十条的要求，退出原因必须是“与本
条约主题有关的非常事件”。
9. 安全理事会应进一步宣布，对根据第十条第1款提出的退出通知，安理会的
审议将包括一项关于原子能机构对通知国的特别视察的内容。
四. 退出的影响
10. 一国对其在退出本条约之前犯下的违反本条约的行为依然负有国际责任。
因
此，对退出条约必须适用以下原则和措施：
(a) 为了实施军用核方案而有预谋、有准备地做出退出决定，即为违反本条
约目的的行为；
(b) 在特定情况下，退出本条约可能构成对国际和平与安全的威胁；
(c) 原则上，《不扩散核武器条约》的缔约国为和平目的开发的所有核材料、
设备、技术和设施在其退出条约后仍然只限用于和平目的，因此，必须继续置于
保障监督之下；
(d) 在不影响安全理事会很可能决定采取的任何其他措施的情况下，退出条
约的国家原则上不应再使用其退出之前从第三国获得的核材料、设施、设备和技
术以及利用其生产的材料；而且必须冻结这类核设施、设备和材料，以便在原子
能机构的控制下拆除和（或）归还供应国。
退出通知一经发出，即应拟议为达到
上述目的采取的措施；
(e) 在界定敏感核物资转让（浓缩、后处理）或大规模转让模式的政府间协
定中应列入一项条款，禁止退出本条约的国家使用所转让的物资以及利用这些物
资生产的材料：在这方面，缔约国之间可采用一条标准条款；
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NPT/CONF.2010/PC.I/WP.25
(f) 审查原子能机构是否有可能在缔约国退出后继续无限期地对其当初为
和平目的开发的所有核材料、设施、设备和技术实行保障监督，并视情况适用附
加议定书的某些规定。
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