Chapter 14- Using Pronouns Correctly- Agreement and Reference
二年级英语好词好句
二年级英语好词好句Learning English as a second language can be a challenging but rewarding experience for young students. In the second grade, children begin to develop a more solid foundation in vocabulary and sentence structure, setting them up for greater fluency and comprehension in the years to come. Mastering good words and sentences is a key part of this process.One of the most important aspects of second grade English is building a strong vocabulary. Students at this age should be exposed to a wide range of words across different subject areas and contexts. Some examples of useful vocabulary for second graders include:Common nouns: book, dog, house, apple, chair, table, car, tree, flower, friendVerbs: run, jump, play, read, write, sing, dance, eat, drink, sleep Adjectives: big, small, red, blue, happy, sad, hot, cold, new, old Prepositions: in, on, under, over, behind, in front of, next toIntroducing these types of words and encouraging students to usethem in their speaking and writing is crucial for building a solid linguistic foundation. Teachers can incorporate vocabulary-building activities like word games, flashcards, and labeling classroom objects.In addition to vocabulary, second graders should also start learning to construct simple yet effective sentences. Some examples of good sentence structures for this age group include:The dog runs.I like to read books.She plays with her friends.We eat apples for a snack.They sing and dance at the party.Is the flower red or blue?Can you jump high?Where is the cat hiding?These types of basic subject-verb-object sentences allow students to practice putting words together in a logical and grammatically correct way. Teachers can have students create their own sentences using vocabulary words, or provide sentence starters for them to complete.As students progress, they can begin to experiment with slightly more complex sentence structures, such as:The big dog runs quickly through the yard.I really enjoy reading my favorite books.She plays soccer with her friends after school.We eat healthy snacks like apples and carrots.They sing happy songs and dance at the birthday party.Is the beautiful flower red or the lovely blue one?Can you jump high over the fence?I wonder where the curious cat is hiding today.These sentences incorporate additional details through the use of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases. This helps students expand their language skills and learn to communicate more descriptively.Beyond just vocabulary and sentence structure, it's also important for second graders to develop an understanding of proper grammar and mechanics. This includes things like:Capitalization: Capitalizing the first letter of a sentence, proper nouns, and the pronoun "I"Punctuation: Using periods, question marks, and exclamation points correctlySubject-verb agreement: Ensuring the verb matches the subject (e.g. "The dog runs" not "The dog run")Pronoun usage: Correctly using pronouns like "he," "she," "it," "they," etc.Reinforcing these fundamental grammar rules through exercises, editing activities, and feedback on written work will help solidify students' grasp of English conventions.Overall, the development of good words and sentences is a crucial milestone for second grade English learners. By building a strong vocabulary, practicing simple and more complex sentence structures, and understanding basic grammar principles, students lay the groundwork for more advanced language skills in the years to come. With dedicated practice and guidance from teachers, second graders can make significant strides in their English proficiency.。
英语语法指南电子版第十版
英语语法指南电子版第十版英文回答：A Comprehensive Guide to English Grammar, Tenth Edition. Table of Contents.Introduction.Part 1: The Basics of English Grammar.Part 2: Parts of Speech.Part 3: Sentence Structure.Part 4: Verb Tenses.Part 5: Adjectives and Adverbs.Part 6: Pronouns.Part 7: Prepositions and Conjunctions.Part 8: Punctuation and Capitalization.Part 9: Essay Writing.Part 10: Reference Guide.Introduction.This comprehensive guide to English grammar is designed to provide a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of the English language. Whether you are a native speaker or a learner, this guide will help you to improve your grammar skills and use English more effectively.Part 1: The Basics of English Grammar.This section provides a foundation for understanding English grammar. It covers topics such as the structure ofthe English language, the parts of speech, and thedifferent types of sentences.Part 2: Parts of Speech.This section focuses on the different parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech is explained in detail, with examples and exercises to reinforce understanding.Part 3: Sentence Structure.This section covers the structure of English sentences, including the different types of sentences, the order of words in a sentence, and the use of punctuation. It also provides guidance on how to write clear and concise sentences.Part 4: Verb Tenses.This section explains the different verb tenses inEnglish, including the present tense, past tense, future tense, and perfect tenses. It provides detailed explanations of how to use each tense correctly and provides exercises to practice using them.Part 5: Adjectives and Adverbs.This section covers the use of adjectives and adverbs in English. It explains how to use adjectives to describe nouns and adverbs to describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. It also provides guidance on how to use adjectives and adverbs effectively in writing.Part 6: Pronouns.This section provides a comprehensive overview of pronouns in English. It covers the different types of pronouns, including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. It also explains how to use pronouns correctly in sentences and provides exercises to practice using them.Part 7: Prepositions and Conjunctions.This section covers the use of prepositions and conjunctions in English. It explains how to useprepositions to show the relationship between words in a sentence and how to use conjunctions to connect words, phrases, and clauses. It also provides exercises topractice using prepositions and conjunctions.Part 8: Punctuation and Capitalization.This section covers the rules of punctuation and capitalization in English. It explains how to use punctuation marks, such as commas, periods, and quotation marks, correctly. It also provides guidance on when to capitalize words and provides exercises to practice using punctuation and capitalization.Part 9: Essay Writing.This section provides guidance on how to writeeffective essays. It covers topics such as choosing a topic,developing a thesis statement, organizing your essay, and writing a strong conclusion. It also provides tips on how to improve your writing style and avoid common grammar mistakes.Part 10: Reference Guide.This section provides a quick and easy reference to the key grammar rules covered in the guide. It includes a list of all the parts of speech, a chart of verb tenses, and a summary of punctuation rules.中文回答：英语语法指南电子版第十版。
hkdse英语重点语法
hkdse英语重点语法Title: HKDSE English: Key Grammar PointsIntroduction:The HKDSE (Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education) English examination requires a solid understanding of grammar rules. In this article, we will explore some of the key grammar points that are crucial for success in the exam. By mastering these grammar concepts, students can enhance their writing and speaking skills, ultimately improving their overall performance in the HKDSE English paper.1. Subject-Verb Agreement:Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental grammar rule in English. It ensures that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number and person. For example, a singular subject requires a singular verb, while a plural subject requires a plural verb. Understanding and applying subject-verb agreement correctly is essential to avoid grammatical errors.2. Tenses:Tenses play a vital role in conveying the time and continuity of actions or events in a sentence. The HKDSE English exam assesses a student's ability to use various tenses accurately. These include the simple present, simple past, simple future, present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. Students should practice identifying the appropriate tense for a given context and using it correctly in their writing and speaking tasks.3. Modal Verbs:Modal verbs are used to express ability, permission, obligation, and possibility, among other things. Some common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to. Understanding the usage and meaning of thesemodal verbs is crucial, as they are frequently tested in the HKDSE English examination. Students should practice using modal verbs appropriately in different sentence structures.4. Sentence Structure:Sentence structure refers to the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. A variety of sentence structures can make writing more engaging and sophisticated. The HKDSE English exam often tests students' ability to construct sentences with different structures, such as simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Students should familiarize themselves with these structures and practice using them effectively.5. Relative Clauses:Relative clauses are dependent clauses that provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. They are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, and that. Understanding how to form and use relative clauses correctly is crucial in achieving a higher score in the HKDSE English exam. Students should practice incorporating relative clauses in their writing to add depth and clarity to their sentences.6. Conditionals:Conditionals are sentences that express hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are constructed using if and the appropriate verb tense. The HKDSE English exam often tests students' ability to form and use different types of conditionals, such as zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, third conditional, and mixed conditionals. Students should practice using these conditionals accurately to convey different degrees of possibility and probability.Conclusion:Mastering key grammar points is essential for success in the HKDSE English examination. By focusing on subject-verb agreement, tenses, modal verbs, sentence structure, relative clauses, and conditionals, students can improve their writing andspeaking skills. Regular practice, combined with a solid understanding of these grammar concepts, will help students excel in their English language abilities and perform well in the HKDSE English paper.。
英文文法书
Advanced English Grammar Rules and UsageIntroduction English grammar is a set of rules and principles that determine the structure and usage of the English language. Mastering these grammar rules is essential for effective communication and writing. This document aims to provide an in-depth understanding of advanced English grammar rules and their practical application.1.Parts of Speech Understanding the different parts of speech isfundamental in English grammar. These include nouns, pronouns, verbs,adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech serves a specific function in a sentence, and knowing how to use them correctly is essential.2.Sentence Structure A well-structured sentence follows a specific orderand includes a subject, verb, and object. However, advanced grammar allows for more complex sentence structures, such as compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Correctly using these structures enhances the flow and clarity of your writing.3.Verb Tenses and Forms English verbs have various tenses and forms,such as present, past, and future. Additionally, there are progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive forms. Understanding the appropriate use of each tense and form is vital for conveying precise information about actions and time.4.Subject-Verb Agreement Subject-verb agreement refers to the correctmatching of the verb form with the subject of a sentence. Singular subjectsrequire singular verbs, while plural subjects require plural verbs. However,certain exceptions and tricky cases may arise that necessitate carefulconsideration.5.Active and Passive Voice The active voice emphasizes the subjectperforming the action, whereas the passive voice emphasizes the action being performed. Understanding when to use each voice is crucial for effectivecommunication, as it affects the tone and clarity of your writing.6.Articles and Determiners Articles (a, an, the) and determiners (this,that, these, those) are important elements in English grammar that specifynouns. Correctly choosing between definite and indefinite articles anddeterminers is vital to provide accurate information.7.Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Prepositions indicaterelationships between nouns, pronouns, and other words in a sentence. Using prepositions correctly improves the clarity and precision of your writing.Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and its object, and they adddetailed information to a sentence.8.Parallelism Parallelism ensures that sentence elements aregrammatically balanced and in the same form. Maintaining parallelconstruction enhances the flow and readability of your writing. This applies not only to individual sentences but also to lists, comparisons, and contrasts.9.Conditional Sentences Conditional sentences express cause-effectrelat ionships and hypothetical situations. They consist of an “if” clause(condition) and a main clause (result). Understanding the different types ofconditional sentences and their corresponding verb forms is essential forconveying accurate meaning.Conclusion Mastering advanced English grammar rules and their practical application significantly improves your communication and writing abilities. By understanding the parts of speech, sentence structure, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, voice, articles, prepositions, parallelism, and conditional sentences, you can achieve greater accuracy, clarity, and effectiveness in your English language skills. Continual practice and usage of these grammar rules will reinforce your understanding and mastery of the English language.。
八年级上Unit1 教学设计
Still no one seemed to be bored.
2.Ability aims:
Ss learn to talk about their vacations using key sentences.
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?教学设计
课题
Unit 1 The 1st period (SectionA 1a-2c)
教
学
目
标
1. Knowledge aims:
Key words and phrases: New York City,Central Park, anyone,anywhere interesting,wonderful.
板
书
设
计
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?
Period 1 (SectionA 1a-2c)
A:Long time no see. Did you go anywhere (interesting) on vacation?
B:Yes, I did.
A:Where did you go on vacation?
Step 2. Work on 3c
2.Ss understand differences between different pronouns and know how to use pronouns correctly
教学
方法
任务型教学、模仿示范法、和合作学习法
2023新高考一卷英语语法填空解析
2023新高考一卷英语语法填空解析全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 New College Entrance Examination One Volume English Grammar Fill in the Blanks AnalysisIn the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, the English test one blank question plays a crucial role in assessing students' grammar ability. Not only does it test the candidates' understanding of grammar rules, but also their flexibility in using language. Let's take a look at some common types of grammar fill in the blanks questions and how to tackle them effectively.1. Verb Forms:One common type of fill in the blanks question requires students to choose the correct forms of verbs. This can be tricky because of the various tenses and verb forms in English. To tackle this type of question, it is essential to identify the subject of the sentence and the tense required. Remember to pay attention to the context of the sentence to determine the correct form of the verb.Example:She (go) _______ to the cinema last night.Answer: She went to the cinema last night.2. Articles:Another common type of fill in the blanks question involves choosing the correct articles (a, an, the). Remember that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used to introduce new nouns, while "the" is a definite article used to refer to specific nouns. To tackle this type of question, pay attention to the context and the specific noun being referred to.Example:She is _______ intelligent girl.Answer: She is an intelligent girl.3. Prepositions:Prepositions are another area that often appears in fill in the blanks questions. Prepositions are words that show the relationship between two words in a sentence. Pay attention to the context and the words preceding and following the blank to determine the correct preposition.Example:I am interested ____________ learning French.Answer: I am interested in learning French.4. Relative Pronouns:Relative pronouns such as who, which, that, where, etc., are also commonly tested in fill in the blanks questions. These pronouns are used to connect clauses in a sentence. Again, pay attention to the context and the type of clause being introduced to choose the correct relative pronoun.Example:The book _________ you recommended was excellent.Answer: The book that you recommended was excellent.5. Modals:Modal verbs such as can, could, will, would, should, etc., are often tested in fill in the blanks questions. These verbs express possibility, ability, necessity, or permission. Pay attention to the context and the meaning conveyed to choose the correct modal verb.Example:He _______ swim when he was five.Answer: He could swim when he was five.In conclusion, mastering grammar fill in the blanks questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination requires a solid understanding of grammar rules and the ability to apply them in different contexts. Practice is essential to familiarize yourself with common types of questions and improve your accuracy. Remember to pay attention to the subject, tense, context, and meaning to choose the correct answer. With practice and perseverance, you can excel in the English test and achieve your desired score.篇2Title: Analysis of Grammar Fill-in-the-blank in 2023 New College Entrance ExaminationIntroductionThe 2023 New College Entrance Examination has brought many changes, one of which is the addition of grammarfill-in-the-blank questions in the English section. This new format aims to test students' understanding of English grammar rules and their ability to apply them in context. In this article, we will analyze the grammar fill-in-the-blank questions and provide strategies to help students excel in this section.Analysis of Grammar Fill-in-the-blank QuestionsThe grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination require students to choose the correct grammatical form of a word to complete a sentence. These questions often cover a wide range of grammar topics, including verb tense, subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and pronouns. Students need to have a solid understanding of these grammar rules to answer the questions correctly.One common type of grammar fill-in-the-blank question is the verb tense question. In these questions, students need to determine the correct tense of a verb based on the context of the sentence. For example, a question may ask students to fill in the blank with the past simple tense of a verb. Students need to pay attention to the time frame indicated in the sentence to choose the correct tense.Subject-verb agreement is another grammar topic frequently tested in fill-in-the-blank questions. Students need to make sure that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number. For example, if the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. Students should be careful to match the subjectand verb correctly to avoid making mistakes in this type of question.Articles and prepositions are also common areas tested in grammar fill-in-the-blank questions. Students need to choose the correct article (a, an, the) or preposition to complete the sentence. These questions often require students to pay attention to the context and meaning of the sentence to select the appropriate article or preposition.Strategies to Excel in Grammar Fill-in-the-blank QuestionsTo excel in grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, students can adopt the following strategies:1. Review Grammar Rules: To answer grammarfill-in-the-blank questions correctly, students need to have a solid understanding of English grammar rules. They should review common grammar topics such as verb tenses,subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and pronouns to prepare for these questions.2. Pay Attention to Context: Students should pay attention to the context of the sentence to choose the correct word for the blank. Understanding the meaning of the sentence can helpstudents determine the appropriate grammatical form of the word to fill in the blank.3. Eliminate Wrong Choices: If students are unsure about the correct answer, they can eliminate wrong choices to increase their chances of selecting the correct answer. By narrowing down the options, students can make an educated guess and improve their chances of getting the question right.4. Practice with Mock Tests: Students can practice grammar fill-in-the-blank questions with mock tests to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions they may encounter in the actual exam. Regular practice can help students improve their grammar skills and confidence in answering these questions.ConclusionIn conclusion, the grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination test students' knowledge of English grammar rules and their ability to apply them in context. By understanding common grammar topics and adopting effective strategies, students can excel in this section and enhance their overall performance in the English exam. Practice, review, and attention to detail are key to masteringgrammar fill-in-the-blank questions and achieving success in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination.篇32023 New College Entrance Examination (一卷) English Grammar Cloze Test AnalysisIn the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, the English Grammar Cloze Test is designed to assess students' understanding and application of grammar rules in context. This section is crucial as it tests students' ability to identify and correct errors in sentence structure, verb tense, pronoun usage, and other grammatical concepts.The Cloze Test typically consists of a passage with several blanks where students must choose the correct answer from a set of options. Let's take a closer look at some common types of grammar errors that students may encounter in the Cloze Test, along with strategies for solving them.1. Subject-Verb AgreementOne common error that students may encounter is subject-verb agreement, where the subject and verb do not agree in number. For example, the sentence "The dog [run] in the park" should be corrected to "The dog runs in the park" tomaintain subject-verb agreement. To solve this type of error, students should pay attention to the number of the subject and ensure that the verb matches it.2. Pronoun UsageAnother common error in the Cloze Test is incorrect pronoun usage. For example, the sentence "Mary and me went to the store" should be corrected to "Mary and I went to the store" to use the correct pronoun. To avoid pronoun errors, students should identify the antecedent of the pronoun and ensure that it agrees in number and gender.3. Verb TenseVerb tense errors are also common in the Cloze Test, where the verb does not match the tense of the sentence. For example, the sentence "He [go] to the store yesterday" should be corrected to "He went to the store yesterday" to match the past tense. To correct verb tense errors, students should pay attention to the context of the sentence and choose the correct tense accordingly.4. Parallel StructureParallel structure errors may also appear in the Cloze Test, where the elements in a series do not have the samegrammatical form. For example, the sentence "She likes swimming, to dance, and hiking" should be corrected to "She likes swimming, dancing, and hiking" to maintain parallel structure. To correct parallel structure errors, students should ensure that the elements in the series are consistent in form.5. Article UsageArticle errors, such as using the wrong indefinite or definite article, may also be found in the Cloze Test. For example, the sentence "I want an apple" should be corrected to "I want the apple" if the speaker is referring to a specific apple. To correct article errors, students should pay attention to the specificity of the noun and choose the correct article accordingly.In conclusion, the English Grammar Cloze Test in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination assesses students' ability to apply grammar rules in context. By understanding common types of grammar errors and practicing strategies for solving them, students can improve their performance in this section. It is essential for students to pay attention to subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, verb tense, parallel structure, and article usage to succeed in the Cloze Test. With sufficient practice and preparation, students can confidently tackle the Grammar Cloze Test and achieve success in the examination.。
英语作文常见错误
BPComdep.
Commas error (missing) involving dependent phrases/clauses.
There is a comma error involving a dependent clause. This code can refer to two possibilities. Dependent clauses that start a sentence are a type of introductory element. In that case, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. If you read the sentence aloud, you will notice that your voice naturally pauses at the end of the dependent clause. That is the spot where the comma is needed. Dependent clauses can also end sentences. In that case, a comma is not used. Dependent words include: after , even though, that, whenever, who, although, how, unless, where, whose, as if, until, wherever, because, in order that, what, whether, before, since, whatever, whichever, even if, so that, when, while, words ending in "-ing" ( "seeing, walking") , word groups starting with an infinitive ("to see, to walk") , transitional words and phrases that do not act as the sentence's subject, word groups starting with a preposition.
《实用商务英语写作教程》课件Chapter 14 Instructions
Who Writes Instructions
• In order to make your readers know your instructions, before you write the instructions,
you may ask yourself the following questions:
information to know why and how the instruction works. A good introduction will help readers set up confidence for the instruction and the product they will use.
• Who are the main target readers of my instructions? Are they engineers, leaders or customers? • How will they use my instructions? • How are their language skills? • How much do they already know about the product? • How much background knowledge do I have to give them? • What steps will most likely make them confused? • How often will they need my instructions?
the relevant knock-out needs to be pushed out using a hammer and screwdriver.
九年级英语unit92b知识点
九年级英语unit92b知识点Unit 9.2B Knowledge Points in Ninth-Grade EnglishAs students enter ninth grade, they are introduced to a wide range of topics in their English curriculum. One of these topics is Unit 9.2B, which covers various knowledge points. In this article, we will explore the key concepts and skills students will acquire during this unit.Reading Comprehension TechniquesOne of the essential skills covered in Unit 9.2B is reading comprehension. Students learn various techniques to enhance their understanding of texts. These techniques include skimming and scanning, which help them quickly gather information from a passage. Additionally, they learn how to identify the main idea and supporting details of a text, making it easier to grasp the author's intended message. These skills are crucial not only for academic success but also for real-life situations where effective reading is required.Vocabulary ExpansionUnit 9.2B also focuses on expanding students' vocabulary. Vocabulary plays a vital role in language acquisition and effective communication. In this unit, students encounter new words and phrases,both in context and through explicit instruction. They learn different strategies like using context clues, word roots, and prefixes/suffixes to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. Expanding their vocabulary not only improves their reading and writing skills but also strengthens their overall language proficiency.Grammar Review and ApplicationAnother aspect covered in Unit 9.2B is grammar review and application. Students revise and solidify their understanding of various grammar rules and concepts. They revisit topics such as verb tenses, sentence structure, subject-verb agreement, and the correct usage of pronouns and prepositions. Understanding and applying these grammar rules correctly is crucial for effective communication in both spoken and written English.Writing Skills DevelopmentUnit 9.2B also emphasizes the development of writing skills. Students learn different types of writing, including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, and expository writing. They are provided with guidance on how to plan, organize, and structure their ideas, ensuring coherence and clarity in their writing. Additionally, they learn how to incorporate relevant and engaging details, use appropriate transition words, and effectively revise and edit their work. Developing strongwriting skills equips students with a valuable tool for self-expression and effective communication.Critical Thinking and AnalysisUnit 9.2B encourages students to develop critical thinking and analysis skills. They learn how to analyze and evaluate different texts, including articles, essays, and literary works. They explore themes, characters, and literary techniques, engaging in higher-level thinking and interpretation. These skills enhance their understanding of complex texts and enable them to make connections, draw conclusions, and present well-supported arguments.Effective Presentation SkillsLastly, Unit 9.2B focuses on developing effective presentation skills. Students learn how to deliver an engaging and well-structured presentation on a given topic. They practice key skills such as maintaining eye contact, using appropriate body language, and employing visual aids effectively. Presentation skills are not only essential for academic success but also for future professional endeavors, making this knowledge point valuable beyond the English classroom.In conclusion, Unit 9.2B in the ninth-grade English curriculum covers a diverse range of knowledge points. From reading comprehension techniques and vocabulary expansion to grammar review and application, writing skills development, critical thinking, and effective presentation skills, this unit equips students with valuable tools for language acquisition, communication, and personal growth. Mastering these knowledge points will undoubtedly benefit students throughout their academic journey and beyond.。
Parts of Speech--Pronouns--Learning the Nine Types of Pronouns
PARTS OF SPEECH: PRONOUNSLearning the Nine Types of PronounsUnderstanding and using pronouns correctly can be a challenge because of their manycategories, functions, and confusing names, but success is possible, so read on!A pronoun is a word such as we, them, or anyone that replaces a noun or another pronoun. Pronouns must match the number and gender of the noun they stand for and be in a case (form) that matches its function. Pronouns have the same functions as nouns: They may act as subjects and subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. The noun that a pronoun refers to is called the antecedent of the pronoun. In the sentence “George wrote the essay in class and typed it later” the noun essay is the antecedent of the pronoun it. If you cannot point to the antecedent of a pronoun in your writing, you need to change the wording so that your meaning will be clear to the reader. For more on antecedents as well as number and case agreement, gender bias, and other specific pronoun issues, see other resources. Here is an explanation of the nine types of pronouns:A. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: Personal pronouns refer to specific persons, places, or things.1.Subjective Case: A personal pronoun should be in the subjective case (form) if the pronoun functions as as ubject or subject complement. A subject pronoun usually comes before the verb; a subject complement pronoun follows a linking verb.Singular Plural Examples:First person: I we We are successful. (Subject)Second person: you you They like pizza. (Subject)Third person: he/she/it they The winners were Kim and I. (Subjectcomplement)2.Objective case: If a pronoun stands for any other noun than a subject or subject complement, usethe objective case. Object pronouns can be direct objects (DO), indirect objects (IO), or objects ofprepositions (OP). Notice that you and it are in both lists.Singular Plural Examples:First person: me us The secretary notified us today. (DO)Second person: you you My aunt wrote me a letter. (IO)Third person: him/her/it them For her, I would do anything. (OP)B. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:Possessive pronouns act as adjectives that show ownership.1. These possessive pronouns act as adjectives showing ownership:Singular Plural Examples:First person: my our My friend found his dog.Second person: your your Their cat sharpened its claws.Third person: his/her/its theirNote: Do not confuse the pronoun its with the contraction it’s, which means it is.2. These possessive pronouns stand for an adjective possessive pronoun plus a noun:Example: That backpack is mine. (“mine” =“my backpack”)Singular Plural Example:First person: mine ours The decision is yours to make.Second person: yours yours (yours = “your decision”)Third person: his/hers theirsC. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: Indefinite pronouns are noun substitutes that are not specific(definite) in meaning.1. Indefinite pronouns fall into two categories:List 1. Pronouns that refer to a non-specific noun:anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody,none, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, somethingExample: Nothing gets accomplished without some effort.List 2. Pronouns that refer to a specific noun whose meaning is clear only because of a previousmention or because of words that follow the indefinite pronoun:all, another, any, both, each, either, few, many, neither, one, some, several.Examples: Several are planning to fly to New York.(The identity of t he group that is flying to New York would havealready been mentioned.)Do you want some of these books?(Books makes clear the meaning of some.)Note: The indefinite pronouns in List 2 function simply as adjectives when they areare directly followed by nouns.Examples: Several students received awards.My mother baked some pies for the picnic.2. Indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural. The verbs (underlined) must match in number.D. RELATIVE PRONOUNS: A relative pronoun connects (relates) an adjective clause or a nounclause to the rest of the sentence.1. Relative pronouns that introduce adjective clauses:When a relative pronoun introduces anadjective clause, the pronoun refers to a noun already mentioned in the main clause of the sentence.who whose whom which thatExamples (Adjective clauses are underlined):The mystery novel that she recently completed will be published next year.(That refers back to novel and acts as a direct object in the adjective clause.)Healing is more rapid for patients who have a positive attitude.(Who refers back to patients and acts as the subject of the adjective clause.)2. Relative pronouns that introduce noun clauses:who whom what which whosewhoever whomever whatever whichever thatWithin a sentence, a noun clause may function as a subject, complement, appositive, or object of a verb or preposition. The relative pronoun acts as a subject or object within the noun clause, thoughthe normal word order may be changed. Note: Who and whoever are used as subject pronouns, and whom and whomever are used as object pronouns. (Noun clauses are underlined.)Examples: Whoever uses the kitchen should wash the dishes. (The noun clause is thesubject of the sentence. Whoever is the subject of the noun clause.)The criminal got what he deserved. (The noun clause is the direct object of the verbgot. Within the noun clause, what is the direct object of the verb deserved,even though it comes before the verb.)E. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS:An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.who whom what which whosewhoever whomever whatever whicheverNotice the similarity of this list to the relative pronoun list. Like relative pronouns,interrogative pronouns can have different grammatical functions. As in all questions, the wordorder may not be normal.Examples: Whose books are those? (adjective modifying books)Whom will Mr. Broder select as head of the committee? (direct object ofthe verb will select)In which of his two poems does the author express himself mosteffectively? (object of the preposition in)F. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: The four demonstrative pronouns point out nouns. They oftenact as 1.) adjectives, indicating which person(s), places(s), or thing(s) are being referred to or as2.) noun substitutes when the noun is understood.this that these thoseExamples: These problems are easy to solve. (adjective modifying problems)Do you like this wallpaper? (adjective modifying wallpaper)You like these apples, but I prefer those. (These acts as an adjective modifyingapples; those acts as a pronoun that stands for the noun apples.)G. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS: Intensive pronouns emphasize nouns or other pronouns. Theyimmediately follow the noun they emphasize. If an intensive pronoun is omitted, the sentencewill still make sense grammatically.Singular: myself yourself himself herself itselfPlural: ourselves yourselves themselvesExamples: The bank president himself called to apologize for the error.(Himself emphasizes president.)She herself was not as concerned as others were about the problem.(Herself emphasizes she.)H. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Reflexive pronouns rename subjects of action verbs. Theyfunction as various types of objects. If the reflexive pronoun is omitted, the sentence willnot make sense. Note that the following list is the same as the list of intensive pronouns above.Singular: myself yourself himself herself itselfPlural: ourselves yourselves themselvesExamples: The logger cut himself with his ax. (direct object of the verb cut)Kim poured herself a cup of coffee. (indirect object of the verb cut)The old man was talking loudly to himself. (object of the preposition to) I. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS: Reciprocal pronouns refer to individual parts of a precedingplural noun.each other one anotherExamples: The children waved goodbye to each other as they parted.The students helped one another study before the test.Provided Courtesy of the Tacoma Community College Writing and Tutoring Center。
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Chapter 14: Using Pronouns Correctly: Agreement
and Reference
referred to as the antecedent for that pronoun. Pronouns must
agree with their antecedents in number. A singular antecedent
needs a singular pronoun and a plural antecedent needs a plural
pronoun. Indefinite pronouns are singular and must be replaced
with singular pronouns, not plural. Using plural pronouns with
indefinite pronouns is a common mistake. Because indefinite
pronouns are singular and require singular pronouns as
replacements, the indefinite pronouns often create a problem
with sexist language. To avoid the problem writers often
rewrite their sentences to use plural antecedents so they can
use plural pronouns. In most cases, collective pronouns are
also singular and require singular pronouns.
Pronouns require a clear antecedent to refer to. Writing that
leaves the antecedent for a pronoun vague is often confusing
and difficult to follow. It can also result in unintentional
comedy on the part of the writer when the antecedents for the
unclear pronouns are misinterpreted. It is crucial during the
editing process for you to check each pronoun and connect it
to its antecedent to be certain that the antecedents are clear
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and that there is agreement between the antecedent and the
pronoun.
---来源网络整理，仅供参考