全国硕士研究生入学考试真题及其答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语(二)真题+解析答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。
3. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
4. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, ___1___ to understand their negative harder, consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. ___2___ one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll ___3___ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to, ___4___ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are ___5___. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is ___6___. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. ___7___, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were ___8___ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they_ ___9___ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to ___10___ you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more ___11___ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another ___12___: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you ___13___ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a ___14___ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The ___15___ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiplecriteria. Choose one criterion and you may well ___16___ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a ___17___. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria ___18___ critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to ___19___ just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better ___20___ the objective.1.A. therefore B. again C. moreover D. however2.A. identify B. assess C. emphasize D. explain3.A. curiously B. quickly C. eagerly D. nearly4.A. check B. prove C. recall D. claim5.A threatened B mocked C. ignored D. blamed6.A. hospitality B. competition C. punctuality D. innovation7.A. Yet B. Besides C. Still D. So8.A. rewarded B. trained C grouped D. hired9.A. rather B. also C. once D. only10.A comfort B. efficiency C. security D. revenue11.A cautious B. quiet C. diligent D. friendly12.A. purpose B prejudice C. policy D. problem13.A. revealed B noticed C. admitted D. reported14.A. break B. departure C. transfer D. trip15.A. background B. moral C. style D. form16.A. sacrifice B. criticize C. tolerate D. interpret17.A. secret B. cost C. product D. task18.A. relating to B. calling for C. accounting for D. leading to19.A. predict B restore C. specify D. create20.A. review B. achieve C. present D. modifySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1"Reskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the "core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February.at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be thecase in Sweden, where the pandemic kick-started a retraining program where business as well as government had a role.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context. You can easily imagine a chorus of "you can’t do that," because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and using any support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster. Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work 'ell in Sweden, with its history of Co-operation between business, labor and government, but not in North America where our history is very different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinary things take place, but it is business as usual after the fact. And yet, as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapid reskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case Sweden’s work force is now more skilled, in more things, and more flexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or the post pandemic world, are expensive and at a time when everyone’s budgets are lean this may not be the time to implement them. Then again, extending income support programs to get us through the next months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having a swath of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years. Given that, perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than a buzzword.21.Research by the World Economic forum suggests_________.A. an urgent demand for new job skillsB. an increase in full-time employmentC. a steady growth of job opportunitiesD. a controversy about the "core skills"22.AT&T is cited to show _________.A. the characteristics of reskilling programsB. the importance of staff appraisal standardsC. an immediate need for government supportD. an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada_________.A. have proved to be inconsistentB. have driven up labor costsC. have appeared to be insufficientD. have met with fierce opposition24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was__________.A. a sign of economic recoveryB. a call for policy adjustmentC. a change in hiring practicesD. a lack of medical workers25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to __________.A. create jobs vacancies for the unemployedB. prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsC. retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD. finance their staff's college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in, some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 percent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health. Sounds great—but bow feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 percent of the county's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all thesuitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 percent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 percent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficient in UK would_________.A. be hindered by its population groundB. become a priority of governmentC. pose a challenge to its farming industryD. contribute to the nation's well-being27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK_________.A. farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB. factory-style production needs reformingC. most land is used for meat and dairy productionD. more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to__________.A. its farming technologyB. its dietary traditionC. its natural conditionsD. its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people__________.A. rely largely on imports for fresh produceB. enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC. are seeking effective ways to cut caloorie intakeD. are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-sufficient in the UK is__________.A. defensiveB. doubtfulC. tolerantD. optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold’s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: “I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy?I don't know”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than 5.5tn dollars, rifling through such small deals -many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only 3.4bn dollars a year on sub-1bn dollars acquisitions over the past five years a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A. Their market values declinedB. Their engineers were retainedC. Their tech features improvedD. Their products were re-priced32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to __________.A. exaggerate their product qualityB. treat new tech talent unfairlyC. eliminate their potential competitionsD. ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might__________.A. harm the national economyB. worse market competitionC. discourage start up investorsD. weaken big tech companies34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to__________.A. supervise start-up's operationsB. encourage research collaborationC. limit Big Tech's expansionD. examine small acquisitions35.For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have_________.A. raised few management challengesB. brought little financial pressureC. set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusiv e. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for theirjudgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures of utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we 're better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. "It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, " and if you start thinking about it too much, you can' t remember what you' re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferenc es. College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex —when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings," "hunches," "my heart"). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambaby's study deals with__________.A. instructor-student interactionB. the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD. people's ability to influence others37.In Ambaby's study, rating accuracy dropped when participantsA. focused on specific detailsB. discussed with one anotherC. watched shorter video clipsD. gave the rating in limited time38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that___________.A. memory can be selectiveB. reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to__________.A. follow your feelingsB. list your preferencesC. seek expert adviceD. collect enough data40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Generating new products takes timeB. Objective thinking may boost intuitivenessC. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativityD. Intuition may affect reflective tasksPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don't make judgmentsD. Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF. Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's, worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41._________________________________You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through, the whole discussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your thinking —all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good, idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.__________________________________Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about —it may be “the credibility of their team on getting a project done on time,” says Grenny. You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.” When you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You'll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who's trying to advance a shared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess game thana boxing match.43.__________________________________This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?” This gives the person a choice, allowing them to verbally opt in, says Grenny. And, assuming they say yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.___________________________________You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read, she explains. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing thepace and talking in an even tone helps the other person calm down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45.___________________________________Emphasize that you’re offering your opinion, not gospel truth. “It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying something like, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we'll never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.” Having asserted your position, “demonstrate equal curiosity about other views," says Grenny. Remind the person that this is your point of view," and then invite critique. Be genuinely open to hearing other opinions.Section ⅢTranslationDirections: In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belong that we didn't expect.In our series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago area commuters using public transportation to strike up а conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed the instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interaction with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Writing an email to Jack, an international student, to1）invite him to participate, and2）tell him the details.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHETE.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）参考答案Section I Use of English1. D however2. C emphasize3. B quickly4. A check5. C ignored6. C punctuality7. D So8. A rewarded9. B also10. D revenue11. A cautious12. D problem13. B noticed14. D trip15. B moral16. A sacrifice17. B cost18. A relating to19. C specify20. B achieveSection ⅡReading Comprehension Text121. A. an urgent demand for new job skills22. D. an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy23. C. have appeared to be insufficient24. D. a lack of medical workers25. B. prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsText226. D contribute to the nation's well-being27. C most land is used for meat and dairy production28. C its natural conditions29. A rely largely on imports for fresh produce30. B doubtfulText331. B Their engineers were retained32. C eliminate their potential competitions33. A harm the national economy34. D examine small acquisitions35. B brought little financial pressureText436. C the reliability of first impressions37. A focused on specific details38. B reflection can be distracting39. A follow your feelings40. D Intuition may affect reflective tasksPart B41 E. Decide whether to wait42 G. Identify a shared goal43 F. Ask permission to disagree44 A. Stay calm45 B. Stay humbleSection Ⅲ Translation46【参考译文】我们通常认为朋友和家人是我们关系、快乐和温暖的最大源泉。
2024考研(数学三)真题答案及解析完整版
2024考研(数学三)真题答案及解析完整版2024年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学(三)真题及参考答案考研数学三考什么内容?数学三在高等数学这一部分因为要求的内容相对较少，所以很多学校经济类、管理类专业在本科期间所用教材并非理工类专业通常会使用的《高等数学》同济大学版，更多的学校本科阶段的教材是中国人民大学版《微积分》。
而考数学三的同学中在实际复习过程中使用哪一本教材的都有)(函数、极限、连续、一元函数微分学、一元函数积分学、多元函数微积分学、无穷级数、常微分方程与差分方程);线性代数(行列式、矩阵、向量、线性方程组、矩阵的特征值和特征向量、二次型);概率论与数理统计(随机事件和概率、随机变量及其分布、多维随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征、大数定律和中心极限定理、数理统计的基本概念、参数估计、假设检验)。
考研的考试内容有哪些一、考研公共课：政治、英语一、英语二、俄语、日语、数学一、数学二、数学三，考研公共课由国家教育部统一命题。
各科的考试时间均为3小时。
考研的政治理论课(马原22分、毛中特30分、史纲14分、思修18分、形势与政策16分)。
考研的英语满分各为100分(完型10分、阅读理解60分、小作文10分、大作文20分)。
数学(其中理工科考数一、工科考数二、经管类考数三)满分为150分。
数一的考试内容分布：高数56%(84分)、线代22%(33分)、概率22%(33分);数二的内容分布：高数78%(117分)、线代22%(33分);数三的内容分布：高数56%(84分)、线代22%(33分)、概率22%(33分)。
这些科目的考试知识点和考试范围在各科考试大纲上有详细规定，一般变动不大，因此可以参照前一年的大纲，对一些变动较大的科目，必须以新大纲为准进行复习。
二、考研专业课统考专业课：由国家教育部考试中心统一命题，科目包括：西医综合、中医综合、计算机、法硕、历史学、心理学、教育学、农学。
其中报考教育学、历史学、医学门类者，考专业基础综合(满分为300分);报考农学门类者，考农学门类公共基础(满分150分)。
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(三)真题答案及解析
16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused
17.ATo be fairBFor instanceCTo be briefDin general
18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully
11.Ainsufficiቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱntBboundClikelyDslow
12.AOn the basis ofBAt the cost ofCIn addition toDIn contrast to
13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate
14.AAs usualBIn particularCBy definitionDAfter all
11.【答案】C likely
【解析】此处考察固定搭配。be likely to可能。insufficient不足的，不够的；bound捆绑的，束缚的，有义务的；slow缓慢的。
12.【答案】A On the basis of
【解析】此处考察短语辨析+上下文逻辑。__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice.12预防性原则，可以说遵循FSA的建议是13。On the basis of以...为基础，根据，按照；At the cost of以...为代价；In addition to除...之外；In contrast to与之相对，相反。
6.AunderBatCforDby
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly, but very few.And people who run for the bus? They are5.How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive n hinting targets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but stile arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour light is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are muti dimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time,money.quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1.[A] therefore [B]however [C] again [D] moreover2.[A] Emphasize [B]Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain3.[A] nearly [B]curio [C] eagerly [D] quickly4.[A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall5.[A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed6.[A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation7.[A] Yes [B] So [C] Besides [D] Slit8.[A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D] grouped9.[A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also10.[A]comfort [B] revenue [C]efficiency [D]security11.[A] fried [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy13.[A] report [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed14.[A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer15.[A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form16.[A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate17.[A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cast18.[A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to [D] accounting for19.[A] specify [B]predict [C] restore [D]create20.[A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the foll owing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1"Deskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the "core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for res killing is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do massive res killing program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks. But even if you cannot close that gap, may be you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic forum suggests_________.A.an urgent demand for new job skillsB.an increase in full-time employmentC.a steady growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the " core skills"22.AT&T is cited to show _________.A.the characteristics of res killing programsB.the importance of staff appraisal standardsC.an immediate need for government supportD.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in CanadaA. have driven up labour costsB. have proved to be inconsistentC. have met with fierce oppositionD. have appeared to be insufficient24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there wasA. a call for policy adjustment.B. a change in hiring practices.C.a lack of medical workersD.a sign of economic recovery.25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to_A. Great job vacancies for the unemployed.B.Prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.C.Retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staff′s college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 blini by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will bed to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason: Br exit.Br exit is sen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down form almost the-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to sufficient,the argument goes, would bots the farming industry.political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great — but how feasible is this vision?According to are port on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the country's total land area disassociated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensively —meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg — which would involve taking out all he nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes — we would achieve only a 30 per centboost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self sufficiency in the UK would[A] be hindered by its population growth[B] contribute to the nations well-being[C] become a priority of the government[D] post a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK[A] farmland has been inefficient[B] factory style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D] more cornfields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_—[A] its farming technology[B] its dietary tradition[C] its natural conditions[D] its commercial interests29.It can bel eared from the last paragraph that British people__[A] rely largely on imports for fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C] are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D] are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is____[A] defensive[B] doubtfu1[C] tolerant[D] optimisticText 3Big Tech's 'buy and kill' tactics come under scrutiny When Microsoft bought task management app W under list an c mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft′s owe Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smart phone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it has used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many "Acquit-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of W under list and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined tc comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Harold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don' t know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions oven the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, there quest has raised the prospect ofregulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn, rifling ugh such small deals — many of them much less prominent Thar Wanderlust and Sunrise — might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies(Apple,Microsoft, Google,Amazon an ace book) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1br intuitions over the past five years — a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wanderlust and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A. Their engineers were retained.B. Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D. Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_A. exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paula mold is concerned that small acquisitions might_A. weaken big tech companiesB. worsen market competitionC. harm the national economyD. discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to_A. limit Big Tech's expansionB. encourage research collaborationC. examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-operatives35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions haveA. brought tilt financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText4We're fairly good a judging people based on frat impressions thin slices of experience ranging from a grim photographs to a five-minute interaction.and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive l none study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing."the late psychologist Na line Lambada asked participants to watch silentI0-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor' coverall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1(00) by nines as they watched the clips. occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment. before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Lambada suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of sublet signals form a holistic impression.She found similarinterference where participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection."It's as if you re driving a stick shift,"says Judith Hall,a psychologist a No rhea stem University,"and if you start thinking about it too much,you can't remember what you're doing.But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine.Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences College studentships of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with expressionists when the students weren't t asked to analyze their rationale, And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feigns rather than on details but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information to process — Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, particle completed a battery of eight tasks.including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules. Comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech)Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition"gut feelings," hunches,"my heart"),Us of their gut hurt their performance on the fist four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the rest Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Catalina Milady's study deals with[A] the power of people's memory[B] the reliability of first impressions[C] instructor- student interaction[D] people's ability to influence others37.In Milady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants_[A] focused on specific details[B] gave the rating in limited time[C] watched shorter video clips[D] discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that ____.[A] reflection can be distracting[B] memory may be selective[C] social skills must be cultivated[D] deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions,it is advisable to_[A] collect enough data[B] list your preferences[C] seek expert advice[D] follow your feelings40.What can agleam form the last paragraph?[A] Generating new products takes time[B] Intuition may affect reflective tasks[C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity CATION GROUP[D] Objective thinking may boost intuitivenessPart BDirections:Read the flowing text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do Ned to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)A. Stay calm.B. Stay humble.C. Decide whether to waitD. Be realistic about the risks.E. Don't make judgement.F. Identify a shared goal.G. Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than you Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work.Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41. CYou may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking — all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42. FBefore you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about — it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43. GThis step may sound overly deferential but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control.You can see something like,"I know we sen to be moving toward a is t quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to layout my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally opt in. And,assuming he says yes,it will make you fell more confident about voicing your disagreement.44. AYou might feel your heart racing or your face tuning red,but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the ms sage. It sends a mixed message,and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we fell panicky,we tend to talk louder and faster.Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45. BEmphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion,but it's till an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,"If we set an end-of-quarter deadline,we will never make it,"say,"This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not as a fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Section III Translation46. Directions;Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection. laughter,and warmth. While that may well be-true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with some one near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangest, it's fen due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of thetime,however, this be lief is false.As it tuns out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.【参考范文】我们通常认为朋友和家庭成员是我们交流，快乐和温暖的最大源泉。
2021全国硕士研究生入学考试《教育学》真题练习试卷B卷 附答案
省（市区） 姓名 准考证号 ………密……….…………封…………………线…………………内……..………………不……………………. 准…………………答…. …………题…2021全国硕士研究生入学考试《教育学》真题练习试卷B 卷 附答案 考试须知：1、考试时间：180分钟，本卷满分为300分。
2、请首先按要求在试卷的指定位置填写您的姓名、准考证号等信息。
3、请仔细阅读各种题目的回答要求，在密封线内答题，否则不予评分。
一、单项选择题（共45小题，每题2分，共90分）1、教育制度的核心部分是（ ）A.教育管理制度B.国民教育制度C.义务教育制度D.学校教育制度2、在学习过程中，通过自我监控、自我调节等方式来促进学习的策略是（ ）A.元认知策略B.资源管理策略C.精细加工策略D.组织策略3、学生学习时用简介的语言写出材料中主要观点、次要观点以及各观点之间关系。
这种学习策略属于（ ）A.精加工策略B.计划策略C.调节策略D.组织策略4、古风时代雅典青少年一边继续在文法学校和弦琴学校学习，一边为了接受体育训练进入（ ）A.斯多葛学校B.体操学校C.埃弗比D.体育馆5、凯M 斯倡导的教育行动研究类型是：（ ）A.理论取向的教育行动研究B.技术取向的教育行动研究C.反思取向的教育行动研究D.批判取向的教育行动研究6、教育过程应重视学生自己的独立发现、表现和体验，尊重学生发展的差异性。
特别强调这一观点的教育学派是（ ）A.实用主义教育学B.文化教育学C.实验教育学D.批判教育学7、凯洛夫《教育学》曾对我国教育理论与实践产生过重大影响，其思想的主要特点是（ ）A.用心理学解释教育学过程B.强调教学过程最优化C.强调知识的系统学习和教师的主导作用D.重视智力发展和创造性培养8、《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》指出，在普通高中深入推出课程改革，积极开展研究生学习、社区服务和社会实践，建立科学的教育质量评价体系，建立学生发展指导制度。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三真题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三真题(总分150, 做题时间180分钟)选择题每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上。
1.当x →0 时，若x-tanx与x k是同阶无穷小，则 k=SSS_SINGLE_SELA1B2C3D4该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:C2.已知方程 x5-5x + k = 0 有个不同的实根，则 k 的取值范围SSS_SINGLE_SELA（-∞，-4）B（4，+∞）C[-4，4]D（-4，4)该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:D3.已知微分方程y''+ay'+by=ce x的通解为y=（C1+C2x）e-x+e x，则a，b，c依次为SSS_SINGLE_SELA1,0,1B1,0,2C2,1,3D2,1,4该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:D由题干分析出-1为特征方程r2+ar+b=0的二重根，即（r+1）2=0 故a=2，b=1；又e x为y''+ay'+by=ce x的解，代入方程得c=44.SSS_SINGLE_SELABCD该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:B5.设A是四阶矩阵，A*是 A的伴随矩阵，若线性方程组 Ax = 0 的基础解系中只有 2 个向量，则A*的秩是SSS_SINGLE_SELAB1C2D3该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:A由于 AX = 0 的基础解系有只有两个解向量，则由4 - R(A) = 2可得R(A) - 2 < 3，故R(A* ) = 0。
6.设A是3阶实对称矩阵，E是3阶单位矩阵，若A2+A=2E ,且| A |=4 ,则二次型x T Ax的规范形为SSS_SINGLE_SELABCD该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:C∵A2+A=2E ,设 A的特征值为λ∴λ2+λ=2（λ+2）（λ-1）=0∴λ=-2或1∵| A |=4∴A的特征值为λ1=λ2=-2，λ3=1∴q=2，p=1∴X T Ax的规范形为y12-y22-y327.设 A,B 为随机事件，则 P(A) = P(B) 的充分必要条件是SSS_SINGLE_SELAP(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)BP(AB) = P(A)P(B)CD该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:CA选项⇔P(AB) =0 ,故 A 排除B选项⇔ A、B 独立，故 B 排除C选项⇔ P(A) - P(AB) = P(B) - P(AB)而P(A) ⇔ P(B) ，故 C 正确= 1- P(A) -P(B) + P(AB)⇔1 = P(A) + P(B) 故 D 排除8.设随机变量 X 与Y 相互独立，且都服从正态分布N（μ，σ2），则P{|X-Y|<1}SSS_SINGLE_SELA与μ无关，而与σ2有关B与μ有关，而与σ2无关C与μ,σ2都有关D与μ,σ2都无关该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 4答案:A填空题每小题4分，共24分。
2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《311教育学专业基础综合》真题及答案及详解
2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《311教育学专业基础综合》真题及答案及详解[单选题]1.下列选项中，教育学流派、代表人物、核心价值观对应正确的是()。
A.实验教育学——狄尔泰——分析与批判B.马克思主义（江南博哥）教育学——杨贤江——实验与观察C.文化教育学——布雷岑卡——理解与唤醒D.批判教育学——弗莱雷——批判解放正确答案：D参考解析：A项，实验教育学代表人物为梅伊曼；狄尔泰为文化教育学的代表人物；B项，“实验与观察”应为实验教育学的核心价值观；C项，文化教育学代表人物为狄尔泰、斯普朗格、利特等。
[单选题]2.“子以四教：文、行、忠、信。
”（《论语》）“所谓治国必先齐其家者，其家不可教而能教人者无之。
”（《大学》）“教也者，长善而救其失者也。
”（《学记》）。
下列四项与上述各句中“教”字含义相同的是()。
A.反求诸己B.养子使作善C.以身垂范D.上施下效正确答案：B参考解析：教，形声字。
商代甲骨文作从攴，爻声。
形旁攴为手持器械施教形，表义，声旁爻像器物交织形，表音。
《说文解字》的解释为：“上所施下所效也。
”题干中，各句的“教”都为其本义，即“教育，指导”。
ACD三项，“反求诸己”意为反省自己的过失，加以改正；“以身垂范”意为以自己的实际行为给下级或晚辈做示范；“上施下效”意为上面的人怎么做，下面的人就跟着学。
三者都体现了“教”字的本义。
B项，育，本义为生养。
《说文解字》载：“育，养子使作善也。
”意为培养后代让其多做好事。
[单选题]3.下列选项中，可以说明社会发展对教育发展起制约作用的是()。
A.乡村学校规模日益缩小，而城市学校范围不断扩大B.新冠疫情促使世界各地的学校纷纷采取混合式教学C.教育公平与教育质量良性互助D.学业竞争中学生关系日益紧张正确答案：A参考解析：BCD三项，都没有涉及“社会发展”问题，更没有体现“制约作用”。
A项，“乡村学校规模日益缩小，而城市学校范围不断扩大”是社会发展过程中出现的客观现象，涉及“社会发展”问题，同时，城乡教育发展不平衡加剧，正是社会发展对教育发展起制约作用的表现。
2020全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(二)真题及答案解析
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2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试中医综合真题含答案解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试中医综合真题(总分：300.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、A型题(总题数：69，分数：144.00)1.下列叙述中，体现人与自然的关系是（）。
（分数：1.50）A.尝贵后贱，可至脱营B.形与神俱，不可分离C.视其外应，以知其内脏D.四季变动，脉与之上下√解析：A选项体现的是人与社会环境的关系。
B选项是人自身生理功能的整体性的体现。
C选项体现了人自身的五脏一体观。
《素问·脉要精微论》中论述了：四变之动，脉与之上下。
即人体生理随季节气候的规律变化而出现相应的适应性调节。
人体脉象可随四季气候的变化，而有相应的春弦、夏洪、秋毛、冬石的规律性变化。
故D选项为正确选项。
2.“地气上而为云，天气下而为雨”《素问·阴阳应象大论》体现的气化形式是（）。
（分数：1.50）A.气与形之间的转化B.形与形之间的转化C.气与气之间的转化√D.形体自身的更新转化解析：在精气学说中，气化是指气的运动产生宇宙各种变化的过程。
气化的形式主要有以下几种：(1)气与形之间的转化：无形之气交感聚合成有形之物，是“气生形”的气化过程；有形之物死亡消散,化为无形之气，乃是“形化气”的气化过程。
(2)形与形之间的转化：有形之物在气的推动与激发下亦可相互转化，如自然界的冰化为水、水化为雾霜雨雪等。
(3)气与气之间的转化：无形之气之间也可发生转化，天气下降于地，可变为地气；地气上腾于天，又变为天气。
如《素问·阴阳应象大论》说:“地气上为云，天气下为雨。
”(4)有形之体自身的不断更新变化植物的生长化收藏，动物的生长壮老已等变化，皆属有形之体自身不断更新的气化过程。
动植物的这些变化是在有形之体的内部与自然界的无形之气之间的升降出人转换中进行的，它们与自然界共处于一个统一体中。
在阴阳学说的阴阳交感思想里，天气虽在上，但内涵地之阴气，即阳中有阴，有“亲下”之势，故天气在其所涵地之阴气的作用下下降于地；地气虽居下，但内寓天之阳气，即阴中涵阳，有“亲上”之势，故地气在其所涵天之阳气的鼓动下上升于天。
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(三)真题及解析
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(三)真题及解析（江南博哥）1[单选题]A.①②B.①④C.①③④D.②③④正确答案：C参考解析：③④是定义正确，②举一个反例a(x)=x，b(x)=-x，②错误，①由于当x趋向于0时候，a(x)/b(x)=1，分子分母同时平方，还是等于1，所以①正确。
2[单选题]A.有最大值，有最小值B.有最大值，没有最小值C.没有最大值，有最小值D.没有最大值，没有最小值正确答案：B参考解析：3[单选题]A.B.C.D.正确答案：C 参考解析：4[单选题]A.I1<I2<I3B.I3<I1<I2C.I2<I1<I3D.I1<I3<I2正确答案：A 参考解析：5[单选题]A.B.C.D.正确答案：B参考解析：A选项成立，则两个矩阵的秩相等，不能推出特征值相同，C选项是充分而非必要条件。
C成立，可推出A的特征值为1，-1，0，但是A的特征值为1，-1，0时候，Q不一定为正交。
D是合同的关系，两者特征值正负个数相同，不能保证特征值相等，B正确。
6[单选题]A.无解B.有解C.有无穷多解或无解D.有唯一解或无解正确答案：D参考解析：令a=b=1，带入r(A)≠r(A|b)，无解，令a≠b≠1，则r(A)≠r(A|b)=3，唯一解，D 正确。
7[单选题]λ∈（）A.{λ|λ∈R}B.{λ|λ∈R，λ≠-1}C.{λ|λ∈R，λ≠-1，λ≠-2}D.{λ|λ∈R，λ≠-2}正确答案：C参考解析：本题可以将a1，a2，a3，a4列出来化简，找出对应关系，也可以将λ=-1带入，r(a1，a2，a3)=3，r(a1，a2，a4)=2，不等价，所以λ≠-1，将λ=-2带入，r(a1，a2，a3)=2，r(a1，a2，a4)=3，不等价，所以λ≠-2。
C正确。
8[单选题]D(X-3Y+1)=（）A.2B.4C.6D.10正确答案：D参考解析：9[单选题]A.1/8B.1/6C.1/3D.1/2正确答案：B参考解析：10[单选题]若事件{max(X，Y)=2}与事件{min(X，Y)=1}相互独立，则Cov(X，Y)=（）A.-0.6B.-0.36C.0D.0.48正确答案：B参考解析：P{max{X，Y}=2}=P{Y=2}=0.1+b，P{min{X，Y}=1}=P{ (X=1，Y=l)U(X=1, Y=2)}=0.2，由独立性P{min{X，Y}=1, max{X，Y}=2}=P{X=1, Y=2}=0.1=0.2 (0.1+b)，所以b=0.4, a=0.2Cov(X,Y)= E(XY)- E(X)E(Y)=-0.3611[填空题]参考解析：12[填空题]参考解析：13[填空题]参考解析：函数的性质，偶函数求导，变成奇函数，奇函数求导变成偶函数，且求导不改变周期性，因为f(x)为偶函数，周期为2π，所以f(x)三次倒数为奇函数，周期也是2π。
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第五章 jQuery对表单、表格的操作及更多应用 通过前面4章的介绍和学习，读者已经对jQuery比较熟悉了，本章将通过讲解jQuery 在表单( Form)和表格(Table)中的应用来加深对jQuery的理解。表单和表格都是HTML 的重要组成部分，分别用于采集、提交用户输入的信息和显示列表数据。通过本章的实战锻炼，相信读者的jQuerjr技能又有一个极大的提高。 5.1 表单应用 一个表单有3个基本组成部分。 (1)表单标签：包含处理表单数据所用的服务器端程序URL以及数据提交到服务器的 方法。 (2)表单域：包含文本框、密码框、隐藏域、多行文本框、复选框、单选框、下拉选择 框和文件上传框等。 (3)表单按钮：包括提交按钮、复位按钮和一般按钮，用于将数据传送到服务器上或者 取消传送，还可以用来控制其他定义了处理脚本的处理工作。 本节主要讲解jQuery在表单域中的应用。 5.1.1 单行文本框应用 文本框是表单域中最基本的元素，基于文本框的应用有很多。此处只简单介绍其中的一个应用——获取和失去焦点改变样式。 首先，在网页中创建一个表单，HTML代码如下：
图5-1 初始化网页效果 当文本框获取焦点后，它的颜色需要有变化；当它失去焦点后，则要恢复为原来的样式。此功能可以极大地提升用户体验，使用户的操作可以得到及时的反馈。可以使用CSS中的伪类选择符来实现以上的功能。 CSS代码如下： input:focus,textarea:focus{ border:lpx solid #f00; background:#fcc; } 但是IE 6并不支持除超链接元素之外的：hover伪类选择符，此时可以用jQuery来弥补I E6对CSS支持的不足。 首先在CSS中添加一个类名为focus的样式。 CSS代码如下： .focus{ border:lpx solid #f00; background:#fcc; } 然后为文本框添加获取和失去焦点事件。 jQuery代码如下： $(function(){ $(“:input”).focus(function(){ $(this).addClass(“focus”); }).blur(function(){ $(this).removeClass(“focus”); }); }); 当文本框获得焦点时，会出现图5-2所示的效果。
图5-2文本框获取焦点 经过处理后，在IE6下也可以呈现令人满意的效果。 5.1.2多行文本框应用 1．高度变化 例如某网站的评论框，如图5-3所示。 在图5-3的右上角，有“+（放大）”和“一（缩小）”的按钮，它们的功能就是用来控制评论框的高度的。例如单击“一”按钮，评论框的高度将会缩小，如图5—4所示。
评论框也需要设置最小高度和最大高度，当达到界限后再单击按钮，评论框的高度就不会再有任何变化。 首先创建一个表单，其中包含评论框，HTML代码如下：
图5-5 初始化网页效果 然后需要思考以下两种情况。 (1)当单击“放大”按钮后，如果评论框的高度小于500px，则在原有高度的基础上增加50px。 (2)当单击“缩小”按钮后，如果评论框的高度大于50px，则在原有高度的基础上减去50px。 jQuery代码如下： $(function(){ var $comment=$(‘#comment’); $(‘.bigger’).click(function(){ if($comment.height()<500){ $comment.height($comment.height()+50); } }) ; $(‘.smaller’).click(function(){ if($comment.height()>50){ $comment.height($comment.height()-50); } }); }); 当单击“放大”或“缩小”按钮后，评论框就有了相应的变化，但此时评论框的变化效果很呆板，缺乏缓冲效果。在动画章节里，讲解过自定义动画方法animate()，此处可以将其中的一段代码： $cmment.height($comment.height()+50); 改为： $comment.height($comment.height()+50); 因此，当单击“放大”按钮后，评论框的高度会在0.4秒内将增大50 px。 注意在动画的过程中，需要判断评论框是否正处于动画，如果处于动画过程中，则不追加其他动画，以免造成动画队列不必要的累积，使效果出现问题。 最终的jQuery代码为如下： $(function(){ var $comment=$(‘#comment’); $(‘.bigger’).click(function(){ if($comment.is(“:animated”)){ if($comment.height()<500){ $comment.animate({height:”+=50”},400); } } }) $(‘.smaller’).click(function(){ if($comment.height()>50){ $comment.animate({height:”-=50”},400); } }); }); 此时评论框的高度变化具有一定的缓神效果，比直接用height()方法的效果好多了。 2．滚动条高度变化 在多行文本框中，还有另外一个应用，就是通过控制多行文本框的滚动条的变化，使文本框里的内容滚动。 与控制高度的方法相同，只不过此处需要控制的是另一个属性，即scroll Top。将以上代码改成如下： $(function(){ var $comment=$(‘#comment’); $(‘.up’).click(function(){ if(!$comment.is(“:aninated”)){ $comment.animate({scrollTop:”-=50”},400); } }); $(‘.down’).click(function(){ if(!$comment.is(“:animated”)){ $comment.animate({scrollTop:”+=50”},400); } }); }); 当单击“向上”或者“向下”按钮时，评论框的滚动条就会滚动到指定的位置，效果如图5-6所。
图5-6 通过控制scrollTop，使内容滚动 5.1.3 复选框应用 对复选框最基本的应用，就是对复选框进行全选、反选和全不选等操作。复杂的操作需 要与选项挂钩，来达到各种级联反应效果。 首先在空白网页中创建一个表单，其中放入一组复选框，HTML代码如下：