现代英语词汇学复习-参考模板

第一章词的概述；

1．识记：词的定义

2．声音与意义

识记：声音与意义的关系

3．声音与拼写

识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因

4．词汇

识记词汇的含义

5．词汇的分类

识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。

领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性

What is word ?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;

2) A sound unity or a given sound ;

3) a unit of meaning;

4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类（classification of a word）

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1) simple words 2) complex words

单音节词例子：

e.g. Man and fine are simple

多音节词例子：

e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail

management 可以次划分为manage 和-ment

misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortune

blackmail 次划分为black 和mail

What is the relationship between sound and meaning?

1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the s ound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat

2)The relationship between them is conventional.

3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?

1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.

2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English

3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.

What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?

1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.

2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.

3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.

4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1) influenced by Romans

2) Pronunciation changed

3) early scribes

4) borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。

What is vocabulary?

V ocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but

it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.

V ocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,

a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.

Classification of Words (本课的一个重点)

What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?

Three criteria :

1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin

By use of frequency 可划分为：

1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary

By notion 可划分为：1）Content word 2) Functional word

Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称) Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)

Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you

What are the characteristics of basic word stock?

1) All national character

2) Stability

3) Productivity

4) Polysemy

5) Collocability

要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？

e.g. man, woman , fire, water …

e.g. machine, video, telephone …

e.g. bow, chariot , knight

Stability is relative, not absolute.

根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic