BACKGROUND Various studies have compared

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《管理学》第一章-管理人员与管理全英文考试题目

Chapter 1 Managers and ManagementTrue/False1. There is a universally accepted model of a successful manager.(False; Easy; p. 2)2. A systematic arrangement of people brought together to accomplish some specific purpose is anorganization.(True; Easy; p. 3)3. All organizations develop a systematic structure that defines and limits the behavior of theirmembers.(True; Moderate; p. 3)4. The primary distinction between operatives and managers is that operatives have employees whoreport directly to them.(False; Moderate; p. 3)5. Operatives direct the activities of other people in the organization.(False; Moderate; p. 3)6. Middle managers may have titles such as department head, project leader, unit chief, or districtmanager.(True; Moderate; p. 4)7. Effectiveness means doing the task right and refers to the relationship between inputs and outputs. (False; Challenging; p. 5)8. It's easier to be effective if one ignores efficiency.(True; Moderate; p. 5)9. An organization can be efficient and yet not effective.(True; Moderate; p. 6)10. The four processes of management are completely independent and should be treated as separateactivities.(False; Easy; p. 6)11. The organizing component encompasses defining an organization's goals, establishing overallstrategy, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.(False; Moderate; p. 6)12. The leading component of management includes directing and coordinating people.(True; Easy; p. 7)13. Comparing actual performance with previously set goals is part of controlling.(True; Easy; p. 7)14. Fayol derived his original functions of management from his observations of an Irish potatoprocessing plant.(False; Challenging; p. 8)15. Mintzberg found managers were reflective thinkers who carefully and systematically processedinformation before making decisions.(False; Challenging; p. 8)16. Mintzberg found that managers—regardless of the type of organization or the level in theorganization—perform similar roles.(True; Easy; p. 8)17. The Associate Dean is responsible for preparing the schedule of classes for next semester. Sheschedules each faculty member's classes at appropriate times as part of her role as "negotiator." (False; Moderate; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)18. Mintzberg's "figurehead" role includes greeting visitors and signing legal documents.(True; Moderate; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)19. Top managers spend a larger percentage of their time on organizing than first-level managers andmiddle managers.(True; Moderate; p. 10; Ex. 1-6)20. A manager's job differs in profit and not-for-profit organizations.(False; Easy; p. 10)21. Profit acts as an unambiguous measure of the effectiveness of a business organization. (True; Moderate; p. 10)22. Small businesses employ over 75 percent of the private workforce.(False; Challenging; p. 11)23. The growth in small businesses is a phenomenon that has been confined in large part to theUnited States.(False; Moderate; p. 11)24. Compared with a manager in a large organization, a small business manager is more likely to be ageneralist.(True; Easy; p. 12)25. While there may be differences in degree and emphasis of functions, the same managementfunctions apply to owners of small businesses as to the CEO of major corporations.(True; Challenging; p. 12)26. Studies that have compared managerial practices between countries have generally supported theuniversality of management concepts.(False; Moderate; p. 12)27. Political skills are related to the ability to enhance one's position, build a power base, andestablish the right connections.(True; Moderate; p. 13)28. The Management Charter Initiative (MCI) was developed in Australia and focuses on whateffective managers know.(False; Challenging; p. 14)29. Anthropology helps managers better understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, andbehavior.(True; Moderate; p. 18)30. Philosophy can help us understand the concepts of conflict and power.(False; Moderate; p. 19)31. Psychology courses are relevant to managers in terms of understanding motivation, leadership,and trust.(True; Easy; p. 20)Multiple Choice32. Which of the following does not meet the definition of an organization?a. everyone who lives in Oakhaven subdivisionb. Enloe High School marching bandc. Midway Baptist Churchd. Betty's Boutique, a small retail store(a; Moderate; p. 3)33. An organization must contain all except which of the following characteristics?a. a purposeb. peoplec. a structured. a product(d; Moderate; p. 3)34. The distinct purpose of an organization is typically expressed in terms of:a. a systematic structure.b. a goal or set of goals.c. management competencies.d. its vision statement.(b; Moderate; p. 3)35. Operatives can best be described as:a. those who actually perform the service or produce the product.b. those who work anonymously behind the scenes.c. those who set the goals of the organization.d. those who supervise others.(a; Moderate; p. 3)36. The person who sells you a new pair of jeans is known as a(n):a. middle manager.b. first-line manager.c. operative.d. top manager.(c; Moderate; p. 4)37. Which of the following is not true about operatives?a. They have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others.b. They work directly on a job or task.c. They have no more than four employees who report directly to them.d. A person on an assembly line could be described as an operative.(c; Challenging; p. 4)38. Managers primarily perform which of the following tasks?a. sellingb. stocking merchandisec. directing the activities of other peopled. ordering merchandise(c; Moderate; p. 4)39. _____ are customarily classified as top, middle, or first-line.a. Supervisorsb. Staff positionsc. Operativesd. Managers(d; Easy; p. 4)40. At Augusta College, the Department Head who oversees activities of the faculty is a(n):a. first-line manager.b. middle manager.c. top manager.d. operative.(a; Moderate; p. 4)41. The managers who work most closely with the operatives are known asa. top management.b. middle management.c. first-line managers.d. operative managers.(c; Easy; p. 4)42. The level of management that translates the goals of the organization into specific plans that canthen be implemented is known as:a. top management.b. middle management.c. first-line managers.d. operative managers.(b; Moderate; p. 4)43. _____ are responsible for making decisions about the direction of the organization andestablishing policies that affect all organizational members.a. Operativesb. Top managersc. Middle managersd. First-line supervisors(b; Easy; p. 4)44. The term "_____" in the definition of management represents the primary activities managersperform.a. effectiveb. efficientc. processd. functions(c; Easy; p. 5)45. Performing the task right and considering the relationship between inputs and outputs is known as:a. effectiveness.b. goal attainment.c. efficiency.d. management characteristics.(c; Moderate; p. 5)46. If you get more output for a given input, you have:a. decreased effectiveness.b. increased effectiveness.c. decreased efficiency.d. increased efficiency.(d; Moderate; p. 5)47. Actually doing the right task is known in management as which of the following?a. effectivenessb. strategic managementc. efficiencyd. management characteristics(a; Moderate; p. 5)48. In an organization, _____ translate(s) into goal attainment.a. effectivenessb. efficiencyc. resource minimizationd. managerial functions(a; Moderate; p. 5)49. If a college cuts the cost of an education by using mostly part-time faculty and at the same timefails to adequately educate its students, it can be said to be doing the wrong things well. In other words, the college is:a. efficient and effective.b. efficient but not effective.c. effective but not efficient.d. neither efficient nor effective.(b; Challenging; p. 6)50. The goal of Dempsey's Dumpsters is to provide trash services to the city of Apex, whose motto is"The peak of good living." The customers are satisfied with the level of service, but costs atDempsey's Dumpsters are double that of their competition. Dempsey's is:a. efficient and effective.b. efficient but not effective.c. effective but not efficient.d. neither efficient nor effective.(c; Challenging; p. 6)51. Tim's Tire Shop is concerned only with using the least amount of labor possible as itrepairs/replaces the tires of its customers. Its primary goal is:a. effectiveness.b. goal attainment.c. efficiency.d. management characteristics.(c; Moderate; p. 6)52. All of the following are included in the four components of the management process except:a. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. delegating.(d; Easy; p. 6)53. In the early part of the twentieth century, a French industrialist by the name of _____ wrote thatmanagers perform five functions, referred to as the management process.a. Henri Fayolb. Henry Mintzbergc. Max Weberd. Douglas McGregor(a; Moderate; p. 6)54. Defining goals, establishing an overall strategy, and developing a comprehensive hierarchy ofplans is known as which of the following processes of management?a. planningb. leadingc. organizingd. controlling(a; Moderate; p. 6)55. Determining the tasks to be accomplished, how the tasks are to be grouped, and who isresponsible for the various tasks is known as which of the following processes of management?a. planningb. organizingc. leadingd. controlling(b; Moderate; p. 7)56. When managers motivate employees, direct the activities of others, select the most effectivecommunication channel, and resolve conflicts, they are performing which of the followingprocesses of management?a. controllingb. organizingc. leadingd. planning(c; Moderate; p. 7)57. The process of monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and correcting any significantdeviations is known as:a. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. controlling.(d; Moderate; p. 7)58. Ann is the CEO of a large manufacturing plant. She has spent her day trying to ensure that thelight bulbs coming off the assembly line light 99.4 percent of the time. She has spent her dayperforming the management process of:a. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. controlling.(d; Moderate; p. 7)59. John is the CEO of a major hospital. He has spent his day planning the schedules of employeesfor the next month. He had to ensure that there was a registered nurse on every shift. He spent his day:a. planning.b. organizing.c. leading.d. controlling.(b; Easy; p. 7)60. Linda has spent the day in a session where the future of her company was discussed. The peopleinvolved were trying to determine what the role of their company was as the 21st centuryapproaches. Goals were then developed based upon their vision of the company's mission. Linda spent her day on the _____ process.a. planningb. organizingc. leadingd. controlling(a; Easy; p. 7)61. _____ studied five chief executives at work and found that managers perform ten different buthighly interrelated roles.a. Henri Fayolb. Henry Mintzbergc. Max Weberd. Douglas McGregor(b; Moderate; p. 8)62. Mintzberg grouped the ten managerial roles into three primary headings. Which of the followingis not one of these headings?a. interpersonal relationshipsb. transfer of informationc. planningd. decision making(c; Moderate; p. 8)63. Mintzberg found that managers' activities were constantly interrupted approximately every _____minutes.a. threeb. sixc. nined. eleven(c; Challenging; p. 8)64. According to Mintzberg, which management category includes the roles of figurehead, leader,and liaison?a. interpersonalb. informationalc. decisionald. planning(a; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)65. According to Mintzberg, monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson activities are all:a. interpersonal roles.b. informational roles.c. decisional roles.d. planning roles.(b; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)66. According to Mintzberg, which management role includes entrepreneur, disturbance handler,resource allocator, and negotiator?a. interpersonalb. informationalc. decisionald. planning(c; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)67. George is representing his company at the local Chamber of Commerce Annual BusinessRecognition luncheon. He is performing which managerial role?a. negotiationb. monitorc. figureheadd. liaison(c; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)68. Susan spends a half hour every morning reading the current periodicals concerned with herbusiness. She is performing which managerial role?a. negotiationb. monitorc. figureheadd. liaison(b; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)69. Jose is involved with discussions between employees, management, and the union to which hisemployees belong. They are discussing wage issues. Management is interested in keeping the wages at minimum wage. The employees/union want $.50 plus minimum wage. Jose isperforming which managerial role?a. monitorb. entrepreneurc. negotiatord. organizer(c; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)70. As managers move up the organization, they do more:a. leading.b. controlling.c. direct overseeing.d. planning.(d; Moderate; p. 10; Ex. 1-6)71. Which of the following acts as an unambiguous measure of the effectiveness of a businessorganization?a. efficiencyb. employee satisfactionc. increased revenuesd. profits(d; Moderate; p. 10)72. A business is classified as small if it has fewer than _____ employees.a. 50b. 100c. 250d. 500(d; Moderate; p. 11)73. Which of the following is not a criterion that can be used in determining if a business qualifies asa small business?a. profitsb. salesc. total assetsd. number of employees(a; Moderate; p. 11)74. According to the author, small businesses will account for _____ of new job growth in the nextdecade.a. 25%b. 33%c. 50%d. 75%(c; Challenging; p. 11)75. Small businesses account for _____ percentage of all non-farm businesses in the United States.a. 27%b. 38%c. 79%d. 97%(d; Moderate; p. 11)76. The small business owner's most important managerial role is which of the following?a. monitorb. spokespersonc. leaderd. negotiator(b; Moderate; p. 11)77. Compared to the manager of a large organization, a small business manager is more likely to be a:a. specialist.b. figurehead.c. generalist.d. information monitor.(c; Easy; p. 11)78. Which of the following roles is least important in large firms?a. resource allocatorb. entrepreneurc. liaisond. monitor(b; Easy; p. 11; Ex. 1-7)79. Which of the following roles is most important for managers in small firms?a. disseminatorb. leaderc. spokespersond. figurehead(c; Moderate; p. 11; Ex. 1-7)80. Which of the following is true about the differences between managers in a large organizationand managers in a small business?a. A small business manager is more likely to be a generalist.b. Control in the large business will rely more on direct observation.c. Planning in a large business is less likely to be a carefully orchestrated ritual.d. A small business is more likely to be structured and formal.(a; Easy; p. 12)81. The universality of management concept typically applies to all except which of the followingcountries?a. United Statesb. Chilec. Canadad. Australia(b; Moderate; p. 12)82. Almost everything managers do requires them to:a. plan.b. allocate resources.c. hold meetings.d. make decisions.(d; Moderate; p. 12)83. Katz developed four critical skills that managers must possess. Which of the following is not oneof those four skills?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. connection(d; Moderate; p. 13)84. What skill centers on a manager's mental ability to coordinate all of the organization's interestsand activities?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(a; Moderate; p. 13)85. The skill that centers on a manager's ability to work with, understand, and motivate other peopleis known as _____ skill.a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(b; Moderate; p. 13)86. Which skill centers on a manager's ability to use the tools, procedures, and techniques of aspecialized field?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(c; Moderate; p. 13)87. The skill that centers on a manager's ability to build a power base and establish the "right"connections is known as _____ skill.a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(d; Moderate; p. 13)88. Becky has joined an organization which promotes the discussion of current management topics.The majority of the managers in North Carolina belong to the organization. Which managerialskill is Becky addressing?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(d; Moderate; p. 13)89. Angelo is well-known for his skills in using the advanced programming software of theengineering field. In fact, it was his specialized knowledge that led to his promotion as manager.Which managerial skill is Angelo demonstrating?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(c; Easy; p. 13)90. Destiny's strength as a manager lies in her ability to work with people. She is able to work with,motivate, and lead others easily. Destiny is demonstrating which managerial skill?a. conceptualb. interpersonalc. technicald. political(b; Moderate; p. 13)91. Research has identified six sets of behaviors that explain more than 50% of a manager'seffectiveness. Which of the following is not one of these six sets of behavior?a. making human resource decisionsb. organizing and coordinatingc. strategic problem solvingd. motivating employees and handling conflicts(a; Challenging; p. 14)92. The most recent approach to defining the manager's job focuses on _____, a cluster of relatedknowledge, skills, and attitudes related to effective managerial performance.a. the management skill setb. management competenciesc. behavioral traitsd. executive activities(b; Easy; p. 14)93. One of the most comprehensive competency studies, _____, has come out of the United Kingdom.a. the Myers Briggs testb. Mintzberg's managerial rolesc. the management charter initiatived. Theory Z(c; Moderate; p. 14)94. The management charter initiative (MCI) is based on an analysis of management activities andfocuses on:a. what effective managers know, rather than what they should be able to do.b what skills efficient managers should have.c. what education is needed by effective managers.d. what effective managers should be able to do, rather than on what they know.(d; Challenging; p. 14)95. The management charter initiative (MCI) currently has two sets of standards–Management I is for:a. first-level managers.b. middle managers.c. top managers.d. operatives.(a; Moderate; p. 14)96. The annual income of senior managers at large toy manufacturing firms ranges between:a. $100,000-$200,000.b. $200,000-$600,000.c. $225,000-$750,000.d. $300,000-$1,000,000.(c; Challenging; p. 16)97. Most first-line supervisors earn between _____ per year.a. $20,000 - $35,000b. $30,000 - $55,000c. $50,000 - $75,000d. $70,000 - $85,000(b; Moderate; p. 16)98. The average cash compensation in 1998 for top executives at the 392 largest publicly held U.S.corporations was over:a. $100,000.b. $1,000,000.c. $2,000,000.d. $2,800,000.(b; Challenging; p. 16)99. On average, American executive salaries have increased in the last decade by ___ per year, whilethe average worker's salary has increased 3%.a. about 15%b. almost 30%c. more than 40%d. over 60%(c; Challenging; p. 16)100. What do Gimbels, W.T. Grant, and Eastern Airlines have in common?a. Their CEOs were all educated at Ivy League schools.b. They overpaid their executives.c. They are excellently managed organizations.d. Poor management did them in.(d; Easy; p. 17)101. _____ is the study of societies which helps us learn about human beings and their activities.a. Anthropologyb. Philosophyc. Political scienced. Psychology(a; Easy; p. 18)102. _____ courses inquire into the nature of things, particularly values and ethics.a. Anthropologyb. Philosophyc. Political scienced. Psychology(b; Easy; p. 19)103. The social science concerned with the allocation and distribution of scarce resources is:a. accounting.b. political science.c. economics.d. management.(c; Easy; p. 19)104. If you are interested in learning about structuring of conflict, allocation of power, and how people manipulate power for individual self interest, you should consider a course in:a. accounting.b. political science.c. economics.d. psychology.(b; Easy; p. 19)105. _____ are standards governing human conduct.a. Valuesb. Responsibilitiesc. Management initiativesd. Ethics(d; Moderate; p. 19)106. _____ courses help managers gain a better understanding of motivation, leadership, trust, employee selection, performance appraisals, and training techniques.a. Psychologyb. Sociologyc. Political scienced. Anthropology(a; Moderate; p. 20)107. If you studied _____, you would address the issues of globalization, cultural diversity, gender roles, and family life affecting organizational practices.a. psychologyb. sociologyc. economicsd. anthropology(b; Moderate; p. 20)108. An organization interested in changing demographics that alter customer and employment markets could benefit from topics taught in a _____ course.a. psychologyb. sociologyc. economicsd. anthropology(b; Moderate; p. 20)Scenario-Based QuestionsApplication of Mintzberg's Management RolesSuzanne was amazed. She had just spent the day with the CEO of a major manufacturing firmthrough a "Visit with a Manager Program" developed by the college she attends. She wasexhausted and wondered how the CEO managed the hectic pace. Suzanne was also amazed bythe number of "hats" that the CEO had worn throughout the day. The day had started with ageneral managers' meeting where the latest news concerning the competition had been announced by the CEO. Then Suzanne and the CEO had spent an hour completing a report to be given thefollowing day to the board of directors. Lunch, where Suzanne had hoped to have time to askquestions, was an informal meeting with a group of suppliers who were concerned about theirincreasing costs. As soon as they had returned to the office, the CEO received a message of a fire in one of the major warehouses. They were immediately off to the location to assess the damage.Then that evening, there was a formal dinner sponsored by the local Chamber of Commercewhich the CEO had invited Suzanne to attend. Suzanne had declined. She was exhausted. 109. The numerous roles played by the CEO is a demonstration of which of the following?a. Maslow's Hierarchyb. Fayol's Management Functionsc. Herzberg's Maintenance Factorsd. Mintzberg's Management Roles(d; Easy; p. 8)110. When the CEO was speaking at the manager's meeting, which of the following roles was being performed?a. figureheadb. entrepreneurc. resource allocatord. disseminator(d; Moderate; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)111. The CEO's role at lunch was an example of which of the following roles?a. monitorb. negotiatorc. resource allocatord. disseminator(b; Moderate; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)112. Preparing the report for the Board of Directors is an example of which of the following roles?a. monitorb. negotiatorc. resource allocatord. spokesperson(d; Moderate; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)113. When the CEO attended the supper held by the Chamber of Commerce, which role was the CEO displaying?a. monitorb. negotiatorc. figureheadd. spokesperson(c; Easy; p. 9; Ex. 1-5)Application of Mintzberg's Roles to Size of OrganizationJohn is the CEO of a large manufacturing firm which produces construction equipment. George is the owner and operator of a small business that produces one of the key engine components for John's manufacturing firm. Both are managers; however, George has noticed some differencesbetween his activities and the activities John performs. George spends much of his time inoutwardly directed activities such as meeting with customers and potential investors. John seems to spend more of his time on activities that are directed internally, such as allocating resources to appropriate departments. George wonders what accounts for this difference, and he goes to amanagement consultant for input.114. The consultant informs George that the most important role of a small business manager is which of the following?a. monitorb. disseminatorc. spokespersond. negotiator(c; Moderate; p. 11; Ex. 1-7)115. The least important role of the manager of a large organization is which of the following?a. monitorb. disseminatorc. spokespersond. negotiator(b; Moderate; p. 11; Ex. 1-7)116. How many employees must work for John's firm?a. 250b. 400c. 450d. 600+(d; Challenging; p. 11)117. The most important role played by John will be which of the following?a. resource allocatorb. entrepreneurc. spokespersond. negotiator(a; Moderate; p. 11; Ex. 1-7)118. The consultant tells George that the major difference between managers of large organizations and small business owners is which of the following?a. The roles that are played by the managers are different.b. The manager of a large organization is more likely to be a generalist.c. The proportion of time spent on each function is different.d. There is no difference between manager roles.(c; Challenging; p. 12)Application of Management SkillsShawna had spent the day "tagging" her uncle. He was the CEO of a large firm that manufactures cereal and related products. Shawna was a management major at a local college, and one of her class assignments was to interview a business manager. When she approached her uncle aboutthe assignment, he had told her that he felt she would get a better feel for management if shewould "shadow" him for a day. So, over fall break, she had spent the day with him. He had spent his day dealing with a variety of issues. The first agenda item for the day had been a meetingwith the division manager who was having difficulties meeting his target amount due to hisinability to motivate his employees. Then it had been off to the assembly line floor to inspect anew procedure for filling cereal boxes. Lunch had been with a group of local CEOs whereeverything from the new hiring laws to the latest economic reports had been discussed. Afterlunch, Shawna had sat in on a meeting where the five-year strategic plan for the company wasbeing evaluated. All in all, it had been a day full of information Shawna could use for her classassignment.119. Which of the following is not one of the managerial skills that successful managers must possess?a. political skillsb. interpersonal skillsc. technical skillsd. organizational skills(d; Easy; p. 13)120. The meeting with the division manager concerning his inability to motivate his employees is a demonstration of:a. political skills.b. interpersonal skills.c. technical skills.d. conceptual skills.(b; Moderate; p. 13)121. Lunch was an example of which of the following managerial competencies?a. political skillsb. interpersonal skillsc. technical skillsd. conceptual skills(a; Moderate; p. 13)。

表观遗传修饰新发现.pptx

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2.2 Research Background
ROS1 preferentially targets TEsTEs （Transposable Elements）When ROS1 targeted TEs are located in the promoter regions of genes, ROS1 can protect gene expression by demethylating the adjacent TEs.Many studies have demonstrated that, by demethylating nearby TEs, active DNA demethylation is critical for gene activation or for the prevention of silencing .
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Conclusion
SlDML2 is critical for tomato fruit ripening because it mediates all ripening-induced DNA demethylation. This genome-wide demthylation is important not only for activating the expression of ripening factors but also for silencing hundreds of genes that are no longer needed and must be repressed when the fruit is ripe.
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2.4 Research Background

黑龙江省哈尔滨市哈师大附中2023-2024学年高一下学期开学考试考试英语试卷(原卷版+解析版)

哈师大附中2023级高一下学期开学考试英语试卷本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。

满分150分。

考试时间为120分钟。

第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．What does the man dislike about the shirtA．The material. B．The design. C．The color.2．What will the speakers do nextA．Go to the cleaner’s. B．Do some shopping. C．Visit Jim. 3．Where is the woman catch a connecting trainA．In Liverpool. B．In Bermingham. C．In London.4．What is the relationship between the speakers A．Interviewer and interviewee.B．Boss and secretary.C．Colleagues.5．What are the speakers talking aboutA．The horrible weather. B．A late bus. C．A challenging job.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

从交际翻译理论看华语电影字幕翻译—以《英雄》为例

重庆大学硕士学位论文从交际翻译理论看华语电影字幕翻译—以《英雄》为例姓名：张黎黎申请学位级别：硕士专业：外国语言学及应用语言学指导教师：范定洪2010-05摘要随着电影事业的发展和扩张，影视作品，作为一种大众文化，在跨文化交流中扮演着重要的角色，而影视翻译是进行此交流过程的关键因素。

影视翻译作为一门新兴学科，亦成为翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领地，开始受到翻译界的关注。

首先，影视翻译是文学翻译的一个重要分支，作为一门新兴学科的标志，必须构建自身理论体系。

影视翻译研究理论系统的建立要依赖文学翻译理论，并结合其自身特点创建一套可供研究的理论体系。

其次，在影视翻译实践中，由于电影有其自身特点，电影翻译必须兼顾这些特点。

电影翻译基本分为三种类型：字幕翻译，配音和覆盖画外音。

本文仅讨论国内影片翻译的主要形式—字幕翻译。

在参研前人研究成果的基础上，本文运用纽马克的交际翻译理论作为指导讨论华语电影的字幕翻译策略。

纽马克认为成功的翻译取决于交际效果的传达，以目的语和目的语读者为中心，使目的语读者能够最大程度获得源语读者的感受。

电影字幕的翻译不仅要考虑到观众对源语语言结构差异和文化差异的接受问题，同时结合电影字幕自身特点（瞬时性，画音同步等）以达到源语电影与译语观众的有效交际；基于纽马克有效交际的论述，作者总结了指导电影字幕翻译的四原则，即易读原则，节减原则，等效原则，和概括原则；最后以国产电影《英雄》为例，分析以上四个原则如何体现在译者所采用的各种翻译策略中，以论证交际翻译运用于电影字幕翻译的可行性。

本文的最终目的在于通过把纽马克的交际翻译与电影字幕特点相结合，为影视翻译理论体系的构建有一定的意义；另一方面，通过总结电影字幕翻译的原则和《英雄》字幕各种翻译策略，指导国产电影的字幕翻译实践，促进中国电影事业在海外市场的蓬勃发展。

关键词：影视翻译，电影字幕翻译，交际翻译理论，电影字幕翻译原则，翻译策略ABSTRACTAs film industry increasingly booms and expands in overseas markets, film, as a form of mass cultural products, plays an important role in cross-culture exchanges and communications to which translation is the key element. As a newly flourished subject, the study of film translation becomes more and more significance and begins to attract more and more attention in translation studies.Scholars and experts have been struggling to build its own theoretical framework for film translation study to symbolize its independence as an important branch of translation studies; the establishment of theoretical framework for researching is based on literary translation theories combining its own characteristics; on the other hand, the film products posses unique characteristics that should be fully considered in the process of film translation practice.Generally, there are three types of film translation: subtitling, dubbing and voice-over. This thesis only discusses the issue of film subtitling-the dominant type of Chinese-English film translation. Based on previous researches, it applies Newmark’s communicative translation theory in Chinese-English film subtitling. Newmark claims that the successful translation is to covey communicative effect of source language; and it should be target language-oriented and target reader-oriented, making them receive the effect as close as that received on the readers of the original. There is one more aspect except for dealing linguistic and cultural differences should be considered, i.e. features of instantaneity and combination of oral speeches and images in film subtitles, to achieve such communicative effect. This thesis proposes four subtitling principles based on Newmark’s views, i.e. comprehensibility, economy, equivalent effect and generic principle. Hero is used as a case study for analyzing various subtitling strategies and discussing how these strategies reflect the proposed four subtitling principles, furthermore, in order to enforce the applicability of communicative translation theory.This thesis applies Newmark’s communicative translation theory in accordance with the characteristics of film subtitling, which is significant to establish theoretical framework in this area. And it summarizes four subtitling principles and various subtitling strategies in Hero in order to provide guidance to Chinese-English film subtitling practice and promote the development of Chinese film industry in overseas markets.Key Words: film translation; film subtitling; communicative translation theory; film subtitling principles; translation strategies.Chapter One IntroductionNowadays, communications among different countries are becoming much more frequent than ever, not only in scope of politics and economy communications but in culture communication. With the development of such frequent and all-around communications, their channels are increasingly varied. Film, as the most popular form of mass entertainment and culture-loader with a large numbers of audiences across the world plays a significant role in transmitting cultures and promoting international culture exchanges (Peng Jixiang, 2004). Therefore, when the film is shared globally, film translation bears multifold communicative functions, i.e. linguistic communication, non-linguistic communication, culture communication. It is no less complicated than the translation of literary works and should not be neglected in translation studies.1.1 Research backgroundHatim and Mason (2001) claim, “once all texts are seen as evidence of a communicative transaction taking place within a social framework, the way is open to a view of translating which is not restricted to a particular field-religious, literary, scientific—but which can include such diverse activities as film subtitling and dubbing, simultaneous interpreting, cartoon translation, abstracting and summarizing, etc” (p.2). It shows that film translation begins to be caught attention after long-term inferior to literary translation. With the development of modern science and technology, films are not only available in cinema but also in forms of DVDs, on-line videos, and they can be watched or downloaded in personal computers. Audio-visual products have become a necessary part of people’s life and can be seen everywhere in our daily lives. Most people take film-watching as mental recreation in their spare time, which pushes film industry to its prime time.As the film industry increasingly booms, it develops quickly not only in domestic market but also in broad overseas markets. When film products are ready to be exported, translation must come first before the products meet their target audiences, because most target audiences can only speak their mother language. Usually, values, thoughts, religious faith, lifestyle, even morality of a certain community can be revealed through dialogues and pictures of the film. Translation of film products is not merely linguistic transfer but the processing of such culture conventions. At present, film products are imported and exported with a great number in most countries, and theatres and on-linetheatres witness unprecedented introduction of foreign films in China. The more films are imported and exported, the more translation is conducted. Therefore, the exploration for film translation study is commenced in scholars’ researches. .Theoretically, film translation is divided into voicing-over, dubbing and subtitling in form, among which subtitling and dubbing are two main approaches. “Two approaches of film translation have been dominant: subtitling and dubbing” (Baker, 1998, p.24). “Theoretically, subtitling is a process of reproduction of film from the ‘multimodal text’ to a written text, namely, a well-finished film itself is a source text, and the target text is ‘the same’ film with subtitles” (Remael, 2001, p.16). Dubbing refers to the replacement of the original speech by a voice track which attempts to follow as closely as possible the timing phrasing and lip movements of original dialogue. (Luydken, 1991)Compared with literary translation study, film translation study is much younger because of the late birth of cinema and film. Film translation study begins earlier in western countries than in China. In early research, it is rather called “A VT translation” which is a collection of screen translation including film, domestic video, cooperate video, TV programs, online translation and offline products and services. Clearly, Film translation subordinates to A VT translation. Nowadays, with the prosperity of global film industry, the study on film translation thrives as an independent branch of A VT. Western scholar Jorge Díaz Cintas works on establishing of theoretical framework on film translation study as an integral part to translation studies; Diaz-Cintas (2004) holds that literary translation theories are not marked within their application scopes, so these theories, properly adapted, have great significance to establish film translation theories. Besides, much empirical studies have been done. The research on film translation started quite late. Before 1949, China virtually had no screen translation. After 1978, audiovisual translation began to be active and so did the studies of film translation, but there were disproportional few pioneer research works compared with the large numbers of film products imported and exported. In recent decays, large numbers of imported films swarm in China film market, most of which are dubbed or subtitled; in contrast, less domestic films are exported overseas.According to the survey once made by an authoritative , it showed that about a large number of people, accounting for more than 70%, prefer subtitled films and about 23% of people like dubbed film. In China, subtitling is the favorite film translation approach because it remains original sound track combingtranslated subtitles which is warmly welcomed by language learners, and according to Gambier, “dubbing can be up to ten times expensive than subtitling” (as cited in Zhu Jia, 2005, p.9). Therefore, subtitling is worth being explored, especially when studying Chinese-English films translation because of dominant role of subtitling. So this thesis attempts to focus on the study of Chinese-English film subtitling.1.2 The significance of the researchStudy on film translation is on its way to establish theoretical framework. In recent years, researches on film subtitling are increasing, most of which explore this issue from the perspective of functionalist translation theory, the rest of which from relevance theory or norms. They are fruitful to some extent and indeed have achieved somewhere. However, only a few of researches resort to communicative translation approach, and most of them bring the translation of English films or English film names into research issue. There is much room to do the research on Chinese-English film subtitling from the perspective of communicative translation theory. .Therefore, based on previous studies, this thesis discusses Chinese-English film subtitling from the perspective of Peter Newmark’s communicative translation theory. On the one hand, it introduces Newmark’s communicative translation theory and proves its applicability to film subtitling, which is significant to establish theoretical framework in this area.On the other hand, there are large numbers of dubbed and subtitled foreign films introduced into China, especially Hollywood films. Many of the Chinese audience have experienced the overwhelming influence of Hollywood films. One main reason for the popularity of American film is that American producers pay much attention to language transfer for foreign audience (Ji Fengju, 2007). However, only a few Chinese films are exported. And a few of these exported films are well-received, although State Radio and Television Bureau has announced new strategies for developing and expanding domestic film products and TV programs. They do have much impact on film products oversea promotion, but we can not forget that the introduction of domestic film products into foreign countries should largely depend on “translation” no matter how they are promoted or advertised (Long Qianhong, 2006). Chinese translators of audio-visual products should focus much more on Chinese-English translating and introducing domestic film into other countries (Gu Tiejun, 2005). To expand international market and to earn more applause from abroad, subtitling is very necessary and important. Thisthesis explores subtitling principles and practical subtitling strategies for Chinese films to make them receive more applause in targeting countries (native English-speaking countries), which makes certain contribution to expand domestic films exporting and eventually thrives in overseas market.1.3 Research questionsThe research is carried out in light of communicative translation theory, and it attempts to find out practical principles to guide film subtitling to ensure that TL audiences can appreciate and enjoy the film to the degree as the SL audiences do.Here are two research questions of the whole paper:1 Can communicative translation theory guide film subtitling and how to guide it?2 What specific translation strategies does the subtitler adopt in Hero? And to what extent do these strategies reflect the proposed guiding principles and how?1.4 Methodology and data collectionThe present research is based on qualitative method. A case study is also adopted to support the validity of qualitative research. Qualitative analysis is adopted to identify the applicability of communicative translation theory in film subtitling study. Four subtitling principles are derived from communicative translation and the case study with examples excerpted from Hero validates the result of qualitative analysis.The film Hero is used as a case study. Subtitles in English are transcribed from the DVD bought from Taobao on-line shop and the Chinese script is down-load from /xml/sub/3/3045.xml.1.5 Thesis structureThis thesis uses Peter Newmark’s communicative translation theory to guide the practice of film subtitling. It is totally divided into six chapters. Chapter One generally introduces the research background, the significance of the research, research questions methodology of the research as well as structure of the whole thesis; a brief review of the development of film translation study both at home and abroad is presented in Chapter Two; Chapter Three introduces the theoretical framework of the whole research-Peter Newmark’ s communicative translation theory, including its developing background and detailed and focusing points; Chapter Four proves applicability of communicative translation to film subtitling and discusses the application of it byadding introduction of film subtitling characteristics, and in this chapter, four principles are proposed based on both theoretical framework and film subtitling characteristics to guide film subtitling practice; Chapter Five gives a successful subtitling film example, Hero and analyzes its subtitling strategies under the guidance of the four proposed principles to support the previous discussion in Chapter Four; Chapter Six is the conclusions of the whole thesis.M.A. Dissertation of Chongqing University Chapter Two Literature reviewChapter Two Literature reviewThis chapter provides a brief review of the literature both in audiovisual translation (AVT) and the specific field of AVT film translation in western countries and China. Relevant definitions and inter-relations are given.2.1 Audiovisual translation and film translationIn the opening paragraph of her introduction to the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Baker comments, “in the early 1990s many had begun to see ‘Translation Studies’ as an exciting new discipline, perhaps the discipline of the 1990s. As a part of this revolution, few can deny that the one of the branches that has received the greatest impetus is audiovisual translation (AVT)” (Diaz-Cintas, 2001, p.200). Up to now, “AVT” is regarded as a collection of screen translation which includes film, domestic video, cooperate video, TV programs, online translation and offline products and services. Therefore, film translation, conducting the translation of domestic or foreign films, does not equal to AVT but one of the most popular forms subordinate to AVT. The study of AVT is relatively new in the field of translation studies, lagging behind literary translation study. Even the wider field AVT enclosing film translation as only a small part is in the dark not mention the study of film translation. As one of the embranchment of AVT, it is far from adequate in sphere of translation studies, and needs large and deep exploration.Up till now, western studies and domestic studies on film subtitling, one of major approaches of film translation have been flourishing. A certain number of scholars’ researches made remarkable contribution to this field.2.2 Studies in western countriesWestern scholars began to devote to film translation studies much earlier than Chinese scholars. Nowadays film translation studies are flourishing in western European countries. It is publicly recognized that Istvan Fodor was a pioneer of film translation studies. His researching results published in 1976 which studies film translation from linguistics, semeiology, aesthetics, and psychology was the first systematic one in film translation studies then (Dong Haiya, 2007). In the following decades, researches on this area became prosperous. 1990s witnessed the golden time for film translation studies. During this period, more and more academic papers and latest researching results were published in international translation journals, and theresearch extension and depth of those investigation were drawn more attention ever than before; many non-profit organizations such as ESIST (European Association for Studies in Screen Translation) had been increasingly established; international conferences were held to discuss the topics on this area every year.Many western scholars have had controversial opinions on which is advantageous form, subtitling or dubbing since in early research. This is not simple argument about film translation form; it closely relates to national politics, economy, culture, ideology, import and export policies of films, etc. Film subtitling and dubbing are just two different conventions for different countries, which come into being through co-working of above social elements (ibid). The author mainly focuses on introduction of the development of subtitling research at home and abroad.2.2.1 Several perspectives of western researches on film subtitlingWestern scholars have been struggling to establish theoretical framework for film translation studies for years. One of the theoretical perspectives for studying film subtitling in western countries is polysystem. This theory is sufficiently flexible to allow talking of film polysystem, which embodies impact of national politics, cultural features, the proportion of imported and exported products and censoring of government and distributing agency of film products. Subtitling is studied on the background of poly social conventions. One of the representative researches from this perspective is conducted by Karamitroglou. He (Karamitroglou, 2000) attempts to analyze the relationship among producers of imported products in Greece, subtitled products and supposed viewership to search a way for studying target language system. Fotios Karamitoglou (2001) also takes a close look at the practice and reasons behind subtitling children’s television programs from the perspective of polysystem.Norms are also welcomed by western scholars when they are conducting film subtitling research. The different norms, postulated by Toury and reworked by Hermans, are understood as the central element in the translation process and they account for the relationship that exists among the rules of the abstract and modeling society and the idiosyncrasies of each translator, with change and not the same throughout history. “This new approach accepts translated texts without judging their solutions as correct or incorrect. It seeks to explain why a particular equivalence has been reached and what this means in the historical context” (Diaz-Cintas, 2004, p.26).Another important perspective of western researches on film subtitling is translation strategies study. Scholars who take this perspective as the researching pointof departure study translation problems and strategies in film subtitling from such theoretical views as pragmatics, relevance theory and reception theory, etc (Dong Haiya, 2007). Although western scholars are struggling to establish theoretical framework for film translation study, present literary translation theories may shed light on their exploration. Therefore, certain literary translation theories can be appropriately applied in film subtitling study and contribute to establishment of theoretical framework of film translation. Such researches usually integrate text (film subtitles) analysis to discuss various translation strategies such as condensation, deletion and domestication of culture terms in subtitling films; how to deal with humor, satire, allusion and metaphor in tranlating subtitles, etc. Pelsmaekers and Besien’s (2002) research Subtitling Irony: Blackadder in Dutch is among such researches on how to deal with the translation of humor from the perspective of translation strategies study.2.2.2 Some distinguished figures and their researchesAnne Jackel (2003) examines assumptions about specific target audiences made by film-makers and subtitlers and their implications in political, cultural, and economic terms. Based on globalization and postglobalization communication theories, theories of register and genre and audience-based reception studies, he explores to what extent these assumptions play a role not only in multimedia translation but also in the reception of one film in various countries. His studies suggest what might have happened if the subtitlers had taken a more decisive role in adapting film to the target culture. And he believes if it did so, the film might have more easily overcome differences between original and target cultures and posted not only a solid artistic performance but an economic one as well.Jorge Díaz Cintas (2001) introduces a method of subtitling quality control, namely the use of a good dialogue list. Diaz-Cintas divides the factors that impinge on the quality of subtitles in three loose categories. Some of the problems are of physical nature, which are easily overcome. The working conditions under which the subtitler is forced to work is at least important in determining the quality and the end product. The third category derives from the actual linguistic transfer and he introduces different types of dialogue list with an example of a complete list.Henrik Gottlieb started his research on subtitling in 1990s, and he mainly dealt with the linguistic dimensions of subtitles, the translation of idioms from English to Danish. Henrik Gottlieb (2001) studies the choices translators make in the Danish subtitling of English-language television programs. A systematic case study is carriedout on the types and frequencies of Anglicism by comparing two American films, Falling Down and Ghostbusters. Gottlieb analyzes the ubiquity of Anglicism and finds out several reasons for that. He argues that the strong English presence in practically all world languages has strongly influenced target language word choices. Besides, Gottlieb co-worked with Yves Gambier and compiled the book (Multi) media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research, which is a collection of twenty-six articles on latest researches in the field of audiovisual translation2.3 Domestic studies of film subtitlingIn contrast to domestic literary translation studies, the research on film translation started quite late. Before 1949, China virtually had no screen translation. After 1978, audiovisual translation began to be active and so did the studies of this area then. However, there are still a few pioneer research works.2.3.1 Studies on subtitling problems and strategiesAmong these researches, the most outstanding article is written by Zhang Chunbai and he published his research issues On Film Translation and TV Translation in Chinese Translators Journal in 1998. In his article, Zhang (1998) discusses two features of the language of films and TV works; immediacy and popularity, in view of which he summarizes the nature, principle and technique of film and TV translation. In addition, he mentions the methods of translating cultural factors and puns in films. His research was one of the few early ones on film translation published in Chinese Translator Journal.Later Qian Shaochang (2000) published his essay Film Translation and TV Translation-The increasingly Important Field in Translation Garden in Chinese Translators Journal in 2000. He divides the characteristics of film subtitling into five types: audibility, comprehensiveness, immediacy, popularity and no-note and summarizes seven concrete techniques, emphasizing expressiveness of Yan Fu’ s threefold criteria.Another Chinese scholar Li Xingyun (2001) gives a detailed analysis of the features of film subtitles in his article Strategies for Translating Subtitles; he points out that because the subtitle translation practice is subject to time and spatial constraints, the reductive strategy of translation is preferred in translating subtitle: condensation, reductive paraphrasing and deletion.Zhao Chunmei (2001), an experienced editor of the International Department ofCCTV, analyzes the four main conflicting demands faced by a translator in the process of translation—length vs. content, word order vs. picture order, naturalization vs. alienation and transliteration vs. semantic translation. Based on the spatial and length constraints, Zhao suggests ways of resolving these conflicts in the essay Translation into Chinese of Film Scripts and Scripts of TV Drama Series-Four Main Conflicting Demands in 2002.Besides, scholar Ma Zhengqi, with the experience of audiovisual translation practice, published his book in 2005 outline for film translation which is one of the few famous books on audiovisual translation studies. Ma (1998, 2000) discusses the strategies for film translation from various perspectives such as communication studies, semiology, and hermeneutics; and explores the art of translation from the perspective of aesthetics in this book.Chen Shengjie (2004) summarizes the factors that affect the quality of subtitling as follows: film pirating, uncontrollable outsourced projects, economic factors and linguistic factors. He focuses on linguistic factors and analyzes the linguistic dimensions of subtitling from the following aspects: brevity and clarity, double-lined subtitling, omission, punctuation, structural discrepancy, and swearwords. He claims that subtitle should be as short and comprehensible as possible and the strategies of condense, using simple expressions, stock phrase, collocations, and Arabic numerals, restricting the length of the subtitles, omitting punctuation marks, shifting register, etc. could enhance the brevity.2.3.2 Communicative translation theory and film subtitlingThere is little literature on researching film subtitling from the perspective of communicative translation theory in journal in China, and the literature in this thesis on application of communicative translation theory to film subtitling mainly derives from M.A. theses.Studies on English subtitling strategies on ‘In the Mood for Love’ and Translation and Promotion of Chinese Movies in the World Market written by Long Qianhong summarizes several subtitling strategies the subtitler adopts and Long (2006) states that such strategies are deeply theoretically rooted in communicative translation theory. However, Long only mentions that domestication of In the Mood for Love is theoretically based on Newmark’s communicative translation theory, but he does not further explore how communicative translation theory guides such subtitling strategies.Gao (2007) discusses applying communicative translation theory to deal with thelinguistic and cultural barriers in subtitling English-Chinese film.Wu (2003) discusses communicative translation method and semantic translation method in film translation (her study focuses on dubbing) can entertaining function of film, with semantic translation as auxiliary method for communicative translation method.Zhu (2005) suggests the approach of communicative translation theory towards dubbing English feature films into Chinese.The author referred to library and on-line data bases and found several film subtitling researches above from the perspective of Newmark’s communicative translation theory. Based on previous research fruits, it proves the feasibility of applying communicative to film subtitling. Unlike Wu and Zhu, the present research will apply communicative translation to subtitling and unlike Gao, the present research will deal with translation strategies guided by communicative translation theory in subtitling Chinese-English film.2.4 Summary of previous studies and proposal of research topic of this thesisThe previous studies both at home and abroad almost cover every aspect of film subtitling. The perspectives of film subtitling studies in western countries are deep and extensive. Western studies are generally conducted from the social, political, ideological and economical perspectives. And the studies on subtitling strategies are also included in their theoretical framework researches; in such researches some literary translation theories are used to discuss translation problems and strategies in subtitling film, such as relevance theory and reception theory. Empirical studies about film subtitling in western countries are abundant and fruitful. As for domestic researches, characteristics of film language and translation problems in the process of subtitling film and various strategies for English-Chinese film subtitling are studied with great efforts.It is one of the theoretical research trends to resort to literary translation theories to establish theoretical framework of film translation study in western countries; and research on exploring translation strategies from various mature theories is also advocated in western countries. However, seldom have researches explored Peter Newmark’s communicative translation theory as theoretical fundament to study subtitling strategies. Besides, most of their researches tend to make a survey of film products among European countries and nearly exclude Chinese films. In China, most scholars tend to explore the English-Chinese subtitling strategies and exploration for。

时域OCT和频域OCT检测青光眼患者视网膜神经纤维层缺损敏感性的比较

时域OCT和频域OCT检测青光眼患者视网膜神经纤维层缺损敏感性的比较Jae Keun Chung;Young Cheol Yoo【摘要】AIM: To compare the use of the instruments' built-in normative databases, the sensitivities of time-domain optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT) and spectral-domain OCT(Spectralis OCT) in the detection of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 35 patients with open angle glaucoma were included. A total of 69 hemiretinas with photographically identified RFNL defects were analyzed using the fast RNFL scan of Stratus OCT and the circle scan in Spectralis OCT. The OCT parameters were evaluated at 5% and 1% abnormality levels using the instruments' built-in normative databases. The diagnostic sensitivity of each parameter was compared between the two devices. RESULTS: The Spectralis OCT detected RNFL defects within each quadrant more frequently than the Stratus OCT at both the 5% (79 7% vs 63 8%,P=0 01) and 1% (56 5% vs 40 6%, P = 0 01) abnormality levels. At the 1% abnormality level,the sensitivity was significantly higher in the standard sector of Spectralis OCT than in the clock-hour sector of the Stratus OCT(68 1% vs 39 1%,P<0 01). CONCLUSIONS: Using the instruments' built - in normative databases, the diagnostic sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT parameters was higher than that of the Stratus OCT parameters for detecting glaucomatous RNFL defects.%目的:使用设备内置标准数据库,比较时域光学相干断层扫描仪(StratusOCT) 和频域光学相干断层扫描仪(Spectralis OCT)检测青光眼患者视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)缺损的敏感性.方法:该研究包括35例52眼开角型青光眼患者.已明确RNFL缺损的69例半视网膜(每一例OCT检查结果再次分为上方1/2和下方1/2)使用Stratus OCT的快速扫描和Spectralis OCT的环形扫描进行检测.使用设备内置数据库以RNFL厚度属于最低的5%人群或1%人群分别评估,以比较两种设备的诊断敏感性.结果:在5%和1%两个水平上,Spectralis OCT在每一象限中均比Stratus OCT 更多的检测到 RNFL 缺损(5%:79.7% vs 63.8%, P=0.01;1%:56.5% vs 40.6%, P=0.01).以1%异常水平,Spectralis OCT的标准扇形区域检测敏感性显著高于 Stratus OCT 的时钟数字区域(68.1% vs 39.1%,P <0.01).结论:使用设备内置数据库检测青光眼患者RNFL缺损时,Spectralis OCT各项参数的敏感性较Stratus OCT高.【期刊名称】《国际眼科杂志》【年(卷),期】2018(018)005【总页数】6页(P775-780)【关键词】青光眼;光学相干断层扫描;视网膜神经纤维层厚度;敏感性;标准数据库【作者】Jae Keun Chung;Young Cheol Yoo【作者单位】韩国07301,首尔韩国首尔建阳大学,Myung-Gok眼科研究所,Kim's 眼科医院,眼科;韩国07301,首尔韩国首尔建阳大学,Myung-Gok眼科研究所,Kim's 眼科医院,眼科【正文语种】中文INTRODUCTIONGlaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by ganglion cell loss, optic nerve damage, and visual field (VF) defects. Retinal ganglion cell death indicates glaucomatous optic neuropathy, ganglion cell axons slowly deteriorate, leading to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning, narrowing of the neuroretinal rim, and a characteristic glaucomatous cupping at the optic disc. Therefore, color and red-free fundus photography is essential to diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma[1]. In recent years, imaging devices have become more common in the detection and monitoring of glaucoma, as they provide quantitative measurement of structural glaucomatous damage. In particular, optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provides high-resolution measurements of optic disc morphology and RNFL thickness, is widely used to detect glaucomatous damage and progression[2-4].The recent introduction of spectral-domain (SD)-OCT (also known as Fourier-domain OCT) offers significant advantages over time-domain (TD)-OCT. For instance, SD-OCT collects much more data in the same amount of time, minimizes motion artifacts, and has higher axial resolution[5-7]. In addition, in both normal and glaucomatous eyes, SD-OCT demonstrates higher intra- and inter-visit RNFL thickness reproducibility than TD-OCT[8-11].However, while SD-OCT is the more advanced commercially available technology, TD-OCT is still widely used, especially in local ophthalmologicclinics. Although several studies have compared diagnostic capability between SD-OCT and TD-OCT, it remains unclear whether SD-OCT is superior to TD-OCT in detecting glaucomatous RNFL damage. Furthermore, some reports have claimed that SD-OCT has no statistically significant advantage over TD-OCT[8,12-16]. Therefore, it is still necessary to compare diagnostic sensitivity between SD-OCT and TD-OCT.Notably, most previous studies have compared diagnostic performance among various OCT devices using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), which requires a normal control and a cut-off value. However, the optimal cut-off values, which are based on comparisons to healthy controls, may not be applicable clinically. The cut-off values provided by area under the curve (AUC) studies may not be useful to practicing clinicians because these values are not fixed within each parameter. All commercially available OCT devices employ built-in normative databases that highlight abnormal RNFL thickness[17-18]. In their usual practice, clinicians use the data derived from these databases to determine whether the targeted RNFL area is statistically likely to be abnormal[19]. Therefore, a study of the built-in normative databases seems necessary.In the present cross-sectional study, we compared TD-OCT (Stratus) with SD-OCT (Spectralis) in terms of its sensitivity for detecting circumpapillary (cp) RNFL defects in glaucoma patients. To do so, we used their built-in normative databases. To our knowledge, among studies comparing the diagnostic performance of SD-OCT and TD-OCT, there is little evidenceregarding the Spectralis OCT, which was used in the present study. Our assessment of OCT sensitivity was based on correlated superior-inferior RNFL defect locations identified on red-free fundus photographs. The cpRNFL defect locations were divided into two hemi retinas (superior and inferior) and the OCT sensitivity was analyzed in each. SUBJECTSANDMETHODSThe present study was approved by the Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital Institutional Review Board. All procedures adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all subjects provided informed consent. From among patients who had routinely visited the Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital glaucoma clinic between June and July 2012, we recruited consecutive patients who had undergone color and red-free fundus photography, two types of OCT examination, and visual field(VF) testing. Patients with clearly visible RNFL defects on red-free fundus photography were eligible for inclusion in the study. The patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including best corrected visual acuity measurement, intraocular pressure measurement by Goldmann applanation tonometry, central corneal thickness measurement, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, stereoscopic optic disc examination after pupil dilation, red-free RNFL photography (Topcon TRC-50DX, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), and standard automated perimetry using the 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA) standard strategy (Humphrey Field Analyzer II; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., USA). The cpRNFL scans using either the Stratus OCT or the Spectralis OCT were completedwithin a 3-month period.Two ob servers (Chung JK and Yoo YC) who were blinded to the eyes’ clinical information determined cpRNFL abnormalities in the superior and inferior hemiretinas. Only eyes diagnosed by both observers as having localized or diffuse RNFL defects were included in the present study. Hemiretinal RNFL defects were analyzed separately in each eye. All enrolled eyes had cpRNFL defects visible on red-free fundus photography, as well as a characteristic glaucomatous optic disc or VF loss. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy was defined as the presence of increased cupping [vertical cup-disc (C/D) ratio > 0.6], a difference in vertical C/D ratio of > 0.2 between eyes, diffuse or focal neural rim thinning, or optic disc hemorrhage. Glaucomatous VF defect was defined as a cluster of three points with probabilities <5%, including at least one point with a probability <1%, on the pattern deviation map of the corresponding hemifield. Subjects were excluded if they had a best corrected visual acuity less than 20/40 (Snellen equivalent), a spherical refractive error outside a -6.0 to +3.0 diopter range, evidence of vitreoretinal disease, any ophthalmic or neurologic disease known to affect RNFL thickness or visual sensitivity, red-free photographs of inadequate quality, low signal-strength OCT scans, or unreliable VF results (a fixation loss rate greater than 20% or a false-positive rate greater than 15%).OpticalCoherenceTomography Following pupil dilation, the cpRNFL thickness was measured using both the Stratus OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) and the Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering,Dossenheim, Germany). In the case of the Stratus OCT (software version 4.0), the fast RNFL thickness protocol was used, which measures 256 test points along a 3.4 mm-diameter circle surrounding the optic disc. Scan images were excluded due to poor image quality if they showed inappropriate centering of the circular ring around the optic disc, or a signal strength<6. In the case of Spectralis OCT (software version 4.0), a scan diameter of approximately 3.46 mm was manually positioned at the center of the optic disc. Sixteen high-resolution scans (1,536 A-scans) were acquired along the scan circle and averaged automatically by the software. The RNFL boundaries were automatically delineated underneath the cp circle by software algorithms.The measured RNFL thicknesses were averaged to yield global and sector means [Stratus OCT parameters: four quadrants and 12 clock-hour sectors; Spectralis OCT parameters: four quadrants and six sectors—standard temporal, superotemporal (ST), superonasal (SN), nasal, inferonasal (IN), and inferotemporal (IT)]. The software of both instruments automatically compares the mean of each parameter to an built-in, age-matched normative database to provide classification results. The result is a color-coded map in which sectors with mean thickness within the 95% confidence interval (CI) values are green; sectors with mean thickness between the 95% and 99% CI are yellow, indicating borderline results; sectors with a mean thickness outside the 99% CI are in red, indicating that they are outside normal limits.The photographically identified cpRNFL defect was located in either thesuperior or the inferior hemiretina, and its correlation with OCT parameters was assessed. To determine the quadrant sector parameters using both OCT instruments, the superior quadrant sector was evaluated for RNFL defects in the superior hemiretina, and the inferior quadrant sector was evaluated for defects in the inferior hemiretina. In the 12 clock-hour sectors of the Stratus OCT, superior RNFL defects were evaluated in the 10, 11, and 12 clock-hour sectors (right eye orientation); the inferior RNFL defects were evaluated in the 6, 7, and 8 clock-hour sectors (right eye orientation). In the six standard sectors of the Spectralis OCT, superior RNFL defects were evaluated in the ST sector, and inferior defects were assessed in the IT sector. The OCT sensitivity was calculated using a criterion of more than one sector abnormality in the cpRNFL thickness analysis.VisualFieldSensitivity To calculate the average VF sensitivity (VFS) in each hemifield, the dB scale at each point, other than two points at the blind spot, was converted to an unlogged 1/L scale, where “L” is the luminance measured in lamberts. The differential light sensitivity (DLS) at each tested point can be expressed using the following formula: DLS (dB) = 10 × log10 (1/L). Thus, the dB reading was divided by 10 to give the non-logarithmic 1/L value at each point; the anti-logarithm was then derived. The non-logarithmic values were averaged, and the means were converted back to the dB scale. The superior VFS relative to the inferior RNFL thickness was calculated from the 26 superior hemifield test points, and the inferior VFS relative to the superior RNFL thickness was calculatedfrom 26 inferior hemifield test points.StatisticalAnalysis All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistics 19.0 doctor’s pack (SPSS Inc.,Chicago, IL,USA). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The McNemar test was usedto compare the Stratus OCT with the Spectralis OCT in terms of the sensitivity for detecting a hemiretinal cpRNFL defect that had been identified on red-free fundus photographs. The VFS was designated as the dependent variable, and the OCT parameters as the independent variable. The correlation between VFS and the RNFL defect diagnostic sensitivity on OCT was assessed using binary logistic regression analysis.Table1 DemographiccharacteristicsofsubjectsParametersValuesAge(y)59．71±12．36Female10(28．6%)IOP(mmHg)16．90±5．26SE(diopters)-0．82±1．70CCT(μm)529．63±34．49CDratio0．67±0．15MD(dB)-3．76±6．62AverageRNFLthickness(μm)(StratusOCT)79．92±15．29Avera geRNFLthickness(μm)(SpectralisOCT)72．85±14．97IOP: Intraocular pressure; SE: Spherical equivalent; CCT: Central corneal thickness; CD: Cup to disc; MD: Mean deviation; OCT: Optical coherence tomography.Table2 Descriptivedataoftheanalyzedhemiretinas ParametersNumberofhemiretinaswithanRNFLdefectSuperior(%)27(39．1)In ferior(%)42(60．9)PatternofidentifiedRNFLdefectsonahemiretina Localized，wedge-shaped(%)41(59．4) Diffusethinning(%)23(33．3)Combined(%)5(7．2)Averagevisualfieldsensitivityinhemiretina(dB)-2．91±5．68RNFL: Retinal nerve fiber layer.RESULTSDuring the enrollment period, 65 eyes of 44 patients were deemed eligible.A total of 13 eyes of 9 patients were excluded due to unsatisfactory red-free RNFL photograph quality, low OCT signal strength, or unreliable VF tests. Ultimately, 52 eyes of 35 patients were considered for statistical analysis. Their characteristics and VF indices are summarized in Table 1.Of the 52 eyes, 35 had at least one RNFL defect on either hemiretina, and 17 had at least one RNFL defect on both the superior and inferior hemiretinas. In total, 69 hemiretinas with a cpRNFL defect were analyzed, and their descriptive data are provided in Table 2.Table 3 summarizes the Stratus OCT and Spectralis OCT diagnostic sensitivities for detecting cpRNFL defects. The sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT was higher than that of the Stratus OCT in all parameters, regardless of abnormality level (5% or 1%). Furthermore, based on the quadrant sectors, the sensitivity of the Spectralis OCT was significantly higher than that of the Stratus OCT (79.7% vs 63.8% at 5% abnormality; 56.5% vs 40.6% at 1% abnormality; P=0.01, McNemar test). A similar outcome was observed when the sensitivity was compared between the standard sector Spectralis OCT and the clock-hour sector Stratus OCT parameters (68.1% vs 39.1% at 1% abnormality level; P<0.01, McNemar test). However, the difference was marginally significant at a 5% abnormality level (82.6% vs72.5%; P=0.09, McNemar test).Table3 OCTsensitivitiesfordetectingcircumpapillaryRNFLdefects(69hemiretinasfrom52eyes)OCTparametersSensitivity(%)SpectralisOCTStratusOCTPaQuadrantsector Abnormalityat5%level79．763．80．01Abnormalityat1%level56．540．60．01Standard/Clock-hoursector Abnormalityat5%level82．672．50．09Abnormalityat1%level68．139．1<0．01aMcNemar test; OCT: Optical coherence tomography; RNFL: Retinal nerve fiber layer.Table4 RelationshipbetweenthedetectionrateofOCTparametersandtheaveragevisu alfieldsensitivitiesParametersSpectralisOCTOR95%CIPaStratusOCTOR95%CIPa≥1Quadrant Abnormalityat5%level0．850．67-1．090．200．830．68-1．010．07 Abnormalityat1%level0．660．49-0．900．010．860．76-0．990．03≥1Clock-hour/standardsectorAbnormalityat5%level0．600．37-0．970．040．820．64-1．040．10 Abnormalityat1%level0．530．35-0．82<0．010．810．69-0．960．01 aMcNemar test; OCT: Optical coherence tomography; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.The diagnostic sensitivity of the Spectralis and Stratus OCT parameters tended to decrease as the VFS increased on logistic regression analysis(Table 4). At a 1% abnormality level, the VFS was significantly correlated with the diagnostic sensitivity of all OCT parameters. However, at the 5% abnormality level, only the standard sector Spectralis OCT parameter was significantly associated with VFS; there were no significant association in of the other Spectralis OCT or Stratus OCT parameters at a 5% abnormality level.DISCUSSIONIn the current study, Spectralis OCT (SD-OCT) had higher sensitivity for detecting photographic RNFL defects than Stratus OCT (TD-OCT) using the devices’ built-in normative databases. Furthermore, both instruments showed improved diagnostic sensitivity for cpRNFL thinning in hemiretinas with more severe functional glaucomatous damage.At present, several SD-OCT instruments are clinically available, including the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec), Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg) and RTVue-100 (Optovue). The advantages of these newer OCTs have been well documented, but there is currently no convincing evidence that the sector parameters of SD-OCT outperform those of TD-OCT in glaucoma diagnosis[5-11]. In addition, the diagnostic performance of the Spectralis OCT has been less studied than that of other SD-OCT devices, such as the Cirrus HD-OCT, and it is still unclear whether the Spectralis OCT is superior to the Stratus OCT. Recent studies have reported that RNFL measurements taken using the Spectralis, RTVue, and Cirrus have excellent correlation with those taken using the Stratus as well as good reproducibility. However, RNFL values differ significantly between instruments, and it maybe necessary to analyze diagnostic sensitivity using the built-in normative databases of each machine[20-23].When detecting abnormally thinned cpRNFL at the sites of RNFL defects identified on red-free fundus photographs, both the Stratus and Spectralis OCTs showed moderate sensitivity using their built-in normative databases. Regardless of the chosen abnormality level (5% or 1%), the Spectralis OCT had a higher sensitivity than the Stratus OCT overall. The difference between the two devices was statistically significant when quadrants were compared. However, when the clock-hour parameters of the Stratus OCT were compared with the standard sector parameters of the Spectralis OCT, the difference was only significant at a 1% abnormality level. These results are consistent with previous studies reporting that the Spectralis OCT has higher diagnostic sensitivity than the Stratus OCT when both instruments used their built-in normative database to detect abnormally thinned RNFL[7,24]. The same studies speculated that the Stratus OCT has lower diagnostic ability because the single scan system generates less accurate cpRNFL boundaries. In contrast, the Spectralis OCT can acquire 40,000 A-scans per second using an active eye-tracking system, and multiple B-scans can be acquired at an identical location. Moreover, the reduced speckle noise dramatically improves boundary clarity between the inner retinal layers[25]. The axial resolution of Spectralis OCT is almost twice (5-7 μm) that of Stratus OCT (approximately 10 μm), and the Spectralis OCT may have better automatic RNFL segmentation, leading to its higher diagnostic ability[7].One previous study proposed that TD-OCT and SD-OCT have similar diagnostic abilities because of limitations in the conventional circumpapillary method[6]. The authors reported that RNFL thickness and significance maps were better than cpRNFL thickness measurement at distinguishing eyes with localized RNFL defects from healthy eyes. However, other studies have shown that such results may vary depending on the type of SD-OCT and regardless of the analysis method used. Briefly, there was no significant difference in diagnostic sensitivity between the Cirrus OCT and TD-OCT, but there was between the Spectralis OCT and TD-OCT[7,14], even though both studies used the conventional circumpapillary method. We assume that these differences are due to the speckle noise reduction algorithm of the Spectralis OCT.Disease severity has a significant effect on the diagnostic performance of OCT[6,26]. This may explain the difference in OCT sensitivity measurements between the present and previous studies. The mean deviation of the each subject in the present study was -3.76dB (present study). In past studies, the corresponding values have been -8.5 dB and -0.17 dB[7,24]. The mean sensitivity in the present study was 56.5%-79.7%, whereas that in previous studies was 66.2%- 83.1% and 5.4%-45.9%, respectively. In addition, recent studies have reported that the angular width of RNFL defects is related to the detection sensitivity of RNFL defects[6-7]. In the current study, we analyzed both localized RNFL defects and diffuse RNFL thinning. For this reason, it may not be possible to draw direct comparisons with previous studies.The present study demonstrated significant negative correlation between VFS and the diagnostic sensitivity of OCT parameters. That is, as the hemiretinal VFS increased, the rate of RNFL defect detection using the OCT parameters decreased. Both OCT devices showed a statistically significant correlation in this regard based on all of the tested parameters at a 1% abnormality level. However, at the 5% abnormality level, statistically significant correlation was only observed using the standard sector parameter of the Spectralis OCT. These findings are consistent with the stronger structure-function relationship in patients with more advanced glaucoma[27]. However, even though the parameters of the Spectralis OCT had a higher odds ratio than those of the Stratus OCT, we cannot conclude that the relationship between the VFS and OCT sensitivity was stronger in the Spectralis OCT than in the Stratus OCT. That is, a cautious interpretation is warranted, because the strength of the structure-function relationship may vary depending on the specific retinal and VF areas—the 95% CI considerably overlaps across all parameters, regardless of the designated abnormality level.The present study had several limitations. Firstly, it had no control group and analyzed diagnostic sensitivity using a built-in normative database rather than AUROC. In this way, it differed from most previous studies. Comparing the AUROCs of the disease and control groups is a standard method for analyzing diagnostic ability. However, we wished to focus on how to use the OCT in practice, and most clinicians use the built-in normative database as a control to identify abnormal findings in OCT. Thus,we believe that our method of analysis will provide practical information to clinicians.Furthermore, the circumpapillary locations of the abnormal OCT sectors assessed in the average RNFL thickness analysis may have differed somewhat from those of the cpRNFL defects identified on red-free fundus photographs.Diffuse RNFL thinning may be more difficult to detect than the clearly visible localized RNFL defects presented on red-free fundus photographs. To compensate for this, we only included eyes that had been deemed eligible by two observers. Previous studies have only analyzed localized RNFL defects, but glaucomatous RNFL loss often also manifests as diffuse thinning[7,24].There may have been enrollment bias in the present study, because some subjects had glaucomatous RNFL defects in both the superior and inferior hemiretinas, and four hemiretinas were thus evaluated in these particular patients.Ideally, the OCT examinations would be performed on the same day using both instruments. However, in the present study, the relatively long duration between the two procedures was unavoidable, because the subjects were recruited retrospectively. Finally, our lack of specificity analysis and small patient population were also relevant study limitations. Notwithstanding these limitations, our study had distinctive features not found in previous studies. We used built-in normative databases to compare diagnostic sensitivity between OCT devices, whereas mostprevious studies have used AUROC, which requires a normal control and provides a cut-off value that may be unnecessary and overly complicated for most clinicians. Moreover, since most glaucomatous RNFL defects arise in a particular area (e.g. superior temporal or inferior temporal sector), statistical methods comparing this focal sector with normative databases may be more clinically appropriate.In summary, the present study used clinically available age-matched normative databases to compare diagnostic ability between two OCT devices without a normal control group. The sensitivities of the corresponding Spectralis and Stratus OCT parameters were evaluated at the locations of the cpRNFL defects. The OCT parameters of both devices were moderately sensitive for detecting glaucomatous RNFL defects when using their built-in normative databases. The parameters of the Spectralis OCT were better than those of the Stratus OCT at discriminating the RNFL defect, regardless of the defect pattern. The sensitivities of both the Spectralis OCT and Stratus OCT correlated well with the VFS in the areas corresponding to the RNFL defects. Furthermore, both OCT parameters showed improved diagnostic sensitivity for cpRNFL thinning in hemiretinas with more severe functional glaucomatous damage.REFERENCES1 Quigley HA, Katz J, Derick RJ, Gilbert D, Sommer A. An evaluation of optic disc and nerve fiber layer examinations in monitoring progression of early glaucoma damage. Ophthalmology 1992;99(1):19-282 Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Price LL, Aydin A, Stark PC, Hertzmark E, Lai E,Ishikawa H, Mattox C, Fujimoto JG, Paunescu LA. Optical coherence tomography longitudinal evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma. ArchOphthalmol 2005;123(4):464-4703 Vazirani J, Kaushik S, Pandav SS, Gupta P. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer measurements across the glaucoma spectrum using optical coherence tomography. IndianJOphthalmol 2015;63(4):300-3054 Gracitelli CP, Abe RY, Tatham AJ, Rosen PN, Zangwill LM, Boer ER, Weinreb RN, Medeiros FA. Association between progressive retinal nerve fiber layer loss and longitudinal change in quality of life in glaucoma. JAMAOphthalmol 2015;133(4):384-3905 Schuman JS. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma (an AOS thesis). TransAmOphthalmolSoc 2008;106:426-4586 Shin JW, Uhm KB, Lee WJ, Kim YJ. Diagnostic ability of retinal nerve fiber layer maps to detect localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Eye (Lond) 2013;27(9):1022-10317 Jeoung JW, Kim TW, Weinreb RN, Kim SH, Park KH, Kim DM. Diagnostic ability of spectral-domain versus time-domain optical coherence tomography in preperimetric glaucoma. JGlaucoma 2014;23(5):299-3068 Leung CK, Cheung CY, Weinreb RN, Qiu Q, Liu S, Li H, Xu G, Fan N, Huang L, Pang CP, Lam DS. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a variability and diagnostic performance study. Ophthalmology 2009;116(7):1257-1263, 1263 e1-29 Mwanza JC, Chang RT, Budenz DL, Durbin MK, Gendy MG, Shi W, Feuer WJ. Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness andoptic nerve head parameters measured with cirrus HD-OCT in glaucomatous eyes. InvestOphthalmolVisSci 2010;51(11):5724-573010 Langenegger SJ, Funk J, Toteberg-Harms M. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using the eye tracker and the retest function of Spectralis SD-OCT in glaucomatous and healthy control eyes. InvestOphthalmolVisSci 2011;52(6):3338-334411 Dong ZM, Wollstein G, Schuman JS.Clinical utility of optical coherence tomography in glaucoma.InvestOphthalmolVisSci 2016;57(9):556-56712 Wu H, de Boer JF, Chen TC. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. JGlaucoma 2011;20(8):470-47613 Cho JW, Sung KR, Hong JT, UM TW, Kang SY, Kook MS. Detection of glaucoma by spectral domain-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy/optical coherence tomography (SD-SLO/OCT) and time domain optical coherence tomography. JGlaucoma 2011;20(1):15-2014 Jeoung JW, Park KH. Comparison of Cirrus OCT and Stratus OCT on the ability to detect localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects in preperimetric glaucoma. InvestOphthalmolVisSci 2010;51(2):938-94515 Teng MC, Poon YC, Hung KC, Chang HW, Lai IC, Tsai JC, Lin PW, Wu CY, Chen CT, Wu PC. Diagnostic capability of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer parameters in time-domain versus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for assessing glaucoma in high myopia. IntJOphthalmol 2017;10(7):1106-111216 Schrems WA, Schrems-Hoesl LM, Bendschneider D, Mardin CY,。

图片描述现象的英语作文

图片描述现象的英语作文Title: Understanding Phenomena through Visual Representation。

In our modern world, where information is often conveyed through visual mediums, the ability to interpret and analyze images has become increasingly important. Images serve as powerful tools for communication, allowing us to convey complex ideas and depict various phenomena succinctly. In this essay, we will explore the significance of describing phenomena through images and discuss how they contribute to our understanding.First and foremost, images have a universal language that transcends barriers of culture and language. Whetherit's a photograph, a diagram, or an infographic, visual representations can communicate ideas to a diverse audience without the need for extensive explanations. For example, a graph showing temperature trends over time provides a clear visual depiction of climate change, regardless of theviewer's linguistic background.Moreover, images have the capacity to condense vast amounts of information into a single frame. Consider the phenomenon of urbanization. Instead of describing the process of urban growth and its effects through lengthy paragraphs, a satellite image showing the expansion of cities over decades can encapsulate the entire phenomenon succinctly. Such visual representations allow viewers to grasp the magnitude and scope of complex phenomena at a glance.Furthermore, images stimulate our visual cortex, which is a powerful tool for memory retention and comprehension. Studies have shown that individuals are more likely to remember information presented visually compared to text alone. Therefore, by incorporating images into educational materials or presentations, educators can enhance learning outcomes and facilitate a deeper understanding of various phenomena.Additionally, images often evoke emotional responses,which can further enhance our understanding of a phenomenon. For instance, a photograph depicting the devastation caused by a natural disaster elicits empathy and compassion, prompting viewers to contemplate the human impact of such events. By appealing to our emotions, images have theability to foster greater empathy and awareness of complex social issues.In the realm of science and research, images play a crucial role in data analysis and hypothesis testing. From electron micrographs revealing the intricate structure of cells to satellite images tracking environmental changes, visual representations enable scientists to observe phenomena that would otherwise be imperceptible to thenaked eye. Through tools like microscopy and imaging techniques, researchers can explore the microscopic world and unravel the mysteries of the universe.Furthermore, the proliferation of social mediaplatforms has democratized the creation and disseminationof images, allowing individuals to participate in documenting and sharing phenomena in real-time. Whetherit's a viral video capturing a rare natural phenomenon or a citizen journalist's photograph documenting a social injustice, images have the power to spark conversations and drive societal change.In conclusion, images serve as invaluable tools for describing and understanding various phenomena in our world. Whether they are used for communication, education, research, or advocacy, visual representations have thepower to transcend language barriers, condense complex information, stimulate our senses, evoke emotions, and facilitate deeper understanding. As we continue to navigate an increasingly visual world, the ability to interpret and analyze images will remain a vital skill for individuals across diverse fields and disciplines.。

2017年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案(完整版第3套)

2017年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案(完整版第3套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: Suppose you are asked to give adviceon whether to attend college at home or abroad, writ e an essay to state your opinion. You arerequired to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 w ords.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PartⅠWritingWhether to Attend College at Home or Abroad?Currently, with studying abroad gains mounting popularity among people, there is a heated debate a bout whether to attend college at homeor abroad. Opinions on this topic vary from person to person. Some see more benefits instudying at home while others claim that studying abroad is a more ideal c hoice as it's more challenging.Personally, I am a strong favorer of the latter view. Listed below are the reasons for my advice. First o f all, attending college abroad provides an opportunity to broaden one's experience andmind. You c an acquire cross-cultural experiences and gain new perspectives on your chosenfield of study. In add ition, studying abroad helps you to polish your social skills; you canmake friends with different peop le with different background. Thirdly, overseas studying is conducive to the formation of an indepen dent, autonomous and tenacious personality, which will ultimately benefit the achievement of our life goals.Just as an old saying goes:"It is better to travel thousand miles than to read ten thousandbooks." Then studying abroad can not only enable us to reap in our books, but also in our trips. And this is why attending college abroad is a preferable selection for me.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension说明：2017年6月大学英语六级真题全国共考了两套听力。

研究生学术英语作业

2.2 Locate region-of-interest
• The maximum square region that can fit in the selected palm area is chosen as the ROI. The square region is horizontally centered on the axis running through the gap between MF and RF. since the ROI will be divided into non-overlapping elliptical half-rings, the size of the region must be divisible by the width of each elliptical layer
• Major problem:That is they only utilize a fixed area of a palm for
identification regardless of the actual palm size. Obviously, a lot of information has been overlooked.
2.1 Identify hand image from backgroun
• Using the statistical information of the background and that of the rest of the pixels, the algorithm eቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtimates an adaptive threshold to segment the image of the hand from the background. Pixels with intensity above the threshold are considered to be part of the hand image.

2020年09月英语四级真题第2套及解析

A) I still remember my fourth-grade social studies project. Our class was studying the Gold Rush, something all California fourth-穸aders learned. I was excited because I had asked to research Chinese immigrants during that era. Gro咖g up in the San Francisco Bay Area, I had always known that "San Francisco" translated to " Gold Moun呻" in Chinese. The name had stuck ever since Chinese immigrants arrived on the shores of Northern California in the 1850s, eager to try their luck in the gold mines. Now I'd have the chance to learn about them.
bank more than once.
It can be seen from the cheapest budget airlines to the world's largest carriers: Airlines across the
globe 26 various shades of blue in therr cabin seats and it is no 27 . There does appear to be some psychology behind it. Blue is 28 with the positive qualities of trust, efficiency, quietness,

2023届辽宁省大连市高三一模英语试题及答案

2023届辽宁省大连市高三一模英语试题第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例: How much is the shirt?A. £ 19.15.B. £ 9.18.C. £ 9.15.答案是C。

1. What does the woman want to do?A. Offer an invitation.B. Attend a meeting.C. Make an appointment.2. Who was asked to come early to the party?A. The man's parents.B. The man's friend.C. The man's sister.3. What does the man suggest the woman do?A. Wear warmer clothes.B. Buy another T-shirt.C. Have lunch first.4. How much is each ticket?A. $3.B. $4.C. $5.5. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a cinema.B. In a library.C. In a classroom.第二节（共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

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414Journal of Refractive SurgeryVolume 14July/August 1998

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:Various studies have comparedthe accuracy and repeatability of autokeratometersand videokeratoscopes using calibrated convexsurfaces.We investigate the agreement between theTopcon KR-3500 autokeratometer and the EyeSysvideokeratoscope on human corneas and calibratedconvex surfaces.METHODS:Measurements were obtained from30 convex ellipsoidal buttons and 20 right eyes of 20young normal human subjects.Vertex radius and p-values were compared for the two instruments.RESULTS:The two instruments showed excel-lent agreement on convex buttons.The human datashowed no such relationship.For vertex radius,agood level of agreement was obtained only for sur-faces whose p-values were near unity.Repeatabilitywas also calculated and was shown to be betterwith the Topcon autokeratometer than with theEyeSys videokeratoscope.Editing the EyeSys datato encompass the same corneal area as that of theTopcon improved its repeatability,although it didnot reach the level of the Topcon autokeratometer.CONCLUSIONS:The Topcon autokeratometerand the EyeSys videokeratoscope showed reason-able agreement for surface topography on convexconicoidal plastic test buttons but not for humancorneas.Alterations in the data-capture mecha-nisms of videokeratoscopes could improve theirability to accurately image paraboloidal surfaces.[J Refract Surg 1998;14:414-419]Corneal topographic examination is becomingincreasingly popular for examining therefractive power and the topography of thecornea.Detailed knowledge of corneal topographyprovides a tool for early detection and diagnosis ofcorneal disorders,a method for defining the opticalproperties of the corneas anterior surface,a founda-tion on which to base therapy,and a sensitive meansof evaluating therapy.1-3It is also being used as apreliminary measure for contact lens fitting and amethod for assessing the after-effects of contact lenswear.4Topographical maps can be provided byvideokeratoscopes like the EyeSys (EyeSysLaboratory,Houston,TX).However,the contact lensfitting role may be adequately covered by the use ofan autokeratometer,which allows calculation of thevertex radius and the p-value of the cornea.The ver-tex (apical) radius is the radius of curvature at thegeometric center of the surface under consideration.In the case of the typical human cornea,the curva-ture is steepest at the vertex and flattest towardsthe limbus.The p-value describes the degree of flat-tening or steepening of the surface as we move fromthe vertex towards the limbus.A p-value of 0 indi-cates a paraboloidal surface;a p-value of 1 indicatesa spherical surface.The prolate ellipsoids are a fam-ily of curves with p values anywhere between theabove two limits.Thus the vertex radius indicateshow steep or flat the surface under investigation isand the p-value indicates the degree of flattening orsteepening of the curvature from the apex to thelimbus.The human cornea approximates an ellip-soid with a vertex radius of 7.70 mm and a p-valueof 0.8.Previous studies have investigated the accuracyand repeatability of both the EyeSys videokerato-scope and the Topcon K-3500 autokeratometer(Topcon Corporation,Tokyo,Japan) using ellipsoidal

Comparison of Videokeratoscopeand AutokeratometerMeasurements on EllipsoidSurfaces and Human Corneas

Shahina Pardhan, PhD, MBCO;William A.Douthwaite, PhD, MSc, FBCO, DCLP

From the Department of Optometry, Bradford University, Bradford,West Yorkshire, UK.The authors thank Jeremy Beesely for collecting the EyeSys data in thisstudy.The authors have no proprietary interest in the materials presented.Correspondence: Shahina Pardhan, PhD, MBCO, Department ofOptometry, Bradford University, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP,United Kingdom. Tel: 44-1274-384648; Fax: 44-1274-385570Received: March 7, 1997Accepted: November 1, 1997convex surfaces5-6against the Form Talysurfmethod.The Form Talysurf analysis,carried out bythe Rank Taylor Hobson Calibration andMeasurement Laboratory,is part of the NationalMeasurement Accreditation Service,which is theUnited Kingdoms government unified laboratoryaccreditation scheme.The result of a calibrationexercise between Rank Taylor Hobson Laboratoryand the National Institute of Science andTechnology (USA) is that traceability may now bedemonstrated between the two parties.The instru-ment utilizes a computer controlled stylus whichtraverses any given meridian of the surface.A laserinterferometric transducer transmits the signal to acomputer for processing.The resolution is quoted as20 nm or approximately 1/32 of the wavelength ofthe helium neon laser light.Relative to the best fitarc,the accuracy is claimed to be within two paral-lel planes having a separation of 0.1 m over a20 mm traverse after the removal of the best fit ref-erence line.The measurements of p-value and ver-tex radius of conicoidal buttons were carried out inthis laboratory and were therefore assumed to beaccurate (against which other measurements couldbe compared).Previous studies comparing the mea-surements from other systems against the FormTalysurf,showed that the Topcon autokeratometerover-read the p-value by as much as 0.021,or under-read by 0.035.The EyeSys videokeratoscope over-read by as much as 0.105 or as little as 0.67.For ver-tex radius,the Topcon autokeratometer over-read byas much as 0.007 mm or under-read by 0.020 mm,and the EyeSys videokeratoscope over-read by asmuch as 0.130 mm or as little as 0.090 mm,com-pared to the Talysurf result.Although repeatability data on the Topcon andthe EyeSys systems assessed on plastic convex sur-faces exist5-6,direct comparison between the twosystems from these studies cannot be made as thesurfaces used were different in the two studies.Inaddition,the method for assessing repeatability wasdifferent in the two studies.One study assessedrepeatability by measuring the standard deviationof ten readings per surface using a few buttons,while the other used a larger number of surfacesand calculated the standard deviation of the differ-ence between test and retest.Our study comparesthe performance of these two instruments as repre-sentatives of the videokeratoscope and the autoker-atometer.The repeatability is assessed by means ofcoefficient of repeatability,as performed byDouthwaite and Pardhan6,computed for the Topconand EyeSys systems,on the same plastic convex sur-faces and on human corneas.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe EyeSys videokeratoscope (EyeSys WindowsWorkstation Version 2.00W) and the Topcon auto-keratometer were calibrated initially according tothe manufacturers recommendation.The manufac-turers recommendations regarding the measuringtechnique were followed.Test-retest readings wereobtained on the convex ellipsoidal surfaces and onhuman corneas.