《商业银行管理学》课后习题答案及解析
商业银行管理第2章习题答案
商业银⾏管理第2章习题答案Chapter 2Analyzing Bank PerformanceChapter Objectives1.Introduce bank financial statements, including the basic balance sheet and income statement, and discuss the interrelationship between them.2.Provide a framework for analyzing bank performance over time and relative to peer banks. Introduce key financial ratios that can be used to evaluate profitability and the different types of risks faced by banks. Focus on the trade-off between bank profitability and risk.3.Identify performance measures that differentiate between small, independent banks (specialty banks) and largerbanks that are part of multibank holding companies or financial holding companies.4. Distinguish between types of bank risk; credit, liquidity, interest rate, capital, operational, and reputational.5. Describe the nature of and meaning of regulatory CAMELS ratings for banks.6.Provide applications of data analysis to sample banks’ financial information.7.Describe performance characteristics of different-sized banks.8. Describe how banks can manipulate financial information to ‘window-dress’ performance.Key Concepts1. Bank managers must balance banking risks and returns because there is a fundamental trade-off between profitability, liquidity, asset quality, market risk and solvency. Decisions that increase banking risk must offer above average profits. The more liquid a bank is and the more equity capital used to fund operations, the less profitable is a bank, ceteris paribus.2. Banks face five basic types of risk in day-to-day operations: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, capital/solvency risk, and operational risk. Market risk encompasses interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and price risk. Each type of risk refers to the potential variation in a ba nk's net income or market value of stockholders’ equity resulting from problems that affect that part of the bank's activities.3. Banks also face risks in the areas of country risk associated with loans or other activity with foreign government units and off-balance sheet activities, which create contingent liabilities. More recently, banks have focused on reputation risk. For example, from 2002-2005 Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, and Bank of America found that even though they continued to report strong pro fits, they experienced strong criticism for 1) their roles in facilitating strategies to disguise Enron’s true financial status, 2) problems in sub-prime lending programs via the Associates Corp. and their own internal finance company activities, 3) problems with underwriting subsidiaries with analyst conflicts between stock reports and the firm’s investment banking relationships; facilitating market timing of stock trades to their detriment of their own mutual fund holders, 4) lack of supervision of trading groups, and 5) facilitating improper borrowing at Parmalat.4. A bank's return on equity (ROE) can be decomposed in terms of the duPont system of financial ratio analysis. This examination of historical balance sheet and income statement data enables an analyst to evaluate the comparative strengths and weaknesses of performance over time and versus peer banks. The Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) data reflect the basic ratios from this return on equity model.5. Different-sized commercial banks exhibit different operating characteristics and thus performance measures. Small banks typically report a higher return on assets (ROA) than large banks because they earn higher gross yields on assets and pay less interest on liabilities.6. High performance banks generally benefit from lower interest and non-interest expense and limit credit risk so that loan losses are relatively low. They also operate with above average stockholders' equity.7. Many banks can successfully "window-dress" performance by manipulating the reporting of financial data. They may accelerate revenue recognition and defer expenses or selectively alter when they take securities gains or losses and time when to charge off loans or report loans as non-performing. As such, they may inappropriately smooth earnings with provisions for loan losses or by other means. Analysts must be careful when evaluating extraordinary transactions that haveone-time gain or loss features.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. For a large bank, assets consist approximately of marketable securities (20%), loans (70%), and other assets (10%). Liabilities consist of core deposits (40%-60%), noncore, purchased liabilities (20%-40%), and other liabilities (5 %-10%) as a fraction of assets. Small banks typically obtain more funds in the form of core deposits and less in the form of noncore, purchased liabilities. Small banks often invest more in securities as well. Of course, the actual percentages for any bank depend on that bank’s business strategy, mark et competition, and ownership.2. A bank's interest income consists of interest earned on loans and securities while noninterest income includes revenues from deposit service charges, trust department fees, fees from nonbank subsidiaries, etc. Interest expense consists of interest paid on interest-bearing core deposits and noncore liabilities while noninterest expense is comprised of overhead costs, personnel costs, and other costs. A bank’s net interest income equals its interest income minus interest expense. Note that interest income may be calculated on a tax-equivalent basis in which tax-exempt interest is converted to its pre-tax equivalent. A bank’s burden is defined as its noninterest expense minus noninterest income. This is often quoted as a fract ion of total assets. A bank’s efficiency ratio is calculated as noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. The denominator effectively measures net operating revenue after subtracting interest expense. The efficiency ratio measure the noninterest cost per $1of operating revenue generated. Analysts often interpret the efficiency ratio as a measure of a bank’s ability to control overhead relative to its ability to generate noninterest income (and overall revenue). A lower number is presumably better because it reflects better cost control compared with revenue generation.3. Balance sheet accounts:a. Increase liability: money market deposit account (+$5,000)Increase asset: federal funds sold (+$5,000)b. Decrease asset: real estate loanIncrease asset: mortgage loanc. Increase equity: common stock (common and preferred capital)Increase asset: commercial loans4. Income statementInterest on U.S. Treasury & agency securities $44,500Interest on municipal bonds 60,000Interest and fees on loans 189,700Interest income = $294,200Interest paid on interest-checking accounts $33,500Interest paid on time deposits 100,000Interest paid on jumbo CDs 101,000Interest expense = $234,500Net interest income = $59,700Provisions for loan losses = $ 18,000Net interest income after provisions = $41,700Fees received on mortgage originations $23,000Service charge receipts 41,000Trust department income 15,000Non-interest income = $79,000Employee salaries and benefits $145,000Occupancy expense 22,000Non-interest expense = $167,000Income before income taxes -$46,300Income taxes 15,742Net income = -$30,558Cash dividends declared 2,500Retained earnings = -$33,058This assumes that expenses associated with the purchase of the new computer are included in occupancy expense. If not, the computer expense (depreciation) will increase the loss for the period. Also, the bank can receive a tax refund from prior tax payments if the bank made a taxable profit within recent years.5. The primary risks faced by banks are credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk (the latter two represent market risk), operational risk, reputational risk, and capital solvency. In general, promised, or expected, returns should be higher for banks that assume increased risk. There should also be greater volatility in returns over time.a. Credit risk: Net loan charge-offs/LoansHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk manifests itself in occasional high charge-offs, which requires above average provisions for loan lossses to replenish the loan loss reserve. Thus, net income is volatile over time.b. Liquidity risk: Core deposits/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself in less stable funding as a bank relies more on noncore, purchased liabilities thatfluctuate over time. These noncore liabilities are also higher cost, which raises interest expense.c. Interest rate risk: (|Repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|)/AssetsHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk banks do not closely match the amount of repriceable assets and repriceable liabilities. Largedifferences suggest that net interest income may vary sharply over time as the level of interest rates changes.d. Foreign exchange risk: Assets denominated in a foreign currency minus liabilities denominated in the same foreign currency.High risk – a large difference; Low risk – a small differenceHigh risk manifests itself when exchange rates change adversely and the value of the bank’s net position of assets versus liabilities denominated in a currency changes sharply.e. Operational risk: total assets/number of employeesHigh risk – low ratio; Low risk – high ratioHigh risk manifests itself when the bank operates at low productivity measured by more employees per amount of assets f. Capital/solvency risk: Stockholders’ equity/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself because fewer assets must go into default before a bank is insolvent and can be closed down by regulators.g. Reputational risk is difficult to measure ex ante. It is more observable by announced problems and issues.6. Equity multiplierBank L: Equity/Assets = 0.06 indicates Assets/Equity = 16.67XBank S: Equity/Assets = 0.10 indicates Assets/Equity = 10XIf each bank earns 1.5% on assets (ROA = 0.015), then the ROEs will equal 25% (Bank L) and 15% (Bank S). If, instead, each bank reports a loss with ROA = -0.012, then the ROEs will equal -20% (Bank L) and -15% (Bank S). When banksare profitable, financial leverage has the positive effect of increasing ROE; when banks report losses, financial leverage increases the magnitude of loss in terms of a negative ROE.7. ROE= net income/stockholders' equityROA = net income/total assetsEM = total assets/stockholders' equityER = total operating expense/total assetsAU = total revenue/total assetsBalance sheet figures should be measured as averages over the period of time the income number is generated.ROE = ROA x EM ROA = AU – ER – TAXwhere TAX = applicable income tax/total assets.8. Profitability ratios differ across banks of different size as measured by assets. The primary reasons are that different size banks have different asset and liability compositions and engage in different amounts of off-balance sheet activities. Typically, small banks report higher net interest margins because their average asset yields are relatively high while their average cost of funds is relatively low. This reflects loans to higher risk borrowers, on average, and proportionately more funding from lower cost core deposits. ROEs, in turn, are often lower because small banks operate with more capital relative to assets, that is with lower equity multipliers, so that even with comparable ROAs the ROEs are lower. Large banks ROAs are increasing faster over time because large banks operate with lower efficiency ratios as they have been more successful in generating fee income.9. CAMELSa. C =capital adequacy: equity/assetsb. A = asset quality: nonperforming loans/loans; loan charge-offs/loansc. M = management: no single ratio is good, although all ratios indicate overall strategyd. E = earnings: aggregate profit ratios; ROE, ROA, net interest margin, burden, efficiencye. L = liquidity: core deposits/assets; noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; marketable securities/assetsf. S = sensitivity to market risk; |repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|/assets; difference in assets and liabilities denominated in the same currency; size of trading positions in commodities, equities and other tradeable assets.10. Lowest to highest liquidity risk: 3-month T-bills, 5-year Treasury bond, 5-year municipal bond (if high quality and from a known issuer), 4-year car loan with monthly payments (receive some principal monthly, may be saleable), 1-year construction loan, 1-year loan to individual, pledged 3-month T-bill. As stated, the 3-month T-bill that is pledged as collateral is illiquid unless the bank can change its collateral status.11. Comparative credit riska. loan to a comer grocery store representing a little known borrower with uncertain financialsb. loan collateralized with inventory (work in process) because the collateral is less liquid and more difficult to value;this assumes that the receivables are still viable and not too aged.c. normally the Ba-rated municipal bond, unless the agency bond is an "exotic" mortgage backed security, because theagency bond carries an implied guarantee in that Freddie Mac is a quasi-public borrower.d. 1-year car loan because the student loan is typically government guaranteed12. For the balance sheet: high core deposits/assets; high equity/assets; low noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; high investment securities/assets; high agriculture loans/assets (the value refers to that for small banks); For the income statement: net interest margin (high); burden/assets (high), efficiency ratio (high); (the descriptor in parentheses refers to the relationship for small banks versus larger banks).13. Extending a loana. the new loan is typically not classified as nonperforming because no payments are past dueb. often a bank recognizes that the loan is in the problem stage and the borrower renegotiates the terms in its favor; rationale is that the borrower may default if the loan is not restructured. Note that this restructuring gives the appearance that asset quality is higher.c. the primary risk is that the bank is throwing more money down a sink hole and will never recover any of its loan.14. Dividend payment: For: the loss is temporary and stockholders expect the dividend payment. Failure to make the payment will sharply lower the stock price because stockholders will be alienated. Against: the bank has not generated sufficient cash to make the payment from normal operations. By paying the cash dividend, the bank is self-liquidating. The cash dividend will lower the bank’s capital. What normally decides the issue is whether the loss is truly temporary or more permanent. Management typically errs by assuming that losses are temporary, and thus continues to make dividend payments when it should be reducing or eliminating them.15.Liquidity risk:a.Securities classified as held-to-maturity cannot be sold unless there has been an unusual change in the underlying credit quality of the security issuer. A high fraction indicates low liquidity because few securities (just 5% of the total) can be sold.b. A low core deposit base indicates a bank that relies proportionately more on noncore, volatile liabilities that are less stable and more likely to leave the bank if rates change. This makes a bank’s funding sources less reliable and the bank subject to greater liquidity risk.c. A bank that holds long-term securities (8 years is long term) has assumed significant price risk even if the securitiescan be readily sold because they are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities will fall in value if interest rates rise. This indicates high liquidity risk.d.Assuming that $10 million in securities is sufficient, the fact that none are pledged makes them more liquid and is indicative of lower liquidity risk than if any securities were pledged.Problems1. Community National Bank (CNB)1. Profitability analysis for 2004 using UBPR figures:RATIO Community National Bank Peer BanksROE 8.67% 11.72%ROA 0.63 1.09EM 13.97X 10.67XAU 5.91 6.23ER 4.94 4.73TAX 0.34 0.41a.Aggregate profitability for CNB is substantially lower measured both by both ROE and ROA. Because CNB has less equity relative to assets, it has greater financial leverage. Thus, the greater financial leverage increases CNB’s ROE relative to peer banks. The fact that its ROE is lower, despite the greater leverage, indicates that the higher risk does not produce higher overall profitability. CNB has assumed a riskier profile with its greater financial leverage in that fewer assets can default before the bank is insolvent. CNB’s ROA is lower because it earns a lower average yield on assets (AU), pays more in operating expense (ER), offset somewhat by the fact that it pays less in taxes (TAX).b.Risk ComparisonCredit risk: same net charge-offs, much lower nonperforming (more than 90 days past due) and nonaccrual loans, higher provisions for loan losses (.30% versus 0.18%); loan loss reserve is a greater fraction of total loans and leases and a much greater fraction of noncurrent loans. Overall, the ratios indicate below-average risk. Of course, these figures represent only one year of data.Liquidity risk: lower equity to assets suggests higher liquidity risk from a funding perspective, higher available for sale securities and lower pledged securities suggests lower liquidity risk from the asset sale perspective; very high core deposits, low noncore funding (liabilities), low loans and leases and high ST securities suggest lowerliquidity risk. Overall, liquidity risk appears lower because the bank has a strong core deposit base, fewer loans and more securities can be readily sold. Still, the bank might have difficulty borrowing if loans exhibit low qualityand deposit outflows arise. Conclusion: below-average liquidity risk.Capital Risk: low capital to asset ratios; low equity to assets indicate above average capital risk; bank pays less out in dividends and its growth rate in equity capital is lower. Overall, the bank exhibits greater capital risk. Thissituation is offset by the bank’s apparent higher quality assets.Operational risk: low assets to employees ratio, high personnel expense to employees and high efficiency ratio indicate high operational risk. Of course, these data do not capture the likelihood of fraud and other potentialoperational problems.c.Recommendations:1)Impro ve the bank’s capital position; slow asset growth and pursue greater profits.2)Evaluate credit risk carefully; ensure that loans are adequately diversified and that any default of a single loan ortype of loans cannot place the bank’s capital at risk to where regulators will restrict the bank’s activities. Slow loan growth until capital base is at target. Implement a formal credit risk review process.3)Improve operating efficiency. Review noninterest expense sources and cut costs where possible.4)The first t wo suggestions will have the impact of lowering the bank’s earnings, ceteris paribus. Therefore, management should focus on growing sources of noninterest income that currently are not being pursued.2.Citibank UBPRa.In 2004, Citibank’s ROE equaled 15.26% while its ROA equaled 1.49% versus peers’ figures of 14.58% and 1.31%, respectively. Citibank’s equity multiplier (EM = ROE/ROA) equaled approximately 10.24X versus 11.13X for peers. Citibank’s AU is higher at 8.83% (5.25% + 3.58%) versus 7.69% (4.46% + 3.23%) at peers. Citibank clearly generated higher gross revenues from both interest and noninterest sources. Citibank’s expense ratio (ER), in turn, equaled 6.27% while ER for peers was much lower for each type of expense and in total at 4.23%. Based on the profit figures alone, Citibank appears to be a high performance bank and achieves that by generating greater relative revenues.b.Citibank’s credit risk (as evidenced only by the ratios provided) appears high as net losses to loans is higher thanPeers (1.58% versus 0.25%), as is noncurrent loans and leases as a fraction of loans (1.78% versus 0.59%). The loss allowance (reserve) is a higher fraction of loans, but a much smaller fraction of net losses (charge-offs) andnoncurrent loans indicating that more reserves might be appropriate.c.Citibank’s liquidity risk appears high as the bank has a lower equity to asset (tier 1 leverage capital) ratio and reliesmuch more on noncore liabilities (noncore fund dependence). With its greater credit risk, you might expect it to operate withgreater equity capital. Similarly, the bank is growing at a fast pace which generally increases overall risk because management cannot easily control risk from growth.d.Recommendations:Carefully assess credit risk; realign portfolio where appropriate.Increase the loan loss reserve.Slow loan growth and/or shift loans to less risky classes.Line up additional sources of liquidity.Review pricing of loans and deposits; identify sources of fees/noninterest income to see if they are sustainable.。
李志辉《商业银行管理学》配套题库课后习题(商业银行现金管理)【圣才出品】
李志辉《商业银行管理学》配套题库课后习题第八章商业银行现金管理一、概念题1．现金资产答：现金资产指可随时用于支付的无利息或利息较低的银行资产，包括库存现金与现金等价物。
商业银行的现金资产一般包括以下几类：①库存现金，是指商业银行保存在金库中的现钞和硬币。
其主要作用是用来应付客户提现和银行本身的日常零星开支。
②在中央银行的存款，是指商业银行存放在中央银行的资金，即存款准备金。
包括法定存款准备金和超额准备金。
③存放同业存款，是指商业银行存放在代理行和相关银行的存款。
是为了便于银行在同业之间开展代理业务和结算支付。
④在途资金，也称托收未达款，它是指本行通过对方银行向外的付款单位或个人收取的票据。
从商业银行的经营管理角度看，现今资产流动性强，安全性好，可以保持银行的清偿力但几乎不产生收益。
因此在保证足够流动性的情况下，应尽量减少。
2．库存现金答：库存现金，是指商业银行保存在金库中的现钞和硬币。
其主要作用是用来应付客户提现和银行本身的日常零星开支。
库存现金的经营原则就是保持适度的规模。
3．法定存款准备金答：法定存款准备金是指按法定准备率提留的准备金。
法定存款准备金一部分是银行库存现金，另一部分存放在中央银行的存款账户上。
由于商业银行都想赚取尽可能多的利润，它们把法定准备金以上的那部分存款贷放出去或用于短期债券投资。
正是这笔较小比率的准备金来支持活期存款的能力，使得银行体系得以创造货币。
4．超额准备金答：超额准备金又称“超额储备”，在我国又称“备付金”、“存款备付金”，是指商业银行和其他储蓄机构在货币当局（中央银行）规定的必须提取的法定准备金之外自愿保留的一部分准备金。
超额准备金主要用于应付意外的大额提现、结清存款和寻找更好的投资机会。
超额准备金的变动可影响到货币乘数。
在基础货币供应量不变的情况下，它制约着货币体系创造货币的能力。
商业银行和其他储蓄机构的超额准备金占当期存款总额的比率，称为“超额准备金率”或“备付金率”、“银行备付金率”。
商业银行管理第2章习题答案
商业银⾏管理第2章习题答案Chapter 2Analyzing Bank PerformanceChapter Objectives1.Introduce bank financial statements, including the basic balance sheet and income statement, and discuss the interrelationship between them.2.Provide a framework for analyzing bank performance over time and relative to peer banks. Introduce key financial ratios that can be used to evaluate profitability and the different types of risks faced by banks. Focus on the trade-off between bank profitability and risk.3.Identify performance measures that differentiate between small, independent banks (specialty banks) and largerbanks that are part of multibank holding companies or financial holding companies.4. Distinguish between types of bank risk; credit, liquidity, interest rate, capital, operational, and reputational.5. Describe the nature of and meaning of regulatory CAMELS ratings for banks.6.Provide applications of data analysis to sample banks’ financial information.7.Describe performance characteristics of different-sized banks.8. Describe how banks can manipulate financial information to ‘window-dress’ performance.Key Concepts1. Bank managers must balance banking risks and returns because there is a fundamental trade-off between profitability, liquidity, asset quality, market risk and solvency. Decisions that increase banking risk must offer above average profits. The more liquid a bank is and the more equity capital used to fund operations, the less profitable is a bank, ceteris paribus.2. Banks face five basic types of risk in day-to-day operations: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, capital/solvency risk, and operational risk. Market risk encompasses interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and price risk. Each type of risk refers to the potential variation in a ba nk's net income or market value of stockholders’ equity resulting from problems that affect that part of the bank's activities.3. Banks also face risks in the areas of country risk associated with loans or other activity with foreign government units and off-balance sheet activities, which create contingent liabilities. More recently, banks have focused on reputation risk. For example, from 2002-2005 Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, and Bank of America found that even though they continued to report strong pro fits, they experienced strong criticism for 1) their roles in facilitating strategies to disguise Enron’s true financial status, 2) problems in sub-prime lending programs via the Associates Corp. and their own internal finance company activities, 3) problems with underwriting subsidiaries with analyst conflicts between stock reports and the firm’s investment banking relationships; facilitating market timing of stock trades to their detriment of their own mutual fund holders, 4) lack of supervision of trading groups, and 5) facilitating improper borrowing at Parmalat.4. A bank's return on equity (ROE) can be decomposed in terms of the duPont system of financial ratio analysis. This examination of historical balance sheet and income statement data enables an analyst to evaluate the comparative strengths and weaknesses of performance over time and versus peer banks. The Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) data reflect the basic ratios from this return on equity model.5. Different-sized commercial banks exhibit different operating characteristics and thus performance measures. Small banks typically report a higher return on assets (ROA) than large banks because they earn higher gross yields on assets and pay less interest on liabilities.6. High performance banks generally benefit from lower interest and non-interest expense and limit credit risk so that loan losses are relatively low. They also operate with above average stockholders' equity.7. Many banks can successfully "window-dress" performance by manipulating the reporting of financial data. They may accelerate revenue recognition and defer expenses or selectively alter when they take securities gains or losses and time when to charge off loans or report loans as non-performing. As such, they may inappropriately smooth earnings with provisions for loan losses or by other means. Analysts must be careful when evaluating extraordinary transactions that haveone-time gain or loss features.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. For a large bank, assets consist approximately of marketable securities (20%), loans (70%), and other assets (10%). Liabilities consist of core deposits (40%-60%), noncore, purchased liabilities (20%-40%), and other liabilities (5 %-10%) as a fraction of assets. Small banks typically obtain more funds in the form of core deposits and less in the form of noncore, purchased liabilities. Small banks often invest more in securities as well. Of course, the actual percentages for any bank depend on that bank’s business strategy, mark et competition, and ownership.2. A bank's interest income consists of interest earned on loans and securities while noninterest income includes revenues from deposit service charges, trust department fees, fees from nonbank subsidiaries, etc. Interest expense consists of interest paid on interest-bearing core deposits and noncore liabilities while noninterest expense is comprised of overhead costs, personnel costs, and other costs. A bank’s net interest income equals its interest income minus interest expense. Note that interest income may be calculated on a tax-equivalent basis in which tax-exempt interest is converted to its pre-tax equivalent. A bank’s burden is defined as its noninterest expense minus noninterest income. This is often quoted as a fract ion of total assets. A bank’s efficiency ratio is calculated as noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. The denominator effectively measures net operating revenue after subtracting interest expense. The efficiency ratio measure the noninterest cost per $1of operating revenue generated. Analysts often interpret the efficiency ratio as a measure of a bank’s ability to control overhead relative to its ability to generate noninterest income (and overall revenue). A lower number is presumably better because it reflects better cost control compared with revenue generation.3. Balance sheet accounts:a. Increase liability: money market deposit account (+$5,000)Increase asset: federal funds sold (+$5,000)b. Decrease asset: real estate loanIncrease asset: mortgage loanc. Increase equity: common stock (common and preferred capital)Increase asset: commercial loans4. Income statementInterest on U.S. Treasury & agency securities $44,500Interest on municipal bonds 60,000Interest and fees on loans 189,700Interest income = $294,200Interest paid on interest-checking accounts $33,500Interest paid on time deposits 100,000Interest paid on jumbo CDs 101,000Interest expense = $234,500Net interest income = $59,700Provisions for loan losses = $ 18,000Net interest income after provisions = $41,700Fees received on mortgage originations $23,000Service charge receipts 41,000Trust department income 15,000Non-interest income = $79,000Employee salaries and benefits $145,000Occupancy expense 22,000Non-interest expense = $167,000Income before income taxes -$46,300Income taxes 15,742Net income = -$30,558Cash dividends declared 2,500Retained earnings = -$33,058This assumes that expenses associated with the purchase of the new computer are included in occupancy expense. If not, the computer expense (depreciation) will increase the loss for the period. Also, the bank can receive a tax refund from prior tax payments if the bank made a taxable profit within recent years.5. The primary risks faced by banks are credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk (the latter two represent market risk), operational risk, reputational risk, and capital solvency. In general, promised, or expected, returns should be higher for banks that assume increased risk. There should also be greater volatility in returns over time.a. Credit risk: Net loan charge-offs/LoansHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk manifests itself in occasional high charge-offs, which requires above average provisions for loan lossses to replenish the loan loss reserve. Thus, net income is volatile over time.b. Liquidity risk: Core deposits/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself in less stable funding as a bank relies more on noncore, purchased liabilities thatfluctuate over time. These noncore liabilities are also higher cost, which raises interest expense.c. Interest rate risk: (|Repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|)/AssetsHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk banks do not closely match the amount of repriceable assets and repriceable liabilities. Largedifferences suggest that net interest income may vary sharply over time as the level of interest rates changes.d. Foreign exchange risk: Assets denominated in a foreign currency minus liabilities denominated in the same foreign currency.High risk – a large difference; Low risk – a small differenceHigh risk manifests itself when exchange rates change adversely and the value of the bank’s net position of assets versus liabilities denominated in a currency changes sharply.e. Operational risk: total assets/number of employeesHigh risk – low ratio; Low risk – high ratioHigh risk manifests itself when the bank operates at low productivity measured by more employees per amount of assets f. Capital/solvency risk: Stockholders’ equity/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself because fewer assets must go into default before a bank is insolvent and can be closed down by regulators.g. Reputational risk is difficult to measure ex ante. It is more observable by announced problems and issues.6. Equity multiplierBank L: Equity/Assets = 0.06 indicates Assets/Equity = 16.67XBank S: Equity/Assets = 0.10 indicates Assets/Equity = 10XIf each bank earns 1.5% on assets (ROA = 0.015), then the ROEs will equal 25% (Bank L) and 15% (Bank S). If, instead, each bank reports a loss with ROA = -0.012, then the ROEs will equal -20% (Bank L) and -15% (Bank S). When banksare profitable, financial leverage has the positive effect of increasing ROE; when banks report losses, financial leverage increases the magnitude of loss in terms of a negative ROE.7. ROE= net income/stockholders' equityROA = net income/total assetsEM = total assets/stockholders' equityER = total operating expense/total assetsAU = total revenue/total assetsBalance sheet figures should be measured as averages over the period of time the income number is generated.ROE = ROA x EM ROA = AU – ER – TAXwhere TAX = applicable income tax/total assets.8. Profitability ratios differ across banks of different size as measured by assets. The primary reasons are that different size banks have different asset and liability compositions and engage in different amounts of off-balance sheet activities. Typically, small banks report higher net interest margins because their average asset yields are relatively high while their average cost of funds is relatively low. This reflects loans to higher risk borrowers, on average, and proportionately more funding from lower cost core deposits. ROEs, in turn, are often lower because small banks operate with more capital relative to assets, that is with lower equity multipliers, so that even with comparable ROAs the ROEs are lower. Large banks ROAs are increasing faster over time because large banks operate with lower efficiency ratios as they have been more successful in generating fee income.9. CAMELSa. C =capital adequacy: equity/assetsb. A = asset quality: nonperforming loans/loans; loan charge-offs/loansc. M = management: no single ratio is good, although all ratios indicate overall strategyd. E = earnings: aggregate profit ratios; ROE, ROA, net interest margin, burden, efficiencye. L = liquidity: core deposits/assets; noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; marketable securities/assetsf. S = sensitivity to market risk; |repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|/assets; difference in assets and liabilities denominated in the same currency; size of trading positions in commodities, equities and other tradeable assets.10. Lowest to highest liquidity risk: 3-month T-bills, 5-year Treasury bond, 5-year municipal bond (if high quality and from a known issuer), 4-year car loan with monthly payments (receive some principal monthly, may be saleable), 1-year construction loan, 1-year loan to individual, pledged 3-month T-bill. As stated, the 3-month T-bill that is pledged as collateral is illiquid unless the bank can change its collateral status.11. Comparative credit riska. loan to a comer grocery store representing a little known borrower with uncertain financialsb. loan collateralized with inventory (work in process) because the collateral is less liquid and more difficult to value;this assumes that the receivables are still viable and not too aged.c. normally the Ba-rated municipal bond, unless the agency bond is an "exotic" mortgage backed security, because theagency bond carries an implied guarantee in that Freddie Mac is a quasi-public borrower.d. 1-year car loan because the student loan is typically government guaranteed12. For the balance sheet: high core deposits/assets; high equity/assets; low noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; high investment securities/assets; high agriculture loans/assets (the value refers to that for small banks); For the income statement: net interest margin (high); burden/assets (high), efficiency ratio (high); (the descriptor in parentheses refers to the relationship for small banks versus larger banks).13. Extending a loana. the new loan is typically not classified as nonperforming because no payments are past dueb. often a bank recognizes that the loan is in the problem stage and the borrower renegotiates the terms in its favor; rationale is that the borrower may default if the loan is not restructured. Note that this restructuring gives the appearance that asset quality is higher.c. the primary risk is that the bank is throwing more money down a sink hole and will never recover any of its loan.14. Dividend payment: For: the loss is temporary and stockholders expect the dividend payment. Failure to make the payment will sharply lower the stock price because stockholders will be alienated. Against: the bank has not generated sufficient cash to make the payment from normal operations. By paying the cash dividend, the bank is self-liquidating. The cash dividend will lower the bank’s capital. What normally decides the issue is whether the loss is truly temporary or more permanent. Management typically errs by assuming that losses are temporary, and thus continues to make dividend payments when it should be reducing or eliminating them.15.Liquidity risk:a.Securities classified as held-to-maturity cannot be sold unless there has been an unusual change in the underlying credit quality of the security issuer. A high fraction indicates low liquidity because few securities (just 5% of the total) can be sold.b. A low core deposit base indicates a bank that relies proportionately more on noncore, volatile liabilities that are less stable and more likely to leave the bank if rates change. This makes a bank’s funding sources less reliable and the bank subject to greater liquidity risk.c. A bank that holds long-term securities (8 years is long term) has assumed significant price risk even if the securitiescan be readily sold because they are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities will fall in value if interest rates rise. This indicates high liquidity risk.d.Assuming that $10 million in securities is sufficient, the fact that none are pledged makes them more liquid and is indicative of lower liquidity risk than if any securities were pledged.Problems1. Community National Bank (CNB)1. Profitability analysis for 2004 using UBPR figures:RATIO Community National Bank Peer BanksROE 8.67% 11.72%ROA 0.63 1.09EM 13.97X 10.67XAU 5.91 6.23ER 4.94 4.73TAX 0.34 0.41a.Aggregate profitability for CNB is substantially lower measured both by both ROE and ROA. Because CNB has less equity relative to assets, it has greater financial leverage. Thus, the greater financial leverage increases CNB’s ROE relative to peer banks. The fact that its ROE is lower, despite the greater leverage, indicates that the higher risk does not produce higher overall profitability. CNB has assumed a riskier profile with its greater financial leverage in that fewer assets can default before the bank is insolvent. CNB’s ROA is lower because it earns a lower average yield on assets (AU), pays more in operating expense (ER), offset somewhat by the fact that it pays less in taxes (TAX).b.Risk ComparisonCredit risk: same net charge-offs, much lower nonperforming (more than 90 days past due) and nonaccrual loans, higher provisions for loan losses (.30% versus 0.18%); loan loss reserve is a greater fraction of total loans and leases and a much greater fraction of noncurrent loans. Overall, the ratios indicate below-average risk. Of course, these figures represent only one year of data.Liquidity risk: lower equity to assets suggests higher liquidity risk from a funding perspective, higher available for sale securities and lower pledged securities suggests lower liquidity risk from the asset sale perspective; very high core deposits, low noncore funding (liabilities), low loans and leases and high ST securities suggest lowerliquidity risk. Overall, liquidity risk appears lower because the bank has a strong core deposit base, fewer loans and more securities can be readily sold. Still, the bank might have difficulty borrowing if loans exhibit low qualityand deposit outflows arise. Conclusion: below-average liquidity risk.Capital Risk: low capital to asset ratios; low equity to assets indicate above average capital risk; bank pays less out in dividends and its growth rate in equity capital is lower. Overall, the bank exhibits greater capital risk. Thissituation is offset by the bank’s apparent higher quality assets.Operational risk: low assets to employees ratio, high personnel expense to employees and high efficiency ratio indicate high operational risk. Of course, these data do not capture the likelihood of fraud and other potentialoperational problems.c.Recommendations:1)Impro ve the bank’s capital position; slow asset growth and pursue greater profits.2)Evaluate credit risk carefully; ensure that loans are adequately diversified and that any default of a single loan ortype of loans cannot place the bank’s capital at risk to where regulators will restrict the bank’s activities. Slow loan growth until capital base is at target. Implement a formal credit risk review process.3)Improve operating efficiency. Review noninterest expense sources and cut costs where possible.4)The first t wo suggestions will have the impact of lowering the bank’s earnings, ceteris paribus. Therefore, management should focus on growing sources of noninterest income that currently are not being pursued.2.Citibank UBPRa.In 2004, Citibank’s ROE equaled 15.26% while its ROA equaled 1.49% versus peers’ figures of 14.58% and 1.31%, respectively. Citibank’s equity multiplier (EM = ROE/ROA) equaled approximately 10.24X versus 11.13X for peers. Citibank’s AU is higher at 8.83% (5.25% + 3.58%) versus 7.69% (4.46% + 3.23%) at peers. Citibank clearly generated higher gross revenues from both interest and noninterest sources. Citibank’s expense ratio (ER), in turn, equaled 6.27% while ER for peers was much lower for each type of expense and in total at 4.23%. Based on the profit figures alone, Citibank appears to be a high performance bank and achieves that by generating greater relative revenues.b.Citibank’s credit risk (as evidenced only by the ratios provided) appears high as net losses to loans is higher thanPeers (1.58% versus 0.25%), as is noncurrent loans and leases as a fraction of loans (1.78% versus 0.59%). The loss allowance (reserve) is a higher fraction of loans, but a much smaller fraction of net losses (charge-offs) andnoncurrent loans indicating that more reserves might be appropriate.c.Citibank’s liquidity risk appears high as the bank has a lower equity to asset (tier 1 leverage capital) ratio and reliesmuch more on noncore liabilities (noncore fund dependence). With its greater credit risk, you might expect it to operate withgreater equity capital. Similarly, the bank is growing at a fast pace which generally increases overall risk because management cannot easily control risk from growth.d.Recommendations:Carefully assess credit risk; realign portfolio where appropriate.Increase the loan loss reserve.Slow loan growth and/or shift loans to less risky classes.Line up additional sources of liquidity.Review pricing of loans and deposits; identify sources of fees/noninterest income to see if they are sustainable.。
商业银行管理课后习题答案Problems4
Problems4-1. The missing items from the Report of Condition and Report of Income of Evergreen National Bank are given below:Report of Condition Itemsfrom Banks $ 27 (550-43-18-10-348-11-6-87 = 27) Gross Loans 373 (348+6+19 = 373)Savings Deposits and NOW Accounts 36 (440-21-227-49-107 = 36)Stockholders' Equity Capital 50 (550-440-41-19 = 50)Report of Income Items$168 (180-5-7 = 168)Interest and Feeson Loans11 (39-20-8 = 11)Service Charges onCustomer DepositsWages, Salaries, and42 (54-5-7 = 42)Employee BenefitsNet Interest Income 21 (180-159 = 21)Net Noninterest Income -15 (39-54 = -15)Net Income After Taxes 0 (180+39-159-54-4-2=-120)Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Total revenues increase to $225, total interest expense increases to $185, total noninterestincome increases to $51, and total noninterest expenses increase to $72.Solution: Net Income after taxes = $225-185-72-4-2 = -$38Alternative Scenario 2:Given: All revenue items increase by 100% and all expense items increase by 92%.Solution: Net Income after taxes = [($180+39) X 2]-[($159+54+4+2) X 1.921 = [$219 X 2] -[$339 X 1.92] = $438- $421 = $174-2. The items requiring calculation and their dollar amounts are:Net Interest Income = Total Interest Income - Total Interest Expense = $271 -$205 = $66Net Noninterest Income = Total Noninterest Income - Total Noninterest Expense = $23- $40 = -$17Total Operating Revenues = Total Interest Income + Total Noninterest Income = $271 + $23 = $294Total Operating Expense = Total Interest Expenses + Total Noninterest Expenses + Provision for Loan Loss = $205 + $40 + $13 = $258Net Income Before Taxes = Total Operating Revenues - Total Operating Expenses = $294 - $258 = $36Net Income After Taxes = Net Income Before Taxes - Income Taxes = $36 - $5 = $31Increase in Bank's Undivided Profits = Net Income After Taxes - Common Dividends = $31 -$11 = $20Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Gap between Total Interest Income and Total Interest Expenses decreases by 10 percent.Solution: Net Income After Taxes = [($271 - $205) X 0.9] + $23 - $40 - $13 - $5= $59.4 + $23- $40- $13- $5 = $24.4This is a decrease of $6.6 ($31 - $24.4) or a 21.3% decrease as a result of a percent decrease in the interest revenue-expense gap.Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Provision for Loan Loss triples (from $13 to $39).Solution: Net Income After Taxes = $271 - $205 + $23 - $40 - $39 - $5 = $5 This is a decrease of $26 ($31 - $5) or an 83.9% decrease.4-3. The items requiring calculation and the dollar figures required are: Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity = $380 + $49 = $429.Net Loans = Gross Loans - Allowance for Loan Losses - Unearned Discount on Loans = $294 -$13- $5 = $276Undivided Profits = Total Equity Capital - Capital Reserves - Surplus - Common Stock – Preferred Stock = $49 -$8- $11 -$12- $3 = $15Investment Securities = Total Assets- Miscellaneous Assets- Net Bank Premises -Customers' Liability on Acceptances - Net Loans - Trading Account Securities - Federal Funds Sold -Cash and Due from Banks = $429 - $38 - $29 - $7 - $276 - $2 - $26 - $9 = $42Depreciation = Gross Bank Premises - Net Bank Premises = $34 - $29 = $5Total Deposits = Total Liabilities - Nondeposit Borrowings - Acceptances Outstanding = $380 - $10.- 7 = $363.The reader should note that the asset item, Customer Liability on Acceptances, should have an equal liability item, Acceptances Outstanding.Alternative Scenario 1:Given: All Assets and all Liabilities double.Solution: Total Equity Capital = Total Assets - Total Liabilities= ($429 X 2) ($380 X 2) = $858 - $760 = $98 Therefore, Total Equity, as expected, would also double.Undivided Profits = Total Equity Capital - Capital Reserves - Surplus - Common Stock – Preferred Stock = $98- $8- $11 - $12 -$3 = $64This represents an increase of $49 ($64 - $15), or over a 300% increase, and results from the doubling of total equity without concurrent increases in Common or Preferred Stock Issues, which would also cause changes in Capital Reserves and Surplus.4-8. The balance sheet for River's Edge National Bank should appear as follows:Balance Sheet (Report of Condition)Assets LiabilitiesCash $ 13 Demand deposits 55 Deposits due from Time deposits 40 other banks 25 Money market deposits 31 U.S. Treasury bills 10 Deposits due to other banks 5 Municipal bonds 12 Federal funds purchased 34 Federal funds sold and Securities sold under repurchasesecurity RPs 5 agreements 4Loans to commercial Mortgages against the bank'sand industrial firms 64 building 26 Automobile loans 21 Subordinated notes and 20 Credit card loans 22 debenturesReal estate loans 42 EquityLeases of assets to Equity capital 9 business customers 3 Total liabilities and equity$224capitalBank building andequipment 7Total assets $224Clearly, equity capital of $9 million must be added to bring the bank's balance sheet fully into balance.4-9. The income statement for Rosebush State Bank should be arranged as follows: Interest and Fees on Loans $62$9 Interest and Dividends Earned onGovernment Bonds and NotesTotal Interest Income 71Interest paid to customers holding time andsavings deposits 32Interest paid on federal funds purchased 6Total Interest Expense 38Net interest income 33Service charges paid by depositors 4Trust department fees 1Total noninterest income 5Employee wages, salaries, and benefits 13Overhead expenses 3Provision for loan losses 2Depreciation on the bank's plant and equipment 8Total noninterest expenses 26Net income before taxes 12Taxes paid 3Dividends paid to common stockholders 2Retained earnings 74-10. The items which would normally appear on a bank's balance sheet are:Federal funds sold Savings depositsCredit card loans Common stockVault cash Mortgage owed on the bank's buildingAllowance for loan losses Undivided profitsDeposits due to banks Customer liability on acceptancesLeases of business Retained earningsequipment to customersThe items normally showing up on a bank's income statement are:Depreciation of bank Securities gains or lossesPlant and equipment Employee benefitsInterest received on credit Service charges on depositscard loans Utility expensesInterest paid on moneymarket deposits4-11. The following items are calculated given the information in the problem.Net Interest Income = Total Interest Income –Total Interest Expenses 750 = X - .5XTotal Interest Income = $1500Total Interest Expenses = $750Net Noninterest Income = Total Noninterest Income –Total Noninterest Expenses -$300 = .75X –XTotal Noninterest Expenses = $1200Total Noninterest Income -= $900PLL = .01 * Total Interest Income = .01*1500 = $15Taxes = .25 * Net Income Before Taxes = .25*45 = $11.25Dividends = .5*Net Income = .5*$20 = $10。
商业银行管理ROSE7e课后答案chapter-
商业银行管理ROSE7e课后答案chapter_CHAPTER 10THE INVESTMENT FUNCTION IN BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES MANAGEMENTGoal of This Chapter: The purpose of this chapter is to discover the types of securities that financial institutions acquire for their investment portfolio and to explore the factors that a manager should consider in determining what securities a financial institution should buy or sell.Key Topics in This ChapterNature and Functions of InvestmentsInvestment Securities Available: Advantages and DisadvantagesMeasuring Expected ReturnsTaxes, Credit, and Interest Rate RisksLiquidity, Prepayment, and Other RisksInvestment Maturity StrategiesMaturity Management T oolsChapter OutlineI.Introduction.Th.Role.Performe.b.Investmen.Securitie.i.Ban.P ortfoliosII.Investmen.Instrument.Availabl.t.Bank.an.Othe.Financia.Fir msIII.Popula.Money-Marke.InstrumentsA.Treasur.BillsB.Short-Ter.Treasur.Note.an.BondsC.Federa.Agenc.SecuritiesD.Certificate.o.DepositE.Internationa.Eurocurrenc.DepositsF.Bankers.Acceptancesmercia.PaperH.Short-Ter.Municipa.ObligationsIV.Popula.Capita.Marke.InstrumentsA.Treasur.Note.an.BondsB.Municipa.Note.an.BondsC.Corporat.Note.an.BondsIII.Othe.Investmen.Instrument.Develope.Mor.RecentlyA.Structure.NotesB.Securitize.AssetsC.Strippe.SecuritiesIV.Investmen.Securitie.Actuall.Hel.b.BanksV.Factor.Affectin.th.Choic.o.Investmen.SecuritiesA.Expecte.Rat.o.ReturnB.Ta.Exposureernmen.Bonds2.Ban.Qualifie.Bonds3.Ta.Swappin.Tool4.Th.Portfoli.Shiftin.ToolC.Interest-Rat.RiskD.Credi.o.Defaul.RiskE.Busines.RiskF.Liquidit.RiskG.Cal.RiskH.Prepaymen.RiskI.Inflatio.RiskJ.Pledgin.RequirementsVI.Investmen.Maturit.Strategiesdde.o.Spaced-Maturit.PolicyB.Th.Front-En.Loa.Maturit.PolicyC.Th.Back-En.Loa.Maturit.PolicyD.Th.Barbel.StrategyE.Th.Rat.Expectation.ApproachVII.Maturit.Managemen.ToolsA.Th.Yiel.CurveB.DurationVIII.Summar.o.th.ChapterConcept Checks10-1.Wh.d.bank.an.institution.choos.t.devot..significan.portio.o.thei. asset.t.investmen.securities?pl emen.t.th.advantage.loan.provide.Investment.generall.hav.les.cre di.ris.tha.loans.allo.th.ban.o.thrif.institutio.t.diversif.int.differen.lo calitie.tha.mos.o.it.loan.permit.provid.additiona.liqui.reserve.i.cas .an.regulatio.t.bac .governmen.deposits.hel.t.stabiliz.ban.incom.ove.th.busines.cycle .an.ai.bank.i.reducin.thei.exposur.t.taxes.10-2.Wha.ke.role.d.investment.pla.i.th.managemen.o..ban.o.othe.de positor.institution?See answer to 10-110-3.Wha.ar.th.principa.mone.marke.an.capita.marke.instrument.ava ilabl.t.institution.today.Wha.ar.thei.mos.importan.characteristics?Bank.purchas..wid.rang.o.investmen.securities.Th.principa.m one.marke.instrument.availabl.t.bank.toda.ar.Treasur.bills.federa. agenc.securities.CD'.issue.b.othe.depositor.institutions.Eurodolla. mercia.paper.an.short-mo.characteristic.o.mos.thes.instrument.i.thei.safet.an.hig.marketability.Capita.marke.instrument. ern men.note.an.bonds.mortgage-backe.securities.an.corporat.note.an.bonds.Th.characteristic.o.th es.securitie.i.thei.lon.ru.incom.potential.10-4.Wha.type.o.investmen.securitie.d.bank.prefe.th.most.Ca.yo.exp lai.why?Commercia.bank.clearl.prefe.thes.majo.type.o.investmen.sec urities.Unite.State.Treasur.securities.federa.agenc.securities.an.st ernmen.(municipal.bond.an.notes.The.hol.smal.am ount.o.equitie.an.othe.deb.securitie.(mainl.corporat.note.an.bon ds).The.pic.thes.type.becaus.the.ar.bes.suite.t.mee.th.objective.o.. bank.investmen.portfolio.suc.a.ta.sheltering.reducin.overal.ris.ex posure..sourc.o.liquidit.an.naturall.generatin.incom.a.wel.a.divers ifyin.thei.assets.10-5.Wha.ar.securitize.assets.Wh.hav.the.grow.s.rapidl.i.recen.years?Securitize.asset.ar.loan.tha.ar.place.i..poo.and.a.th.loan.gener at.interes.an.principa.income.tha.incom.i.passe.o.t.th.holder.o.sec uritie.representin.a.interes.i.th.loa.pool.Thes.loan-backe.securitie.ar.attractiv.t.man.bank.becaus.o.thei.highe.yield.a n.frequen.federa.guarantee.(i.th.case.fo.example.o.mos.home-mortgage-backe.securities.a.wel.a.thei.relativel.hig.liquidit.an.marketability 10-6.Wha.specia.risk.d.securitize.asset.presen.t.institution.investin.i.t hem?Securitize.asset.ofte.carr.substantia.interest-rat.ris.an.prepaymen.risk.whic.arise.whe.certai.loan.i.th.securitized-asse.poo.ar.pai.of.earl.b.th.borrower.(usuall.becaus.interes.rate.ha v.falle.an.ne.loan.ca.b.substitute.fo.th.ol.loan.a.cheape.loa.rates.o. ar.defaulted.Prepaymen.ris.ca.significantl.decreas.th.value.o.secu ritie.backe.b.loan.an.chang.thei.effectiv.maturities.10-7.Wha.ar.structure.note.an.strippe.securities.Wha.unusua.feature.d.the.contain?uall.ar.package.investment.assemble.b.secu rit.dealer.tha.offe.customer.flexibl.yield.i.orde.t.protec.thei.custo mers.investment.agains.losse.du.t.inflatio.an.changin.interes.rate ernmen.o.federa.agenc.sec urities.Strippe.securitie.consis.o.eithe.principa.payment.o.interes.pa yment.fro..deb.security.Th.expecte.cas.flo.fro..Treasur.bon.o.mort gage-backe.securit.i.separate.int..strea.o.principa.payment.an..strea.o.i nteres.payments.eac.o.whic.ma.b.sol.a..separat.securit.maturin.o. th.da.th.paymen.i.due.Som.o.thes.strippe.payment.ar.highl.sensit iv.t.change.i.interes.rates.10-8.Ho.i.th.expecte.yiel.o.mos.bond.determined?Fo.mos.bonds.thi.require.th.calculatio.o.th.yiel.t.maturit.(YT M.i.th.bon.i.t.b.hel.t.maturit.o.th.planne.holdin.perio.yiel.(HPY.bet wee.poin.o.purchas.an.poin.o.sale.YT.i.th.expecte.rat.o.retur.o..bo n.hel.unti.it.maturit.dat.i.reached.base.o.th.bond'.purchas.price.p romise.interes.payments.andredemptio.valu.a.maturity.HP.i..rat.o.discoun.bringin.th.curre n.pric.o..bon.i.lin.wit.it.strea.o.expecte.cas.inflow.an.it.expecte.sal. pric.a.th.en.o.th.bank'.holdin.period.10-ernmen.bon.i.expecte.t.matur.i.tw.year.an.ha..curren.pric.o .$950.wha.i.th.bond'.YT.i.i.ha..pa.valu.o.$1,00.an..promise.coupo.r at.o.1.percent.Suppos.thi.bon.i.sol.on.yea.afte.purchas.fo..pric.o.$ 970.Wha.woul.thi.investor'.holdin.perio.yiel.be?The relevant formula is:$950 = 221Y TM) 1(1000$Y TM) (1$100 Y TM) 1(100$+++++ Using a financial calculator we get:YTM = 12.99%If the bond is sold after one year, the formula entries change to:$950 = 11Y TM) (1$970 Y TM) 1(100$+++and the YTM is:YTM = 12.63%10-10.Wha.form.o.ris.affec.investments?Th.followin.form.o.ris.affec.investments.interest-rat.risk.credi.risk.busines.risk.liquidit.risk.prepaymen.risk.cal.risk. an.inflatio.risk.Interest-rat.ris.capture.th.sensitivit.o.th.valu.o.investment.t.interest-rat.movements.whil.credi.ris.reflectsth.ris.o.defaul.o.eithe.interes.o.principa.payments.Busines.ris. refer.t.th.impac.o.credi.condition.an.th.economy.whil.liquidit.ris.f ocuse.o.th.pric.stabilit.an.marketabilit.o.investments.Prepaymen. ris.i.specifi.t.certai.type.o.investment.an.focuse.o.th.fac.tha.som.l oan.whic.th.securitie.ar.base.o.ca.b.pai.of.early.Cal.ris.refer.t.th.ear l.retiremen.o.securitie.an.inflatio.ris.refer.t.thei.possibl.los.o.purch asin.power.。
商业银行管理第2章习题答案
商业银行管理第2章习题答案Chapter 2Analyzing Bank PerformanceChapter Objectives1.Introduce bank financial statements, including the basic balance sheet and income statement, and discuss the interrelationship between them.2.Provide a framework for analyzing bank performance over time and relative to peer banks. Introduce key financial ratios that can be used to evaluate profitability and the different types of risks faced by banks. Focus on the trade-off between bank profitability and risk.3.Identify performance measures that differentiate between small, independent banks (specialty banks) and larger banks that are part of multibank holding companies or financial holding companies.4. Distinguish between types of bank risk; credit, liquidity, interest rate, capital, operational, and reputational.5. Describe the nature of and meaning of regulatory CAMELS ratings for banks.6.Provide applications of data analysis to sample banks’ financial information.7.Describe performance characteristics of different-sized banks.8. Describe how banks can manipulate financial information to ‘window-dress’ performance.Key Concepts1. Bank managers must balance banking risks and returns because there is a fundamental trade-off between profitability,liquidity, asset quality, market risk and solvency. Decisions that increase banking risk must offer above average profits. The more liquid a bank is and the more equity capital used to fund operations, the less profitable is a bank, ceteris paribus.2. Banks face five basic types of risk in day-to-day operations: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, capital/solvency risk, and operational risk. Market risk encompasses interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and price risk. Each type of risk refers to the potential variation in a ba nk's net income or market value of stockholders’ equity resulting from problems that affect that part of the bank's activities.3. Banks also face risks in the areas of country risk associated with loans or other activity with foreign government units and off-balance sheet activities, which create contingent liabilities. More recently, banks have focused on reputation risk. For example, from 2002-2005 Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, and Bank of America found that even though they continued to report strong pro fits, they experienced strong criticism for 1) their roles in facilitating strategies to disguise Enron’s true financial status, 2) problems in sub-prime lending programs via the Associates Corp. and their own internal finance company activities, 3) problems with underwriting subsidiaries with analyst conflicts between stock reports and the firm’s investment banking relationships; facilitating market timing of stock trades to their detriment of their own mutual fund holders, 4) lack of supervision of trading groups, and 5) facilitating improper borrowing at Parmalat.4. A bank's return on equity (ROE) can be decomposed in terms of the duPont system of financial ratio analysis. This examination of historical balance sheet and income statementdata enables an analyst to evaluate the comparative strengths and weaknesses of performance over time and versus peer banks. The Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) data reflect the basic ratios from this return on equity model.5. Different-sized commercial banks exhibit different operating characteristics and thus performance measures. Small banks typically report a higher return on assets (ROA) than large banks because they earn higher gross yields on assets and pay less interest on liabilities.6. High performance banks generally benefit from lower interest and non-interest expense and limit credit risk so that loan losses are relatively low. They also operate with above average stockholders' equity.7. Many banks can successfully "window-dress" performance by manipulating the reporting of financial data. They may accelerate revenue recognition and defer expenses or selectively alter when they take securities gains or losses and time when to charge off loans or report loans as non-performing. As such, they may inappropriately smooth earnings with provisions for loan losses or by other means. Analysts must be careful when evaluating extraordinary transactions that have one-time gain or loss features.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. For a large bank, assets consist approximately of marketable securities (20%), loans (70%), and other assets (10%). Liabilities consist of core deposits (40%-60%), noncore, purchased liabilities (20%-40%), and other liabilities (5 %-10%) as a fraction of assets. Small banks typically obtain more funds in the form of core deposits and less in the form of noncore, purchased liabilities. Small banks often invest more in securitiesas well. Of course, the actual percentages for any bank depend on that bank’s business strategy, mark et competition, and ownership.2. A bank's interest income consists of interest earned on loans and securities while noninterest income includes revenues from deposit service charges, trust department fees, fees from nonbank subsidiaries, etc. Interest expense consists of interest paid on interest-bearing core deposits and noncore liabilities while noninterest expense is comprised of overhead costs, personnel costs, and other costs. A bank’s net interest income equals its interest income minus interest expense. Note that interest income may be calculated on a tax-equivalent basis in which tax-exempt interest is converted to its pre-tax equivalent.A bank’s burden is defined as its noninteres t expense minus noninterest income. This is often quoted as a fract ion of total assets. A bank’s efficiency ratio is calculated as noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. The denominator effectively measures net operating revenue after subtracting interest expense. The efficiency ratio measure the noninterest cost per $1of operating revenue generated. Analysts often interpret the efficiency ratio as a measure of a bank’s ability to control overhead relative to its ability to generate noninterest income (and overall revenue).A lower number is presumably better because it reflects better cost control compared with revenue generation.3. Balance sheet accounts:a. Increase liability: money market deposit account (+$5,000)Increase asset: federal funds sold (+$5,000)b. Decrease asset: real estate loanIncrease asset: mortgage loanc. Increase equity: common stock (common and preferred capital)Increase asset: commercial loans4. Income statementInterest on U.S. Treasury & agency securities $44,500Interest on municipal bonds 60,000Interest and fees on loans 189,700Interest income = $294,200Interest paid on interest-checking accounts $33,500Interest paid on time deposits 100,000Interest paid on jumbo CDs 101,000Interest expense = $234,500Net interest income = $59,700Provisions for loan losses = $ 18,000Net interest income after provisions = $41,700Fees received on mortgage originations $23,000Service charge receipts 41,000Trust department income 15,000Non-interest income = $79,000Employee salaries and benefits $145,000Occupancy expense 22,000Non-interest expense = $167,000Income before income taxes -$46,300Income taxes 15,742Net income = -$30,558Cash dividends declared 2,500Retained earnings = -$33,058This assumes that expenses associated with the purchase of the new computer are included in occupancy expense. If not, the computer expense (depreciation) will increase the loss for theperiod. Also, the bank can receive a tax refund from prior tax payments if the bank made a taxable profit within recent years.5. The primary risks faced by banks are credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk (the latter two represent market risk), operational risk, reputational risk, and capital solvency. In general, promised, or expected, returns should be higher for banks that assume increased risk. There should also be greater volatility in returns over time.a. Credit risk: Net loan charge-offs/LoansHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk manifests itself in occasional high charge-offs, which requires above average provisions for loan lossses to replenish the loan loss reserve. Thus, net income is volatile over time.b. Liquidity risk: Core deposits/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself in less stable funding as a bank relies more on noncore, purchased liabilities thatfluctuate over time. These noncore liabilities are also higher cost, which raises interest expense.c. Interest rate risk: (|Repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|)/AssetsHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk banks do not closely match the amount of repriceable assets and repriceable liabilities. Largedifferences suggest that net interest income may vary sharply over time as the level of interest rates changes.d. Foreign exchange risk: Assets denominated in a foreign currency minus liabilities denominated in the same foreign currency.High risk – a large difference; Low risk – a small difference High risk manifests itself when exchange rates change adversely and the value of the bank’s net position of assets versus liabilities denominated in a currency changes sharply.e. Operational risk: total assets/number of employeesHigh risk – low ratio; Low risk – high ratioHigh risk manifests itself when the bank operates at low productivity measured by more employees per amount of assetsf. Capital/solvency risk: Stockholders’ equity/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself because fewer assets must go into default before a bank is insolvent and can be closed down by regulators.g. Reputational risk is difficult to measure ex ante. It is more observable by announced problems and issues.6. Equity multiplierBank L: Equity/Assets = 0.06 indicates Assets/Equity = 16.67X Bank S: Equity/Assets = 0.10 indicates Assets/Equity = 10X If each bank earns 1.5% on assets (ROA = 0.015), then the ROEs will equal 25% (Bank L) and 15% (Bank S). If, instead, each bank reports a loss with ROA = -0.012, then the ROEs will equal -20% (Bank L) and -15% (Bank S). When banksare profitable, financial leverage has the positive effect of increasing ROE; when banks report losses, financial leverage increases the magnitude of loss in terms of a negative ROE.7. ROE= net income/stockholders' equityROA = net income/total assetsEM = total assets/stockholders' equityER = total operating expense/total assetsAU = total revenue/total assetsBalance sheet figures should be measured as averages over the period of time the income number is generated.ROE = ROA x EM ROA = AU – ER – TAXwhere TAX = applicable income tax/total assets.8. Profitability ratios differ across banks of different size as measured by assets. The primary reasons are that different size banks have different asset and liability compositions and engage in different amounts of off-balance sheet activities. Typically, small banks report higher net interest margins because their average asset yields are relatively high while their average cost of funds is relatively low. This reflects loans to higher risk borrowers, on average, and proportionately more funding from lower cost core deposits. ROEs, in turn, are often lower because small banks operate with more capital relative to assets, that is with lower equity multipliers, so that even with comparable ROAs the ROEs are lower. Large banks ROAs are increasing faster over time because large banks operate with lower efficiency ratios as they have been more successful in generating fee income.9. CAMELSa. C =capital adequacy: equity/assetsb. A = asset quality: nonperforming loans/loans; loan charge-offs/loansc. M = management: no single ratio is good, although all ratios indicate overall strategyd. E = earnings: aggregate profit ratios; ROE, ROA, net interest margin, burden, efficiencye. L = liquidity: core deposits/assets; noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; marketable securities/assetsf. S = sensitivity to market risk; |repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|/assets; difference in assets and liabilitiesdenominated in the same currency; size of trading positions in commodities, equities and other tradeable assets.10. Lowest to highest liquidity risk: 3-month T-bills, 5-year Treasury bond, 5-year municipal bond (if high quality and from a known issuer), 4-year car loan with monthly payments (receive some principal monthly, may be saleable), 1-year construction loan, 1-year loan to individual, pledged 3-month T-bill. As stated, the 3-month T-bill that is pledged as collateral is illiquid unless the bank can change its collateral status.11. Comparative credit riska. loan to a comer grocery store representing a little known borrower with uncertain financialsb. loan collateralized with inventory (work in process) because the collateral is less liquid and more difficult to value;this assumes that the receivables are still viable and not too aged.c. normally the Ba-rated municipal bond, unless the agency bond is an "exotic" mortgage backed security, because the agency bond carries an implied guarantee in that Freddie Mac is a quasi-public borrower.d. 1-year car loan because the student loan is typically government guaranteed12. For the balance sheet: high core deposits/assets; high equity/assets; low noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; high investment securities/assets; high agriculture loans/assets (the value refers to that for small banks); For the income statement: net interest margin (high); burden/assets (high), efficiency ratio (high); (the descriptor in parentheses refers to the relationship for small banks versus larger banks).13. Extending a loana. the new loan is typically not classified as nonperforming because no payments are past dueb. often a bank recognizes that the loan is in the problem stage and the borrower renegotiates the terms in its favor;rationale is that the borrower may default if the loan is not restructured. Note that this restructuring gives theappearance that asset quality is higher.c. the primary risk is that the bank is throwing more money down a sink hole and will never recover any of its loan.14. Dividend payment: For: the loss is temporary and stockholders expect the dividend payment. Failure to make the payment will sharply lower the stock price because stockholders will be alienated. Against: the bank has not generated sufficient cash to make the payment from normal operations. By paying the cash dividend, the bank is self-liquidating. The cash dividend will lower the bank’s capital. What normally decides the issue is whether the loss is truly temporary or more permanent. Management typically errs by assuming that losses are temporary, and thus continues to make dividend payments when it should be reducing or eliminating them.15.Liquidity risk:a.Securities classified as held-to-maturity cannot be sold unless there has been an unusual change in the underlying credit quality of the security issuer. A high fraction indicates low liquidity because few securities (just 5% of the total) can be sold.b. A low core deposit base indicates a bank that relies proportionately more on noncore, volatile liabilities that are less stable and more likely to leave the bank if rates change. This makes a bank’s funding sources less reliable and the banksubject to greater liquidity risk.c. A bank that holds long-term securities (8 years is long term) has assumed significant price risk even if the securities can be readily sold because they are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities will fall in value if interest rates rise. This indicates high liquidity risk.d.Assuming that $10 million in securities is sufficient, the fact that none are pledged makes them more liquid and is indicative of lower liquidity risk than if any securities were pledged.Problems1. Community National Bank (CNB)1. Profitability analysis for 2004 using UBPR figures:RATIO Community National Bank Peer BanksROE 8.67% 11.72%ROA 0.63 1.09EM 13.97X 10.67XAU 5.91 6.23ER 4.94 4.73TAX 0.34 0.41a.Aggregate profitability for CNB is substantially lower measured both by both ROE and ROA. Because CNB has less equity relative to assets, it has greater financial leverage. Thus, the greater financial leverage increases CNB’s ROE relative to peer banks. The fact that its ROE is lower, despite the greater leverage, indicates that the higher risk does not produce higher overall profitability. CNB has assumed a riskier profile with its greater financial leverage in that fewer assets can default before the bank is insolvent. CNB’s ROA is lower because it earns a lower average yield on assets (AU), pays more in operatingexpense (ER), offset somewhat by the fact that it pays less in taxes (TAX).b.Risk ComparisonCredit risk: same net charge-offs, much lower nonperforming (more than 90 days past due) and nonaccrual loans, higher provisions for loan losses (.30% versus 0.18%); loan loss reserve is a greater fraction of total loans and leases and a much greater fraction of noncurrent loans. Overall, the ratios indicate below-average risk. Of course, these figures represent only one year of data.Liquidity risk: lower equity to assets suggests higher liquidity risk from a funding perspective, higher available for sale securities and lower pledged securities suggests lower liquidity risk from the asset sale perspective; very high core deposits, low noncore funding (liabilities), low loans and leases and high ST securities suggest lowerliquidity risk. Overall, liquidity risk appears lower because the bank has a strong core deposit base, fewer loans and more securities can be readily sold. Still, the bank might have difficulty borrowing if loans exhibit low qualityand deposit outflows arise. Conclusion: below-average liquidity risk.Capital Risk: low capital to asset ratios; low equity to assets indicate above average capital risk; bank pays less out in dividends and its growth rate in equity capital is lower. Overall, the bank exhibits greater capital risk. Thissituation is offset by the bank’s apparent higher quality assets.Operational risk: low assets to employees ratio, high personnel expense to employees and high efficiency ratioindicate high operational risk. Of course, these data do not capture the likelihood of fraud and other potentialoperational problems.c.Recommendations:1)Impro ve the bank’s capital position; slow asset growth and pursue greater profits.2)Evaluate credit risk carefully; ensure that loans are adequately diversified and that any default of a single loan or type of loans cannot place the bank’s capital at risk to where regulators will restrict the bank’s activiti es. Slow loan growth until capital base is at target. Implement a formal credit risk review process.3)Improve operating efficiency. Review noninterest expense sources and cut costs where possible.4)The first t wo suggestions will have the impact of lowering the bank’s earnings, ceteris paribus. Therefore,management should focus on growing sources of noninterest income that currently are not being pursued.2.Citibank UBPRa.In 2004, Citibank’s ROE equaled 15.26% while its ROA equaled 1.49% versus peers’ figures of 14.58% and 1.31%, respectively. Citibank’s equity multiplier (EM = ROE/ROA) equaled approximately 10.24X versus 11.13X for peers. Citibank’s AU is higher at 8.83% (5.25% + 3.58%) versus 7.69% (4.46% + 3.23%) at peers. Citibank clearly generated higher gross revenues from both interest and noninterest sources. Citibank’s expense ratio (ER), in turn, equaled 6.27% while ER for peers was much lower for each type of expense and in total at 4.23%. Based on the profit figures alone, Citibank appears to be a high performance bank and achieves that by generating greaterrelative revenues.b.Citibank’s credit risk (as evidenced only by the ratios provided) appears high as net losses to loans is higher than Peers (1.58% versus 0.25%), as is noncurrent loans and leases as a fraction of loans (1.78% versus 0.59%). The loss allowance (reserve) is a higher fraction of loans, but a much smaller fraction of net losses (charge-offs) andnoncurrent loans indicating that more reserves might be appropriate.c.Citibank’s liquidity risk appears high as the bank has a lower equity to asset (tier 1 leverage capital) ratio and relies much more on noncore liabilities (noncore fund dependence). With its greater credit risk, you might expect it to operate with greater equity capital. Similarly, the bank is growing at a fast pace which generally increases overall risk because management cannot easily control risk from growth.d.Recommendations:Carefully assess credit risk; realign portfolio where appropriate.Increase the loan loss reserve.Slow loan growth and/or shift loans to less risky classes.Line up additional sources of liquidity.Review pricing of loans and deposits; identify sources of fees/noninterest income to see if they are sustainable.。
商业银行课后习题答案
商业银行课后习题参考答案第一章1．商业银行从传统业务发展到“金融百货公司”说明了什么问题？随着金融竞争的加剧，金融创新成为商业银行发展的关键和动力源。
这不仅表现在银行传统业务市场已被瓜分完毕，需要通过创新来挖掘新的市场和发展机会，而且对传统业务市场的竞争和重新分配也必须借助新的手段和方式。
各家商业银行纷纷利用新的科学技术、借鉴国外商业银行的先进经验，进行技术、制度和经营管理方式创新，全面拓展银行发展空间。
商业银行进行业务扩展可以分散经营风险，减少风险总量；多渠道获取利润；为社会提供全方位的金融服务；符合金融市场的运作要求内在统一性。
2．如何认识现代商业银行的作用？P5信用中介、支付中介、信用创造、金融服务3．银行组织形式有哪些？近年来，银行控股公司为什么发展迅速？P7银行的组织形式有：单一银行制、分行制和银行控股公司制（银行控股公司、非银行控股公司）金融控股公司的发展是随着全球金融自由化、市场竞争和现代信息技术在金融业广泛应用而日益兴隆的，它是现代经济发展的必然产物。
20世纪70年代中后期以来，全球范围内的放松市场监管、企业客户和个人客户的全球化发展，以及信息技术对金融业各个方面的战略性影响，使金融结构和客户结构发生了巨大变化。
各类金融机构开始向其他金融服务领域渗透，主要市场经济国家的金融业开始从分业经营体制向综合经营体制转型。
1.联合经营获得规模效应金融控股集团各子公司虽然是分业经营，但已经不是纯粹意义上的单一经营，而是互相联合起来，共同从事多种金融经营，保证集团整体效益的实现。
金融控股集团的基本作用是形成同一集团在品牌、经营战略、营销网络以及信息共享等方面的协同优势，降低集团整体的经营成本并从多元化经营中获取更多收益。
金融资产的强关联性和弱专用性，决定了其综合经营比其他行业更能形成规模经济和范围经济，而控股公司结构正是发挥这一优势的合适载体。
（产品创新、营销等）2.在当前监管体制下规避风险法人分业的作用是防止不同金融业务风险的相互传递，将风险控制在最小范围内，同时可对关联交易起到一定的遏制作用。
商业银行管理 ROSE 7e 课后答案 chapter_02
CHAPTER 2THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION ON BANKING AND THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRYGoal of This Chapter: This chapter is devoted to a study of the complex regulatory environment that governments around the world have created for banks and other financial service firms in an effort to safeguard the public’s savings, bring stability to the financial system, and prevent abuse of financial service customers.Key Topics Presented in This Chapter∙The Principal Reasons for Bank and Nonbank Financial-Services Regulation∙Major Bank and Nonbank Regulators and Laws∙The Riegle-Neal and Gramm-Leach-Bliley (GLB) Acts∙Key Regulatory Issues Left Unresolved∙The Central Banking System∙Organization and Structure of the Federal Reserve System and Leading Central Banks of Europe and Asia∙Industry Impact of Central Bank Policy ToolsChapter OutlineI. Introduction: Nature and Importance of Bank RegulationII. Banking RegulationA. Pros and Cons of Strict Rules1. To protect the public's savings2. To control the money supply3. To ensure adequate supply of loans and to ensure fairness4. To maintain confidence in the system5. To avoid monopoly powers6. To provide support for government activities7. To support special sectors of the economyB. The Impact of Regulation -The Arguments for Strict Rules versus Lenient Rules III. Major Banking Laws-Where and When the Rules OriginatedA. Meet the “Parents”: The Legislation That Created Today’s Bank Regulatorsa. National Currency and Bank Acts (1863-64)b. The Federal Reserve Act (1913)c. The Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall)d. Establishing the FDIC under Glass-Steagalle. Criticisms of the FDIC and Responses Via New Legislationf. Raising the FDIC Insurance LimitB. Instilling Social Graces and Morales-Social Responsibility LawsC. Legislation Aimed at Allowing Interstate Banking: Where Can the “Kids” Play?D. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999): What Are Acceptable Activities forPlaytime?E. Telling the Truth and Not Stretching It-The Sarbanes-Oxley Accounting StandardsAct (2002)IV. The 21st Century Issues in an Array of New Laws, Regulations and Regulatory StrategiesA. The FACT ActB. Check 21C. New Bankruptcy RulesD. Federal Deposit Insurance ReformE. New Regulatory Strategies in a New Century and Unresolved Regulatory Issues V. The Regulation of Nonbank Financial-Service FirmsA.Regulating Thrift (Savings) Industry1.Credit Unions2.Savings and Loans and Savings Banks3.Money Market Funds4.Life and Property/Casualty Insurance Companies5.Finance Companies6.Mutual Funds7.Security Brokers and Dealers8.Financial ConglomeratesB.Are Regulations Really Necessary in the Financial Services Sector?VI. The Central Banking System: It’s Impact on Banks and the Decisions and Policies of Financial InstitutionsA. Organizational Structure of the Federal Reserve SystemB. The Central Bank's Principal Task -- Making and Implementing Monetary Policy1.The Open Market Policy Tool of Central Banking2.Other Central Bank Policy Tools3. A Final Note on Central Banking’s Impact of Financial FirmsVII. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks2-1. What key areas or functions of a bank or other financial firm are regulated today? Among the most important areas of banking subject to regulation are the adequacy of a bank's capital, the quality of its loans and security investments, its liquidity position, fund-raising options, services offered, and its ability to expand through branching and the formation of holding companies.2-2. What are the reasons for regulating each of the key areas or functions named above? These areas are regulated, first of all (and primarily), to protect the safety of the depositors' funds so that the public has some assurance that its savings and transactions balances are secure. Thus, bank failure is viewed as something to be minimized. There is also a concern for maintaining competition and for insuring that the public has reasonable and fair access to banking services, especially credit and deposit services.Not all of the areas listed above probably should be regulated. Minimizing the risk of bank failure serves to shelter some poorly managed banks. The public would probably be better served in the long run by allowing inefficient banks to fail rather than propping them up. Moreover, regulation may serve to distort the allocation of resources in banking, such as by restricting price competitionthrough legal interest-rate ceilings and anti-branching laws which leads to overbuilding of physical facilities. The result is a waste of scarce resources.2-3. What is the principal role of the Comptroller of Currency?The Comptroller of the Currency charters and supervises the activities of national banks through its policy-setting and examinations.2-4. What is the principal job performed by the FDIC?The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures the deposits of bank customers, up to a total of $100,000 per account owner, in banks that qualify for a certificate of federal insurance coverage. The FDIC is a primary federal regulator (examiner) of state-chartered, non-member banks. It is also responsible for liquidating the assets of banks declared insolvent by their federal or state chartering agency.2-5. What key roles does the Federal Reserve System perform in the banking and financial system?The Federal Reserve System supervises and examines the activities of state-chartered banks that choose to become members of its system and qualify for Federal Reserve membership and regulates the acquisitions and activities of bank holding companies. However, the Fed's principal responsibility is monetary policy -- the control of money and credit growth in order to achieve broad economic goals.2-6What is the Glass-Steagall Act and Why Was It Important in banking history?The Glass-Steagall Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1933, was one of the most comprehensive pieces of banking legislation in American history. It created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure smaller-size bank deposits, imposed interest-rate ceilings on bank deposits, broadened the branching powers of national banks to include statewide branching if state banks possessed similar powers, and separated commercial banking from investment banking, thereby removing commercial banks from underwriting the issue and sale of corporate stocks and bonds in the public market.There are many people who feel that banks should have some limitations on their investment banking activities. These analysts focus on two main areas. First, they suggest that this service may cause problems for customers using other bank services. For example, a bank may require a customer getting a loan to purchase securities of a company it is underwriting. This potential conflict of interest concerns some analysts. The second concern deals with whether the bank can gain effective control over an industrial organization. This could make the bank subject to additional risks or may give unaffiliated industrial organizations a competitive disadvantage. Today, banks can underwrite securities as part of the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (Financial Services Modernization Act). However, congress built in several protections to make sure that the bank does not take advantage of customers. In addition, banks are prevented from affiliating with industrial firms under this law.2-7. Why did the federal insurance system run into serious problems in the 1980s and 1990s? Can the current federal insurance system be improved? In what ways?The FDIC, which insures U.S. bank deposits up to $100,000, was not designed to deal with system-wide failures or massive numbers of failing banks. Yet, the 1980s ushered in more bank closings than in any period since the Great Depression of the 1930s, bringing the FDIC to the brink of bankruptcy. Also, the FDIC's policy of charging the same insurance fees to all banks regardless of their risk exposure encouraged more banks to gamble and accept substantial failure risk. The recent FDIC Improvement Act legislation has targeted this last area, with movement toward a risk-based insurance schedule and greater insistence on maintaining adequate long-term bank capital.2-8. How did the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Community Reinvestment Act address discrimination?The Equal Credit Opportunity Act stated that individuals could not be denied a loan because of their age, sex, race, national origin or religious affiliation or because they were recipients of public welfare. The Community Reinvestment Act prohibited banks from discriminating against customers based on the neighborhood in which they lived.2-9. How does the FDIC deal with most failures?Most bank failures are handled by getting another bank to take over the deposits and clean assets of the failed institution -- a process known as purchase and assumption. Those that are small or in such bad shape that no suitable bids are received from other banks are closed and the insured depositors are paid off -- a deposit payoff approach. Larger failures may sometimes be dealt with by open-bank assistance where the FDIC loans money to the troubled bank and may order a change in management as well. Large failing money-center banks may also be taken over and operated as "bridge banks" by the FDIC until disposed of.2-10. What changes have occurred in the U.S. banks’ authority to c ross state lines?In 1994 the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Efficiency Act was passed. This law is complicated but allows bank holding companies with adequate capital to acquire banks or bank holding companies anywhere in U.S. territory. No bank holding company can control more than 10% of the deposits at the national level and more than 30% of the deposits at the state level. Bank holding companies are also not allowed to cross state lines solely for the purpose of collecting deposits. Banks must adequately support their local communities by providing loans there. Bank holding companies are also allowed to offer a number of interstate services without necessarily having branches in the state by allowing affiliated banks to act as agents for the bank holding in other states. This law also allows foreign banks to branch in the U.S. under the same rules as domestic banks.2-11. How have bank failures influenced recent legislation?Recent bank failures have caused huge losses to federal insurance reserves and damaged public confidence in the banking system. Recent legislation has tried to address these issues by providing regulators with new tools to deal with the failures, such as the bridge bank device, and by granting banks, through regulation, somewhat broader service powers and more avenues for geographic expansion through branch offices and holding companies in order to help reduce their risk exposure. In addition, the increase in bank failures has focused attention on the insurance premiums banks pay and through the FDIC Improvement Act allowed the FDIC to move towards risk based insurance premiums.2-12. What changes in banking regulation did the Gramm-Leach-Bliley (Financial Services Modernization) Act bring about? Why?The most important aspect of the law is to allow U.S. bank, insurance companies and securities companies to affiliate with each other either through a holding company structure or through a bank subsidiary. The purpose of this law is to allow these companies to diversify their service offerings and reduce their overall risk. In addition it is thought that this seems to offer customers the convenience of one stop shopping.2-13. What new regulatory issues remain to be resolved now that interstate banking is possible and security and insurance services are allowed to co-mingle with banking?There are several key issues that remain to be resolved. One issue is concerned with what we should do about the governmental safety net. We need to balance risk taking by financial firms with safety for depositors. Another aspect of this issue is how to protect taxpayers if financial firms are allowed to take on more risk. Another issue that needs to be resolved is what to do about financial conglomerates. We need to be sure that the financial conglomerate does not use the resources of the bank to prop another aspect of their business. In addition, regulators need to be better trained to adequately regulate the more complex organizations and functional regulation needs to be reviewed periodically to make sure it is working. A third area that needs to be resolved is whether banking and commerce should be mixed. Should a bank sell cars along with credit cards and other financial services?2-14 Why must we be concerned about privacy in the sharing and use of financial-service customer’s information? Can the financial system operate efficiently if the sharing of nonpublic financial information is forbidden? How far, in your opinion, should we go in regulating who gets access to private information?It is important to be concerned about how private information is shared because it is possible to misuse the information. For example, if an individual’s medical condition is known to the bank through its insurance division, the bank may deny a loan based on this confidential information.They can also share this information with outside parties unless the customer states in writing that this information cannot be shared. On the other hand, there could be much duplication of effort if no sharing information is allowed. This would lead to inefficiencies and higher costs to consumers. In addition, sharing of information would allow targeting of services to particular customer needs. At this point, no one is quite sure what information and how it will be shared. It appears that there will eventually be a compromise between customers’ needs for privacy and the financial-services company’s need for to share that information.2-15. Why were the Sarbanes-Oxley, Bank Secrecy and USA Patriot Acts enacted in the United States? What impact are these new laws and their supporting regulations likely to have on the financial-services sector?The Bank Secrecy Act requires any cash transaction of $10,000 or more be reported to the government and was passed to prevent money laundering by criminal organizations.The USA Patriot Act was enacted after the attacks of September 11 and is designed to find and prosecute terrorists. It was a series of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act. It requires banks and financial service providers to establish the identity of any customer opening or changing accounts in the United States. Many banks are however concerned about the cost of compliance.The Sarbanes-Oxley Accounting Standards Act came as a response to the disclosure of manipulation of corporate financial reports and questionable dealings among leading commercial firms, banks and accounting firms. It prohibits false or misleading information about the financial performance of banks and other financial service providers and generally tries to enforce higher standards in the accounting profession.2-16 Explain how the FACT, Check 21, 2005 Bankruptcy and 2006 FDIC Insurance Reform acts are likely to affect the revenues and costs of financial firms and their service to customers. FACT requires the FTC to make it easier for individuals victimized by identity theft to file a theft report and requires credit bureaus to help victims resolve the problems. This should make it easier for customers to handle identity theft problems and may reduce costs to the financial institutions that serve these customers. Financial institutions should be able to spend less on reimbursing customers for theft problems and perhaps the instances of identity theft will also be reduced at the same time.Check 21 allows financial institutions to send substitute checks to other banks to clear checks rather than the checks themselves. The substitute checks can be electronic images that can be transferred in an instant at a much lower cost to other institutions. This should reduce costs to institutions as they do not have to have an employee physically transfer checks anymore. In addition, financial institutions should know more quickly whether a check is good and this should reduce fraud and other costs associated with bad checks.2005 Bankruptcy Law requires that all higher income borrowers to pay back at least a portion of the money they have borrowed to the bank. Higher income borrowers will be required to make payment plans rather than have all of their debts forgiven. This should lower bad debt costs to financial institutions and may lower borrowing costs for all borrowers.Federal Deposit Insurance Reform raises the deposit insurance limits for certain retirement accounts and allows regulators to periodically adjust deposit insurance limits for inflation. This should allow investors to put more money into insured deposit accounts and may allow banks to have a more stable and reliable source of funds for loans and other investments. This will probably have the effect of increasing bank revenues and/or reducing expenses for the bank.For all of these new laws, the effect should be to make the bank more profitable because of higher revenues or lower expenses. At the same time these new laws allow financial institutions to better serve their customers.2-17.In what ways is the regulation of nonbank financial institutions different from the regulation of banks in the United States? How are they similar?Most nonbank financial institutions are considered “vested with the public interest” and therefore, face as close supervision from federal and state supervisors as banks do. However, some institutions are solely regulated at the federal level while others are only regulated at the state level.2-18. Which financial service firms are regulated primarily at the federal level and which at theSome regulators and experts are concerned because they feel that state regulators might not have the expertise to deal with the new more complex financial firm that exists today. They are also concerned because the new ‘functional’ regulation is not neces sarily coordinated between different regulatory agencies. Only time will tell if this functional regulatory structure is effective. 2-19. Can you make a case for having only one regulatory agency for financial service firms? Yes a case can easily be made for financial service firms. Problems in one area such as security brokerage services or insurance may eventually lead to problems in the traditional banking area or visa versa. One regulatory agency might be more likely to find these overlapping problems and prevent them before they cause the collapse of the entire organization. In addition, one regulatory agency may be able to better identify and prevent the inherent conflicts of interest that exist when a large financial conglomerate is formed.2-20. What is monetary policy?Monetary policy consists of regulation and control over the growth of money and credit in an attempt to pursue broad economic goals such as full employment, avoidance of inflation, and sustainable economic growth. Its principal tools are open market operations, changes in the discount (lending) rate, and changes in reserve requirements behind deposits.2-21. What services does the Federal Reserve System provide to depository institutions? Many services needed by banks are provided by the Federal Reserve Banks. Among the most important services provided by the Fed are checking clearing, the wiring of funds, shipments of currency and coin, loans from the Reserve banks to qualified depository institutions, and the supplying of information concerning economic and financial trends and issues. The Fed began charging for its services in order to help recover the added costs of deregulation which made more institutions eligible for Federal Reserve services and also to encourage the private marketplace to develop and offer similar services (such as check clearing and wire transfers).2-22. How does the Federal Reserve affect the banking and financial system through open market operations (OMO)? Why is OMO the preferred tool for many central banks around the globe?Open market operations consist of the buying and selling of securities by the central bank in an effort to influence and shape the course of interest rates and the growth of money and credit. Open-market operations, therefore, affect bank deposits -- their volume and growth -- as well as the volume of lending and the interest rates attached to bank borrowings and loans as well as the value of bank stock. OMO is the preferred tool, because it is also the Central Bank’s most flexible tool. It can be used every day and any mistakes can be quickly reversed.2-23 What is a primary dealer and why are they important?A primary dealer is a dealer in U.S. Treasury Bills and other securities that meets the Federal Reserve System requirements for trading directly with the Fed’s trading desk inside the New York Federal Reserve. It is through these trades with primary dealers that the Federal Reserve carries out its monetary policy objectives and influences the economy including the supply of money and credit and interest rates. Primary dealers have an integral role to play in the economy of the U.S. 2-24. How can changes in the central bank loan discount rate and reserve requirements affect the operations of depository institutions? What happens to the legal reserves of the banking system when the Fed grants loans through the discount window? How about when these loans are repaid? What are the effects of an increase in reserve requirements?The Discount Window is the department in each Federal Reserve Bank that receives requests to borrow reserves from banks and other depository institutions which are eligible to obtain credit from the Fed for short periods of time. The rate charged on such loans is called the discount rate. Reserve requirements are the amount of vault cash and deposits at the Federal Reserve banks that depository institutions raising funds from sources of reservable liabilities (such as checking accounts, business CDs, and borrowings of Eurodollars from abroad) must hold. If the Fed loans $200 million in reserves from the discount window, total reserves will rise by the amount of the discount window loan, but then will fall when the loan is repaid. Increasing reserve requirement means that depository institutions must keep more vault cash and reserves with the Federal Reserve for each deposit account they hold. This would have the effect of making less money available for loans. Since this has a multiplicative effect on the economy it can have a severe effect on the total amount of loans made and on the growth of the money supply that results.2-25. How did the Federal Reserve change the policy and practice of the discount window recently? Why was this change made?The Fed created two new loan types, primary and secondary credit, which replaced the existing adjustment and extended credit. Primary credit is extended to sound borrowing institutions at a rate slightly higher than the federal funds rate. Secondary credit is extended to institutions that do not qualify for primary credit for temporary funding needs at a rate slightly above the prime rate. These changes were implemented to encourage greater use of the discount window and to bring greater stability the federal funds rate and to the money market as a whole.2-26. How does the structure of the European Central Bank (ECB) appear to be similar to the structure of the Federal Reserve System? How are these two powerful and influential central banks different from one another?Like the Fed the ECB consists of a governing board and a policy making council and just like the Fed’s board of governors works with the 12 regional Federal Reserve banks the ECB has a cooperative arrangement with each EU member nation’s central bank. The policy menu of the ECB however is a lot simpler than its counterpart at the Fed. The central goal is price stability, which is largely achieved through open market operations and reserve requirements.Problems2-1. For each of the actions described explain which government agency or agencies a financialmanager must deal with and what banking laws are involved:A. Chartering a new bank.B. Establishing new bank branch offices.C. Forming a bank or financial holding company.D. Completing a bank merger.E. Making holding company acquisitions of nonbank businesses.A. For chartering a new bank in the United States either the state banking commission of thestate where the bank is to be headquartered must be consulted or the Comptroller of theCurrency must be sent an application for a national charter. The National Banking Actgoverns national charters while state charters are governed by rules laid down in statebanking statutes.B. Requests for new branch offices must also be made of the bank's chartering agency -- eitherthe state banking commission for state-chartered banks or the Comptroller of the Currencyfor national banks in the United States.C. Requests for holding company formation must be submitted to the Federal Reserve Boardor, for certain routine transactions, to the Federal Reserve Bank in the district. Some statesrequire their banking commissions to be notified if a holding company acquires a bankwithin the state's borders.D. The Bank Merger Act requires the approval of a bank's principal federal supervisoryagency for a proposed merger even if the bank is state chartered. Mergers involvingnational banks must be approved by the Comptroller of the Currency and by the statebanking commission if a bank has a state charter of incorporation. The merger must also bereviewed by other federal agencies that have supervisory responsibility for a bank, such asthe FDIC or the Federal Reserve, and by the U.S. Department of Justice.E. Request for acquisitions of nonbank businesses must be approved by the Federal ReserveBoard. For some more routine transactions, the Federal Reserve Bank in the distract canmake the decision.2-2. See if you can develop a good case for and against the regulation of financial institutions inthe following areas:A. Restrictions on the number of new financial-service institutions allowed to enterthe industry each year.B. Restrictions on which depository institutions are eligible forgovernment-sponsored deposit insurance.C. Restrictions on the ability of financial firms to underwrite debt and equitysecurities issued by their business customers.D. Restrictions on the geographic expansion of banks and other financial firms such aslimits on branching and holding company acquisitions across county, state, andinternational borders.E. Regulations on the bank failure process, defining when banks and other financialfirms are to be allowed to fail and how their assets are to be liquidated.A. Restricting entry into the banking industry limits competition and, to some extent, protectssome banks from failure, reducing the risk of depositor loss. On the other hand, limiting new firms props up some financial-service firms that should be allowed to fail if the system is to be as efficient as it can be.B. Restrictions on which banks can get deposit insurance also limits competition butencourages some banks to take on more risk because most depositors are protected by the insurance. Restricting which institutions are eligible for deposit insurance may limit the losses to the federal agency providing that insurance but may also limit that federalagency’s ability to monitor and control the money supply and the economy as a result. C. Limits on underwriting securities reduce a bank's revenue potential and will probablyresult in losing some of the largest corporate customers to foreign banks who face morelenient regulations. On the hand, underwriting securities is inherently risky and limiting this may limit the risk of the bank. It may also prevent the conflicts of interest that arise when a bank makes loans and underwrites securities at the same time.D. Limiting a bank's ability to expand geographically exposes it to greater risk of economicfluctuations within its local market area and makes it more prone to failure. On the other hand, allowing a bank to expand geographically may concentrate power in the hands of a few large institutions that make it more likely that service costs will rise for all customers.E. Protecting banks from failure inevitably involves sheltering some inefficient and poorlymanaged institutions that waste resources and fail to serve customers effectively. It alsotends to make the average customer less vigilant about the quality and risk of a particular bank's services and operations because deposits are insured and bank failure seems to most customers to be a relatively remote possibility. On the other hand, it makes customersmore confident in the system as a whole and makes a bank run less likely.2-3. Consider the issue of whether or not the government should provide a system of deposit insurance. Should it be wholly or partly subsidized by the taxpayers? What portion of the cost should be borne by depository institutions? by the depositors? Should riskier depository institutions pay higher deposit insurance premiums? Explain how you would determine exactly how big an insurance premium each bank should pay each year.。
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《商业银行管理学》课后习题及题解第一章商业银行管理学导论习题一、判断题1. 《金融服务现代化法案》的核心内容之一就是废除《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔法》。
2. 政府放松金融管制与加强金融监管是相互矛盾的。
3. 商业银行管理的最终目标是追求利润最大化。
4. 在金融市场上，商业银行等金融中介起着类似于中介经纪人的角色。
5. 商业银行具有明显的企业性质，所以常用于企业管理的最优化原理如边际分享原理、投入要素最优组合原理、规模经济原理也适用于商业银行。
6. 金融市场的交易成本和信息不对称决定了商业银行在金融市场中的主体地位。
7. 企业价值最大化是商业银行管理的基本目标。
8. 商业银行管理学研究的主要对象是围绕稀缺资源信用资金的优化配置所展开的各种业务及相关的组织管理问题。
9. 商业银行资金的安全性指的是银行投入的信用资金在不受损失的情况下能如期收回。
二、简答题1. 试述商业银行的性质与功能。
2. 如何理解商业银行管理的目标？3. 现代商业银行经营的特点有哪些？4. 商业银行管理学的研究对象和内容是什么？5. 如何看待“三性”平衡之间的关系？三、论述题1. 论述商业银行的三性目标是什么，如何处理三者之间的关系。
2. 试结合我国实际论述商业银行在金融体系中的作用。
第一章习题参考答案一、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.√二、略；三、略。
第二章商业银行资本金管理习题一、判断题1. 新巴塞尔资本协议规定，商业银行的核心资本充足率仍为4％。
2. 巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的50%。
3. 新巴塞尔资本协议对银行信用风险提供了两种方法：标准法和内部模型法。
4. 资本充足率反映了商业银行抵御风险的能力。
5. 我国国有商业银行目前只能通过财政增资的方式增加资本金。
6. 商业银行计算信用风险加权资产的标准法中的风险权重由监管机关规定。
二、单选题1. 我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的。
A. 20%B. 50%C. 70%D. 100%2. 商业银行用于弥补尚未识别的可能性损失的准备金是。
A. 一般准备金B. 专项准备金C. 特殊准备金D. 风险准备金3. 《巴塞尔协议》规定商业银行的核心资本与风险加权资产的比例关系。
A. ≧8%B. ≦8%C. ≧4%D. ≦4%三、简答题1．试述商业银行资本金的功能。
2. 试述商业银行资本金的构成。
3. 试述1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容。
5. 试述商业银行提高资本充足率的途径。
四、论述题试论述现阶段我国商业银行提高资本金的策略。
第二章习题参考答案一、判断题1.× [题解]新巴塞尔协议商业银行核心资本充足率为8%。
2.× [题解]巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的100%。
3.√ [题解]银行信用风险计量包括标准法和内部评级法两种。
4.√ [题解]资金越充足，缓冲损失的能力越强。
5.× [题解]也可通过发行普通股，优先股，次级长期债券来增加资本金。
6.× [题解]新巴塞尔协议规定，监管机关规定只能对其监督检查。
二、单选题1. B [题解]附属资本的合计金额不得超出其核心资本的100%，长期次级债券最多只能为核心资本的50%，普通准备金和普通呆账准备金占风险资产的比例最多不超过1.25%，在特别的情况下可达2%。
2. A [题解]依据一般准备金的定义。
3. A [题解]核心资本与风险加权资产是核心资本充足率。
三、简答题1. 试述商业银行资本金的功能。
1. [题解]商业银行资本金包括营业功能、保护功能、管理功能。
试述商业银行资本金的构成。
2. [题解]商业银行资本金的构成包括普通资本和优先资本。
普通资本包括普通股、资本盈余、未分配利润等，优先资本包括优先股、资本票据和资本债券、可转换债券等。
试述1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容。
3. [题解]1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容包括划分资本、规划资产的风险权重、规定商业银行资本充足率的最低标准、过渡期安排。
试述商业银行提高资本充足率的途径。
4. [题解]商业银行提高资本充足率有2种途径：1、分子对策，即提高资本总量，如采用内源资本策略（留存盈余、股息政策）和外源资本策略发行普通股、发行优先股、发行次级中长期债券）来提高资本总量；2、分母对策，即压缩银行资产规模调整资产结构。
四、论述题1. 试论述现阶段我国商业银行提高资本金的策略。
1. [题解]商业银行提高资本金有两种策略，即内源资本策略和外源资本策略。
内源资本策略是指增加内源资本，即增加以留存收益方式形成的资本；外源资本策略是指通过发行普通股、发行优先股、发行长期次级债券等形式来增加资本。
第三章商业银行负债业务管理习题一、判断题1. 商业银行向中央银行借款可以用于投资。
2. 欧洲货币市场借款利率一般以LIBOR为基准。
3. 市场渗透定价法不强调利润对成本的弥补。
4. 高负债是商业银行区别于其他企业的重要标志之一。
5. 对商业银行来说存款并不是越多越好。
6. CDs存单是一种面额较大、不记名发行但不能在二级市场流通转让的定期存款凭证。
7. 我国目前资本市场利率仍然是市场利率与计划利率并存。
8. 负债是商业银行资金的全部来源。
二、单项题1. 商业银行存款管理的目标不包括。
A. 保持存款的稳定性B. 降低存款的成本率C. 降低存款的流动性D. 提高存款的增长率2. 存款按存款资金性质及计息范围划分为财政性存款和。
A. 个人存款B. 定期存款C. 一般性存款D. 单位存款3. 使商业银行负债成本最低的存款为。
A. 同业存款B. 有奖存款C. 定期存款D. 活期存款4. 商业银行的被动负债是。
A. 发行债券B. 吸收存款C. 同业拆借D. 再贷款5. 下列借入负债中被采用“隔日放款”或今日货币形式的为。
A. 同业拆借B. 回购协议C. 间接借款D. 再贴现6. 商业银行可长期利用的存款，称为。
A. 流动性存款B. 原始存款C. 定期存款D. 发行长期金融债券7. 商业银行中长期借款包括。
A．同业拆借 B. 回购协议C. 中央银行借款D. 发行长期金融债券8. 同业借款不包括。
A. 同业拆借B. 再贴现C. 抵押借款D. 转贴现9. 目标利润定价法的核心在于。
A. 严格测算各种存款的营业成本B. 计算存款的历史加权成本C. 确定存款的边际成本D. 确定存款的风险成本10. 商业银行吸收的存款中稳定性最好的是。
A. NOW账户B. 定活两便存款C. 储蓄存款D. 自动转账服务账户11. 商业银行的存款成本除了利息支出，还包括。
A. 办公费B. 员工工资C. 差旅费D. 非利息支出12. 关于同业拆借说法不正确的是。
A. 同业拆借是一种比较纯粹的金融机构之间的资金融通行为。
B. 为规避风险，同业拆借一般要求担保。
C. 同业拆借一般不需向中央银行缴纳法定存款准备金，降低了银行的筹资成本。
D. 同业拆借资金只能作短期的用途。
三、多选题1. 商业银行负债按负债的流动性可分为。
A. 流动负债B. 应付债券C. 其他长期负债D. 应付账款2. 下列属于存款的创新种类的是。
A. 可转让支付命令账户B. 大额可转让定期存单C. 货币市场账户D. 个人退休金账户3. 影响存款成本定价的因素包括。
A. 市场利率的水平B. 存款的期限结构C. 银行的盈利性D. 客户与银行的关系4. 商业银行借入资金应考虑的因素包括。
A. 借入资金的规模B. 借入资金的期限C. 借入资金的相对成本D. 借入资金的分险E. 借入资金的法规限制5. 商业银行国内市场借款的主要方式有。
A. 转贴现B. 向央行借款C. 同业拆借D. 发行金融债券E. 证券回购协议6. 价格定价法中价格表按收费条件包括。
A. 免费定价B. 有条件免费定价C. 浮动费率D. 固定费率7. 以下属于商业银行“主动型负债”的是。
A. 存款B. 同业拆借C. 再贴现D. 金融债券E. 转贴现四、计算题1. 假定一家银行筹集了500万的资金，包括200万的活期存款，300万定期存款与储蓄存款。
活期存款的利息和非利息成本为存款的8%，定期存款和储蓄存款总成本为10%。
假如储备要求减少银行可使用资金的数额为活期存款的15%，储蓄存款的5%。
求该银行负债的加权平均成本率。
2. 某银行可通过7%的存款利率吸引50万元新存款。
银行估计，若提供利率为7.5%，可筹集资金100万元；提供8%利率可筹集存款150万元；提供8.5%的利率可筹集存款200万元；提供9%的利率可筹集存款250万元。
如果银行投资资产的收益率为10%，由于贷款利率不随贷款量的增加而增加，贷款利率就是贷款的边际收益率。
存款为多少时银行可获得最大的利润呢？五、简答题1. 简述商业银行负债的性质。
2. 简述商业银行负债业务的作用。
3. 简述商业银行负债业务经营管理的目标。
4. 简述商业银行借入资金时应考虑的因素。
5. 负债对商业银行管理有何意义。
6. 商业银行借入资金时一般有哪些渠道。
7. 商业银行存款定价通常有哪些方法。
六、论述题论述你对存款立行观点的看法。
第三章习题参考答案一、判断题1.×2.√3.√4.√5.√6.×7.√8.×二、单选题1.C2.C3.A4.B5.A6.D7.D8.B9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B三、多选题1.ABC2.ABCD3.ABCD4.ABCDE5.ABCDE6.ABD7.BCDE四、计算题1. 加权平均成本率=全部负债利息总额/全部负债平均余额×100%=[（200×8%+300×10%）/（200×85%+300×95%）] ×100%=10.11%2. 利润=贷款收益-存款成本（1）（10%-7.5%）×100+50×7.5%-50×7%=2.75（2）（10%-8%）×150+50×8%-50×7%=3.5（3）（10%-8.5%）×200+50×8.5%-50×7%=3.75（4）（10%-9%）×250+50×9%-50×7%=3.5所以采取第三种方案可以获得最大利润。
五、略；六、略；七、略。
第四章商业银行贷款业务管理（一）习题一、判断题1. 五级分类法中，不良贷款包括可疑贷款和损失贷款两类。
2. 质押贷款的质物指借款人或第三人的不动产。
3. 补偿性余额实际上是银行变相提高贷款利率的一种表现形式。
4. 资金边际成本是指商业银行每增加一单位可用于投资或贷款的资金所需支付的利息、费用成本。