TOEFL READING
toefl试题及答案
toefl试题及答案TOEFL试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据所听对话，选出正确的答案。
A. 学生在图书馆找书。
B. 学生在询问课程安排。
C. 学生在讨论课题研究。
D. 学生在讨论作业问题。
答案：A2. 根据所听讲座，选出正确的答案。
A. 教授在讨论历史事件。
B. 教授在分析文学作品。
C. 教授在讲解科学理论。
D. 教授在介绍艺术作品。
答案：B二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 阅读以下段落，回答以下问题："The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived."A. What was the main impact of the Industrial Revolution?B. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the daily life of people?答案：A. The main impact of the Industrial Revolution was the significant changes in the way people worked and lived.B. The Industrial Revolution affected the daily life of people by altering their work patterns and living conditions.2. 阅读以下段落，选择最佳 "The role of technology in education has been a topic of debate for many years. Some argue that it enhances learning, while others believe it can be a distraction."A. The Pros and Cons of Technology in EducationB. The History of Technology in EducationC. The Debate Over Technology in EducationD. The Future of Technology in Education答案：C三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 根据以下提示，进行口语回答：- Describe a memorable event from your childhood.- Explain why it was memorable.答案示例：One of the most memorable events from my childhood was the day I learned to ride a bicycle. It was a sunny afternoon, and my father was teaching me. After several attempts and falls, I finally managed to ride without support. The feeling of accomplishment and the joy of mastering a new skill madeit an unforgettable experience.2. 根据以下情景，进行口语回答：- You are planning a trip with friends. Discuss thefactors you consider when choosing a destination.答案示例：When planning a trip with friends, I consider several factors such as the interests of the group, the budget, the weather, and the accessibility of the destination. We usually discuss our preferences and make a list of potential places. Then, we evaluate them based on the mentioned factors and make a decision that suits everyone.四、写作任务（Writing Task）1. Write an essay discussing the importance of environmental protection and the role individuals can play in it.答案示例（略）：考生需根据题目要求，撰写一篇不少于300字的议论文，阐述环境保护的重要性以及个人如何参与其中。
托福怎么学习最好
托福怎么学习最好托福怎么学习最好?现有托福和新托福“三变，三不变”原则。
三变1. 阅读部分总体结构的变化。
现有托福是“四五”结构。
这里的“四五”是指5篇文章，50个题目，考试时间共怎样学习托福55分钟。
而现有文章的长度为每篇文章350个字。
新托福，根据我们目前得到的样题，3篇长度为630～670个单词的文章，每篇文章后有13或14道题，考生每完成1道题即依次出现下一道题。
要求平均每25分钟完成1篇阅读材料及其试题。
此部分总共75分钟。
2. 两种新题型的引入。
如何学习托福nbsp;“句子入位题”：也就是说，文怎样学习托福章中有四个空位，从中选出一个最合适的空位将所给的句子填入。
考查考生将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的4 个句子之间的能力。
要做好此题，考生必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。
这是新题型，有相当难度，考生应特别重视。
“重要观点题”：这种很独特的题型出现在新托福中每篇文章如何学习托福的最后一题，是多选题，而且值两分。
所谓的“重要观点题”就是从5—6个备选答案中选出2—3个表达了文章最重要观点的选项。
3. 和听力部分、写作部分进行结合。
“先读后说”：即先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，口头回答考官提出的若干问题。
此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。
“先读后写”：即托福先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，写一篇文章去讨论或分析或解释考官提出的若干问题。
此部分共用时25分钟，须写出175—250字。
托福这是和现有托福、雅思、4/怎样6级、考研英语最大的不同，这也是它最大的卖点。
其实，所有的考试都意识到了“听、说、读、写”这4种基本技能对考生都同等重要。
这也是为什么光有了托福还不够，还要有TWE和TSE;为什么今年12月份的4/6级考试将进行重大的“换脸”行动——就是既要考查学生的Input能力，也要考察Outp学习ut能力。
但现有的考试有一点不足就是“听说读写”四项能力被割裂开来单独测试。
TOEFL全真试题
TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
TOEFL全真试题1Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat inwhich it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelled by them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited(D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题2Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, oftendistorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat in which it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelledby them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited (D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题31. A microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more 2. Narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant 3. Industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a (B) the(C) some of which (D) which are the 4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit 5. Color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence (B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very 6. ______ that Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition (D) is a rare condition8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although (D) So9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.(A) abundant (B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundantTOEFL全真试题4Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes. Structure 1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch 2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery (D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light 10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) Fora star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860_____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into them Written Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B C a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______ A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became_________ ___ A B C the star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______ A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate of farms____has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____ A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable._________ A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____ A B C D given poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____ A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commerciallyas bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __ A B C seasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____ A B C D27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____ A B C D these adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____ A B address particulate problem that young people have.______ ______ C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________ A B and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve. _______ ________ C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ ______ A B C carefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______ A B C D32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______ A B C years, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____ D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________ A B C culture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____ A B C treatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____ A B C D the President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____ A B American Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______ C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________ A B elements usable byplants.______ _____ C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______ A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century.__________________ ____ __________ A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on ________ _______ A B C education and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___ D。
老托福阅读真题 2000年1月
2000年1月TOEFL试题Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition (B) association (C) produce (D) region4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city (B) a radius (C) the High Street Market (D) the period5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned (B) started (C) declined (D) continued6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says (B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year (D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word "eradicate" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate (B) exploit (C) organize (D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting (B) experiencing (C) repeating (D) includingQuestions 11-22Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environmentIn artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots andincubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists (B)birds (C)eggs (D) rates13. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs16. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) build (B) paint (C)hang (D) move18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) close (B) deadly (C) natural (D) hot19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fiesh (B)diy (C)safe (D)warm20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity (B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks (D) protection against cold weather21. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.22. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?(A) Aviculturists (line I) (B) Gradient (line 8)(C) Incubation (line 15) (D) Embryo (line 24)Questions 23-33The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The most abundant particles—sand, silt, and clay—are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight.In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is fartoo small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.23. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles typically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects the texture of soil(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil24. The author mentions "several representative handrals" in line 4 in order to show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the process by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample(D) how small soil particles are25. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) mixed (B) replaced (C) carried (D) separated26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect(A) the way the soil is extracted (B) the results of squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than one handful (D) the difficulty of forming different shapes27. The word "dampened" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) damaged (B) stretched (C) moistened (D) examined28. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?(A) It is not very heavy. (B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable (D) Its texture cannot be classified29. The word "they" in line 23 refers to(A) categories (B) sieves (C) larger particles (D) clay particles30. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because(A) using the sieve takes less time (B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve (D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure31. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they(A) stick to the sides of the water container (B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes (D) dissolve quickly32. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) tiny (B) many (C) excellent (D) various33. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) texture (line 3) (B) ribbon (line 11) (C) sediment sieves (line 19) (D) evaporated (line 27)Questions 34-43A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual and specialized line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathyin any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic soundsof the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed34. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance (B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles (D) The production of speech35. What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen" (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can cany information beyond the meaning of words.(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.36. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions (B) the tone (C) ideas and feelings (D) words chosen37. The word "derived" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed (B) prepared (C) registered (D) obtained38. Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in line 17?(A) As examples of public performance (B) As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing (D) To introduce the idea of self-image39. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's(A) general physical health (B) personality (C) ability to communicate (D) vocal quality40. According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility (B) shyness (C) friendliness (D) strength41. The word "drastically" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently (B) exactly (C) severely (D) easily42. The word "evidenced" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned (B) repeated (C) indicated (D) exaggerated43. According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) Lethargy (B) Depression (C) Boredom (D) AngerQuestions 44-50As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic line life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population.Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrializedearly-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer ratherthan a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers(C) the expanding economic problems of schools(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country45. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) advantages (B) probability (C) method (D) qualifications46. The phrase "coincided with" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) was influenced by (B) happened at the same time as(C) began to grow rapidly (D) ensured the success of47. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that(A) most places required children to attend school(B) the amount of time spent on formal education was limited(C) new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education(D) adults and children studied in the same classes48. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 11-12 to illustrate(A) alternatives to formal education provided by public schools(B) the importance of educational changes(C) activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.(D) the increased impact of public schools on students.49. According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that(A) different groups needed different kinds of education(B) special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them(C) corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress(D) more women should be involved in education and industry50. The word "it" in line 24 refers to(A) consumption (B) production (C) homemaking (D) education评论，观念，各有不同做好自己那份就好。
toefl考试流程
toefl考试流程TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是世界范围内被广泛接受的英语能力测评考试。
下面将详细介绍TOEFL考试的流程，以帮助考生更好地了解和准备考试。
一、考前准备在参加TOEFL考试之前，考生需要进行一些准备工作，以确保能够在考试中发挥出最佳水平。
1. 熟悉考试要求：考生首先要详细了解TOEFL考试的要求和格式，包括考试时间、考试题型、考试内容等。
2. 学习资料准备：考生可以通过各种途径获取备考资料，如参加培训班、购买教材、下载题目样题等。
这些资料可以帮助考生了解考试内容、熟悉考试题型，并进行针对性的备考。
3. 制定学习计划：考生应根据自己的时间和能力制定合理的学习计划。
可以将整个备考过程划分为不同的阶段，并设定每个阶段的学习目标和时间安排。
4. 多方面复习：TOEFL考试涉及听力、口语、阅读和写作四个方面，考生应综合复习。
可以通过做题、听力训练、口语练习、阅读理解和写作训练等方式提高自己的英语能力。
二、考试流程TOEFL考试分为四个部分：听力、口语、阅读和写作。
全程考试时间约为4小时。
下面将详细介绍每个部分的考试流程。
1. 听力（Listening）听力部分的考试时间约为60-90分钟，考生需要在规定时间内完成多个听力任务。
考试形式通常为听录音并回答问题，涉及日常对话、学术讲座、校园公告等各种场景。
2. 口语（Speaking）口语部分的考试时间约为20分钟，考生需要根据考官的问题做出口语回答。
考试形式包括个人陈述、对话和综合性口语任务等。
考试内容广泛涉及学术类和日常生活类话题。
3. 阅读（Reading）阅读部分的考试时间约为60-80分钟，考生需要在规定时间内完成多个阅读理解任务。
考试形式通常为阅读短文或学术文章，并回答相关问题。
考试内容包括社科类、自然科学类和商科类等多个领域的文章。
4. 写作（Writing）写作部分的考试时间约为50分钟，考生需要根据考题完成写作任务。
托福到底如何算分
托福到底如何算分托福是怎么算分的你知道吗？下面小编就来和大家分享分享。
托福阅读算分规则The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set，you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：If you had： You received1 correct answers 0 points2 correct answers 1 point3 correct answers 2 points1. 这里所说的转换(convert)，不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
2. 所以，计算新托福阅读的分数，不要计算对多少题，而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point T otal(0-45)”，然后再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。
揭秘托福口语评分规则托福口语评分规则一：学术能力方面：正确回答话题在考生的学术能力方面： Topic Development，评估老师的衡量标准是考生有没有很好的处理考试中出现的话题，并评估考生是否具备讨论与话题相关信息的能力。
托福考试试题及答案
托福考试试题及答案托福考试(TOEFL，Test of English as a Foreign Language)是世界上最广泛接受的英语语言能力考试之一。
下面将为您介绍一些常见的托福考试试题以及相应的答案。
请注意，以下内容仅供参考，不代表具体考试内容。
听力部分听力是托福考试的第一部分，主要测试考生对于英语口语和听力的理解能力。
听力部分通常包括短对话、长对话和听力文章。
短对话试题示例：A: What are you planning to do this weekend?B: I'm going to visit my grandparents. They live in the countryside.答案：B长对话试题示例：A: Why did you decide to study abroad?B: I wanted to experience a different culture and improve my language skills.答案：B试题示例：According to the professor, what is one possible cause of the decline in bee populations?A. PesticidesB. Climate changeC. Habitat loss答案：A阅读部分阅读部分主要考察考生的阅读理解能力和对于不同类型文本的理解。
题型包括单选题、多选题、主旨题、细节题等。
单选题试题示例：The word "complacent" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to__________.A. satisfiedB. carelessC. competitive答案：A试题示例：Which of the following are mentioned as reasons for the decline in newspaper readership? (Select three.)A. The rise of online newsB. Lack of interest in current eventsC. High cost of subscriptionsD. Decrease in the quality of journalism答案：A、C、D写作部分写作部分是托福考试的最后一部分，主要考察考生的英文写作能力。
上海英语小托福考试真题及答案
上海英语小托福考试真题及答案In the fast-paced world of international education, the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) Junior, commonly known as the "Little TOEFL," has become a critical exam for students in Shanghai and beyond. This assessment measures a student's proficiency in English, evaluating listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills. As the demand for English proficiency continues to grow, it's important for students to understand not only the content of the exam but also effective preparation strategies.**Exam Overview**The Little TOEFL consists of four sections: listening, reading, language form and meaning, and speaking. Each section requires a unique set of skills and strategies to master. Let's delve into each section, examining both the content and strategies for success.**Listening Section**The listening section tests students' ability to understand spoken English. This section often includes conversations between two or more speakers, as well asmonologues. To excel in this section, students need to develop active listening skills, such as predicting, note-taking, and understanding inferential information. Practicing with authentic English materials, such as podcasts, TED talks, and movies, can significantly improve listening comprehension.**Reading Section**The reading section assesses students' comprehension of written English. Passages range from narrative stories to informational texts, requiring students to understand main ideas, details, and the author's intent. Effective preparation involves reading a wide range of materials, including newspapers, novels, and academic articles, to familiarize themselves with different writing styles and vocabulary.**Language Form and Meaning Section**This section tests students' understanding of English grammar and vocabulary. It often includes questions about word meaning, sentence structure, and vocabulary usage. To excel in this section, students need to have a solid foundation in English grammar and a rich vocabulary.Regular practice with grammar exercises and vocabulary games can help improve performance.**Speaking Section**The speaking section evaluates students' ability to communicate effectively in English. It often involves tasks such as describing an image, responding to a question, or discussing a topic with a partner. To prepare for this section, students need to practice speaking English regularly, focusing on fluency, pronunciation, and language use. Participating in conversation clubs, speaking with native speakers, and recording themselves speaking can all help improve speaking skills.**Exam Preparation Strategies**Preparing for the Little TOEFL requires a multi-faceted approach. Here are some key strategies to help students ace the exam:1. **Understand the Exam Format**: Familiarize yourself with the exam format and timing. This will help youallocate your time effectively during the exam. 2.**Regular Practice**: Consistent practice is key toimproving your English skills. Dedicate time each day to practice listening, reading, speaking, and writing. 3.**Use Authentic Materials**: Practicing with authentic English materials will help you familiarize yourself with the language and improve your comprehension skills. 4.**Seek Feedback**: Seek feedback from teachers, friends, or native speakers to identify areas where you can improve. 5. **Manage Stress**: Exams can be stressful, but it's important to stay calm and focused. Practice relaxation techniques and maintain a positive attitude.In conclusion, the Little TOEFL is a crucial exam for students seeking to demonstrate their English proficiency. By understanding the exam format, developing active listening and reading skills, and practicing regularly, students can confidently prepare for and ace this exam. Remember, consistent practice and a positive attitude are key to success.**上海英语小托福考试真题深度解析与备考策略**在国际教育的快节奏世界中，英语作为外语的考试（TOEFL）初级，通常被称为“小托福”，已成为上海及以外地区学生的重要考试。
toefl是什么意思
toefl是什么意思TOEFL是什么意思？TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是一项国际英语考试，旨在评估非英语母语者的英语语言能力。
该考试主要针对希望在英语环境中学习、工作或居住的人士，尤其是计划在美国、加拿大、英国和澳大利亚等国家攻读本科或研究生学位的申请者。
TOEFL考试由美国教育测验服务机构（Education Testing Service）管理和监督，是全球范围内最广泛接受和认可的英语能力测试之一。
该考试的目的是确保考生具备进入大学或其他学术机构所需的英语沟通能力。
TOEFL考试有两种不同的形式：TOEFL iBT（TOEFL Internet-based Test）和TOEFL PBT（TOEFL Paper-based Test）。
目前，大部分考生选择参加TOEFL iBT考试，因为它更灵活、方便且具有更广泛的可选日期和地点。
TOEFL iBT考试主要通过计算机进行，包括四个部分：听力（Listening）、阅读（Reading）、口语（Speaking）和写作（Writing）。
听力部分旨在评估考生的听力理解能力。
考生将会听到多种英语口音、语速和场景的录音，并需要回答与所听内容相关的问题。
阅读部分测试考生的阅读理解能力，包含多个文章和相关问题。
口语部分通过录音评估考生的口语流利度、词汇运用和语法准确性。
考生需要回答与所给话题相关的问题，并进行短篇演讲。
写作部分测试考生的写作能力，要求考生根据给定的话题或论点撰写一篇独立的文章。
TOEFL考试的总分为120分，每个部分的分数为30分。
最终的分数报告还会显示每个部分的详细得分，以及整体评估等级。
除了总分，许多学术机构还对考生在听力和阅读部分的分数进行详细评估，以确定他们是否具备参加具体学术项目的能力。
TOEFL考试的有效期为两年，但不同学校和机构可能有不同的要求。
许多学术机构通常要求考生以满足特定的托福成绩要求，才能被录取或获得奖学金资格。
gmat gre ielts toefl 对照表
以下是GMAT、GRE、IELTS 和TOEFL 的对照表，用于衡量英语能力和大学研究生入学考试成绩：
GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）:
- GMAT 总分介于200-800之间
GRE（Graduate Record Examination）:
- GRE 总分介于130-170之间（Verbal Reasoning 和Quantitative Reasoning 分数），还有一个Analytical Writing 分数在0-6之间
IELTS（International English Language Testing System）:
- IELTS 总分介于0-9分之间，有四个模块：Listening（听力），Reading（阅读），Writing（写作），Speaking（口语）
TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）:
- TOEFL 总分介于0-120分之间，有四个部分：Listening（听力），Reading（阅读），Writing（写作），Speaking（口语）
尽管这些考试都是用于衡量英语能力和在学术环境中的表现，但它们的评判标准和目的不尽相同。
具体要求和接受学校对于这些考试分数的要求可能会有所不同，建议您查看相
关学校或机构的官方要求来确定具体的分数要求。