中西文化概论 复习资料
中西文化复习要点finalfinal

中西文化复习要点finalfinal《中西文化专题》课程复习要点After taking this course, you should be able to discuss the following cultural topics in English:1. Concepts(观念) of culture(文化), individualism(个人主义), and collectivism(集体主义)2. Confucianism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam, and social effects of religions3. Features of one Chinese festival, Lantern festival, Qingming festival, Dragon boat festival, OR mid-autumn festival4. Major differences between Chinese education and Western educationOR suggestions for China higher education reform5. Key features of Chinese tea culture, OR major differences between Chinese food and western food6. Features of one cl othing style you like7. What are the differences between Chinese language and English language, for example, idioms, color words, OR numbers?8. Your advice about how to build a good relationship with people9. Features of one famous tourist site you like in China10. Business etiquettes, greeting etiquette, OR wedding ceremony11. Major differences between Chinese love poetry and Western love poetry12. One Chinese mythology or Greek mythology story and the influence of the story on Chinese or western life/culture13. Features of one house/architecture style you like期末考试为闭卷,考试时间为第17周星期一1-2节(8:00am-9:40am),考试时长为100分钟。
西方文化概论复习

西方文化概论复习一、古希腊命运观P书18悲剧中的“命运”观念的起源无疑是与人类早期底下的认识水平密切相关。
他们把生活中的一切不可思议的自然现象理解为背后有着某种力量在操控着。
命运问题是人类历史的重要课题。
古希腊人认为在人与神之上还有命运主宰一切,它既支配人,也支配神;古希腊神话中既有对命运的抗争,又有对命运的妥协,而且最终是要表现人作为个体在命运前的渺小与无所作为,传扬的是一种宿命论的观点;命运悲剧是古希腊人反映社会矛盾的一种特殊形式。
【前言】命运是希腊神话中的一个永恒主题,命运往往被描述为主宰人和神的神秘的力量。
而古希腊神话大多写个人意志和命运的冲突,在主人公背后,往往存在着某种无形的、不可抗拒的、不依赖于人和神的神秘力量,影响着主人公生命的走向,就是所谓的命运。
因此,客观地讲,神话中的命运观是古希腊人反映社会矛盾的一种特殊形式,其中人与命运的冲突,反映的是人与世界、人与人的冲突。
古希腊文学作品中,戏剧是成就较高的一种文学。
其中悲剧的成就又远远高于喜剧。
悲剧在文学的发展过程中树立了正统的地位,具有鲜明的政治倾向性,取材于神话传说,是奴隶主贵族教化臣民的工具。
但是,在悲剧里具有一条鲜明的发展线索,那就是人类命运观的发展,从不得不顺从到奋起反抗的过程。
在希腊悲剧中,命运似乎构成了一个永恒的主题。
命运成为了主宰一切人甚至是神的根源。
在希腊悲剧主人公的背后,总有某种既不依赖于人,又不依赖于神的神秘力量,这种无形的,然而又发挥着巨大作用的神秘力量,就是所谓的命运,故也把希腊悲剧划归为命运悲剧。
根据亚里士多德定义:“悲剧是一个严肃的完整的,有一定长度的行动的模仿。
它的媒介是语言,模仿的方式是借人物的动作来表达,而不是采用叙述法。
戏剧的效果借引起怜悯与恐惧使这种情感得到陶冶。
”所谓“命运”,其实质是客观规律的必然性,古希腊人限于思想及科学水平,无法认识。
其主题不断地由神向人变换,慢慢地可以看出对人的作用的重视。
中西比较文化徐行言主编期末总复习资料

第二章 中西文化寻根第一节 河的赐予与海的磨砺第二节 华夏土地上的农耕文明与古希腊罗马的工商业文明第三节 家国与城邦一、 以血缘家庭为纽带的中国传统社会二、 以地缘政治为基础的希腊城市国家第三章 中西文化的基本精神第一节 历来对中西文化精神差异的探讨第二节 人文传统与科学精神 一、 中国文化的人文传统与道德价值————人类精神文化以宗教为开端,中国自周代就出现了“重民轻神”的思想,中国古代文化君重神轻,民重神轻。
神体现在:理性精神,客观态度与探求真理的执着。
第三节 群体认同与个人本位西方文化强调人作为有理智、尊严和自由意志的独立个体的地位,要求对自己的命运负责。
而中国文化则主要把人理解为类的存在物,重视人的社会价值,仅把(一)“家天下”的宗主统治----天下为家的王位继承 (二)事君如事父的忠孝原则(三)大一统的专制政体一、 严复:中之人好古而忽今,西之人力今以胜古;中国亲亲,西人尚贤 二、李大钊:一为自然的,一为人为的;一为安息的,一为战争的;一为消极的,一为积极的;一为依赖的,一为独立的;一为苟安的,一为突进的;一为因袭的,一为创造的;一为保守的,一为进步的;一为直觉的,一为理智的;一为空想的,一为体验的;一为艺术的,一为科学的;一为精神的,一为物质的;一为灵的,一为肉的;一为向天的;一为立地的;一为自然支配人间的,一为人间征服自然的人看作群体的一份子,是他所属社会关系的派生物,他的价值因群体而存在并借此体现。
因而只有无条件地将自己的命运和利益都托付给所属的群体。
一、义务为本位的群体原则二、个人主义的自由与权利第四节中庸和平与崇力尚争一、中国精神中的“中”与“和”1)儒家中庸思想与道家无为的中道观2)艺术上表现为优雅宁静、冲淡平和的审美境界,“乐而不淫哀而不伤”的感情节制,以及含蓄委婉地艺术传达。
二、西方价值的“利”与“力”1)功利主义的道德原则2)强烈的竞争意识3)对力量的崇拜第五节内向与开放一、道统与涵纳二、开拓与求新第四章中西思维方式比较天人合一与物我二分中国哲学坚持有机联系的整一宇宙观,努力将人投入到自然中,以认识主体与客体的合一为认识的基本前提;而西方哲学则专注于对事物作本质区别,细心的分解万事万物,欢欣于人的独立,给之地位和荣耀,以独立个体的确立作为认识的前提。
西方文化概论期末复习完整版

1.西方最早的文明形态:神话。
2.西方最早最早的文明:米诺斯文明(克里特文明)。
∵创造线形文字。
3.最早的希腊人:阿卡亚人。
∵建立的迈锡尼文明滋养了整个希腊。
爱琴文明简表:前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的米诺斯文明(克里特人)前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼文明(阿卡亚人)前12c—前8c 黑暗时代(多利亚人)前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄:半人半神,神与人所生,神是理想化的人,因此英雄是理想化的人。
在古希腊,人与自身区分而成为英雄,具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。
5.希腊文明兴起的原因:腓尼基字母传入;公元前776年,第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会;新兴家族的崛起,农业上以血缘为核心,商业上以契约为核心。
6.用公民和城邦相互解释:亚里士多德《政治学》公民——城邦里享有一定政治权利并要尽一定政治责任和义务的组织者。
城邦——享有一定权利同时要尽一定责任的一定数量的公民共同体。
7.希腊城邦文化的中心:雅典。
希腊化的中心:亚历山大里亚。
8.斯巴达采用的国家制度:政治上:建立元老院,是最高权力中心。
经济上:定期分配土地。
生活上:原始共产主义制度。
9.希腊城邦的政治制度:前8c—前6c:君主制:一个人统治,世袭制度,导致独裁、专政。
僭主制:利用民众的力量夺取政权。
民主制:民众协商的方式。
10.贝壳投票法:雅典。
伯利克里时代,公民大会。
11.前776年,第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义:希腊人自己有了记录时间的方法,有了纪元,从而有了编年史;表明了希腊人对美的崇尚;是希腊城邦文明的标志。
12.《神谱》作者:赫西俄德通过吟唱。
13.三代神王:乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。
14.诸神居住地:奥林匹斯山。
诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。
奥尔弗斯神秘祭。
《神谱》的文化意义:第一,通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观。
例如:从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯,绝大多数神都象征着某种自然现象(海神、死神、天神等),这种自然的分化和演进过程一直延续。
《西方文化概论》自考

《西方文化概论》复习题(本部)练习题1、四年一届的(奥林匹亚竞技会)是全希腊最隆重的盛会。
2、(浪漫主义)主义的基本特点就是,用自由和美感来代替义务和功利,用情感的权威来代替理性的权威,用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。
3、卢梭的小说(新爱洛伊丝)是浪漫主义的典范,在这本书中,卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。
4、当“哲学之父”(泰勒斯)宣称万物是从水中产生时,他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。
5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指(米诺斯文明),它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。
6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的(相对论)揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。
7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊(城邦)社会的重要特征。
8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方(共产主义)理论的思想根源。
9、公元前5世纪,(雅典)成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心,成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。
10、人文主义的精神实质就是(人性的解放),它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。
11、“基督教的真正父亲”(保罗)构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。
12、基督教在哲学上对应一种(唯心主义)观点,即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。
13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生,中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的(黑暗时代)或者“英雄时代”。
14、(哥特式)建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世,它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。
15、(《尼西亚信经》)确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义,并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威,成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。
16、公元前8世纪,当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时,与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是(系统叙事诗)。
中西文化定义文化的涵义文化管理复习资料

文化管理复习资料文化的涵义中西文化定义文化一词在我国古代:以文教化。
“文”是文采、修养;“化”教化,也就是说用人文行以教化。
这里面就有一个人化的层面,也就是在适应自然、改造自然的过程中,人类所创造的精神财富和物质成果,人的本质力量在其中得以显现。
季羡林老先生就曾经说过,文化就是人类在精神物质层面所创造出的一切优秀的成功的总和。
西方学者对于文化的定义有些很有代表性。
比如英国的人类学家泰勒,他被称为文化学之父,在1871年《原始文化》一书中,提出了至今仍然堪称经典的文化的定义,他说,文化或者文明,就其广泛的人种学意义而论,是一个复杂的整体,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及作为社会成员的人所习得的才能和习惯。
霍夫斯泰德模型:霍夫斯泰德认为,文化包含两种含义:一种与“文明”同义,是“对思想的提炼”,包括教育、艺术和文学;另一种含义来自社会学和人类学,指的是社会成员思维、感情和行为模式的概括,即“社会行为的不成文的规则”,也就是说文化是人类一群成员区别于另一群成员思想意识的集合体,侧重于社会成员的价值观层面。
后一种就是霍夫斯泰德在国家文化维度模型中采用的概念。
为了同前一种文化概念加以区分,他把这种文化称为“心理程序”(mental programs)或者“心理软件”(software of the mind)。
他对国家文化的研究,采取的是社会学的分类法,从五个不同的维度切入,仔细区分不同国家的文化在这五个维度上的异同。
霍夫斯泰德是荷兰人,他在研究了IBM在世界范围内39个子公司之后,总结出来用于理解不同文化,不同文化价值观的四个方面,91年之后发展成五个维度。
五个不同的维度是指权力距离、集体主义-个人主义、阴柔气质-阳刚气质、不确定性规避、长期导向-短期导向,它们共同构成了国家文化维度模型,即霍夫斯泰德模型。
第一个维度:人与人之间平等的期望——权力化程度在社会或组织中缺乏权力的成员对不公平的权力分配所接受的程度。
中西文化专题末考复习提纲

汉译英文化自大、民族中西主义Ethnocentrism文化能力cultural competence少数民族ethnic minorities批判性思维critical thinking天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful《旧约全书》Old Testament耶稣复活the Resurrection of Jesus Christ论语The Analects中庸The Doctrine of the Mean获得荣誉;赢得声望Win / Gain Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录Look to One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本Rest on One's Laurels艰巨的任务a Herculean task故意拖延的策略A Penelope's Web / the web of Penelope 希腊神话Greek Mythology荷马史诗Homeric Hymns /Homer's Epic《理想国》《the Republic》社交礼仪Social Etiquette传统节日Traditional Festivals重阳节Double Ninth Festival元宵节Lantern Festival;中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival端午节Dragon Boat Festival七夕Double Seventh Festival精卫填海Jingwei reclamation女娲补天Nüwa mends the sky夸父追日Kuafu chases the Sun盘古开天Pangu creates the world中国书法Chinese Calligraphy国画Chinese Painting文房四宝Four treasures of the study民间表演艺术Folk Performing Arts八大菜系Eight Regional Cuisines餐桌礼仪Table Manners红茶black tea趁热打铁to strike while the iron is hot有其父必有其子Like father, like son物以类聚,人以群分Birds of a feather flock together旁观者清the onlookers see most of the games善意的谎言White lies记忆犹新to keep one's memory green挥金如土spend money like water沧海一粟/九牛一毛a drop in the ocean人皆有得意之日Every dog has his day老人学不了新东西Old dog will not learn new tricks以眼还眼,以牙还牙an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth 恶有恶报sow the wind and reap the whirlwind高语境High context个人主义Individualism低语境Low context灾难之源Pandora's box权力距离Power distance将临的危险The Sword of Damocles不确定性规避Uncertainty avoidance一段艰难的旅程An odyssey告别演出Swan song女性特征Femininity莫逆之交Damon and Pythias内奸/木马计The Trojan horse实用主义Pragmatism恋母情结Oedipus complex农历The lunar calendar牛郎织女the cowboy and the weaving maid 苏格拉底Socrates柏拉图Plato剑桥大学Cambridge University亚里士多德Aristotle牛津大学Oxford University学院Academy京师大学堂Imperial University of Peking 填鸭式教育spoon-fed education春秋时期the Spring and Autumn period人际关系Interpersonal relationship战国时期The Warring States period建筑Architecture鸦片战争the Opium War哥特式Gothic善良的人A white man昂贵又没用的东西White elephant加牛奶的咖啡White coffee眼红Green-eyed金钱的力量green power火上浇油add fuel to the flames最珍爱之人或物apple of one’s eyes软硬兼施the carrot and the stick文化冰山cultural iceberg压岁钱red envelops/packets烟花炮竹fireworks and firecrackers团年饭the New year reunion dinner舞龙舞狮dragon dance and lion dance 走亲戚visiting relatives岁岁平安Peace all year round万事如意May all go well with you一帆风顺Wish you every success福寿双全Live long and proper和气生财Harmony brings wealth圣诞市场Christmas market春节联欢晚会The Spring Festival Gala 春联Spring Festival Couplets剪纸paper-cuts坚贞不渝with a Penelope faith红颜祸水Helen of Troy不和的根源An Apple of Discord致命弱点Achilles’ heel孝悌filial piety and fraternal duty信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance希腊三贤Ancient Greek Three-yin常青藤大学The Ivy League湘菜Hunan Cuisine糖醋排骨Fried Sweet and Sour Pork Ribs麻婆豆腐Stir-fried tofu in hot sauce红烧狮子头Stewed pork ball in brown sauce回锅肉twice-cooked pork slices世界遗产world heritage银河the Milky Way剪纸paper cut京剧Beijing opera简答题1.How do you understand culture?2. What is culture shock?3. Do you know a fluent fool?4. What do you know about a religion in the world?5. Do you know any Greek myth?6. Can you list some etiquette during a western dinner?7. Can you introduce one of Chinese traditional festival?8. Do you know some phrases about color in English?9. Can you briefly introduce the history of western architecture?10. What western festival is most popular in China and why?11.How well do you know your chopstick etiquette?12. Why are we called “the descendants of Yan and Huang”?13. What is the historical background of Thanksgiving day? what is traditional food in Thanksgiving?14. What are the chief characteristics of Greek mythology?15. Can you tell a Greek mythology story ?16. What is the influence of Greek mythology on western culture?17. What’s the cultural difference between Chinese Long and Western dragon?18. What is the tower of Babel? and what is the significance of the story?19. What is Confucianism? What can you learn from Confucianism?20. What is cultural connotation of number seven in western culture?21.In your opinion, what is the primary purpose of higher education?22. How to build positive relationships with people?23. What are the differences between the Chinese food and Western food?24. What is proper serving etiquette in a formal western dinner?25. What are the differences between Chinese poetry and Western poetry?案例分析题1.ExceptionsRead the following letter:I’m a graduate student in the US, and to make enough money to pay for my food, I have to work as a guard at the university library at night.Last week one of my friends, Lin, came to the library after hours. He told me that he had left his notebook in the library and needed it to study for a test the next day. I told Lin that according to the rules I wasn’t supposed to let anyone in, but he begged me and said that if he didn’t get his notes there was no way he could pass the test. He was my friend and I knew he wouldn’t steal anything. I also didn’t feel like I could say no, so I let him in. Unfortunately, just then my supervisor came by and saw Lin going in, so he stopped Lin and then started fawning me out in front of Lin for not following the rules. I tried to explain the situation, but that only seemed to make my supervisor angrier. He said it didn’t matter if Lin was my friend or not, so I just shut up and let him scold me.I think my supervisor was very unreasonable to be so picky and critical, and I don’t think he should have yelled at me, especially in front of Lin. Why couldn’t he understand why I let Lin in? Questions:What would you do in such a situation? Why?How would you deal with the “emotional hurt”resulting from the supervisor’s response and “loss of face”?2. Wrong answerWhen I was a freshman I had an American teacher. One day when we were on the subject of poetry by Shakespeare, he chose me to answer a difficult question. I said, “Sorry, I don’t know.”I expected him to go on and ask another student as my Chinese teachers would do.To my surprise he spent the rest of the class (a nightmare for me) explaining how childish my answer was. “As an adult, you should at least have some idea about a question, no matter how difficult it is. Even though your answer is totally wrong, it is much better than “I don’t know.’”Questions:Can you explain why the student chose to say “I don’t know”in the class?Can you explain why the teacher got annoyed by the student’s answer?What do you think is the cultural difference that has caused this culture shock?3. Xiaoxin and Peter are newly-weds. Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together. There are some minor problems that occur. One day Peter came home looking unhappy.“What happened?”Xiaoxin asked.“Nothing much, I’m just very tired,”Peter said.“I can tell that it’s more than that.”Peter gave her a quiet look, went into the bedroom and threw himself on the bed.Xiaoxin followed him in and said, “Don’t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don’t.”Peter yelled.Xiaoxin was in tears. Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her.Questions for discussion:Why does Peter refuse to tell Xiaoxin the fact?What would happen if Xiaoxin married to a Chinese husband?4. Joe is an American Professor in an American university. Two years ago, he made friends with Hong, a Chinese visiting scholar. Joe was invited by Hong’s university for a five-day visit to give lectures.Joe was very excited about the trip, as it was his first time in China. Hong met him at the airport, put him up in a very nice hotel, and arranged a big dinner for him. At the end of the evening, Hong gave him the itinerary for the next few days. Apart from the lectures, all this time would be filled with meals, concerts, shopping and a one-day trip to a nearby resort, all paid by Hong’s university.Joe was grateful to Hong and the host department who took great care of him during his visit. At the end of the visit, he insisted on treating Hong and the Department Chair to dinner to thank them, but they said a dinner has been arranged. Joe was very frustrated. He was not very happy atthe dinner, and did not show any enthusiasm when the Department Chair said that they hoped Joe would come back for another visit. When he flew back to the U.S.A., he complained to the person next to him on the plane, “While in China, I sometimes felt like a prisoner.”Questions for discussions:Why do you think Joe felt like a prisoner when he was in China?What do you think is the appropriate way we should treat our foreign friends?5. Share it or not?Wang Liang worked in a Sino-German Joint Venture. One day, on his way to the coffee, he found that Wolfgang, one of his German colleagues, had seemingly gotten rather involved in a newspaper. Out of curiosity, Wang came up to Wolfgang so he could glance at the newspaper. Then he asked, “Which one are you reading? Is it interesting/”But all of a sudden, Wolfgang lost his temper and began to complain about Wang’s invasion of his privacy, and demanded an apology from him. Wang felt rather upset, keeping explain that he had not realized that his behavior was rude. After this, whenever Wang stepped toward Wolfgang, he would soon cover up what he was doing, or stand up to keep a clear distance with Wang. Wang Liang got very confused, wondering why his friendly behaviors aroused such hostility in his colleague.Discussion:Why did Wolfgang get angry?How would you react to Wang Liang’s behavior?6. Conversation during mealsWang Ming lives in Slat Lake City next door to Bob and Helen. He has been invited to a dinner party at their home. Wang Ming knows that Bob was recently in hospital and is concerned about his health. When everyone is seated at the dinner table, Wang Ming turns to Bob and says, “Bob, how are you feeling?”Discussion:1. What subject is discussed at the dinner table in this case that is not appropriate, especially in the United States?2. Is this a subject that is not discussed at the dinner table in China?7. Simple can be specialWenhong had an American professor in her economics class in China. She had given the professor a lot of help during the course. At the end of the semester, the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner. They said they were going to cook her an American meal. Wenhong felt very flattered and excited, since McDonald, KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to western cooking. They had salad to start with, then steak with potatoes, followed by ice cream. Wenhong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end. She knew the professor and his wife were being so kind to her, but somewhat she was a little disappointed. She wondered whether American do eat like that at home.Questions for discussions:How many dishes would you prepare to treat a friend if you invited him or her to home?Was the professor unwilling to invite Wenhong to his home? Why did he treat Wenhong with such a simple meal?8. Iris is an American and has married a Chinese researcher,Ren Hua. They have a three-year-old son,Dave. One morning before breakfast,Iris kept asking Dave to choose between two different breakfast cereals and two different kinds of fruit juice.Dave was busy playing with a toy and wasn’t listening to her. Then Ren Hua told Iris that it wasn’t necessary or proper to ask a child to choose his/her breakfast,and it was better just to give him what she thinks is best for him.Iris was puzzled,and argued that a child should be given the right to choose.1.What’s the problem?2.Why were they disagreeing?9. Are You Mad at Me?Jeff was pleased to have been assigned an international student as his roommate in his second year at a small liberal arts college in the US.Ji Bing was an easy-going guy,a good listener,warm-hearted,and always ready for a new experience.He appreciated Jeff’s explanations of American life and unfamiliar language,Jeff didn’t think Ji Bing was anymore difficult to get along with than the American room-mate he had the year before,except that he seemed to want to study more than Jeff was used to and he sometimes borrowed Jeff’s things without asking first.One night Jeff was working on a project that required some artwork, Ji Bing was at his desk studying for a test.Jeff’s scissors were just too dull to do the job,So he asked Ji Bing,“Sorry to bother you while you’re studying,but could I use your scissors for a while?”Ji Bing said,“Sure,”opened his desk drawer and handed Jeff the scissors.“Thanks,thanks a lot,”Jeff said.A few minutes later Jeff decided that his crayons were not going to do the trick.He addressed his roommate again:“Sorry to bug you again,but these crayons make this look like kindergarten.You know those colored pencils you have? Would it be OK if I used them for my project?”Ji Bing got up and got them off the shelf and said,“Help yourself,”and went back to reading as Jeff thanked him.After another few minutes,Jeff said,“I must be driving you crazy, but have you got any glue or tape? Promise I’ll buy you another roll.”Ji Bing handed Jeff a role of tape that was on his desk saying.“Use as much as you want.I don ’t need it.”“Appreciate it.”mumbled Jeff as he went back to h is project.Ji Bing went back to his reading.As Jeff was finishing his project he noticed that Ji Bing was watching him.He looked up and was surprised to hear his Chinese roommate ask him in a plaintive tone, “Are you angry at me?”“Of course not.”Jeff replied,“what makes you think that?”1.Why does Ji Bing suspect that Jeff is angry?2.What answer will Ji Bing give to Jeff’s question?3.What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?4. Give advice to both Jeff and Ji Bing about how to handle their problem.10. Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But afterthe semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn't see each other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. Steve didn't seem very interested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve's change of attitude. "Steve said we were friends," Yaser complained. "And I said friends were friends forever.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and Steve? Do you think it is reasonable for one to conclude from such an experience like Yaser's that Americans are fickle in friendship?11. Who to hang the coat?Read the conversation between Litz (an English speaker) and Lin (a Chinese) Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It's not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks. (Takes off her coat and hangs it)Question for discussion: Why did Lin refuse Litz’s offering of taking her coat? Why did Litz feel upset?Possible answer: Chinese and Westerners have different cultural values. Lize was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz's offering to hang Lin's coat is one of Litz's way to show her hospitality. On Lin's side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was not appropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat.12. A complaint letter (adopted from Gu Yueguo, Cross-cultural communication, p. 138-139) Dear James,Teaching in China is a real pleasure, but people here can sometimes be a little mean with their hospitability. Yesterday I was invited to an official banquet in the evening by the university. As you know, I enjoy Chinese food and would have loved to have gone, but for some reason Janet was not included in the invitation. Naturally I couldn’t’t accept and leave the dear old wife at home so I had to make an excuse to get out of it. Can’t think why they should want to snub her in that way, but it has made both of us feel that we are not really welcome...Andy Questions for discussion:Why did Andy interpret the invitation as a negative one?If you are an official banquet organizer in China, would you include Andy’s wife in the invitation? If you are one in the West, would you include her?13. Is smiling always the right thing?Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Jun Chen, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused difficulties that required a considerable effort to fix. Jun Chen was very upset about what had happened and came to Peter’s office to make an apology. With a smile on his face, he said, “Peter, I’ve been very upset about the trouble I’ve caused to the company. I’m here to apologize for my mistake. I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.”He looked at Peter with thesmile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. Peter found it hard to accept the apology.He looked at Jun Chen and asked, “Are you sure?”“Yes, I’m very sorry and I promise this won’t happen again,”smiling even more broadly than before.“I am sorry but I simply cannot accept your apology. You don’t look sorry at all!”Peter said angrily.Jun Chen’s face turned red. He had not in the least expected Peter to react negatively. He was desperate to make himself understood. “Peter,”he managed to smile again, “trust me, no one could feel sorrier than I do about it.”Peter was furious by now, “If you are that sorry, how can you still smile?”Questions for discussions:Why did Jun Chen wear a smile when he made the apology?Do you think it reasonable that Peter became so angry with Jun Chen? Why or why not?What are the different interpretations of a smile by the two people involved in this situation.14. Posture in the classroomMr. Cohen is a expatriate teacher form the United States teaching in a university in China. He likes to conduct his class in a very casual way. This is particularly noticeable in the way he dressed and sits in class. He invariably wears jeans and a T-shirt and sits on the teacher’s desk with his legs stretched out and his two feet resting on the edge of the student’s desk in front of him. Once the senior teacher responsible for teaching affairs spoke to him about his very informal posture in class and told him that it was not acceptable, Mr. Cohen was annoyed at this criticism as he felt that by acting in this way in class he would help students to relax more and be ready to talk more. Questions for discussions:What do you think of the posture adopted by Mr. Cohen in class? Do your teachers adopt the similar posture in class?What do you think of his view that this would encourage students to talk more and profit more from the oral interaction with a native speaker of English?15. The movie “The Guasha Treatment” is based on a real story of a Chinese family living in the U.S. A. Xu Datong was a successful Chinese immigrant. His father visits his family and performs Guasha, a traditional Chinese medical practice to treat his grandson Dennis. Though painless, the treatment left red marks on the skin. Soon the Child Welfare Agency accuses the family of child abuse and take the boy away from them. ….Questions for discussion after viewing the movie:1. Why does Xu Datong invite his friend John to be his lawyer, although Johan is not familiar with family law? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?2. Why does Xu Datong tell the judge he performed Guasha on Dennis, not his father? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?3. Who shall we ask for help when we get into legal troubles, our relatives, friends, or a lawyer?。
西方文化概论复习笔记

1.文化的概念及构成内容概念:,文化是人类社会具有独立特性的综合体系,它主要包括社会生产与生活方式、社会组织形态和精神组织形态三个大的层次。
这三个大的层次是互相关联的。
它也就必然是人类的行为与精神活动的总体。
从本质上说,这是一种文化总体性构成的观念。
文化体系的构成:1、各国与各民族人民的衣、食、住、行等社会生活及其风俗习惯。
2、社会生产类型,指文化类型的主要生产方式,即是工业文化、农业文化、渔猎文化等。
3、国家政治机制,包括国家政体与国体、国家法律制度、政府机构等。
4、语言文字、科学技术等。
5、文化的精神取向,主要是宗教信仰、思想观念、文化逻辑与民族精神、道德评价等。
2.斯巴达城邦与雅典城邦在政治、经济及文化方面的比较斯巴达政治(1)王权统治时期较长,以后则以贵族寡头政治为主,对外实行军事扩张(2)议事会:包括国王在内的30人,主要是贵族掌权,向大会提出建议并宣布休会,是最高权力机构公民大会:全体公民都有权利参加,仅有表决权(3)实行三等级制:公民(斯巴达人)、奴隶(希洛人)、商人(皮里啊西人)(4)实行严格的军事制度,力量强大,基本控制了伯罗奔尼撒半岛经济(1)以农业经济为主,重农抑商,规定斯巴达人不得经商(2)农业经济为主、物产丰富,基本上可以自给自足(3)实行土地与奴隶国有制文化(1)文化落后,在哲学、诗歌、戏剧与艺术领域都没有重要贡献,与同时期是我雅典城邦不可同日而语(2)生活简朴,英勇善战,在战争中从不恐惧,视死如归雅典政治(1)制定法律划分阶层:贵族、农民、手工业者。
只有贵族可以从政,充当官职(2)奴隶与异邦人地位低下(3)维护民主,英勇善战经济(1)雅典一农牧业为主要生产方式,但工商业极为发达,是地中海地区的货物运转中心(2)公民生活简朴,贫富差距不大文化(1)雅典人热爱艺术,在建筑与雕塑方面的建树十分突出(2)社会思想活跃,产生了一大批哲学家与思想家(3)并不意味着雅典人堕落或懦弱,而是勇气惊人3.罗马的建立过程,经历了那些时代及灭亡的直接与更本原因建立:公元前8世纪,希腊人来到亚平宁半岛开拓殖民,建立了大量城邦,统称为“新城”,所以城邦中罗马城邦最为强大,后来发展成为罗马帝国,接续了古希腊文化,与希腊一起成为西方文明的起源。
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1,《周易》 文化一词出自《说苑》 2,1871年,英国人类学家泰勒《原始文化》
第二个ppt 郡县制时代 公元前221年,秦正式确立郡县制为全国统一的行政区划,直至东汉末年,相继沿革400余年。 郡、县作为行政区划单位,均出现于春秋时期,县早而郡晚,县小而郡大,县近而郡远,县重而郡轻。战国时期,逐渐形成以郡统县的两级地方行政区域。郡、县不同于封地,它们是国君直接管辖下的地方行政区域,郡守和县令由国君任免,一般不得世袭,其职责拥有对其辖境的治民、征赋、征兵、赏罚的权力,直接对国君负责,地方行政权力开始集中于国君之手,这标志中央集权政治体制的萌生。但春秋战国时期,分封制仍是占主体的政治体制,全国还未能形成统一的中央集权政治体制,郡县制的产生只是其补充和改革。 州制时代 东汉中平五年(公元188年),州由监察体制转变为行政区实体,历经三国、两晋、南北朝直至隋代,长达四百余年,我国古代行政区划由郡(国)县二级制演变为州、郡(国)、县三级制。 东汉政府改州刺史为州牧,凡重要者由中央九卿(朝廷重臣)充任州牧,直接掌握一州军事、行政、民政等大权,位于郡守之上,非九卿所领之州仍称州刺史。 道路制时代 由于南北朝州、郡滥置,导致州制行政区划的衰落,尽管隋初着力整顿,结束了州、郡滥置的现象,但已难挽救其衰败。唐代与隋相似,州、郡两名称曾迭相改用。但值得注意的是,唐朝最高行政机构不是州或郡,而是“道”。 唐朝初年,道仅是一种监察区划,至唐玄宗时,才发展为行政区划,成为凌驾于州县之上的地方最高一级行政单位,从而使唐代地方行政体制由州、县两级制转变为道、州、县三级制。宋代沿袭唐制,仅将“道”改名为“路”,这表明我国唐宋时代的地方行政区划进入道路制时代,先后长达600年左右。 省制时代 自元代开始,我国地方行政区划进入省制时代,省作为地方最高一级行政单位,历经元、明、清三代,直至当今。 元代实行省、路、府(州),县四级制 。 明代地方行政区划仍采取省制,但也有变化,即取消宋代始置的路一级行政机构,实行省、府、州、县四级制和省、府、县三级制,而以前者为主。 清代沿袭明代地方行政体制,仍实行省制,并由十五省增至二十三省,从而为我国现代省级政区的划分奠定了基础。
历朝人口 农牧民族军事冲突的最典型事例: 第一时期为周代初期,对应的是“南夷和北狄的交战”; 第二时期为东汉三国南北朝,对应的是“五胡乱华”; 第三时期为两宋,对应着辽、夏、金及宋之间长时间的纷争; 第四期为明,对应的是满清入关
集市的名称:草市,连市,夜市,鬼市。 草市,指中国宋朝开始在各城市城墙范围之外发展起来的商业区,大都位于水路交通要道或津渡及驿站所在地。因为市场房舍用草盖成或初系是买卖草料的市集,所以命名草市。 隋唐时代,市场的营业时间受到政府严格的规定,每天早晚随着官吏的管制而开闭。到了宋朝,出现了名叫“晓市”的早市,主要用来抒缓当时夜市的人流问题。后来晓市逐渐成为潮流,与夜市齐名。晓市限制也和夜市一样少,因此受时人欢迎。 隋唐时代,市场的营业时间受到政府严格的规定,每天早晚随着官吏的管制而开闭。到了晚唐,长安崇仁坊开始出现夜市,并逐渐发展到洛阳、开封、扬州等大城市,有时也见于海边。 宋朝,乾德三年(965年),取消了三更以后禁夜市的规定,开封甚至因而出现了从五更营业到天亮的“鬼市”,
第三个ppt 宗法制度的产生 所谓宗法制度即血缘宗法制度,是中国古代解决职权和财产分配,维护世袭统治秩序的一种制度。这种制度是由氏族社会的父系家长制演变而来的。根据现存文献和考古资料,中国古代的宗法制度产生于商代后期。 宗法制度的完备和确立,是西周建立以后的事情。西周宗法制度的创立者是周公。周公确立的宗法制度包括以下三方面的内容: (1)嫡长子继承制 (2)封邦建国制 (3)宗庙祭祀制
两千年来孝服虽然有传承和变异,但仍然保持了原有的定制,基本上分为五等,即:斩衰、齐衰、大功、小功、缌麻。五服实际上往往用来指代血缘亲疏。
第四个PPT 诸子百家 春秋战国哲学最主要的特征是诸子百家争鸣。所谓“诸子”或“百家”,概举其成数而言,《汉书·艺文志》按其记载的著作归类,共有189家。其中最重要的学派,有西汉司马谈列举的阴阳、儒、墨、名、法、道德六家之说和刘歆再加上纵横、杂、农和小说四家的十家之说。这六家或十家,大体上是发端于春秋末期,鼎盛于战国中期,总结于战国后期,而每一学派自身又各有其发生、发展和演变的历史。
仁学 孔子认为,仁者“爱人”,“仁者人也”。仁的基本形式是“爱人”,要求将人作为人来看待,强调了人有爱和尊重的需求。孔子根据社会发展的需要,将仁确定为最基本的社会关系准则,并围绕“爱人”的内涵,构造出了仁学的思想体系。仁爱是孔子思想体系的核心,在后来则成为整个儒家文化的中心范畴。
尚贤、尚同; 兼爱、非攻; 节用、节葬; 天志、明鬼; 非命、非乐。 据墨子的意思,这十目都是治国之道,因时制宜,对症下药的举措。
兼爱 墨子在中国哲学史上第一次提出了不分差别彼此而普遍相爱的“兼爱”思想。墨子赞同仁但反对礼,认为儒家讲礼是“糜财而贫民”,“伤身而害事”,亲亲尊尊之礼制正是维护社会不平等的根源,故要求打破等级任用贤才。墨子“兼爱”观的实质,在思想上是以博爱取代自私之爱,在政治上则是以任人唯贤代替任人唯亲,要求打破君臣父子的上下尊卑和传统的宗法等级制度的桎梏,这就与儒家的亲亲尊尊主张形成了正面的冲突,所以遭到了儒家的激烈反对。 兼爱与仁爱的区别 老子辩证法的基本观点可以归纳为以下几个方面: 首先,事物矛盾对立面的相互依赖。老子认为,一事物总是与他事物相比较而在的,有美便有丑,有善便有恶,“故有无相生,难易相成,长短相形,高下相倾”,等等。 其次,矛盾对立面的相互转化。老子关于矛盾转化的观点,最明显地表现在“反者道之动”和“祸兮福之所倚,福兮祸之所伏”两句名言上。 再次,事物发展的方向是从小到大、由弱到强。“合抱之木,生于毫末;九层之台,起于累土;千里之行,始于足下”。事物的发展表现为量的积累的过程,这是自然历史的顺序。所以,人们的思维行动就应当自觉与此相符,从易到难,从小到大。而更重要的是,事物的发展既然是从小到大,由弱变强,“物壮则老”,老子也就提出了著名的“柔弱胜刚强”的原则。也正因为如此,老子的辩证法是“贵柔”的辩证法,老子对柔弱一方给予了极大的关注。
第五个ppt 从70开始 玄学研究的根本问题是自然(自然之道,具体表现为一种自然观和人生观)和名教(封建政治制度、等级制度、伦理道德的总和)是否对立统一。其发展并非要取代儒家,而是要调和儒道,使儒道兼容。
第六个ppt 一般把隋代大业年间隋炀帝创设进士科作为科举考试制度正式产生的标志。
三十老明经,五十少进士。 《全唐诗》中有「桂树只生三十枝」,反映了进士科每次录取名额不过三十人左右。因此,进士科出身的人特别受到推重,以致「缙绅虽位极人臣,不由进士者终不为美」。
唐代科举考试的试卷一般不糊名,取录进士除看试卷外,还要参考考生平日的作品和声誉。因此,考生必须向那些参与决定取录名单者呈献自己平时的力作,这在当时被称之为「投卷」。向礼部投献的称之为「公卷」或「省卷」 ,向达官贵人投献的称之为「行卷」。
62释迦牟尼的创教活动 释迦牟尼创立佛教的活动——构建、宣传自己的教法;建立僧伽生活制度。 教法主旨——在于阐发人生的痛苦、痛苦的原因、痛苦的消灭和消灭痛苦的方法。
程朱陆王:程是程颐程颢,朱是朱熹,陆是陆九渊,王是王守仁 第八个ppt 欧洲文明的源头在希腊,希腊文明的源头在西亚两河流域的美索不达米亚文明、希伯来-腓尼基文明和北非尼罗河流域的古埃及文明,以及地中海东部的爱琴文明,这些文明地理上连结起来,就是一个漂亮的“新月湾”。这是欧洲文明源头的基本结构。
爱琴文明 爱琴文明是指公元前20世纪至公元前12世纪间的爱琴海域的上古文明,是希腊文明的源泉。主要包括米诺斯文明(克里特岛)和迈锡尼文明(希腊半岛)两大阶段,历史约800年。
荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗” 真正使克里特、迈锡尼时期的那些旷世英雄的丰功伟绩得以流传至今的重要媒介,是荷马的两部不朽史诗。荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德修纪》这两部史诗所记载的故事都是对迈锡尼时期曾经发生过的战争和航海活动的一种神话化的渲染,是对阿卡亚人已往的英雄业迹的赞美讴歌。
米利都学派 公元前6世纪,小亚细亚海岸的米利都镇,其同侪被称为米利都学派。 苏格拉底:伟大的追问者 致力于提出道德与政治的问题,致力探求真理和认识人本身。 苏格拉底的信念:德性是一种知识。 成为你自己,确立了质疑一切的原则:不存在直接固定的答案,因为答案本身也必须受到质疑。 柏拉图:在人与抽象世界间架起桥梁 整部西方哲学史都是在为柏拉图做注脚,因为其著述才真正开始把哲学看作一个整体。 乌托邦 理念论:“至善的形式”(The Form of the Good),这种形式便是知识的终极目标。至善的形式塑造其他形式的方式就如同太阳照亮或发亮其他物体一般,使得我们能够在知觉的世界看到这些东西。柏拉图认为,自然界中有形的东西是流动的,但是构成这些有形物质的“形式”或“理念”却是永恒不变的。当我们说到“马”时,我们没有指任何一匹马,而是称任何一种马。而“马”的含义本身独立于各种马(“有形的”),它不存在于空间和时间中,因此是永恒的。但是某一匹特定的、有形的、存在于感官世界的马,却是“流动”的,会死亡,会腐烂。 灵魂不朽 宇宙起源
僭主政治最初是古希腊城邦时期一种特殊的统治方式。僭主是指破坏传统,通过暴力等非法手段(非合法选举)推翻贵族与国王统治,建立起个人独裁统治的篡位者。起初,“僭主”一词并无贬义,其政绩因人而异。 僭主最初出现在商业比较发达的城邦,如哥林斯、阿尔戈斯、麦加拉、雅典等。就目前所知,古希腊的第一位僭主是阿尔戈斯的斐冬(Pheidon)。这些僭主大多与工商业密切联系,他们当权后往往大力发展工商