社科文阅读训练
谈高考作文训练的有效途径
谈高考作文训练的有效途径高考作文训练是高三语文复习的重头戏，如何导演好这出戏是高三语文老师的重要课题之一。
笔者认为，在指导学生进行高考作文训练过程中，做好以下三个方面的结合，不失为一条有效途径。
一、审美训练、创新思维训练与作文程序训练相结合平时的作文训练，一般以课文文本为范例指导学生作文，让学生在模仿中锻炼写作思维、体认写作规律，这种锻炼与体认粗放而零散，而且受选文文本的束缚和生活阅历的限制，思维品质低，难以创新，美文佳篇少而又少。
因此，高三语文复习中的作文训练，不能走老路，更不能走过场，而应该精心设计作文训练序列，有计划有目的地对学生进行系统性作文训练，让学生在训练中掌握作文的一般写作规律，活跃写作思维，提高思维品质。
那么，如何实现这一教学目标呢？首先，按作文程序安排作文训练序列，即按审题立意、选材用材、谋篇布局、语言表达四个写作程序安排作文训练课时，每个环节留足2—4次作文时间，作文训练时，既要激活学生原有的写作经验，又要用系统的写作理论充实学生的写作知识储备，让学生了解并掌握写作程序中每个环节的操作要领，而且在作文时灵活自如地把几个环节贯通起来。
每次作文，既有环节上的操作要领训练，又有整篇作文训练。
如第一次作文，先安排命题作文的审题立意训练，同时完成一篇整篇命题作文，不过每次作文有所侧重而已。
其次，审美训练、创新思维训练贯穿于每个环节训练中，即把审美训练、创新思维训练与作文程序训练紧密结合起来。
如在审题立意这个环节的训练中，要充分利用每个命题或设题材料的特点，激发学生的审美感受与理性思考，充分发挥学生的个性化审美体验和创新潜能，形成新颖深刻的主题。
像以“镜子”为题的命题作文，指导学生审题立意时，先用唐太宗李世民的名言“以铜为镜，可以正衣冠；以人为镜，可以明得失；以史为镜，可以知兴替”确定立意的方向和角度，如果把“以人为镜”作为立意的切入点，那么就要引导学生回味有关对人的审美感受，人有外在容貌美与内在品格美，外貌有自然美与装饰美之分，品格有高尚优美与悲壮美之别。
高中语文论述类文本阅读解题技巧及专题训练（含答案）
⾼中语⽂论述类⽂本阅读解题技巧及专题训练（含答案）⼀、定义“论述类⽂章”是指研究各种⾃然科学现象和社会科学现象的⽂章，前者往往被叫社科⽂，后者常被称为科技说明⽂。
⼆、从考纲出发，知道考什么1.理解(1)理解⽂中重要概念的含义。
（指对⽂章的思想、观点、情感等起重要作⽤的概念。
）(2)理解⽂中重要句⼦的含义。
（指对⽂章思想、观点、情感、结构等起重要作⽤的句⼦。
）2.分析综合(1)筛选并整合⽂中的信息。
把握⽂章的基本概念和重要信息，提取并组合最能表达作者写作意图或⽂章主旨的语句，阐释或归纳⽂中主要内容。
(2)分析⽂章结构，把握⽂章思路。
（指理清⾏⽂的思路，理解观点与材料之间的关系，分析段落层次之间的关系。
(3)归纳内容要点，概括中⼼意思。
（对语段或全篇作归纳和概括，概括作者的观点态度）(4)分析概括作者在⽂中的观点态度。
（作者在⽂中的观点态度，有的是直接表达出来的，有的则是间接表达出来的3.选材范围（1）社会科学类所谓⾃然科学类⽂章，是指研究⾃然科学及技术⽅⾯的⽂章包括数学、物理学、化学、⽣物学等基础学科以及天⽂学、地质学、医学、⽣命科学、信息科学等学科的⽂章。
（2）⾃然科学类所谓社会科学类⽂章，是指研究各种社会现象的科学的⽂章，它包括经济学、政治学、社会学、教育学、语⾔学、⽂化学、⽂艺学、历史学、美学等学科的⽂章。
4.抓住命题规律，找到突破⼝从所考查的⽂本上看，选材范围上有所拓宽。
近两年，⾼考论述类⽂本涉及史学、美学、考古学、⽂艺学等，所选⽂本具有较强的学术性和典范性，结构和语⾔具有严谨的特点。
经过改造加⼯的⽂本，具备了论述类⽂本所应有的“论证阐述（或⽴论陈述）”的特征，篇幅虽⼩，“五脏俱全”，我们甚⾄可以把它看做⼀篇完整论述⽂的缩影。
所选⽂本的论点很鲜明，⼀般是在⽂本的⾸段就旗帜鲜明地点明⽂章的论点；每段还有分论点，论述层次很清晰。
作为论据，既有事实性的材料，也有理论性的论据。
论证⽅法也很灵活，有事实论证、道理论证（演绎推理）、对⽐论证等。
必修三第四单元科技阅读
必修三第四单元科技阅读班级组别姓名【词语梳理】聒噪：说话琐碎，声音喧闹，令人烦躁。
兴高采烈：兴：原指志趣，后指兴致；采：原指神采，后指精神；烈：旺盛。
原指文章志趣高尚，言词犀利。
后多形容兴致高，精神饱满消融：雪原、冰川、海冰等形态上的雪、粒雪或冰的损耗。
或指物体消失、融化。
朝气蓬勃：朝：早上；蓬勃：旺盛的样子。
形容充满了生命和活力。
出人意料：意料：事先对情况与结果的估计，超出人们的料想猜测之外。
气势磅礴：广大无边。
形容气势雄伟壮大。
川流不息：河流。
息：停止，停下。
形容行人、车马等像水流一样来来往往、连续不断。
与世隔绝：与社会上的人们隔离，断绝来往。
形容隐居或人迹不到的极偏僻地方。
【社科文阅读考试内容】1、词句词义，词义为主2、信息筛选，考查主流3、文章理解，逐渐增加4、推断想象，测试重点【社科文阅读技能】一、筛选的要诀1．筛选的目的。
筛选的目的主要在题干中体现出来。
例如“按照传统的看法，下列对动物冬眠时心脏工作原理的解说，符合文意的一项是”，这就规定了筛选的目的。
为了准确地把握筛选的目的，对于题干，要注意推敲，切不可马虎从事。
此题干中有三个要点：①“对动物冬眠时心脏工作原理的解说”，尤其是“原理”；②“按照传统的看法”；③“符合文意”。
2．阅读的文本。
⑴依据题意，框定文本。
筛选信息时，要仔细推敲题目，准确把握题意，大体框定相关的阅读语区。
⑵对照文本，确定选项。
去伪存真，排除干扰项。
所谓“伪”，或无中生有，或故意疏漏，或歪曲事实，或张冠李戴。
试题可能会有意设置一些“伪”项，即干扰项。
这就要求考生在筛选信息的基础上，采取对比、辨异等方法，把信息辨别、区分开来，即去伪存真，提炼出所需信息。
二、推断的要领推断，就是由已知的判断（前提）合乎逻辑地推出一个新的判断（结论）。
高考的科技文和社科文的推断题，其前提出自文中，结论则往往在文外。
典例精析例题：请先阅读下面的文字，完成习题。
（2002年全国高考题）沙尘暴人类总是依据自然的利益评价外部事物，将之分成优劣好坏，而大自然则另有一套行为规范与准则。
社科文解题技巧
备考：社科文解题技巧（来源：高考网）误答原因1．平时读书没有良好的习惯，满足于一目十行，浅尝辄止，缺少深入的语言揣摩和阅读感悟，文化积淀浅薄，基本读不懂富含深蕴的社科类文章，做题时摸不着头脑。
2．阅读急功近利，心态不佳，摆不正阅读与做题的关系，还没有真正把握文章的观点、材料和写作思路，不能从宏现上控制原文，就急于动手做题，结果，做题受阻，再读原文，既耽误了时间，又不能准确地捕捉到文中主要信息。
3．阅读方法不当，不能在阅读中及时标记有效信息，找不到文章中的关键句或关键词，缺乏阅读敏感性。
4．心知其意，但词汇贫乏，不能用准确的语词表达；或者书写潦草，难以辨认。
备考方法社会科学类文章阅读能力的提高，需要长期不懈的努力，急功近利，往往适得其反。
一般他说，提高社科类文章的阅读理解水平，需要做到下列几点：1．养成良好的阅读习惯，做到不读则已，读则认真揣摩语言，体味语义，把握作者的深层用意，把文章读深读透，不可蜻蜓点水，走马观花，不求甚解。
2．平时做社科类文章的阅读理解题，要自觉摆正阅读与做题的关系，加大阅读投入，克服急于求成的毛病，平心静气，树立信心，向读书要质量，向良好的阅读习惯要分数。
3．读书中养成句清、段结、篇回扣的习惯，注意在阅读中及时标记重要的信息，为正确地把握全篇文章的主旨，做好试题提供可靠的向导。
4．提高捕捉有效信息的敏感度和语言文字的表达能力，准确地表达所要表达的意思。
5．规范书写，克服随意涂抹的恶习，保持卷面清洁。
考场上，做社科文的阅读理解题，需要注意以下四点：1．认真品读原文，用铅笔轻轻标记重要信息（文字的或符号的）。
重要的文字信息主要指具有特殊指代含义的代词、内涵丰富的词语、中心句、过渡句、感情句，指示语、概括语、情态语、主旨语等。
这些词语或句子往往对于揭示中心思想、表达作者观点有着举足轻重的作用，在整体阅读中不失时机地标记它们，抓住它们，就等于抓住了做题的主动权。
社科类文章的阅读理解题属于第二卷的内容，试卷上除了所答内容外，其它是不允许乱画的，因此，做完全部阅读题之后，要及时用橡皮将标记的内容擦干净，以免影响卷面的清洁。
《落叶》中学生课外现代文阅读强化专项训练试题及答案
《落叶》中学生课外现代文阅读强化专项训练试题及答案（二）阅读下文，完成第7——12题。
（21分)落叶永井荷风①美国的树叶最经不住秋天了。
九月的午后炎热难耐，人们还在谈论夏天是否过去，夜间一场重霜，槲、榆、菩提树，尤其是枫树那像梧桐般硕大的叶子，仍像夏天一样颜色没有改变，也没有刮风，但却一片片沉重而懒散地纷纷飘落下来了。
当我看到周围一派秋色，看到在朝夕砭人肌肤的风里，雨一般飘飞的落叶，我是如何深深陷入悲哀之中啊！②夕暮里，我独自一人坐在公园水池边的长椅上。
只听到高高树梢传来松鼠觅食的叫声，灰色的阴霾的天空，梦一般渐渐沉浸在浓重的暮色里，半夜也许会下雨吧？周围高大的榆树梢头，不断地飘落下来成团的细小的树叶。
仔细一听，仿佛能听到树叶和树叶相互摩擦的响声。
这是树叶们共同走向灭亡前的窃窃私语吧？有的落在我的帽子、肩头和膝盖上。
有的没有风的引诱，却远远飞落到水面上，远远地，远远地流走了。
③我把手搭在长椅背上，陷入了深思。
忽然想起诗人魏尔伦将人比作落叶的《秋之歌》：“被轻薄的风儿载着，我是彷徨不定的落叶。
”联想眼下，人在旅途，我曾经多少次看到被异乡的土地埋葬的落叶啊！④来美国那年正值秋天，当时我在太平洋沿岸。
第二年在密苏里平原，在密执安湖畔，在华盛顿街头……在纽约已经是第二次看到落叶了。
去年刚刚看到这座城市的落叶的时候，我是多么骄傲、得意和幸福啊！我盲目地相信自己，每个星期日都到这个池畔眺望散步者的杂沓的身影。
不久，树叶落光了，寒风吹折了枝条，雪遮蔽了草地。
——演艺界交往的时节到来了。
从莎士比亚、拉辛，到易卜生，我看过各种舞台，贪婪地吞食着世界古今各种艺术作品。
我不仅为能全部体味瓦格纳的理想而自鸣得意，而且想早日成为日本未来社会新歌剧的奠基人。
带着这种心情，我听管弦乐，还时常进入美术馆大门，评论罗丹的雕塑和莫奈的绘画。
很快，冬季就过去了。
光秃秃的树梢又长出嫩芽，开满了花朵。
穿着沉重外套的人又换上轻快的春装。
我也和世人一样买了新衣新鞋新帽。
2008年广东高考社科类文本阅读试题评析及备考建议
文 章的标题是 《 诗与直 觉》 ，对 于 “ 直觉 的知 ” 这一核心概念 ，考生理解了没有 ？往年的命题 只是在
词语 的 细 微 处 绕 弯 子 ，说 得 不 好 听 是 在 做 文 字 游 戏 ，
第 １ ３题是单项选择题 ，它考查考 生对 核心概念
的理 解 和 迁 移 能力 ，能 力 层 级为 Ｃ 。
文《 创新与想象》 一样 ， 继续关注人文精神。其实 ， 重视 人文精神和文化积 累从来都是高考命题不 可忽 略的 ，
它符合语文课程的“ 工具性 ” 人文性” 和“ 的特点。 今年广东卷的社科类文本试题继 承了 ２ ０ 的 ０ ７年
分。 命题遵循 了新课标高考 以来减少客观题 ， 增加 主观 题的思路 ，体现新课标对课堂教学重视思维 和能力训 练的要求 ，也体现了高考命题 “ 中有变”的思想 。 稳
一
有愚弄考生的嫌疑 。而今年的这道题的四个选项列举
了欣 赏诗歌的四种结果 ， 问那一种是符 合“ 直觉的知”
的内涵的 ， 考查的是考生的迁移能力 。 这是最值得称道 的， 因为它考查的不是死知识 ， 而是能力。
甫《 望岳》 ， 时 感觉到 了泰 山的巍峨高大 ， 雄伟壮丽” 是
关注诗歌本身 的形象的 ，其他三项关注 的或是事物的 关系 ， 或是事物的意义 ， 都非正确的选项 。 第 １ 、１ 题确确切切地 考查考生 读懂 了文章没 ２ ３ 有 ，不搞 文字游戏 ，不 故弄玄虚 ，不故意为难考生 ， 这是今后阅读 的选择题命题应该坚持的方向。
、
２０ ０ ８年试 题分 析
书怎么读？古人认为 ，把薄 书读 厚者未为善也 ， 善读 书者乃把厚 书读薄。前 者把书理解得透彻 ，书读
社会科学类文章解读技巧
社会科学类文章解读技巧一、何谓“社会科学类文章”? 所谓“社会科学类文章”，是指研究各种社会现象的科学文章，它包括经济学、政治学、社会学、教育学、历史学、文化学、语言学、文艺学、美学等学科的文章。
经济学类文章传达经济信息，政治学类文章传达政治信息，社会学类文章传达社会知识．教育学类文章传达教育信息，历史学类文章传达历史信息，文化学类文章传达文化信息．语言学类文章传达语言信息，文艺学类文章传达文艺信息，美学类文章传达美学信息。
社会科学类文章的阅读就是通过阅读这一渠道，正确理解、捕捉、筛选、判断和传述这些信息。
因此，在阅读中，正确把握文章中蕴含的信息，是社会科学类文章阅读的关键所在。
二、近几年来社科类文章的命题重点。
1．复述文意在阅读理解的过程中．言语的转化．即读者用自己的话语概括地转述文章的内容，是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分。
而转述得准确与否，也正是检验读者理解能力和概括能力的重要途径。
在平时的阅读教学中，老师反复从不同的角度作复述训练也是基于这一点。
高考对复述文意能力的测试，途径很多。
有通过考查词语来考查对文意的复述能力的，如1997年的第2题：“文中的‘两重械梏’分别指的是什么?”这道题实际上是要求用概括的语句复述文章最后两段的内容，即中国古代的散文创作是宣扬“封建正统思想”(或“封建的三大厚柱”)的，其表现形式是陈旧死板的(或“陈旧死板的行文方法和章法”)。
1996年要求解释“当时最伟大的音乐家”和“最有深度的音乐”也属于这一类。
有直接要求复述的，如1996年的第27题是这样的：“根据文意，简要概括从巴赫到莫扎特到贝多芬在音乐创作上的发展变化(不超过60个字)。
”这是一道相当典型的考查复述文意的题目。
首先要依据文章首句知道这里所说的“音乐创作”是指在创作中处理“设计乐式”与“表达感情”之间的关系，要知道所谓发展变化”是指处理两者关系的变化；还要根据文章的论述分别说出巴赫、莫扎特和贝多芬是怎样处理这两者关系的。
阅读理解训练
A neuroscientist reveals how to think differentlyIn the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can't be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception , fear response, and social intelligence . Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints , we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb , so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.Questions 1-5Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.1) Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.2) According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA they create unusual brain circuits.B their brains function differently.C their personalities are distinctive.D they make decisions easily.3) According to the writer, the brain works efficiently becauseA it uses the eyes quickly.B it interprets data logically.C it generates its own energy.D it relies on previous events.4) The writer says that perception isA a combination of photons and sound waves.B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.C a result of brain processes.D a process we are usually conscious of.5) According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinkerA centralises perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.B avoids cognitive traps.C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.D has more opportunities than the average person.Questions 6-11Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6) Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.7) Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.8) Most people are too shy to try different things.9) If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.10) When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.11) Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.Questions 12-14Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.A requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.B focuses on how groups decide on an action.C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.E involves understanding how organisations manage people.12) Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it13) The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it14) Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinkingWHAT A WASTE!Every day, all over the world, unwanted waste is disposed of from both domestic and commercial sources, usually with insufficient attention paid to the resulting problems. The increase in excess refuse and how to dispense with it has become a major headache for the government and the environmental agencies.This has certainly been the case in Britain where there has been a steady rise in the amount of rubbish generated in recent years. In industry, the mining, agriculture and construction sectors are the biggest culprits, being amongst the greatest producers of waste. Also, household waste has grown at a rate of 3% a year as a consequence of society becoming more affluent and thus consuming more goods, resulting in more rubbish to discard . As this waste is economically and environmentally costly to deal with, local authorities have been required to ensure that the arrangements made to dispose of the surplus detritus are efficient and practicable , considering social as well as economic implications .For many years, the preferred option for refuse disposal in Britain has been the landfill. In fact, the UK, more than any other European country, makes use of landfills to get rid of its biodegradable waste. However, problems have arisen with this method and alternative solutions have had to be researched.One of the biggest drawbacks to landfills is the cost. In the past this was not the case as land was plentiful and cheap with abandoned quarries and mines often being utilized. But by 2015, since space for approved and licensed landfills will have run out, viable alternatives to waste disposal have to be found. Another disadvantage is the environmental impact made by the acids and hazardous chemicals that are leaked from the landfills. Older sites depended on these substances being diluted naturally by rain but this often did not occur and surrounding agricultural land was affected and livestock poisoned. Nowadays, more modern landfills use liners within the pits to contain any dangerous material and the liquid is then collected, treated and discharged within the site itself. But perhaps the most apparent annoyance for the general public living in the immediate vicinity of the landfill is the nuisance that results from the traffic, the noise, the dust and the unpleasant odours emanating from the site. Although no risks to human health have been verified , symptoms such as headaches, drowsiness and exhaustion have been reported by people living close to landfills. These may have been caused by toxic emissions from the site but they may be connected to the impact that living next to the sites can have on stress and anxiety.In order to reduce the amount of waste being sent to the landfill, a special tax was introduced in 1996, to discourage this practice. The charges range from two to eleven pounds per tonne depending on the type of rubbish being discarded and due to this tax the amount of waste from the construction industry has been markedly reduced. Other targets have been set to reduce biodegradable waste deposited in these sites by 2006, but it is thought that the greatest impact could be made through the introduction of more intensive recycling , which could be funded from the proceeds（收益）of the landfill tax.In Europe, Britain is bottom of the recycling table with the lowest rate of 8% compared to the Netherlands where they recycle 72% of their detritus. According to government research, only 7% of plastic was salvaged , as was only 22% of the six billion glasscontainers manufactured annually in Britain. On the other hand, the same sources found that 90% of car batteries and 66% of lead is recycled. This proportion is high because of the economic value of the material and so reprocessin is an opportunity to gain an income from an environmentally friendly undertaking. Also, of the thirteen billion steel cans produced yearly, about a quarter come from recycled metal. These goods only consume 25% of the energy needed to make the same products from raw materials.Biodegradable wastes can be made into organic compost to use as fertilizer for the land. At present less than half the local authorities have facilities for this and about a fifth of municipal waste is being treated but in some areas, schemes are being set up to collect waste from both domestic properties and supermarkets to help effect this procedure.Yet even now in the 21st century, less progressive authorities are still constructing and employing incinerators to dispose of waste despite the subsequent health hazards . They also have to confront opposition from the public over a policy which has proved to be the most unpopular technology since the introduction of nuclear power.So, what can be done to encourage more recycling? Probably what should be the government’s priority is the reduction in the number of landfills in regular use. Even materials that are biodegradable such as paper cannot easily be broken down as the landfill pits are constructed to keep air out and moisture in, thus slowing down the process to degrade this matter. Therefore, more reprocessing plants for refuse must be constructed to replace the outmoded landfills. Also, companies should be encouraged to take a more responsible approach to the packaging of their products, only using the minimum and environmentally friendly recycled materials. Then, the public must be convinced of the benefits of recycling and be made aware of the ecological consequence of not recycling. In Britain, more intensive reprocessing would lower the production of gases harmful to the ozone layer by 12.8 million tonnes of carbon a year, the equivalent of taking nearly five million cars off the road. Also, a strong incentive for the public to support recycling is the prospect of higher employment. In Germany, it has been estimated that 150,000 people are employed in the recycling business, a number greater than those employed in the steel industry. It is believed that up to 50,000 jobs could be created in Britain if recycling was adopted .What will happen in the future regarding the disposal of waste matter very much depends on the attitude and party policies of the particular government in power . Yet, if reforms to the methods of waste disposal are not made, serious environmental problems will arise in the immediate future, the consequences of which are too dire to contemplate .Questions 1-4Choose ONE phrase from the list of phrases A - I below to complete each of the following sentences.Write the appropriate letters in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.List of PhrasesA there is a lot of mining in BritainB dangerous materials are collected in landfillsC as the population becomes wealthier, their capacity toconsume more increasesD there is relatively little recycling of degradable matter inBritainE landfills poison animalsF a lot of waste from food shops is made into fertilisersG problems for people residing nearbyH using incinerators is the most popular method of rubbishdisposalI the most common means of waste disposal is burying refuse1) More household waste is produced because...2) In Britain...3) Landfills create...4) Unlike Europe...Questions 5 and 6Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.5) Landfills are not approved of becauseA they use agricultural land.B they have always been expensive to run.C they need to have a licence.D they produce dangerous emissions.6) A tax was imposed in orderA to encourage recycling.B to dissuade people from using landfills.C to punish the building industry.D to gather money for the government.Reading Tip: SummarySkim the text quickly to get a general idea of it.Look at the summary and decide what kind of information is missing.Locate the relevant section in the text for each gap. Remember that a summary may refer to all of the text or just part of it.Look in more detail and try to identify a word or short phrase to complete the summary. Check the number of words required. Never write more than this number of words and use the words exactly as they appear in the passage.Questions 7-14Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet.Solutions to the problem of how to dispose of excess rubbish must be found. With the dramatic increase in both 7 and industrial rubbish, the 8 must devise new policies to deal with the matter. The well established 9 landfills are now considered 10 outmoded so it is preferable to send the refuse to 11 works in order to 12 the waste products which could then be used to manufacture 13 goods. Also the general public must be better informed of the worrying environmental 14 the planet faces if this matter is not addressed urgently.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Teachers in the United States earn less relative to national income than their counterparts in many industrialized countries, yet they spend far more hours in front of the classroom, according to a major new international study.The salary differentials are part of a pattern of relatively low public investment in education in the United States, compared with other nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group in Paris that compiled the report. Total government spending on educational institutions in the United States slipped to 4.8 percent of gross domestic product in 1998, falling under the international average—5 percent—for the first time.“The whole economy has grown faster than the education system,” Andreas Schleicher, one of the report’s authors, explained. “The economy has done very well, but teachers have not fully benefited.”The report, due to today, is the sixth on education published since 1991 by the organization of 30 nations, founded in 1960, and now covering much of Europe, North America, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.In addition to the teacher pay gap, the report shows the other countries have begun to catch up with the United States in higher education: college enrollment has grown by 20 percent since 1995 across the group, with one in four young people now earning degrees. For the first time, the United States’ college graduation rate, now at 33 percent, is not the world’s highest. Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Britain have surpassed it.11. According to the passage, ______invests relatively low in education.A. JapanB. South KoreaC. the United StatesD. New Zealand12. In 1998, the United States government spent______ less on education institutions compared with the international average.A. 4.8%B. 0.2%C. 5%D. 9.8%13. In the United States, the education system has grown______ than the whole economy.A. lowerB. fasterC. the sameD. none of the above14. Which of the following may not be a member of the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development?A. The United StatesB. North AmericaC. AustraliaD. South Africa15. In ______, the college graduation rate is the lowest.A. FinlandB. the NetherlandsC. New ZealandD. the United StatesPassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:A study suggests that dirty air can reduce lung development. Researchers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles published their work in the New England Journal of Medicine.About one thousand seven hundred children from different communities in Southern California took part in the study. The scientists tested the children every year for eight years, starting at age ten. They say this is the longest study ever done on air pollution andthe health of children.The scientists found that the children who lived in areas with the dirtiest air were fivetimes more likely to grow up with week lungs. Many were using less than eighty percent of normal lung strength to breathe.The damage from dirty air was as bad as found in children with parents who smoke. Children with reduced lung power may suffer more severe effects from a common cold, for example.But the researchers express greater concerns about long-time effects. They sayadults normally begin to lose one percent of their lung power each year after age twenty.The doctors note that weak lung activity is the second leading cause of early deaths among adults. The first is smoking.By the time people are eighteen, their lungs are fully developed, or close to it. The doctors say it is impossible to recover from any damage.Researchers say they are still not sure how air pollution affects lung development.They believe that pollution affects the tiny air spaces where oxygen and carbon dioxideare exchanged.Arden Pope is an economics professor at Brigham Young University in Prov. Utah. Professor Pope wrote a commentary about the study. He noted that air quality in Southern California has improved since the study began in the early nineteen-nineties. Clean-airlaws have reduced pollution from vehicles, industry and other causes.But dirty air is still a problem in the areas of California and other places. ProfessorPope says continuous efforts to improve air quality are likely to provide additional improvements in health.16. A study done researchers at the University of Southern California indicates that ______.A. 1,700 children from Southern California have weak lung activitiesB. Children in Southern California use less lung strength to breatheC. air pollution may affect the growth of children’s lungsD. 80 percent of children in Southern California suffer from air pollution17. According to the article, children living in the dirty air ______.A. may lose eighty percent of their normal lung strengthB. may suffer more severe effects form a common coldC. were five times more likely to catch a common coldD. were unlikely to recover from any lung damage18. Why do the researchers express greater concern about the long-time effects of air pollutionon children?A. They begin to lose 1% of their lung power each year after 20.B. They do not show any sign of lung damage when they are young.C. They may suffer early death when they grow up.D. They cannot expect to have their lungs fully developed at 18.19. What do we learn from the passage about the air in Southern California?A. It is unlikely to improve in the near future.B. It is free of pollution from vehicles and industry.C. It is as dirty as it was before.D. It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.20. Professor Pope believes that ______.A. improvement in air quality will provide further health benefitsB. clean-air laws should be passed to reduce air pollution in CaliforniaC. further studies should be done to find out how dirty air affects lung developmentD. air pollution does even greater harm to children’ s health than their parents’ smoking11.C 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.A。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
社科文阅读训练
社会科学文献阅读是研究者学习、理解、掌握和发展社会科学讯息的重要途径，它可以丰富研究者的思想，提升研究能力和分析判断能力，也是社会科学的基础和资源。
那么社会科学文献阅读到底具有哪些基本特征？这其中有何种训练方式？如何做到有效的社会科学文献阅读？
一、社会科学文献阅读的基本特征
1、社会科学文献阅读注重客观性。
社会科学文献阅读必须摆脱主观情绪，涉及社会发展规律、社会经济状况以及政治和经济政策等客观问题，因此，社会科学文献阅读一定要求主观性克制，做到客观而全面。
2、社会科学文献阅读要注重实践性。
社会科学文献阅读既要遵循实证主义研究方法，也要根据具体情况探索出有效的实践性解决方案。
3、社会科学文献阅读要注重系统性。
社会科学文献阅读需要深入挖掘、提炼出文献中记载的社会科学规律，还要把文献中的各种观点、思路、事实有机的结合起来，形成一个完整的系统观点。
二、社会科学文献阅读的训练方式
1、注重基本功训练。
社会科学文献阅读需要做到扎实、深入，对此应从认真完成作业、深度思考以及不断质疑等方面加强训练，只有做到这点才能培养出配备这种能力的人才。
2、强化实践性训练。
社会科学文献阅读的实践性素质是关键，
只有经过大量的实践操作，才能培养出熟练的阅读技巧和能力，从而可以有效的读懂文献内容。
3、充分利用现有资源强化训练。
在社会科学文献阅读的训练中，可以利用现有的资料进行模拟阅读，定期查阅有关文献，及时了解最新发展，或者参加一些有关讲座、讨论会等，以此来增强自身的社会科学文献阅读能力。
三、有效的社会科学文献阅读
1、熟悉主题，用心阅读。
在阅读文献之前，应先了解文章的主题，加深理解，针对性的抓住关键信息，阅读时要放慢速度，用心去理解文章，把握全局，形成一定的阅读认知。
2、运用提纲法进行结构分析。
要想读懂一篇文献，需要先分析文献的结构，把文献分为主题、内容、结论等部分，从而判断文章的构思、观点和论据，有助于把握文献思路。
3、结合实际，深入思考。
阅读文献时，应及时做记录，通过归纳结合实际，细心思考，以便找出文献中的矛盾和问题，以提升阅读理解能力。
综上所述，社会科学文献阅读具有客观性、实践性、系统性等特征，可以通过基础训练、实践性训练以及利用现有资源训练等方式，有效的社会科学文献阅读，必须了解其主题，仔细分析结构，运用提纲法进行结构分析，结合实际进行深入思考，从而提升自身的社会科学文献阅读能力。