打印3
3D打印新冲击：3MF格式
3D Manufacturing Format Specification and Reference Guide 1 3D Manufacturing FormatCore Specification & Reference GuideTHESE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS.” The contributors expressly disclaim any warranties (express, implied, or otherwise), including implied warranties of merchantability, non-infringement, fitness fora particular purpose, or title, related to the materials. The entire risk as to implementing or otherwise using the materials is assumed by the implementer and user. IN NO EVENT WILL ANY MEMBER BE LIABLE TO ANY OTHER PARTY FOR LOST PROFITS OR ANY FORM OF INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY CHARACTER FROM ANY CAUSES OF ACTION OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO THIS DELIVERABLE OR ITS GOVERNING AGREEMENT, WHETHER BASED ON BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE OTHER MEMBER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 南极熊３Ｄ打印网备注：３ＭＦ格式很可能在未来会取代ＳＴＬ和ＯＢＪ在３Ｄ打印的地位，强烈建议产业人士认真了解2 Table of ContentsPreface (4)About this Specification (4)Document Conventions (4)Language Notes (5)Software Conformance (5)Part I. 3MF Documents (7)Chapter 1. 3MF Document Format (8)1.1.How This Specification Is Organized .....................................................................................8 1.2. Package (9)Chapter 2. Parts and Relationships (10)2.1. 3D Payload (10)2.1.1. 3D Parts and Payload Relationships (10)2.1.2. 3D Model Part (12)2.1.3. Thumbnail Part (12)2.1.4. PrintTicket Part (13)2.2. Part Naming Recommendations (13)2.3. 3MF Document Markup (14)2.3.1. Support for Versioning and Extensibility (14)2.3.2. XML Usage (15)2.3.3. Markup Model (15)2.3.4. Whitespace (15)2.3.5. Language (16)Chapter 3. 3D Models (17)3.1. Coordinate Space (17)3.2. Relative Directions and Measurement (17)3.3. 3D Matrices (18)3.4. Model (19)3.4.1. Metadata (21)3.4.2. Resources (22)3.4.3. Build Instructions (23)Chapter 4. Object Resources (25)4.1. Meshes (26)4.1.1. Fill Rule (27)4.1.2. Vertices (28)4.1.3. Triangles (29)4.2. Components (31)4.2.1. Component ......................................................................................................................... 32 南极熊３Ｄ打印网备注：３ＭＦ格式很可能在未来会取代ＳＴＬ和ＯＢＪ在３Ｄ打印的地位，强烈建议产业人士认真了解3D Manufacturing Format Specification and Reference Guide 3 Chapter 5. Material Resources (33)5.1.Base Material (33)5.1.1. sRGB Color (34)Chapter 6. 3MF Document Package Features (35)6.1.Thumbnail (35)6.1.1. JPEG Images (35)6.1.2. PNG Images (35)6.2.Core Properties (36)6.3.Digital Signatures (36)6.3.1. Normalization (36)6.4.Protected Content (37)Part II. Appendixes (38)Appendix A. Glossary (39)Appendix B. 3MF XSD Schema (42)Appendix C. Standard Namespaces and Content Types (46)C.1Content Types (46)C.2Relationship Types (46)C.3Namespaces (46)References (47)南极熊３Ｄ打印网备注：３ＭＦ格式很可能在未来会取代ＳＴＬ和ＯＢＪ在３Ｄ打印的地位，强烈建议产业人士认真了解4 Preface About this SpecificationThe 3D Manufacturing Formatwidely available technologies to describe the content and appearance of one or more 3D models. It is written for developers who are building systems to process 3MF content.A primary goal of this specification is to ensure the interoperability of independently created software and hardware systems that produce or consume 3MF content. This specification defines the formalrequirements that producers and consumers must satisfy in order to achieve interoperability. requirements are an extension of the packaging requirements described in the Open Packaging Conventions specification. That specification describes packaging and physical format conventions for the use of XML, Unicode, ZIP, and other technologies and specifications to organize the content and resources that make up any model. They are an integral part of the 3MF specification.Understanding this specification requires working knowledge of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and XML Namespace specifications. Full understanding might also require domain knowledge of common terms and procedures within the 3D manufacturing sector, although every effort has been made to minimize such reliance.The 3MF Consortium offers a free to use open source implementation of this specification in order to allow an easy adoption of the format in applications handling 3D content.Part I, “3MF Documents,” presents the details of the primarily XML -based 3MF Document format. This section describes the XML markup that defines the composition of 3D documents and the appearance of each model within the document.Part II , “Appendixes,” contains additional technical details and schemas too extensive to include in the main body of the text as well as convenient reference information.The information contained in this specification is subject to change. Every effort has been made to ensure its accuracy at the time of publication.Document ConventionsExcept where otherwise noted, syntax descriptions are expressed in the ABNF format as defined in RFC4234. 南极熊３Ｄ打印网备注：３ＭＦ格式很可能在未来会取代ＳＴＬ和ＯＢＪ在３Ｄ打印的地位，强烈建议产业人士认真了解3D Manufacturing Format Specification and Reference Guide 5 Syntax descriptions and code are formatted in monospace type.Replaceable items, that is, an item intended to be replaced by a value, are formatted in monospace cursive type.Notes are formatted as follows:Language NotesIn this specification, the words that are used to define the significance of each requirement are written in uppercase. These words are used in accordance with their definitions in RFC 2119, and their respective meanings are reproduced below:∙MUST.This word, or the adjective “REQUIRED,” means that the item is an absolute requirement of the specification.∙SHOULD. This word, or the adjective “RECOMMENDED,” means that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore this item, but the full implications should beunderstood and the case carefully weighed before choosing a different course.∙MAY.This word, or the adjective “OPTIONAL,” means that this item is truly optional. For example, one implementation may choose to include the item because a particular marketplace or scenario requires it or because it enhances the product. Another implementation may omitthe same item.Software ConformanceMost requirements are expressed as format or package requirements rather than implementation requirements.In order for consumers to be considered conformant, they must observe the following rules:∙They MUST NOT report errors when processing conforming instances of the document format except when forced to do so by resource exhaustion.∙They SHOULD report errors when processing non-conforming instances of the document format when doing so does not pose an undue processing or performance burden.In order for producers to be considered conformant, they must observe the following rules:∙They MUST NOT generate any new, non-conforming instances of the document format.∙They MUST NOT introduce any non-conformance when modifying an instance of the document format.6Editing applications are subject to all of the above rules.3D Manufacturing Format Specification and Reference Guide78Chapter 1. 3MF Document FormatThis specification describes how the 3MF Document format is organized internally and realized in 3D objects externally. It can be used as a stand-alone file format or as a payload in a print pipeline. It is built upon the principles described in the Open Packaging Conventions specification. 3MF Documents MUSTdescriptions in a markup format. A file that implements this format includes the fundamental information necessary for a consumer to generate a physical object through additive manufacturing or basic subtractive manufacturing techniques. This includes resources such as textures that might be required to reproduce the exact desired appearance in terms of color or internal structures in terms of materials.This format also includes optional components that build on the minimal set of components required to generate a physical object. This includes the ability to specify print job control instructions, to describeamong others.Finally, the 3MF Document format implements the common package features specified by the Open Packaging Conventions specification that support digital signatures and core properties.1.1. How This Specification Is OrganizedChapter Description3MF Document Format Introduction to the 3MF Document file format and overview of basic package requirements.Parts and Relationships Describes the Open Packaging Convention package parts and relationships in a 3MF Document.3D Models Introduces the primary organization of a 3MF Document into resources and build instructions.Objects This chapter describes how objects are defined by a triangular mesh.Materials This chapter provides detailed information about how material resources aredefined. These resources are used in turn by objects to complete a 3D objectdefinition.Package Features Describes the 3MF Document features provided by the Open PackagingConventions, including thumbnails, digital signatures, and core properties andprotected content.Glossary A full summary and definition of all glossary terms introduced in this specification.3D Manufacturing Format Specification and Reference Guide9 XSD Schema The schema for the 3D Model part.A reference on the standard namespaces and content types for 3MF Documents. StandardNamespaces &Content Types1.2. PackageThe 3MF Document format MUST use a ZIP archive for its physical model. The Open Packaging specification describes a packaging model, that is, how the package is represented internally with parts and relationships.The 3MF Document format includes a well-defined set of parts and relationships, each fulfilling a particular purpose in the document. The format also extends the package features, including digital signatures and thumbnails.10Chapter 2. Parts and Relationshipswithin a package. This specification defines a particular payload that contains a 3D object definition and its supporting files: the 3D payload.An OPC package that holds a 3D payload and follows the rules described in this specification is referred to as a 3MF Document. Producers and consumers of 3MF Documents can implement their own parsers and manufacturing devices based on this specification.2.1. 3D Payloadpayload in a 3MF Document, but only one primary 3D payload.2.1.1. 3D Parts and Payload Relationshipsreferenced by the 3MF Document StartPart relationship to find the primary 3D payload in a package. The 3MF Document StartPart relationship MUST point to the 3D Model part that identifies the root of the 3D payload.The payload includes the full set of parts required for processing the 3D Model part. All content to be used to manufacture an object described in the 3D payload MUST be contained in the 3MF Document. The parts that can be found in a 3MF Document are listed in Table 2–1. Relationships and content types for these parts are defined in Appendix C, “Standard Namespaces and Content Types.” Each part MUST use only the appropriate content type specified in Appendix C.Parts included to the 3D payload are explicitly linked to the 3D payload root by relationship. 3MF Documents MUST NOT reference resources external to the 3MF Document package unless specified otherwise in an extension. For more information on relationships, see the Open Packaging Conventions specification.Parts in the 3D payload MUST use one of the appropriate relationships described below to establish that relationship between two parts in the payload. There MUST NOT be more than one relationship of a given relationship type from one part to a second part. Relationship types are defined in Appendix C, “Standard Namespaces and Content Types.”Producers that generate a relationship MUST include the target part in the 3MF Document for any of the following relationship types: PrintTicket, StartPart, and Thumbnail. Consumers that access the targetpart of any relationship with one of these relationship types MUST generate an error if the part is not included in the 3MF Document.Table 2–1. 3MF Document partsName Description RelationshipSource Required/ Optional3D Model Contains the description of one or more 3D objectsfor manufacturing.Package REQUIREDCore Properties The OPC part that contains various documentproperties.Package OPTIONALDigital Signature Origin The OPC part that is the root of digital signatures inthe package.Package OPTIONALDigital Signature OPC parts that each contains a digital signature. Digital SignatureOriginOPTIONALDigital SignatureCertificateOPC parts that contain a digital signature certificate. Digital Signature OPTIONALPrintTicket Provides settings to be used when outputting the3D object(s) in the 3D Model part.3D Model OPTIONALThumbnail Contains a small JPEG or PNG image that representsthe 3D objects in the package.Package OPTIONAL3D Texture Contains a file used to apply complex informationto a 3D object in the 3D Model part (used for objectthumbnails and available for extensions).3D Model OPTIONALFigure 2–1. A typical 3MF Document2.1.2. 3D Model Partprocesses. The 3D Model part is the only valid root of a 3D payload.A 3D Model part has two sections: a set of resource definitions that include objects and materials, as well as a set of specific items to actually build. The content type of the 3D Model part is defined in Appendix C, “Standard Namespaces and Content Types.”2.1.3.Thumbnail Partenable external agents to view the contents of the 3MF Document easily.Although the Open Packaging Conventions specification allows thumbnails to be attached to any part,attached to any other part SHOULD be ignored by 3MF Document consumers. The content types of thumbnail parts are specified in section C.2, “Content Types.”3D PayloadFor more information about the relationship type for thumbnail parts, see section C.3, “Relationship Types.”2.1.4. PrintTicket Partexample, for printing on Microsoft Windows, valid PrintTicket settings are specified in the Print Schema Keywords for 3D Manufacturing specification.If no PrintTicket is provided or the PrintTicket provided is not supported by the consumer, it is left to the consumer to apply its own defaults.2.2. Part Naming RecommendationsProducers and consumers of 3MF Documents refer to parts by name and use relationship names to identify the purpose of related parts. The Open Packaging Conventions specification describes the syntax for part name. However, following these rules alone can result in a package that is difficult for users to understand. For example, a user would have to open every Relationship part to know which parts are necessary to accurately manufacture a 3MF Document.By choosing part names according to a well-defined, human-readable convention, the resulting package is easier to browse and specific parts are more easily located. Part names MUST still conform to the syntax specified in the Open Packaging Conventions specification.It is RECOMMENDED that producers of 3MF Documents use the following part naming convention:∙The 3D Model part name SHOULD contain two segment s, the first being “/3D/” and the second with the extension “.model” on the last segment, for example “/3D/3dModel.model”.∙The PrintTicket part name SHOULD be associated via relationship with the 3D Model part and contains three segments, using “/3D/Metadata/” as the first two segments with the extension“.xml”. For example, “/3D/Metadata/Model_PT.xml”.∙3D Texture part names S HOULD contain three segments, using “/3D/Textures/” as the first two segments, for example “/3D/Textures/coloring.png”. 3D Texture parts MUST be associated with the 3D Model part via relationship.∙The names of any non-standard parts that are associated with the 3D payload SHOULD contain 3 segments, using “/3D/Other/” as the first two segments.2.3. 3MF Document Markup3MF Document markup has been designed to facilitate independent development of compatible systems that produce or consume 3MF Documents.The design of 3MF Document markup reflects the tradeoffs between two, sometimes competing, goals:1.3MF Document markup should be parsimonious; that is, it should include only the minimum setof primitive operations and markup constructs necessary to manufacture common 3D objects with full fidelity. Redundancy in the specification increases the opportunity for independentimplementations to introduce accidental incompatibilities. Redundancy also increases the cost of implementation and testing, and, typically, the required memory component.2.3MF Document markup should be compact; that is, the most common primitives should havecompact representations. Bloated representations compromise the performance of systemshandling 3MF Documents. As byte-count increases, so does communication time. Althoughcompression can be used to improve communication time, it cannot eliminate the performance loss caused by bloated representations.2.3.1. Support for Versioning and Extensibility3MF Document markup has been designed in anticipation of the evolution of this specification. It also allows third parties to extend the markup.Extensions are a critical part of 3MF, and as such, this core specification is as narrow as possible. Advanced features are built as extensions, using an a la carte model whereby producers can state explicitly which extensions are used (by declaring the matching XML namespace in the <model> element) and consumers can state explicitly which extensions they support, so other tools in the chain know which parts will be ignored. Versioning is accomplished concurrently, as the namespace will be updated to reflect a version change. Therefore versioning happens independently for the core spec and for each extension, and the version of each can be determined by checking its namespace.Extension specifications MUST include one or more targeted versions of this core specification to limit the number of possible configurations. Producers can specify certain extensions as required in a particular 3MF document, in which case consumers that do not support those extensions MUST fail to edit or manufacture that document, rather than ignoring the extension namespace.Within this core XSD schema (see Appendix B: 3MF XSD Schema), extension points have been explicitly entered in the form of <any> elements and <anyAttribute> (also visible in the element diagrams further along in this specification). These are required to come from other namespaces, which SHOULD point to a way to find the appropriate specification and accompanying XSD schema.2.3.2. XML UsageAll XML content of the parts defined in this specification MUST conform to the following validation rules:1.XML content MUST be encoded using either UTF-8 or UTF-16. If any such part includes anencoding declaration (as defined in Section 4.3.3 of the XML specification), that declarationMUST NOT name any encoding other than UTF-8 or UTF-16.2.The XML 1.0 specification allows for the usage of Data Type Definitions (DTDs), which enableddenial of service attacks, typically through the use of an internal entity expansion technique. As mitigation for this potential threat, DTD content MUST NOT be used in the XML markup defined in this specification, and consumers SHOULD treat the presence of DTD content as an error.3.XML content MUST be valid against the corresponding XSD schema defined in this specification.In particular, the XML content MUST NOT contain elements or attributes drawn fromnamespaces that are not explicitly defined in the corresponding XSD unless the XSD allowselements or attributes drawn from any namespace to be present in particular locations in theXML markup.4.XML content MUST NOT contain elements or attributes drawn from the “xml” or “xsi”namespaces unless they are explicitly defined in the XSD schema or by other means in thespecification.5.XML content MUST be produced and parsed with the en-us locale, particularly with respect tovalues containing decimal data.2.3.3. Markup Model3MF Document markup is an XML-based markup language that uses elements, attributes, and namespaces. The schema for 3MF Document markup includes only elements and their attributes, comments, and whitespace.2.3.3.1. XML Namespaces3D Model part markup is given in Appendix C, “Standard Namespaces and Content Types”. Any elements and attributes undefined in this spec must be prefaced with the namespace corresponding to the 3MF extension they belong to.2.3.4. Whitespace3MF Documents allow flexible whitespace usage in markup. Wherever a single whitespace character is allowed, multiple whitespace characters MAY be used. 3MF Document markup MUST NOT use the xml:space attribute. Additionally, where the 3MF Document schema specifies attributes of types that allow whitespace collapsing, leading and trailing whitespace in the attribute value MAY be used alongwith other whitespace that relies on the whitespace collapsing behavior specified in the XML Schema Specification.2.3.5. LanguageThe language of the contents of a 3MF Document (typically useful for content provided in metadata) MAY be identified using the xml:lang attribute, the value of which is inherited by child and descendant elements. This attribute is defined in the W3C XML specification. When the language of the contents is unknown, the value “und” (undetermined) MUST be used.Chapter 3. 3D Modelsprocesses as a single operation. It might include a single object, multiple homogenous objects, multiple heterogeneous objects, an object fully enclosed in another object, or multiple objects in an interlocked3.1. Coordinate SpaceCoordinates in this specification are based on a right-handed coordinate space. Producers and consumers MUST define and map the origin of the coordinate space to the bottom-front-left corner of the device’s output field (such as a tray, platform, or bed), with the x-axis increasing to the right of the output field, the y-axis increasing to the back of the output field, and the z-axis increasing to the top of the output field. Producers and consumers MUST use the unit resolution of the coordinate space as specified in the <model> element.Figure 3-1. Coordinate space3.2. Relative Directions and Measurementprintable XY plane of the coordinate space, defined as the XY plane with a Z value of 0. This is typicallyrefers to the XZ plane of the coordinate space with the maximum printable Y value.These terms might also be applied to models, in which case they are defined relative to the bounding box of the model when transformed to the coordinate space defined in this specification.Producers and consumers MUST interpret coordinates in relation to the coordinate space defined in this specification.3.3. 3D MatricesTransforms are of the form, where only the first 3 column values are specified. The last column is never provided, and has the fixed values 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0. When specified as an attribute value, matrices have the form “m00 m01 m02 m10 m11 m12 m20 m21 m22 m30 m31 m32” where each value is a decimal number of arbitrary precision.m00 m01 m02 0.0m10 m11 m12 0.0m20 m21 m22 0.0m30 m31 m32 1.0After applying all transforms to an object, the model SHOULD have positive volume and SHOULD be located in the positive octant of the coordinate space.3.4. ModelFigure 3-1: Overview of model XML structure of 3MFThis XML specification is designed to be used with a simple, forward only parser, and the element ordering defined supports this. Producers MUST define each element prior to referencing it elsewhere in the document, unless specifically allowed by an extension.Element <model>Name Type Use Default Fixed AnnotationThe <model> element is the root element of the 3D Model part. There MUST be exactly one <model> element in a 3D Model part. A model may have zero or more child metadata elements (see §6.1, "Metadata" for more information). A model must have two additional child elements: <resources> and <build>. The <resources> element provides a set of definitions that can be drawn from to define a 3D object. The <build> element provides a set of items that should actually be manufactured as part of the job.Producers SHOULD NOT require extensions unless the document would lose key meaning without the extension data. Allowing consumers to ignore unsupported extensions gives a more graceful fallback.3.4.1. MetadataElement <metadata>Producers of 3MF Documents SHOULD provide additional information about the document in the form of metadata under the <model> element.Metadata in 3MF Documents without a namespace name MUST be restricted to names and values defined by this specification. If a name value is not defined in this specification, it MUST be prefixed with the namespace name of an XML namespace declaration on the <model> element that is not drawn from the default namespace. The valid metadata names and content defined by this specification include:Table 8–1. Metadata valuesContext Name CommentModel TitleDesignerDescriptionCopyrightLicenseTermsRatingCreationDateModificationDateConsumers MUST ignore any metadata with a name they do not recognize, typically from a future version of this specification or an unrecognized producer or target consumer. The content of the<metadata> element can be any string.A consumer that wishes to receive additional information using this mechanism SHOULD publish a namespace URI and a set of well-defined metadata names and expected content in order for producers to generate content in an expected fashion.Producers MUST NOT create multiple metadata elements with the same name.3.4.2. ResourcesElement <resources>The <resources> element acts as the root element of a library of constituent pieces of the overall 3Dspecification.Each resource might rely on other resources for its complete definition. For example, an object resource may refer to material resources, or even other object resources to fully describe a 3D object.An object resource represents a single 3D object that could be manufactured, but not necessarily will be manufactured. The objects that actually will be manufactured are referenced from an <item> element child of the <build> element. Objects are defined as resources primarily to aid in modularizing design and re-use of component, thus compacting the overall markup size.Resource IDs MUST be unique within the model.3.4.3. Build InstructionsElement <build>The <build> element contains one or more items to manufacture as part of processing the job. A consumer MUST NOT output any 3D objects not referenced by an <item> element.3.4.3.1. Item ElementElement <item>The <item> element identifies one object resource to be output by the 3D manufacturing device. A consumer MUST apply the transform prior to outputting the object.A 3MF Document may include multiple objects to manufacture at the same time. The arrangement of these items in the build is considered a default; consumers MAY rearrange the items for manufacturing。
三d打印机工作原理
三d打印机工作原理
3D打印机的工作原理是通过增材制造技术，将数字模型转化
为具体物体。
具体步骤包括：
1. 创建数字模型：首先，使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件
创建或下载3D模型。
2. 切片：将3D模型切片成一系列的水平层，每一层都可以被
打印出来。
3. 打印准备：将3D模型传输到3D打印机，在打印前进行一
些准备工作，比如调整打印机设置、准备打印材料等。
4. 打印：3D打印机开始从打印材料（通常是塑料）和支撑材
料中逐层制造物体。
它采用的常见技术包括熔融沉积建模（FDM），光固化建模（SLA）和选择性激光烧结（SLS）。
- FDM：3D打印机通过将热塑料丝推送到一个加热喷嘴中，
使其熔化并逐层放置，构建出三维物体。
- SLA：3D打印机通过使用紫外线激光束固化液体光敏树脂，逐层构建物体。
- SLS：3D打印机通过使用激光束烧结粉末材料，逐层构建
物体。
5. 移除支撑材料：在打印完成后，可能需要将支撑材料从成品
物体中移除。
通过以上步骤，3D打印机可以将数字模型转化为实体物体。
这种技术在许多领域中得到了广泛应用，如制造业、医疗、建筑等。
三d打印的基本概念
三d打印的基本概念
三D打印（3D Printing）是一种快速制造技术，也被称为增材制造（Additive Manufacturing）。
它是一种将数字模型转换为实际物理对象的过程，通过层层堆积材料来构建三维物体。
三D打印的基本概念包括以下几个方面：
1.数字建模：首先，需要使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件来创建或获取三维模型。
这个数字模型可以由设计师自行设计，也可以从网络上下载或使用3D扫描仪创建。
2.切片：一旦有了数字模型，需要将其分割成许多分层，每一层都代表了将要在实物打印过程中添加的材料层。
这个过程称为切片，使用专业的切片软件完成。
3.打印过程：使用三D打印机，根据切片生成的信息，逐层添加材料来构建物体。
三D打印机通常使用塑料、金属、陶瓷等材料，具体的打印过程根据打印技术的不同而有所差别，例如熔融沉积成型（FDM）、光固化成型（SLA）等。
4.后处理：完成打印后，可能需要进行后处理，如去除支撑结构、研磨、喷涂等，以达到最终的要求和外观。
通过三D打印技术，可以制造出各种复杂结构、个性化定制的物体，广泛应用于制造、航空航天、医疗、建筑和艺术等领域。
三d打印的例子(一)
三d打印的例子(一)
三维打印的例子
1. 制造个性化的鞋子
•三维打印技术可以根据消费者的脚型和需求，定制制造个性化的鞋子。
•使用三维打印技术可以大大降低制造成本和生产周期。
•消费者可以选择自己喜欢的设计、材料和颜色，打印出完全符合自己需求的鞋子。
2. 制造复杂结构的零件
•三维打印技术可以制造出复杂结构的零件，如齿轮、涡轮叶片等。
•传统制造方法可能无法将这些复杂结构完整制造出来，但是通过三维打印技术可以轻松实现。
•这些复杂结构的零件可以应用于航空航天、汽车等领域，提升产品性能和效率。
3. 创作艺术品
•三维打印可以帮助艺术家将他们的创意设计变成真实的艺术品。
•艺术家可以使用三维建模软件设计出独特的艺术品，并使用三维打印技术将其打印出来。
•这样的艺术品具有高度的复杂性和纹理效果，传统的制作方法无法完全还原。
4. 制造人体器官
•三维打印技术可以用于生物医学领域，制造人体器官。
•利用患者的细胞和打印技术，可以制造出与患者匹配的个性化器官。
•这对于等待器官移植的患者来说是一种重大突破，可以提高手术成功率并减少排异反应。
5. 制造建筑模型
•三维打印技术可以制造出高精度的建筑模型，用于展示和设计。
•打印出建筑模型可以帮助建筑师更好地理解设计概念和空间布局。
•这样的模型可以大大减少制作时间和人力成本。
以上只是三维打印技术的一些应用案例，随着技术的进一步发展，还会有更多新颖的应用出现。
三维打印正在改变制造业、医疗领域以
及艺术创作等多个行业的方式和方法。
cc3便携式打印机说明书
cc3便携式打印机说明书
供电方式：2600mAh 7.4V可充电锂聚合物电池。
充电方式：可带机充电。
放电输出：有5V 2A的USB接口输出，可作为充电宝使用。
黑标定位：双黑标定位，适应各种纸宽。
标签定位：穿透式。
异常检测：缺纸检测、电量不足检测、开盖检测，充电提醒，充电结束提醒。
装纸方式：蛤壳式装纸。
开盖方式：一键开盖。
切纸方式：手动撕纸。
状态指示：OLED。
显示：通讯模式、打印、缺纸、开盖、缺电、休眠。
异常检测：缺纸检测、电量不足检测、开盖检测。
省电模式：自动休眠、自动唤醒。
外形尺寸：110mm×108mm×60mm。
重量：350g。
EPSON1600K3打印机纸打烂
涉及产品：EPSON1600K3打印机
故障现象：打印机在打印压杆纸时，第一张打烂、无字，后几张完好。
故障分析：
1.压杆纸问题。
2.打印机色带问题。
3.打印机打印头问题。
维修过程：
首先，检查打印机的压杆纸是否安装正确，是否装反。
其次，检查打印机的色带，检查打印机的色带是否干涩，如干涩，应更换打印机色带。
再次，检查打印机的打印头，发现打印机的色带不在打印头应安装的正确位置，拆下打印头，清洁打印头，把打印机色带安装到位，问题解决。
案例总结：
针式打印机在长时间打印时，打印头磨损，打印色带干涩，导致打印色带脱位。
佳能打印机常见故障代码和解决方案!让你更了解打印机的维护!(3)
佳能打印机常见故障代码和解决方案！让你更了解打印机的维护！(3)操作: 设置内容:按住2秒以上 EEPROM去除和目标设置(日本以外)按一次目标设置(日本)(EEPROM不去除)按住2次(2次间隔1秒种以内) 目标设置(其他)(EEPROM不去除)佳能BJC2100EEPROM去除1.拆去墨盒,按RESET,插电源线.2.松开RESET键,5秒内再按此键并松开,小车会移到中间.3.按住RESET键多余2秒种,松开.4.依据下表,按住RESET键.5.关机.操作: 设置内容:按住2秒以上 EEPROM去除按1次目标设置(日本.BJF210)按2次目标设置(其他.BJC2100)按3次目标设置(SP:BJC2100SP)佳能BJC-80EEPROM去除:1.按住POWER和RESUME键,插电源线,初始化后手松开.2.按住RESUME和CARTRIDGE键,按POWER键,直到听到1长1短的蜂鸣后.3.依据下表,按CARTRIDGE,设置相应的废墨量.4.按RESUM键,设置相应的废墨量.5.用POWER键关机(假如为25%,50%或75%,要用POWER键开机.假如为0%,要用POWER键开机,然后拔掉电源线)按CARTRIDGE次数: 默认设置:7次 0%16次 25%15次 50%14次 75%佳能BJC7000/7100修理模式:1.关机.按住RESUME键,字住POWER键开机.2.组住POWER键,在初始化完成前,连续按RESUME键2次3.初始化完成后,依据下表按RESUME键,选择相应的功能.4.按POWER键执行按RESUME键次: ERROR指示灯: 功能:0次不亮退出修理模式1次亮打印最终出厂打印,关机停止2次不亮去除EEPROM数据3次亮去除EEPROM中废墨记数4次不亮打印EEPROM中数据5次亮转变国家标志6次不亮打印一般纸的耐用性图案7次亮打印光面PHOTO纸的耐用性图案8次亮打印LF检测图案9次不亮恢复正常模式佳能S300修理模式1.关机.按住RESUME键,按住POWER键开机,绿灯亮.2.在按住POWER键时,松开RESUME键,然后按RESUME键2次,松开POWER键,(按住PESUME键时指示灯绿/黄闪烁)3.初始化操作时,绿灯闪烁,绿灯亮后,依据下表RESUME键.4.按POWER键,执行.按键次数: 指示灯: 修理模式功能:1次黄灯亮出厂检测打印2次绿灯亮 EEPROM信息打印5次黄灯亮目标设置6次绿灯亮 PTH值打印目标设置:选择模式设置,按POWER键,依据下表按PESUME键,然后按POWER键:按键次数: 目标:1次海外(S300)2次日本(BJS300)bjc-85EEPROM去除:1.按住POWER和RESUME键,插电源线,初始化后手松开.2.按住RESUME和CARTRIDGE键,按POWER键,直到听到1长1短的蜂鸣后.3.依据下表,按CARTRIDGE,设置相应的废墨量.4.按RESUM键,设置相应的废墨量.5.用POWER键关机(假如为25%,50%或75%,要用POWER键开机.假如为0%,要用POWER键开机,然后拔掉电源线)按CARTRIDGE次数: 默认设置:7次 0%16次 25%15次 50%14次 75%CANON打印机假如蜂鸣器响5声即为废墨仓满，一般都可以通过按键和电源协作操作解决。
3种方法从iPhone中打印
3种方法来从iPhone中打印获得一个支持AirPrint的打印机。
假如你有一个iPhone 3GS或更高版本的iPhone，就可以通过AirPrint 打印到支持的打印机上。
近年来，主要的打印机品牌如兄弟、佳能、戴尔、惠普、利盟和三星都开头制造兼容AirPrint的打印机。
假如你不确定自己的打印机是否兼容AirPrint，可以查阅打印机附带的使用说明书，或致电该打印机制造商询问。
假如你没有兼容AirPrint的打印机，你仍旧可以在工作场所或其他地方找到一个具有AirPrint 打印机的网络，这样你就可以通过它来进行打印了。
配置打印机以使用AirPrint。
有些型号的打印机自动支持AirPrint，但另一些则需要先配置。
确定是否需要更改你的打印机设置，以使其能够使用AirPrint。
确保你的打印机和iPhone在同一个无线网络中。
在iPhone中打开一个支持AirPrint的应用。
大多数来自苹果的应用都支持，象Mail，Safari和iPhoto。
你还可以从手机中打印电子邮件、文档和图片。
讨论来源打开你要打印的内容，选择“共享”，然后选择“打印”。
当你选择共享时，会消失一个下拉菜单，让你选择发送短信，通过电子邮件发送，或其他。
你也会看到一个“打印”选项，选择它。
假如你想打印电子邮件，点击屏幕底部的向左箭头（就像你要回复一样）。
假如你是在查找一个网页，找到一个图案是盒子中的右箭头的图标。
当更多选项显示出来时，点击“打印”。
选择打印机。
当你点击“打印”，一个包含可用打印机的列表会显示出来。
选择你知道的兼容AirPrint的打印机。
输入要打印的页码数、份数，更改各个所需的设置然后打印。
点击“打印”。
当你预备好，按下打印按钮，然后就可以看到你的文件、电子邮件或图片开头打印了。
访问iTunes应用商店，找到打印应用。
你会找到一个供选择的支持从iPhone打印的应用列表。
关于下载应用的更多信息可以查阅如何从iTunes 应用商店下载和使用应用。
3D打印软件Slic3r使用方法详解
3D打印软件Slic3r使用方法详解3D打印技术在现代制造业中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
为了实现高质量的打印成果，我们需要借助于强大的3D打印软件来处理和准备模型。
Slic3r是一款广受欢迎的免费开源软件，其功能强大且易于使用。
本文将详细介绍Slic3r的使用方法，以帮助您更好地理解和掌握这个软件。
首先，让我们了解Slic3r的基本功能及其特点。
Slic3r是一款用于将三维模型转化为打印路径的软件，它可以将创建的三维模型切片成薄片，并生成用于3D打印的G代码。
Slic3r的特点包括：高速切片、支持多种打印机和打印材料、可配置的参数设置、自定义打印规则等。
现在让我们进一步探索如何使用Slic3r来实现高质量的3D打印成果。
首先，我们需要下载并安装Slic3r软件。
Slic3r可以在其官方网站上免费下载，适用于Windows、Mac和Linux操作系统。
安装完成后，打开Slic3r软件，开始使用。
导入模型是使用Slic3r的第一步。
点击软件界面上的“添加”按钮，选择需要导入的模型文件。
Slic3r支持多种文件格式，如.STL和.OBJ。
一旦选择了模型文件，Slic3r会自动加载并显示在软件界面中。
在导入模型后，我们需要调整打印参数。
Slic3r的参数设置非常丰富，可以根据打印需求进行自定义。
通过对参数进行适当的修改，可以达到更好的打印效果。
例如，我们可以设置打印速度、层高、填充密度、支撑结构等。
在设置参数时，需要考虑到打印机的能力和打印材料的特性。
接下来，我们需要将模型分割成薄片，并生成打印路径。
点击软件界面上的“切片”按钮，Slic3r将根据打印参数将模型切割成一层层的薄片。
这些薄片会按照一定的路径顺序生成，并用G代码表达。
G代码是一种通用的控制语言，用于描述3D打印机的动作。
一旦切片和生成G代码完成，我们可以将其保存到计算机上或者直接发送到打印机上进行打印。
保存G代码后，我们可以使用其他软件来加载和处理。
3D打印笔教程3 铁塔打印笔打印-PPT
粘接铁塔模型
埃菲尔铁塔 有哪些组成部 分？
任务 制作立体埃菲尔铁塔模型பைடு நூலகம்
任务 制作铁塔模型 第一步 打印各面塔身 第二步 打印顶板和塔尖 第三步 粘接铁塔
打印塔身
粘接铁塔模型
分别将两个 塔身侧面成90 度对齐粘接， 上中下三个部 位都要粘接。 再将粘好的两 半对齐粘上。
打印平台和塔尖
粘贴塔顶平 台和塔尖。
埃菲尔铁塔模型打印
埃菲尔铁塔介绍
埃菲尔铁塔是世界著 名建筑、法国文化象征 之一、巴黎城市地标之 一、巴黎最高建筑物。 1889年3月31日，埃菲尔 铁塔主建筑修建完工。
埃菲尔铁塔高300米， 天线高24米，总高324米， 铁塔是由很多分散的钢 铁构件组成的——看起 来就像一堆模型的组件。
观察埃菲尔铁塔
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6、某点的经度为东经123。30’，该点位于高斯平面投影6。带的第（C）带号。 A、19 B、20 C、21 D、22 7、以中央子午线投影为纵轴，赤道投影为横轴建立的坐标是（B）。 A、大地坐标系 B、高斯平面直角坐标系 C、地心坐标系 D、平面直角坐标系 8、设A点的通用坐标为（38246.78，15525833.20）米，则该点所在6度带带号及其坐标自然值为（B）。
A、38、（2467.78，15525833.20） B、15、38246.7，25833.20） C、38、（-497532.22，15525833.20） D、15、(38246.78，525833.20） 9、适用广大区域确定点的绝对位置和相对位置的坐标是（C） A、地理坐标系 B、平面直角坐标系 C、高斯-克吕格坐标系 D、都可以 14、关于微倾水准仪的视准轴与水准管轴不平行所产生的误差，下面说法正确的是（D）。
A、误差大小一定，与前后视距无关 B、误差大小与两点间高差成比例，但与距离无关 C、误差与前、后视距之和成比例 D、误差与前、后视距之差成比例 17、下列误差中，利用中间法不能消减的是（B）。 A、对光透镜运行误差 B、标尺零点误差 C、地球曲率影响 D、大气折光影响 21、圆水准器轴的检验校正是为了满足（A）。 A）L’L’//VV B）L’L’//CC C）LL//VV D）LL//CC 22、在进行水平角观测时，若瞄准的是目标正上方的某点，则所测的角度结果与该角的实际值相比（C）。 A、增大 B、减小 C、不变 D、不确定 23、在进行竖直角观测时，若瞄准的是与目标在同一水平面的其他点，，则所测竖直角的结果与实际上的角值相比（C）。
A、增大 B、减小 C、不变 D、不确定 24、与右图中竖盘刻划相对应的竖角计算公式为（A）。（其中L为盘左时的读数） A）90。-L B）L-90。 C）270。-L D）L-270。 25、水平度盘指标与照准部的转动关系和竖盘与竖盘指标的转动关系不同之处在于（B） A、无差别 B、水平度盘：指标转动，度盘不动；竖盘：指标不动，度盘转动 C、水平度盘：指标不动，度盘转动；竖盘：指标不动，度盘转动 D、水平度盘：指标不动，度盘转动；竖盘：指标转动，度盘不动 26、在水平角的观测中，盘左盘右取平均值能消除的误差是（A） A、视准轴误差 B、照准误差 C、竖轴误差 D、对中误差 27、水平角测量中，哪项误差不能用盘左盘右取平均值的观测方法消除（B） A、照准部偏心差 B、整平误差 C、视准轴误差 D、横轴误差 29、经纬仪视准轴检校是为了满足（D） A）LL⊥VV B）HH⊥VV C）CC⊥LL D）CC⊥HH 30、水平角观测时，盘左、盘右平均值能消除的是（C） A、对中误差 B、整平误差 C、横轴误差 D、竖轴误差 31、若竖盘为全圆式顺时针注记，在进行竖直角观测时，盘左读数为L，盘右读数为R，指标差为X，则盘左、盘右竖直角的正确值是（A）。 A）90度-L-X；R+X-270度 B）90度-L-X；R-X-270度 C）L+X-90度；270度-R-X D）L-X-90度；270度-R+X 32、某一钢尺的名义长度为30米，其在标准条件检定时它的实际长度为30.012米，则其尺长改正为（B）。
A、-0.012毫米 B、+0.012毫米 C、-0.006毫米 D、+0.006毫米 33、若钢尺的尺长方程式为：L=30m+0.008m+1.2*10-5*30*（t-20。C）m，则用其在26.8。C的条件下丈量一个整尺段的距离时，其温度改正值为（B）。
A、-2.45mm B、+2.45mm C、-145mm D、+1.45mm 34、在山区丈量AB两点间的距离，往、返值分别为286. 58m和286.44mm，则该距离的相对误差为（B）。
A）1/2047 B）1/2046 C）1/2045 D）1/2044 35、对某一段距离丈量了三次，其值分别为：29.8535m、29.8545 m、29.8540m，且该段距离起始之间的高差为-0.152m，则该段距离的值和高差改正值分别为（C）。
A）29.8540m；-0.4mm B）29.8540m；+0.4mm C）29.8536m；-0.4mm D）29.8536m；+0.4mm 36、对一距离进行往、返丈量，其值分别为72.365m和72.353m，则其相对误差为（A）。 A）1/6030 B）1/6029 C）1/6028 D）1/6027 37、某钢尺的尺长方程为：lt=30.000-0.003+1.2*10-5*30*（t-20。C）。现用该钢尺量的AB的距离为100.00米，则距离AB的尺长改正数为（A）。
A、-0.010mm B、-0.007mm C、+0.005mm D、+0.007mm 38、一钢尺名义长度为30米，与标准长度比较得实际长度30.015米，则用其量得两点间的距离为64.780米，该距离的实际长度是（B）。 A、64.780米 B、64.812米 C、64.821米 D、64.784米 39、已知直线的AB的真方位角为48。50’15”，A点的磁偏角为δ=-2’45”。该直线磁方位角为（A）。
A）48。53’00” B）48。50’15” C）48。47’30” D）48。55’45” 40、已在直线AB磁方位角为58。40’ 52”磁坐偏角为西偏2’20”，则该直线的坐标方位角为（D）
A）58。40’52” B）58。42’52” C）58。43’12” D）58。38’32” 41、已知直线AB的坐标方位角为127。58’41”，δ=2’18”，γ=-2’18”，则该真线的磁方位角为（A）
A、127度54’05” B、127度56’23” C、128度00’59” D、128度03’17” 42、某直线的坐标方位角为45。，则下列象限角表示的直线和该直线重合的是（D）。 A、南偏西45度 B、南偏东45度 C、北偏西45度 D、北偏东45度 44、下列选项中哪种说法不能确定唯一直线（C） A、方位角为100。 B、磁方位角为100。 C、象限角为100。 D、坐标方位角为100。 45、某直线的坐标方位角为192度45’36”，则其坐标反方位角为（B）。 A、192度45’36” B、12度45’36” C、167度14’24” D、12度14’24” 46、直线AB的坐标方位角为190。18’52”，左角＜ABC的值为80。52’16”，则BC的坐标方位角为（B）。
A、191度11’08” B、91度11’08” C、271度11’08” D、1度11’08” 47、已知直线AB间的距离为29.146米，用钢尺测得其值为29.134米，则该观测值的真差为（B）。
A、+0.012m B、-0.012m C、+0.006m D、-0.006m 49、对某量做了N次等精度观测，则该量的算术平均值精度为观测值精度的（C）。 A、N倍 B、N1/2倍 C、N 1/2倍 D、N/2倍 50、设九边形各内角观测值的中误差为±20”，若容许误差为中误差的两倍，则九边形角度闭合差的限差为（C）。
A、±40” B、±80” C、±120” D、±240” 51、两段距离及其中误差为：D1=72.36m±0.025m，D2=50.17m±0.025m ，比较它们的测距精度为（A）
A） D1精度高 B） D2精度高 C）两都精度相同 D）无法比较 52、设某三角形三个内角，其中两个角的测角中误差为±4”和 ±3”，则第三个角的中误差为（C）。
A、±3” B、±4” C、±5” D、±6” 53、设函数X=L1+2L2，Y=X+L3，Z=X+Y，L1，L2，L3的中误差均为m，则X，Y，Z的中误差分别为（A）
A、根号5米，根号6米，根号21米 B、根号5米，根号6米，根号11米 C、5米，6米，21米 D、5米，6米，11米 54、某三角网由10个三角形构成，观测了各三角形的内角并算出各三角形闭合差，分别为：+9”、-4”、 -2”、、 +5”、 -4”、 +3”、 0”、+7”、 +3”、+1”，则该三角网的测角中误差为（C）。 A、±12” B、±1.2” C、±2.6” D、±2.4” 55、测一正方形的周长，只测一边，其中误差为±0.02米，该正方形周长的中误差为（B） A、±0.08m B、±0.04m C、±0.06m D、±0.02m 56、已知用DJ6型光学经纬仪野外一测回方向值的中误差为±6”，则一测回角值的中误差为（D）。
A、±17” B、±6” C、±12” D、±8.5” 57、已知用DS3型水准仪进行水准测量时，1KM往返的高差中误差为±3m m，则往测L公里的高差中误差为（A）。
A、±3根号L/2 B、±3根号L C、±根号3L D、±根号2L 58、附合导线与闭合导线坐标计算不同之处在于（A）。 A、角度闭合差的计算；坐标增量闭合差的计算 B、坐标方位角的计算；角度闭合差的计算
C、坐标方位角的计算；坐标增量的计算 D、坐标增量计算；坐标增量闭合差计算 59、解算一条导线至少须有的已知数据是（B）。A两条边的坐标方位角，一个点的坐标B一条边的坐标方位角，一个点的坐标C两条边的坐标方位角，两个点的坐标D一条边的坐标方位角，两个点的坐标
60、若已知两点的坐标分别为：A（412.09，594.83）m，B(371.81,525.50)m，则A至B的坐标方位角为（B）
A、59。50’38” B、239。50’38” C、149。50’38” D、329。50’38” 61、已知αAB=312。00’54”，SAB=105.22，则△X、△Y分别为（A）。 A、70.43；-78.18 B、70.43；78.18 C、-70.43； 78.18 D、-70.43； -78.18