Distributed V.R. Training System for Endovascular Procedures
科技英语阅读 翻译词汇
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 运动 movement /力force /动能和功 动能和功kinetic 力 动能和功 energy and work /势能 势能potential energy/ 能量守 势能 恒conservation of energy /引力 gravitation /声 引力 声 波 sound wave /振动 oscillation / 流体 fluid / 波 振动 wave/ 温度 温度temperature /热量 heat /电荷 电荷electric 热量 电荷 charge /电场 electric field 电场
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 密码 cipher / 违规 breach / 网桥 bridge / 蛮力攻 击 brute-force attack / 证书序列号 certificate serial number / 询问 challenge / 选择明文攻击 chosen-plaintext attack / 破译 code breaking / 线间进入 between-the-lines entry / 攻击者 attacker / 密码学 cryptology / 解密 decryption / 授权 delegation / 加密 encryption
Lead in: Brainstorming
What’s …? 绝对补集 absolute complement / 代数 algebra / 代数式 algebraic expression / 代数方程 algebraic equation / 代数不等式 algebraic inequality / 任意常数 arbitrary constant / 数组 array / 底数；基数 base number / 连续函数 底数； continuous function / 函数 function / 复合函数 function of function / 函数记号 函数记号functional notation / 集合 集合aggregate / 子集 subset
各专业课程英文翻译
各专业课程英⽂翻译各专业课程英⽂翻译（精⼼整理）⽣物及医学专业课程汉英对照表细胞⽣物学和分⼦⽣物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing⼒学专业⾼等代数与⼏何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 数学物理⽅法 Methods in Mathematical Physics理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics 弹性⼒学 Elasticity⼒学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics ⼒学概论Introduction to Mechanics 计算流体⼒学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 粘性流体⼒学Viscous Fluid Flow弹性⼒学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity有限元法 Finite Element Method进化⽣物学 Evolutionary Biology ⼝腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋⽣物学 Marine Biology ⼝腔 / ⽛科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微⽣物学 Microbiology⾻科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分⼦⽣物学 Molecular Biology ⽿科学 Otology医学微⽣物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy ⼝腔⽣物学 Oral Biology ⾜病医学Podiatric Medicine寄⽣物学 Parasutology眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物⽣物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学Preventive Medicine ⼼理⽣物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射⽣物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论⽣物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学Rehabilitation Nursing 野⽣⽣物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境⽣物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学Therapeutics 运动⽣物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体⽣物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences ⽣物统计学 Biometrics ⽛科卫⽣学 Dental Sciences ⽣物物理学 Biophysics ⽛科科学 Dentistry ⽣物⼼理学 Biopsychology ⽪肤学 Dermatology ⽣物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学Endocrinology ⽣物⼯艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics ⽣物化学 Biological Chemistry解剖学 Anatomy⽣物⼯程学 Biological Engineering ⿇醉学 Anesthesia ⽣物数学 Biomathematics临床科学 Clinical Science应⽤⽣物学 Applied Biology 细胞⽣物学 Cell Biology ⽣物学 Biology⽣物医学科学 Biomedical Science临床⼼理学 Clinical Psychology 医学技术 Medical Technology 医学 Medicine护理⿇醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 常微分⽅程 Ordinary Differential Equation 计算⽅法Numerical Methods 材料⼒学 Mechanics of Materials 流体⼒学Fluid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing ⽓体⼒学 Gas Dynamics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates塑性⼒学Introduction of Plasticity经典⼒学中的数学⽅法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器⼈动⼒学 Dynamics of Robots ⾃动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics 专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of Vibration 程序设计⽅法 (C 和 FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN ⽔动⼒学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing 光测⼒学 Photo Mechanics断裂⼒学 Fracture Mechanics⾼等动⼒学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动⽅法 Perturbation Methods 机械设计与 Auto CADMachinery Designing and AutoCAD 信息显⽰ (可视化 ) Visualization 微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数Complex Function企业管理专业微观经济学 Microeconomics管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 财务管理 Financial Management 战略管理 Strategic Management 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on BusinessAffairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research 公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化⼯程管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law 管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory ⽣产与运作管理 Production Management 电⼦商务Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security政府信息化⼯程 Government Informationalization ⼴告实务 Practice of Advertisement 操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English 微机基础Principles of Microcomputers ⽂献计量学 Bibliometrics电⼦出版技术 Electronic Publishing ⼴告概论 Introduction to Advertisement管理学 Principles of Management 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal 管理沟通Management Negotiation战略管理 Strategic Management ⽣产管理研究 Operation Management 企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 运筹学 Operational Research 信息管理专业⾼等数学 Higher Mathematics数据库系统 Database 组织⾏为学 Organizational Behavior⼈⼒资源管理 Human Resource Management信息存储与检索信息服务与Information Retrieval andStorage information Service and UserStudy社会实践 Practical Work信息分析与决策 Information Analysis andPolicy Making Enterprise Informationalization 信息组织 Information Organization 计算机⽹络 Computer Networks 多媒体技术 Multimedia信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织⾏为学 Studies of Organization 货币银⾏学专业货币银⾏学 Money and Banking 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 策略管理 Strategic Management 银⾏会计 Bank Accounting 运筹学 Operational Research 财务管理Financial Management 租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 商业银⾏实务 Practice of Business Bank项⽬评估 Projects Appraisal ⾦融市场学⼈⼒资源管理 Human ResourceManagement 财务报告分析 A nalysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics ⼒学 Mechanics光学 Optics电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应⽤基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理(固体结构分析)Diffraction Physics (Structureof Solid Analysis)科研实⽤软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch 计算机模拟⽅法 Computer SimulationMethods 激光原理、技术与应⽤ The Principle, Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电⼦学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics粒⼦物理 Particle Physics 物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics 原⼦物理 Atomic Physics量⼦⼒学 Quantum Mechanics 理论⼒学 Theoretical Mechanics电动⼒学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship 国际贸易 International Trade 消费者⾏为 Consumer Behavior 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研Marketing Research 推销学 Sales Strategies 国际⾦融 International Finance 营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning 销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management 国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation ⼴告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing 国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development管理信息系统 System of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 保险学 Insurance管理会计 Managerial Accounting 国际贸易 International Trade国际⾦融 International Finance证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 国际结算 International BalanceFinancial Marketing证券投资学Security Analysis and Investment 财务学专业财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际⾦融International Finance保险学Insurance 财务案例分析Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理International Financial Management 资产评估Assets Appraisal项⽬评估Projects Appraisal 财务管理Financial Management 运筹学Operational Research 管理会计Managerial Accounting 管理学Principles of Management 统计学Principles of Statistics宏观经济学Macroeconomics管理信息系统Systems of Management Information 策略管理Strategic Management 微观经济学Microeconomics 微积分Calculus会计专业会计学Accounting Principles 管理会计Managerial Accounting 会计信息系统Accounting Information Systems 财务管理Financial Management 财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement 国际会计International Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting 审计学Auditing Principles 投资学Investment Principles 货币银⾏学Money and Banking国际⾦融International Finance 统计学Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计Budget Accounting 会计研究⽅法Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学Microeconomics 货币银⾏学Money and Banking。
新核心综合学术英语教程Unit 2
Reading 2
Language Points
2. The downside of geothermal energy is the fact that it
is expensive to build, and to ensure that no harmful by-products are going to be produced in the process, geothermal plants must be created accordingly. (Para. H, L41-43.) →There are two negative aspects of geothermal energy. One is that it is expensive to build and the other is geothermal plants must be set up to ensure no harmful by-products during the process.
翻译 地热能的不足之处就是其获取费用太高，但为了确保 ： 在利用地热能过程中无有害副产品的产生，地热发电
厂的修建必不可少。
Reading 2
Language Points
5.The difference is that we use the force of the water to push the turbine which in turn powers a generator thus generating electricity.(Para. I, L48-49.) 翻译 ： 那就是，现在利用水力推动涡轮机为 发电机提供动力，进而产生电能。
Reading 2
Language Points
人民大2023医学院校研究生英语读与写(第四版)教学课件Unit 4 Text B
Background information
1. John La Puma: He is the author of The McGraw-Hill Pocket Guide to Managed Care: Business, Practice, Law, Ethics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996).
1. John La Puma: The author practices internal medicine with North Suburban Clinic in Elk Grove, Ill., and is a Chicago-based clinical ethics consultant.
Detailed study of the text
It is the touchstone for our professional conduct and the single matter that physicians, when polled, say we value most about medical practice. (Para. 1)
capitated: having a fixed upper limit Example: The physicians are paid a capitated sum per enrollee.
Detailed study of the text
Is “gaming the system” ever right? (Para. 2)
Global analysis of the text
This text starts with the significance of doctor-patient relationship and introduces the topic that the doctor-patient relationship is more important to doctors than to patients. It analyzes the current doctor-patient relationship in managed care from the following five perspectives: covenant or contract; continuous or episodic; confidential or wide open; collegial or solitary; personal or population-based. It summarizes that other credible touchstone for modern medical ethics might exist and the individual doctor-patient relationship is likely to remain the most important relationship in medicine—at least to doctors.
中考科技创新教育英语阅读理解25题
中考科技创新教育英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in the field of education. One of the most significant applications is intelligent tutoring systems. These systems can provide personalized learning experiences for students, adapting to their individual needs and learning styles.For example, an intelligent tutoring system can analyze a student's performance on quizzes and assignments and then provide targeted feedback and additional practice materials. It can also adapt the difficulty level of the content to ensure that the student is challenged but not overwhelmed.Another application of AI in education is personalized learning. By analyzing a student's learning history and preferences, AI can recommend learning resources and activities that are tailored to their interests and abilities. This can help students stay engaged and motivated in their learning.In addition, AI-powered chatbots can answer students' questions and provide support outside of class hours. This can be especially helpful for students who may be shy or hesitant to ask questions in class.Overall, AI has the potential to revolutionize education by providing more personalized and effective learning experiences for students.1. What is one of the significant applications of AI in education?A. Online courses.B. Intelligent tutoring systems.C. Traditional textbooks.D. Group study.答案：B。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十四
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十四答案一、翻译以下句子，注意美学艺术的处理1) Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.译文：制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
2) As a result, surgeons can operate freely without the encumbrance of suits, respirators, and helmets.译文：这样，军医就可以手脚灵活地施行手术，而不必穿戴臃肿的防毒服、防毒面罩和头盔。
3) Navy and Army researchers have targeted diarrheal agents for combined vaccine development because in terms of morbidity and lost duty time, diarrheal diseases pose the greatest threat to deployed U. S. forces during regional conflicts.译文：海军和陆军的研究工作者将腹泻多联疫苗作为疫苗研制目标，因为就腹泻发病率和卫生减员日而言，它对局部冲突中向外海部署的美国军队构成了最大的威胁。
4) We must find ways of detoxifying toxic products produced by industrial plants. We must find substitutes for packaging, substitutes that are recyclable. We must find substitutes for chemicals that destroy the ozone layer.译文：我们必须寻找消除工业企业造成的有毒物质的方法。
053841710高等教育自学考试 科技英语翻译试题
2017年10月高等教育自学考试《科技英语翻译》试题课程代码：05384一、短语翻译题翻译下列短语。
1. information superhighway2. crude oil3. U-steel4. air drill5. field survey6. dammed lake7. semi-finished product8. arm crane9. blinker light10. gear wheel11. molten steel12. organ donor13. cable-stayed bridge14. sub-health15. electron microscope二、句子翻译题翻译下列句子。
16. China's first atomic blast in October 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.17. Air will completely fill any container which it may be placed in.18. Within the subsequent years, hundreds of clones from half a dozen of species have been born from this remarkable assisted reproductive technique.19. Probably the first alloy to be made was a bronze, consisting of copper, with about one part in ten of tin.20. Friction can be considerably reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by careful lubrication.21. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.22. One of the problems of modem industry is the transportation of energy from the place at which it is available to the place at which it can be used most effectively.23. Evaporation from the soil and transpiration from vegetation are responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water which falls on the land.24. At a large terminal railway station, the work of the stationmaster is largely administrative because of the extent of the operations and the staff of which he is in command.25. The immediate effects of harmful sun rays —sunburn, photosensitive reactions (rashes), and cell and tissue damage —are bad enough.三、段落翻译题—英译汉将下列英语段落翻译成汉语。
四级Passage 24解析
Passage2446.题干：What does the latest congressional report suggest?题干翻译：最新的国会报告表明什么？抄写定位句：The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training,but also asserts that the study of the humanities(人文学科)and social sciences must remain central…both are critical…翻译定位句：最新的国会报告，承认了技术训练的关键重要性，也主张人文学科和社会科学必须保持中心地位……两者都重要……抄写正选：The humanities and STEM subjects should be given equal importance.翻译正选：人文学科和STEM专业应该给予同等重视。
正选解析：B。
通过题干定位词latest congressional report定位第2段第1、2句。
注意，but also和both非常明确地强调了“并列关系”：技术和人文学科都很重要，对应B项。
其中，STEM指理工类专业，所以对应technical training。
同义替换：technical training=STEM subjects；but also=equal=both错选排除：A项find jobs、D项higher education should be adjusted在定位处未提及；B项的enrich students spiritual life指“理科”与“文科”两者共同的作用，而B项仅仅提到“文科”(liberal arts)错误。
47.题干：What is the main concern of students when they choose a major?题干翻译：学生选专业时主要关心的是什么？抄写定位句：“Major in a subject designed to get you a job.”seems the obvious answer…翻译定位句：“为你找工作的专业”似乎是很显然的答案……抄写正选：Their chances of getting a good job.翻译正选：他们找到好工作的机会正选解析：D。
translateb (1)
通告 本译文是机器产生的。不能保证它是易于理解的、准确的、完整的、可靠的或适合特定目的。关键性的决定，如商业相关性或财务性决定，不应依靠机器翻译的结果。
摘要 US2014144501
一种制造透明电极包括：制备导电性纳米粒子，制备金属氧化物溶胶，混合和反应，在导电纳米颗粒与所述金属氧化物溶胶，形成包括金属氧化物结合的导电纳米颗粒的金属氧化物的溶液，涂布在金属氧化物溶液的方法在基板上，并在涂覆金属氧化物的溶液进行退火处理。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A method of fabricating a transparent electrode includes preparing conductive nanoparticles, preparing a metaloxide sol, mixing and reacting the conductive nanoparticles with the metal oxide sol to form a metal oxidesolution including a metal oxide combined with the conductive nanoparticles, coating the metal oxide solutionon a substrate, and performing an annealing process on the coated metal oxide solution.
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2017天津大学学术硕士英语网测测试题体验版
PART 1Directions: In this part of the test, there are some incomplete sentences. For each sentence, please choose one from the four choices given that can best complete its meaning.1. Most new technologies, with the exception of those associated with weaponry, have had hugely ________ effects for most people extending our capabilities and indeed our lives to an extent that our ancestors could not have imagined.formal urgent beneficial harmful2. Water purification is the _______ of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use.departure dismissal refusal removal3. Most studies on innovation have shown that it is often more difficult for large corporations to _______ the same level of creativity and freedom as start-ups.refrain sustain contain maintain4. It's true that humanity has seen a ________ of crises, wars and atrocities, but this negative side is offset by advances in technology and cultural exchanges.succession line fraction pair5. In modern times, a handful of technological wonders that started out as novelties, have become _______ to our daily routines.liable vulnerable compatible indispensable6. Some people may be required to work shifts or excessive hours, whilst others feel they simply cannot _______ targets they see as unrealistic.meet obtain complete acquire7. One of the most sincere forms of respect is _______ listening to what another has to say. finally actually daily virtually8. Engineers may help produce guided missiles, industrial robots, or _______ limbs for the physically handicapped.articulate artistic artificial authentic9. Of course, music can be distracting if it's too loud or too jarring, or if it _______ for our attention with what we're trying to do.preaches applies inquires competes10. Email, blogs, social networks, instant messaging, and message boards allow for both public and _______ communication about any topic.wordless anonymous confidential verbal11. There is only one way to happiness and that is to cease worrying about things which are _______ the power of our will.off beyond through by12. Whether its checking the weather, e-mail, or bank account, smartphones have made mobile connectivity so _______ that today’s younger generations seem much more “addicted”to their smartphones.visible feasible accessible imaginable13. Universities, employers and professional bodies all _______ the need for effective engineers to have skills in management and business.accredit admit acknowledge acquaint14. From primitive developments such as the wheel and paper to today's high-tech gadgets, there's certainly no _______ of impressive developments that have changed the way we live and work.shortage matter use sense15. For many people, an important aspect of overcoming Internet and computer addiction is to find _______ ways to handle these difficult feelings.renewable changeable alternative permanent16. In many cases, what we say is less important than how we say it or the other _______ signals we send out, such as eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, and gesture.electronic nonverbal oral warning17. Economists have long focused on the concept of education as an investment that, on average, _______ well over the long term, for both individual students and society as a whole.makes up makes for pays for pays off18. Electronic files are replacing ________ filing cabinets, and intelligent facsimile and copying machines are appearing together with a variety of printers able to print anything from letter-quality characters to four color diagrams.consequent conversational considerate conventional19. What the mass media offers is not popular art, but entertainment which is intended to be _______ like food, forgotten, and replaced by a new dish.spent paid expended consumed20. While time spent online can be hugely productive, compulsive Internet use can _______ daily life, work, and relationships.interfere with makes for take up break throughPART 2Directions: In this part of the test, there are 10 sentences which have been divided into five fragments. Re-arrange these fragments by dragging them with the mouse into the correct order to form a sentence so that it can make sense.21. Re-arrange these fragments by dragging them with the mouse into the correct order to forma sentence so that it can make sense.on the limits of scientific freedomthe two influenza researcherstheir publicity more differentlywhose work has triggered a far-reaching debatecould hardly have handled22. scientists believe something beganbut as the universe got larger andmatter got more diluted,pressing the gas pedal again, causingexpansion to accelerate once more23. is the reality that for most of you,and begin your careeranother reason for studying managementyou will either manage or be managedonce you graduate from college24. new materials, whereas a materials engineerfrom a functional perspective, the role ofusing existing materialsa materials scientist is to develop or synthesizeis called upon to create new products or systems25. dark energy is a temporaryand that matter’s gravitational pull will one day take overother theories posit thatand temper the universe’s growth spurtphenomenon like inflation,26. with the various characteristicsin making judicious materials choices based on these criteriathe more familiar an engineer or scientist isas well as processing techniques of materialsthe more proficient and confident he or she will be27. of empty space:the measurements so far lenddark energy is a natural propertythe more the universe expands, the stronger dark energy becomessupport to the leading theory that28. we always try to haveand our scientists see internationala strong global dimension in our research and development,cooperation as an integralpart of our modern research community29. is a challenge for conservation planners and managersespecially in habitats like lakes and riverswhere an animal leaves little or no macroscopic tracedetecting the presence of populationsof rare and threatened animal species30. those from more recent eras to conclude thatits measured rate withthe universe’s expansion wasthe team then comparedslowing at that timePART 3 (5 points)Directions: In this part of the test, you have 5 paragraphs given in wrong order. Please re-organize these paragraphs by dragging them with your mouse so that they make a coherent text. The third paragraph has already been correctly marked for you.31.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conductingonline transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.3.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites.In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. PART 4 (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there is a passage with 10 blanks. For each blank, please choose ONE word or phrase from the list below by dragging it with the mouse to complete the passage.32.The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may not seem harmful—so much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, _________, stored and sold over and over again. Future _______ on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you ________. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If it's loaded with spam, it's _________ because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-mall to the wrong Web site.Do you think your telephone number or address is handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names you've ________ never heard of—like Acxiom or Merlin—buy and sell your personal information _________ other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bartered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if you've ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data ________ that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers _______ from various sources—including pizza delivery companies.These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from simple actions make privacy _______ difficult to grasp, and grapple with. It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when they're being watched. And it is also impossible to _______ that Americans arenow being watched more than at any time in history.Issues surrendered attacks the way brokers deny probably categorized Undoubtedly compiled作文题目。
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Distributed V.R. Training System forEndovascular Procedures
Nuha H. El-Khalili and Ken W. BrodlieSchool of Computer Studies, University of Leeds,Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
e-mail: nuha@scs.leeds.ac.uk, kwb@scs.leeds.ac.ukThe World Wide Web has grown to be a huge pool for exchanginginformation and services. Indeed it has become a framework fordistributed computing applications, with user interface providedthrough a web browser. It has potential in particular for distributedsimulation applications, providing world wide access to training systems.In this paper we will report results from our prototype web-basedvirtual reality simulation system which aims to train surgeons onendovascular procedures. The paper discusses features of the currenttechnology that can support or limit the implementation of this type ofapplication.
Keywords: Surgical simulator, VRML, Java, Web- based applications.1. IntroductionDespite its short life time, the influence of the World Wide Web (WWW) has grownexponentially. The WWW has become a medium for exchanging information.Furthermore, there is an increasing awareness of its usefulness as a service providermedium. Thus, software developers are targeting the web as an environment for thenext generation of applications. These applications will inherit from the web its worldwide accessibility feature as well as facilitating multi-user access and collaborativeworking.
In this paper we present a prototype of a web-based virtual reality (VR) trainingsimulation system for endovascular procedures. This work is part of a project carriedout in conjunction with radiologists in St. James’s University Hospital to build aDistributed VR Training System for Endovascular Procedures111
111training simulator for endovascular procedures used to treat abdominal aorticaneurysms (AAA). The paper will propose an architectural design for this type ofapplication. We will also discuss the limitations in the current technology whichhinders the achievement of some of the application requirements.
In the following section, we present our endovascular application, and we discuss thetraditional method of solving this problem using a VR training simulator. In sectionthree, the advantages of providing a web- based solution to this problem are presented.Section four presents the architectural design of our prototype and someimplementation details. Section five will contain some concluding remarks; andfinally reports the next stage of our research.
2. Endovascular Training SimulatorThe need to build an endovascular training simulator arises from the development ofnew surgical techniques, specifically endoscopy. Endoscopy is a surgical technologywhich allows the operation on regions within the body with minimal damage to skinand surrounding tissues [Dumay 1995]. The advantages of endoscopy- being aminimally invasive technique- is that the patient’s discomfort and recovery time isreduced, consequently cost is reduced and health care standard is increased. However,this technology comes with its difficulties; these emerge from the ‘operation from adistance’ methodology. The radiologist performs the operation from a small incisionfar from the diseased organ using a long tubular tool called the endoscope. In addition,the radiologist is not able to directly view the operational area, but rather, vision isaccessible via a video monitor. Alongside these difficulties are the inefficient currenttraining methods. The one-to-one mentoring training method is time consuming andhazard prone. Meanwhile plastic models, animals and cadavers are expensive andinaccurate as a basis for training. This motivates the idea of a computer- basedendovascular training simulator where radiologists can learn safely and relativelycheaply.
Simulation can be defined as the process of "modelling a system in such a way that themodel mimics the response of the actual system to events that take place over time"[Pegden 1995]. Therefor, a simulator must respond to events over time, in a realisticmanner. Thus, training simulators require interaction and realism.
In an endovascular training system realism would mean that the modelled anatomyand surgical tools must ‘look’ like the real objects. It would also mean that the modelsmust ‘act’ like the real objects- e.g. the endoscope must bend when hitting the walls ofthe vessels. Furthermore, in endoscopic procedures the surgeon depends on the touchsensation to replace part of the lost vision. Thus, an additional requirement for realismis that the model ‘feels’ real. All these factors must be delivered in real time.