中西比较文化徐行言主编期末总复习资料

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中西文化复习要点finalfinal

中西文化复习要点finalfinal

中西文化复习要点finalfinal《中西文化专题》课程复习要点After taking this course, you should be able to discuss the following cultural topics in English:1. Concepts(观念) of culture(文化), individualism(个人主义), and collectivism(集体主义)2. Confucianism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam, and social effects of religions3. Features of one Chinese festival, Lantern festival, Qingming festival, Dragon boat festival, OR mid-autumn festival4. Major differences between Chinese education and Western educationOR suggestions for China higher education reform5. Key features of Chinese tea culture, OR major differences between Chinese food and western food6. Features of one cl othing style you like7. What are the differences between Chinese language and English language, for example, idioms, color words, OR numbers?8. Your advice about how to build a good relationship with people9. Features of one famous tourist site you like in China10. Business etiquettes, greeting etiquette, OR wedding ceremony11. Major differences between Chinese love poetry and Western love poetry12. One Chinese mythology or Greek mythology story and the influence of the story on Chinese or western life/culture13. Features of one house/architecture style you like期末考试为闭卷,考试时间为第17周星期一1-2节(8:00am-9:40am),考试时长为100分钟。

中西文化比较考试题汇总

中西文化比较考试题汇总

1. 在抽象几何形式逻辑表达方面,印欧语系语文----汉语。

但是,在具体的象形直观逻辑表达方面,汉语文_______印欧语系语言文字。

A)优于;优于B)劣于;劣于A2.主讲教师认为,在血缘性家族社会结构中,_______—;在非血缘性家族社会结构中,_______。

A)法治优于人治; 人治优于法治; B)人治优于法治;法治优于人治 B3.“方块汉字真是愚民政策的利器,……是中国劳苦大众身上的一个结核,病菌都潜伏在里面,倘不首先除去,结果只有自己死。

”这段话的作者是——。

A)吴稚晖 B)胡适 C)钱玄同 D)鲁迅 D4.中、西方地理环境是中、西方社会形态和文化模式的横向决定因素之一。

此可以解释何以西方社会中的_____特别发达,而中国社会中的_______特别发达。

A)畜牧业和商业;农业 B)农业;商业 A5.中国文化是主——的文化,而西方文化是主——的文化。

A)动,静 B)静,动 B6.自宋朝欧阳修(1007-1072)以来,“小学”多半被理解为_______。

A)学问较小之谓 B)规模较小的学校 C)文字、音韵、训诂之学 C7.1923年,汪荣宝通过佛经译本进行华梵对勘这种考定古音的妙法,结果发现唐宋以上,凡歌、戈韵之字_______A)皆读a音,不读O音 B)皆读o音,不读a音 A8.使用两种语言的文化不可能对世界有同样的看法……语言是一幅或多或少变形的眼镜。

这个观点的代表人物是_______。

A)章太炎 B)Whorf C)赵元任 B9. 认为悲剧只是西方才有,这种误解关键产生于——A)悲剧概念的复杂性 B)“悲剧”一词的误译 B10. 汉字“元”的本义是“本”“始”“大”的意思,而时下流行的外来术语“元语言学”“元哲学”中的“元”却本来应该是——的意思。

A)“玄”、“在…之后”、“在…之外” B)“本体的”、“关键的”、“开始的” A11. 中国哲学有一个大别于西方哲学的地方,在于有关气的学说不止是一种理论概念,而且有——。

中西文化比较

中西文化比较

《中西文化比较》教学大纲Course Syllabus for Comparison between Chinese and Western culture s课程代码:1012014课程负责人:李红梅课程中文名称:中西文化比较课程英文名称:Comparison between Chinese and Western culture s课程类别:专业必修课程学分数:2课程学时数:36授课对象:汉语言文学专业、对外汉语专业学生三年级学生本课程的前导课程:外国文学、中国古代文学、中国现代文学、文学理论一、本课程的目的和要求1.本课程的目的“中西文化比较”是汉语言文学专业及对外汉语专业学生的专业必修课。

本课程主要采用比较研究的方法,对中国和西方两种不同的文化在多个层面上进行探讨和介绍。

通过讲授分析中国与西方主流文化在基本精神、思维方式、语言文化、宗教信仰、社会规范等方面的内容及差异,使学生明确中西文化的不同起源;把握中西古代政治制度、道德理想和宗教信仰的异同以及中西哲学和思维方式的不同特点。

增加学生的人文和社会科学知识,提高学生的文化素养和理论素养,同时引导学生更好地认识中国传统文化和西方文化的精要,认识世界文化发展的统一性和多样性,关注社会现实,既为祖国的经济、政治和文化现代化问题贡献力量,同时也树立起全球性的宽广视野,自觉地去参与、推动世界各个国家和民族的文化交流及合作。

2.本课程的教学要求坚持马克思主义文化观,历史、辩证地看待文化传统及其走向,能对中西文化进行有机客观地比较,扬弃糟粕,吸取精华。

教学方法以课堂讲授为主,同时辅以课堂讨论、观看影片以及撰写书评和论文等多种形式的教学手段,使学生不仅掌握较为扎实的有关该课程的基本知识、基本理论与基本方法,而且也不断培养学生学习文化及关注社会现实问题的兴趣与积极性。

本课程教学方法具有以下几个特点:(1)采用专题式教学体系,有重点地集中讲授一些重要内容,避免流水账式的历史叙述。

中西文化专题末考复习提纲

中西文化专题末考复习提纲

汉译英文化自大、民族中西主义Ethnocentrism文化能力cultural competence少数民族ethnic minorities批判性思维critical thinking天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful《旧约全书》Old Testament耶稣复活the Resurrection of Jesus Christ论语The Analects中庸The Doctrine of the Mean获得荣誉;赢得声望Win / Gain Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录Look to One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本Rest on One's Laurels艰巨的任务a Herculean task故意拖延的策略A Penelope's Web / the web of Penelope 希腊神话Greek Mythology荷马史诗Homeric Hymns /Homer's Epic《理想国》《the Republic》社交礼仪Social Etiquette传统节日Traditional Festivals重阳节Double Ninth Festival元宵节Lantern Festival;中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival端午节Dragon Boat Festival七夕Double Seventh Festival精卫填海Jingwei reclamation女娲补天Nüwa mends the sky夸父追日Kuafu chases the Sun盘古开天Pangu creates the world中国书法Chinese Calligraphy国画Chinese Painting文房四宝Four treasures of the study民间表演艺术Folk Performing Arts八大菜系Eight Regional Cuisines餐桌礼仪Table Manners红茶black tea趁热打铁to strike while the iron is hot有其父必有其子Like father, like son物以类聚,人以群分Birds of a feather flock together旁观者清the onlookers see most of the games善意的谎言White lies记忆犹新to keep one's memory green挥金如土spend money like water沧海一粟/九牛一毛a drop in the ocean人皆有得意之日Every dog has his day老人学不了新东西Old dog will not learn new tricks以眼还眼,以牙还牙an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth 恶有恶报sow the wind and reap the whirlwind高语境High context个人主义Individualism低语境Low context灾难之源Pandora's box权力距离Power distance将临的危险The Sword of Damocles不确定性规避Uncertainty avoidance一段艰难的旅程An odyssey告别演出Swan song女性特征Femininity莫逆之交Damon and Pythias内奸/木马计The Trojan horse实用主义Pragmatism恋母情结Oedipus complex农历The lunar calendar牛郎织女the cowboy and the weaving maid 苏格拉底Socrates柏拉图Plato剑桥大学Cambridge University亚里士多德Aristotle牛津大学Oxford University学院Academy京师大学堂Imperial University of Peking 填鸭式教育spoon-fed education春秋时期the Spring and Autumn period人际关系Interpersonal relationship战国时期The Warring States period建筑Architecture鸦片战争the Opium War哥特式Gothic善良的人A white man昂贵又没用的东西White elephant加牛奶的咖啡White coffee眼红Green-eyed金钱的力量green power火上浇油add fuel to the flames最珍爱之人或物apple of one’s eyes软硬兼施the carrot and the stick文化冰山cultural iceberg压岁钱red envelops/packets烟花炮竹fireworks and firecrackers团年饭the New year reunion dinner舞龙舞狮dragon dance and lion dance 走亲戚visiting relatives岁岁平安Peace all year round万事如意May all go well with you一帆风顺Wish you every success福寿双全Live long and proper和气生财Harmony brings wealth圣诞市场Christmas market春节联欢晚会The Spring Festival Gala 春联Spring Festival Couplets剪纸paper-cuts坚贞不渝with a Penelope faith红颜祸水Helen of Troy不和的根源An Apple of Discord致命弱点Achilles’ heel孝悌filial piety and fraternal duty信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance希腊三贤Ancient Greek Three-yin常青藤大学The Ivy League湘菜Hunan Cuisine糖醋排骨Fried Sweet and Sour Pork Ribs麻婆豆腐Stir-fried tofu in hot sauce红烧狮子头Stewed pork ball in brown sauce回锅肉twice-cooked pork slices世界遗产world heritage银河the Milky Way剪纸paper cut京剧Beijing opera简答题1.How do you understand culture?2. What is culture shock?3. Do you know a fluent fool?4. What do you know about a religion in the world?5. Do you know any Greek myth?6. Can you list some etiquette during a western dinner?7. Can you introduce one of Chinese traditional festival?8. Do you know some phrases about color in English?9. Can you briefly introduce the history of western architecture?10. What western festival is most popular in China and why?11.How well do you know your chopstick etiquette?12. Why are we called “the descendants of Yan and Huang”?13. What is the historical background of Thanksgiving day? what is traditional food in Thanksgiving?14. What are the chief characteristics of Greek mythology?15. Can you tell a Greek mythology story ?16. What is the influence of Greek mythology on western culture?17. What’s the cultural difference between Chinese Long and Western dragon?18. What is the tower of Babel? and what is the significance of the story?19. What is Confucianism? What can you learn from Confucianism?20. What is cultural connotation of number seven in western culture?21.In your opinion, what is the primary purpose of higher education?22. How to build positive relationships with people?23. What are the differences between the Chinese food and Western food?24. What is proper serving etiquette in a formal western dinner?25. What are the differences between Chinese poetry and Western poetry?案例分析题1.ExceptionsRead the following letter:I’m a graduate student in the US, and to make enough money to pay for my food, I have to work as a guard at the university library at night.Last week one of my friends, Lin, came to the library after hours. He told me that he had left his notebook in the library and needed it to study for a test the next day. I told Lin that according to the rules I wasn’t supposed to let anyone in, but he begged me and said that if he didn’t get his notes there was no way he could pass the test. He was my friend and I knew he wouldn’t steal anything. I also didn’t feel like I could say no, so I let him in. Unfortunately, just then my supervisor came by and saw Lin going in, so he stopped Lin and then started fawning me out in front of Lin for not following the rules. I tried to explain the situation, but that only seemed to make my supervisor angrier. He said it didn’t matter if Lin was my friend or not, so I just shut up and let him scold me.I think my supervisor was very unreasonable to be so picky and critical, and I don’t think he should have yelled at me, especially in front of Lin. Why couldn’t he understand why I let Lin in? Questions:What would you do in such a situation? Why?How would you deal with the “emotional hurt”resulting from the supervisor’s response and “loss of face”?2. Wrong answerWhen I was a freshman I had an American teacher. One day when we were on the subject of poetry by Shakespeare, he chose me to answer a difficult question. I said, “Sorry, I don’t know.”I expected him to go on and ask another student as my Chinese teachers would do.To my surprise he spent the rest of the class (a nightmare for me) explaining how childish my answer was. “As an adult, you should at least have some idea about a question, no matter how difficult it is. Even though your answer is totally wrong, it is much better than “I don’t know.’”Questions:Can you explain why the student chose to say “I don’t know”in the class?Can you explain why the teacher got annoyed by the student’s answer?What do you think is the cultural difference that has caused this culture shock?3. Xiaoxin and Peter are newly-weds. Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together. There are some minor problems that occur. One day Peter came home looking unhappy.“What happened?”Xiaoxin asked.“Nothing much, I’m just very tired,”Peter said.“I can tell that it’s more than that.”Peter gave her a quiet look, went into the bedroom and threw himself on the bed.Xiaoxin followed him in and said, “Don’t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don’t.”Peter yelled.Xiaoxin was in tears. Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her.Questions for discussion:Why does Peter refuse to tell Xiaoxin the fact?What would happen if Xiaoxin married to a Chinese husband?4. Joe is an American Professor in an American university. Two years ago, he made friends with Hong, a Chinese visiting scholar. Joe was invited by Hong’s university for a five-day visit to give lectures.Joe was very excited about the trip, as it was his first time in China. Hong met him at the airport, put him up in a very nice hotel, and arranged a big dinner for him. At the end of the evening, Hong gave him the itinerary for the next few days. Apart from the lectures, all this time would be filled with meals, concerts, shopping and a one-day trip to a nearby resort, all paid by Hong’s university.Joe was grateful to Hong and the host department who took great care of him during his visit. At the end of the visit, he insisted on treating Hong and the Department Chair to dinner to thank them, but they said a dinner has been arranged. Joe was very frustrated. He was not very happy atthe dinner, and did not show any enthusiasm when the Department Chair said that they hoped Joe would come back for another visit. When he flew back to the U.S.A., he complained to the person next to him on the plane, “While in China, I sometimes felt like a prisoner.”Questions for discussions:Why do you think Joe felt like a prisoner when he was in China?What do you think is the appropriate way we should treat our foreign friends?5. Share it or not?Wang Liang worked in a Sino-German Joint Venture. One day, on his way to the coffee, he found that Wolfgang, one of his German colleagues, had seemingly gotten rather involved in a newspaper. Out of curiosity, Wang came up to Wolfgang so he could glance at the newspaper. Then he asked, “Which one are you reading? Is it interesting/”But all of a sudden, Wolfgang lost his temper and began to complain about Wang’s invasion of his privacy, and demanded an apology from him. Wang felt rather upset, keeping explain that he had not realized that his behavior was rude. After this, whenever Wang stepped toward Wolfgang, he would soon cover up what he was doing, or stand up to keep a clear distance with Wang. Wang Liang got very confused, wondering why his friendly behaviors aroused such hostility in his colleague.Discussion:Why did Wolfgang get angry?How would you react to Wang Liang’s behavior?6. Conversation during mealsWang Ming lives in Slat Lake City next door to Bob and Helen. He has been invited to a dinner party at their home. Wang Ming knows that Bob was recently in hospital and is concerned about his health. When everyone is seated at the dinner table, Wang Ming turns to Bob and says, “Bob, how are you feeling?”Discussion:1. What subject is discussed at the dinner table in this case that is not appropriate, especially in the United States?2. Is this a subject that is not discussed at the dinner table in China?7. Simple can be specialWenhong had an American professor in her economics class in China. She had given the professor a lot of help during the course. At the end of the semester, the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner. They said they were going to cook her an American meal. Wenhong felt very flattered and excited, since McDonald, KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to western cooking. They had salad to start with, then steak with potatoes, followed by ice cream. Wenhong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end. She knew the professor and his wife were being so kind to her, but somewhat she was a little disappointed. She wondered whether American do eat like that at home.Questions for discussions:How many dishes would you prepare to treat a friend if you invited him or her to home?Was the professor unwilling to invite Wenhong to his home? Why did he treat Wenhong with such a simple meal?8. Iris is an American and has married a Chinese researcher,Ren Hua. They have a three-year-old son,Dave. One morning before breakfast,Iris kept asking Dave to choose between two different breakfast cereals and two different kinds of fruit juice.Dave was busy playing with a toy and wasn’t listening to her. Then Ren Hua told Iris that it wasn’t necessary or proper to ask a child to choose his/her breakfast,and it was better just to give him what she thinks is best for him.Iris was puzzled,and argued that a child should be given the right to choose.1.What’s the problem?2.Why were they disagreeing?9. Are You Mad at Me?Jeff was pleased to have been assigned an international student as his roommate in his second year at a small liberal arts college in the US.Ji Bing was an easy-going guy,a good listener,warm-hearted,and always ready for a new experience.He appreciated Jeff’s explanations of American life and unfamiliar language,Jeff didn’t think Ji Bing was anymore difficult to get along with than the American room-mate he had the year before,except that he seemed to want to study more than Jeff was used to and he sometimes borrowed Jeff’s things without asking first.One night Jeff was working on a project that required some artwork, Ji Bing was at his desk studying for a test.Jeff’s scissors were just too dull to do the job,So he asked Ji Bing,“Sorry to bother you while you’re studying,but could I use your scissors for a while?”Ji Bing said,“Sure,”opened his desk drawer and handed Jeff the scissors.“Thanks,thanks a lot,”Jeff said.A few minutes later Jeff decided that his crayons were not going to do the trick.He addressed his roommate again:“Sorry to bug you again,but these crayons make this look like kindergarten.You know those colored pencils you have? Would it be OK if I used them for my project?”Ji Bing got up and got them off the shelf and said,“Help yourself,”and went back to reading as Jeff thanked him.After another few minutes,Jeff said,“I must be driving you crazy, but have you got any glue or tape? Promise I’ll buy you another roll.”Ji Bing handed Jeff a role of tape that was on his desk saying.“Use as much as you want.I don ’t need it.”“Appreciate it.”mumbled Jeff as he went back to h is project.Ji Bing went back to his reading.As Jeff was finishing his project he noticed that Ji Bing was watching him.He looked up and was surprised to hear his Chinese roommate ask him in a plaintive tone, “Are you angry at me?”“Of course not.”Jeff replied,“what makes you think that?”1.Why does Ji Bing suspect that Jeff is angry?2.What answer will Ji Bing give to Jeff’s question?3.What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?4. Give advice to both Jeff and Ji Bing about how to handle their problem.10. Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But afterthe semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn't see each other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. Steve didn't seem very interested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve's change of attitude. "Steve said we were friends," Yaser complained. "And I said friends were friends forever.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and Steve? Do you think it is reasonable for one to conclude from such an experience like Yaser's that Americans are fickle in friendship?11. Who to hang the coat?Read the conversation between Litz (an English speaker) and Lin (a Chinese) Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It's not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks. (Takes off her coat and hangs it)Question for discussion: Why did Lin refuse Litz’s offering of taking her coat? Why did Litz feel upset?Possible answer: Chinese and Westerners have different cultural values. Lize was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz's offering to hang Lin's coat is one of Litz's way to show her hospitality. On Lin's side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was not appropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat.12. A complaint letter (adopted from Gu Yueguo, Cross-cultural communication, p. 138-139) Dear James,Teaching in China is a real pleasure, but people here can sometimes be a little mean with their hospitability. Yesterday I was invited to an official banquet in the evening by the university. As you know, I enjoy Chinese food and would have loved to have gone, but for some reason Janet was not included in the invitation. Naturally I couldn’t’t accept and leave the dear old wife at home so I had to make an excuse to get out of it. Can’t think why they should want to snub her in that way, but it has made both of us feel that we are not really welcome...Andy Questions for discussion:Why did Andy interpret the invitation as a negative one?If you are an official banquet organizer in China, would you include Andy’s wife in the invitation? If you are one in the West, would you include her?13. Is smiling always the right thing?Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Jun Chen, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused difficulties that required a considerable effort to fix. Jun Chen was very upset about what had happened and came to Peter’s office to make an apology. With a smile on his face, he said, “Peter, I’ve been very upset about the trouble I’ve caused to the company. I’m here to apologize for my mistake. I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.”He looked at Peter with thesmile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. Peter found it hard to accept the apology.He looked at Jun Chen and asked, “Are you sure?”“Yes, I’m very sorry and I promise this won’t happen again,”smiling even more broadly than before.“I am sorry but I simply cannot accept your apology. You don’t look sorry at all!”Peter said angrily.Jun Chen’s face turned red. He had not in the least expected Peter to react negatively. He was desperate to make himself understood. “Peter,”he managed to smile again, “trust me, no one could feel sorrier than I do about it.”Peter was furious by now, “If you are that sorry, how can you still smile?”Questions for discussions:Why did Jun Chen wear a smile when he made the apology?Do you think it reasonable that Peter became so angry with Jun Chen? Why or why not?What are the different interpretations of a smile by the two people involved in this situation.14. Posture in the classroomMr. Cohen is a expatriate teacher form the United States teaching in a university in China. He likes to conduct his class in a very casual way. This is particularly noticeable in the way he dressed and sits in class. He invariably wears jeans and a T-shirt and sits on the teacher’s desk with his legs stretched out and his two feet resting on the edge of the student’s desk in front of him. Once the senior teacher responsible for teaching affairs spoke to him about his very informal posture in class and told him that it was not acceptable, Mr. Cohen was annoyed at this criticism as he felt that by acting in this way in class he would help students to relax more and be ready to talk more. Questions for discussions:What do you think of the posture adopted by Mr. Cohen in class? Do your teachers adopt the similar posture in class?What do you think of his view that this would encourage students to talk more and profit more from the oral interaction with a native speaker of English?15. The movie “The Guasha Treatment” is based on a real story of a Chinese family living in the U.S. A. Xu Datong was a successful Chinese immigrant. His father visits his family and performs Guasha, a traditional Chinese medical practice to treat his grandson Dennis. Though painless, the treatment left red marks on the skin. Soon the Child Welfare Agency accuses the family of child abuse and take the boy away from them. ….Questions for discussion after viewing the movie:1. Why does Xu Datong invite his friend John to be his lawyer, although Johan is not familiar with family law? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?2. Why does Xu Datong tell the judge he performed Guasha on Dennis, not his father? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?3. Who shall we ask for help when we get into legal troubles, our relatives, friends, or a lawyer?。

2014中西文化对比期末复习

2014中西文化对比期末复习

1. What is the Chinese learner who wants to talk business with anAmerican really missing? CA.vocabularyB.eloquenceC.Cultural contextD.businessmetaphors2. The low-context communicator expect what the high-contextcommunicator say to be informative, so they often ______the meaning of formal or fixed phrases. BA.believeB.misinterpretC.likeD.understand3. The physical forms (such as design and the arrangement offurniture )____ our perceptions of situations and play a role in ____our behavior by directing our attention and by positioning us in relation to other participants. BA. restrain, separatingB.influence, moldingC. affect,enhancingD. effect,restraining4. German’s duty is to follow the rules that____ ,for an American theman’s duty might be to solve problem by talking about them and finding a solution ____to everyone. CA create order; unacceptableB accept the truth; acceptableC create order; acceptableD deny the truth; suitable5. American culture can be classified as low contact, which means that perceiving at a distance as with sight is emphasized over perceiving close up as _____ ? AA. with touchB. with smileC. with handsD. with smell6. Vision is a _____ , a combination of what is recorded on the retina ofthe eye and information from other senses. BA. mixtureB.synthesisC.recipientD. recorder7. Which can be discussed suitably between westerners and strangers intheir home country? CA.Political opinionsB.Sex lifeC.JobsD.Religious beliefs8. In Chinese culture, we consider kissing as _____. AA. a somewhat sacred behaviorB. a casual physical touchC. a way of greetingD. a way of showing amity9.An American professor needed to borrow some books from another university’s library. What should he do? DA. He was afraid he would not be allowed to use that library.B. He tried to find a connection to get the books he needed.C.He went to the library directly and asked for help.D.He telephoned to know some special procedures to use that library, then go to the library.10. Learning language is a necessary but sufficient first step toward becoming an affective____communicator. BA.home culturalB. cross culturalC. Low contextD. high context11. A____ communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very______is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. DA.low-context, littleB.high-context, muchC.low-context, muchD.high-context, little12. In the American academic sub-culture there is a special ____ code for recommending students for further study that includes special meanings for phrases that include the word "recommend" . AA. linguisticB.physicalC.psychicD.behavioral13. To use a Chinese dictionary, the reader must know the significance of____radicals. So good art is always ______;bad art,_____. AA.214 high-context low-contextB.142 low-context high-contextC.241 high-context low-contextD.210 low-context high-context14. ______is the distance a salesman or an employment interviewer is likely to use. DA.Over 6 metersB. 1 meterC. 3metersD. 2meters15. In high-context cultures people turn to_____for help in managing relationships and situations. DA. lawyersB.accountantsC.media advisersD.matchmakers16. One way to explore the concept of self in various cultures is to look at how people are______. CA.called B .believed c. named D.trusted17. Americans are quicker to suggest that new acquaintances and business associates address them by their______ than would be the case for people in practically any other culture. BA.Family nameB. personal namesC. surnamesD. nicknames18. At first sight, the Chinese gardens seemed____as they do not have as many bright flowers as western gardens usually do. BA. colorfulB.colorlessC.denseD.desolated19. As listeners they have the burden of ______meanings without being able to easily check to find out if their _______are correct. CA.explaining,explanationsB.explicating,explications;C.interpreting,interpretationsmentating,comments20. With ___ awareness of your own culture,you will ___ understand the meaning systems of other cultures and will be better able to adapt to them. CA.less lessB.greater lessC.greater betterD.less better21. In Arab culture people distinguish what is public and what is private, what is male and female, and what is _inside__ and what is ___outside____.22. Well-educated Chinese show their ___anger____ almost entirely with their ___eyes___.23. The traditional Western belief about human ___nature___ is that humans are basically ___evil__.24. People everywhere name __colors____ but use different color __categories___.25. In future-oriented societies time is __linear____, while in past-oriented societies time is __cyclical___.1. Whatever national or ______ we are talking about, moving closer or moving away frequently carries a specific meaning. DA. Dominant cultureB.objective cultureC.home cultureD.subculture2. In the levels of cross-cultural awareness,cultural differences are __ in level two and ___ in level three. BA. exotic frustratingB. frustrating believableC. exotic believableD. believable exotic3. Hanvey in his book suggests that there are ___ distinct types or levels of cross-cultural awareness. BA. twoB. fourC. manyD. no4. In talking about the categories built into a language, the simplest place to begin is with the____ things are given. CA cultureB colorsC nameD meaning5. Like the other codes we have considered, language shapes our ______ and influences our _______. BA.consciousness senseB.perceptions behaviorC.mind senseD.awareness behavior6. Under the influence of Social Darwinism , people think cultures evolve from a low level to higher levels. Which is the basement of civilization level? AA.barbarismB.savageryC.primitive culturesD.socialism7. In which country the layout of cities are arranged in the grid pattern ?AA.the United StatesB.FranceC. JapanD.China8. Who made the famous statement,“We shape our buildings and they in turn shape us”, which means culture is built into physical structures and these structures do carry messages and influence how we behave? B A.Abraham Lincoln B.Winston ChurchillC.Benjamin FranklinD.Edward Sapir9. In Chinese there are more words for describing______than in English. DA. ColorsB.shapesC.placesD.relationships10. Germans may feel that they are the best in matters of efficiency,method,and organization and may be perfectly willing to share their______on these issues with non-Germans. AA.expertiseB.skillsC.knowledgeD.experiences11. Which sentence can explain the native American saying,“you do not understand me until you walk a mile in my moccasins?” CA.Culture is like an iceberg.B.Culture is the grammar of our behavior.C.The different culture is believable as lived experience.D.Cultures are always changing.12. Later the American guy learned that the phrase the Chinese man used was” jiayou”(加油),which is used to __ someone __. BA.argue withB.cheer onC.take onD.hold up13. American typically ______and ______as a way of showing that thephysical contact is involuntary and does not mean intimacy. AA.Tense their muscles avoid eye contactB.Shake hands look the person in the eyeC.Stand tall say his name in a clear strong voiceD.look the person in the eye give the person a firm handshake14. Low-context communicators pay little attention to messages sent_____. BA.verballyB.non-verballyC.vocallyD.optionally15. In _______we had to look for signs to the city center. we followed those signs,found the center,and oriented ourselves from there. CA.The United StatesB. ChinaC.FranceD.Japan16. _____has an elaborate vocabulary for describing shapes and space, so we should not be surprised that_____speakers are more sensitive to differences in shape and to characteristics of space than other speakers are. CA ChineseB EnglishC JapaneseD Hopi17. ______are catalogues of the movements of a culture. AA.DancesB.Eye behaviorsC.Body touchesD.Handshakes18. American young people are sometimes very______about their dating relationships but expect to _______someone they truly love BA.romantic marryB. practical marryC. romantic dateD. practical have an affair19. To most Westerners______is the absence of communication,which makes them uncomfortable. AA.silenceB. handshakeC.smileD. Body touch20. The power of ____to remind us of the past probably plays a part in people’s emotional attachment to a local place and their childhood homes. CA.soundB.visionC. smellD.movementPART IV FILLING BLANKS (每题1分,共10分)21. The power distance emphasizes the ____emotional____ and ___social__ distance between people who occupy different places in a hierarchy.22. According to some experts, the Chinese culture is called a __shame____ culture, while the western culture is called a __guilt___ culture.23. People who have good __posture____ usually appear more ___self-confident____.24. Americans are very aware of __scents____ and __smells___, judging others by the type and intensity of scents detected.25. America and Britain both have two major political parties,but party loyalty is ___Weak___in the America and ___strong___ in Britain.。

中西方文化对比期末考试题

中西方文化对比期末考试题

中西方文化对比期末复习题A1.Human beings interpret (解释,说明)the information they receive fromtheir senses_ and this process of interpretation is molded by culture.2.Well-educated Chinese show their _ anger__ almost entirely with their_ eyes.3.Some people use a lot of _ smiling__ and _ nodding as they listen.4.In China, classrooms designed with raised podiums(领奖台)reinforce(加强,补充) the _ authority_ of the teacher and encouragea _ teacher-centered _ style of learning.5.In Arab culture people distinguish (区分)what is public and what isprivate, what is male and female, and what is inside _ and what is _ outside_.6.People everywhere name colors but use different color _ categories _.7.In societies with a Confucian(孔子的,儒家) tradition(惯例), theconcept of family includes the meaning _ filial(孝顺的) duty, the duty children _ owe_ to their parents.8.The traditional Western belief about human _ nature_ is that humansare basically(主要的) _ evil_.9.In future-oriented (未来导向)societies time is linear(线性)_, whilein past-oriented societies time is _ cyclical_.10._ Individualists_ emphasize procedures for decision-making, while _collectivists__ emphasize the leader’s role in decision-making.B1.People from different cultures combine information from several sensesto orient(向东的) themselves in space and then classifies some cultures as _ high_contact and others as _ low _ contact.2.In China classroom English may be too formal_ for work situations.3._ Privacy_ is the key to understanding the use of _ space_ and territory(领土)in the US.4.Culture is built into physical structures (结构)and in return thesecultures do carry message_ and _ influence_ how people behave.5.In Arab culture the traditional architecture(建筑学) features withhigh __ walls_ and heavy _ gates__.6.The Chinese language has many precise terms for describing _ family_ and other _ relationships_.7.Chinese _ naming_ puts the family name in the first position followedby personal name while English speakers _ reserve_ the order.8.In China, the direction of moral change is from _ good_ to _ bad_,because people are believed to be basically good.9.In _ being_ cultures people often behave in ways considered suitableto their social roles_.10.Individualism means that people pay more attention to the interestsof the _ individual_ rather than the group__.C1.For most of people the cultural aspects of _ sensory_ perception(知觉) are part of _ subjective_ culture.2.People who have good posture(姿势,情形)_ usually appear more _self-confident_.3.Arab culture is on the high _ context_, and how people _ behave_ dependson the situation they are in.4.Americans are very aware of scents_ and smells, judging others by thetype and intensity ofscents detected.5.Americans can give the feeling of _ touch__ by allowing others to movein close when _ talking_6.In Chinese there are more words for describing _ family_ andrelationships than in English.7.Culture change over time. Values_ and _ beliefs also change associeties respond to changing condition.8.According to some experts, the Chinese culture is called a shame__culture, while the western culture is called a _ guilt_ culture.9._ Loyalty is important in cultures with group_ values.10.The power distance emphasizes the _ emotional and _ social distancebetween people who occupy different places in a hierarchy. (等级制度)中西方文化对比作文1.My understanding of Chinese cultural values2.My understanding of Western cultural values3.My understanding of culture shock。

中西文化史期末复习资料-推荐下载

中西文化史期末复习资料-推荐下载

中西文化史复习资料1、古希腊和古罗马分别给后世留下了哪些文化遗产?古希腊:史诗与喜剧--《荷马史诗》,戏剧建筑(与雕塑)艺术--雅典娜神庙,帕特农神庙 哲学与史学--苏格拉底,柏拉图,亚里士多德古希腊:原始宗教和神话--宙斯 文学与史学--《伊尼特》(《埃涅阿斯纪》)维吉尔,拉丁文,李维《罗马史》塔西佗《历史》《编年史》《日耳曼尼亚志》凯撒《高卢战记》 建筑--古罗马圆形斗兽场,帕第奥奇神庙(万神庙) 法律--《十二铜表法》基督教的兴起与传播--《圣经》上帝耶和华,复活节,感恩节,圣诞节2.你怎样理解德国法学家耶林所说的古罗马人的三次征服世界?德国著名法学家耶林在他所著的《罗马法精神》一书中说:“罗马帝国三次征服世界,第一次以武力,第二次以宗教(指基督教),第三次以法律。

”武力因罗马帝国的灭亡而消失,宗教随着人民思想觉悟的提高,科学的发展而缩小影响,唯有法律征服世界是最为持久的征服。

3.如何看待基督教与欧洲封建社会的关系?欧洲封建社会的精神支柱是基督教。

4.中国古文字与中国社会形态演变的关系?汉字结构,数量,读音,字义的自然流变,汉字的规范化问题1、书写形式越来越多2、笔画模式的越来越多3、书写方式的越来越多社会流变:无统一的规定,国家未统一,且各个国家未制定汉字书写的标准人们对社会与自然的认识不断增长,文字需要适应社会生产生活的变化5.乡土文化的保护问题?在经济日益发展的今天,乡土文化作为文化的基本单元,正处于被忽视和被破坏的境地,因此,保护和传播乡土文化成为新世纪的文化要求,理应成为未来关注文化发展的主线之一。

1、乡土文化具有强大的生命力,若能在乡土文化中注入新时代的因素,便可助其发扬光大,为保护民族优秀传统文化做出一份贡献。

2、乡土文化自远古发展和流传至今,承载着人们世代的价值观和伦理道德,这种植根于普通民众的文化,具有最初的最原始的艺术生命形式。

3、乡土文化所提供的资源,往往是推动当地经济发展、丰富当地文化生活的重要因素。

《比较文学》期末复习资料

《比较文学》期末复习资料

《比较文学》期末复习资料1、什么是比较文学的可比性?可比性就是比较研究对象中存在的一种可资研究文学规律的内在价值,是提供比较研究的可能,并保证比较研究得以有效进行的前提。

)比较文学的可比性指的是在跨国家、跨学科和跨文明的比较文学研究中寻求同的学理依据,是比较文学研究赖以存在的逻辑上的可能性。

在比较文学发展的不同时期,这种学理依据是不断拓展的。

2、什么是“期待视野”?作者在“接受屏幕”所构成的接受前提下对作品向纵深发展的理解和期待。

如古典小说读者对“金榜题名”等大团圆结局的期待。

3、什么是“社会总体想象物”?即指全社会对一个异国社会文化整体所做的阐释。

因为想象主体是生活在一定社会中的人,他们的思想必然受到其所属文化的影响与制约,他们被其自身所属的文化烙上了强烈的特征。

当他们对另一个文化进行审视时,必然带有其社会整体想象的浓厚印记。

三、论述:(54分)1、试论述跨学科研究。

(1)定义:是以文学为一端,以其他学科(如各种艺术、社会科学、自然科学)为另一端,对它们相互关系的研究。

因而又称为科际整合。

目的在于揭示不同知识形态的一致性、共通性,同时也彰显文学之为文学的独特性,把握文学的内在规律。

(2)必须注意文学性与系统性两个方面。

(3)举例:比如文学与音乐:《诗经》与音乐的关系;文学与哲学:存在主义与文学。

2、试述文学翻译中“文化误读”的消极作用和积极意义。

消极一面:“误读”就是对原作的“曲解”、“误解”、“改变”,它自然会导致文学传播中的部分失败,使译作读者看不到异质文化文学的真相;而且,翻译界已取得共识,文学翻译应最大程度地在各个层面上忠实于原作,所谓“信、达、雅”,“误读”显然与翻译的宗旨相悖。

如上世纪30年代,中国学界有人讨论哈姆雷特的“孝”与“不孝”问题,应该说就是翻译“误读”引起的后果。

积极作用:(1)便于外国文学作品在本国传播,促进文化交流。

(2)在“误读”中可能阐发出原作中一些未被发掘的新意,重新发现原作的价值,甚至“创造”出文学名家。

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第二章 中西文化寻根第一节 河的赐予与海的磨砺第二节 华夏土地上的农耕文明与古希腊罗马的工商业文明第三节 家国与城邦一、 以血缘家庭为纽带的中国传统社会二、 以地缘政治为基础的希腊城市国家第三章 中西文化的基本精神第一节 历来对中西文化精神差异的探讨第二节 人文传统与科学精神 一、 中国文化的人文传统与道德价值————人类精神文化以宗教为开端,中国自周代就出现了“重民轻神”的思想,中国古代文化君重神轻,民重神轻。

神体现在:理性精神,客观态度与探求真理的执着。

第三节 群体认同与个人本位西方文化强调人作为有理智、尊严和自由意志的独立个体的地位,要求对自己的命运负责。

而中国文化则主要把人理解为类的存在物,重视人的社会价值,仅把(一)“家天下”的宗主统治----天下为家的王位继承 (二)事君如事父的忠孝原则(三)大一统的专制政体一、 严复:中之人好古而忽今,西之人力今以胜古;中国亲亲,西人尚贤 二、李大钊:一为自然的,一为人为的;一为安息的,一为战争的;一为消极的,一为积极的;一为依赖的,一为独立的;一为苟安的,一为突进的;一为因袭的,一为创造的;一为保守的,一为进步的;一为直觉的,一为理智的;一为空想的,一为体验的;一为艺术的,一为科学的;一为精神的,一为物质的;一为灵的,一为肉的;一为向天的;一为立地的;一为自然支配人间的,一为人间征服自然的人看作群体的一份子,是他所属社会关系的派生物,他的价值因群体而存在并借此体现。

因而只有无条件地将自己的命运和利益都托付给所属的群体。

一、义务为本位的群体原则二、个人主义的自由与权利第四节中庸和平与崇力尚争一、中国精神中的“中”与“和”1)儒家中庸思想与道家无为的中道观2)艺术上表现为优雅宁静、冲淡平和的审美境界,“乐而不淫哀而不伤”的感情节制,以及含蓄委婉地艺术传达。

二、西方价值的“利”与“力”1)功利主义的道德原则2)强烈的竞争意识3)对力量的崇拜第五节内向与开放一、道统与涵纳二、开拓与求新第四章中西思维方式比较天人合一与物我二分中国哲学坚持有机联系的整一宇宙观,努力将人投入到自然中,以认识主体与客体的合一为认识的基本前提;而西方哲学则专注于对事物作本质区别,细心的分解万事万物,欢欣于人的独立,给之地位和荣耀,以独立个体的确立作为认识的前提。

第一节从宇宙观到认识论一、“天人合一”的整体思维天人不分,天人感应的思想,即人与自然的整一、协调、有机的联系。

二、二元对立的认识前提对自然的认识与驾驭能力不断提高的过程中,由原始混沌、物我相通的朦胧关系走向物我分离,主客对立的二元世界。

第二节直觉思维与逻辑思维一、主观联系的直觉思维二、细剖精析的逻辑思维第三节实践理性与思辨理性第五章中西语言文化比较语言符号完全是约定俗成,语言决定了人的思维,思维活动要借助语言,于是使用不同语言的人具有不同的思维模式。

第一节语言、思维与文化1)“萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说”:语言模式决定思维模式2)季羡林:西方的分析基本思维模式,中国的综合基本思维模式第二节羚羊挂角(意境超脱,不着形迹)与板上钉钉(已经定下的事,无法改变)中西语言在样貌上一个羚羊挂角,飘忽不定;一个板上钉钉,一丝不苟。

一、语义语言与语法语言(最少组织性的采用词汇为工具的语言与最少任意性的采用语法为工具的语言)二、意合语言与形合语言三、宽式语言与严式语言(从语法范畴分析)四、整体领悟、类比联想与构造分析、逻辑演绎第三节中国套盒(结构松散,便于拆装)与西洋项链(结构紧锁,不容拆散)立体与线性、散点与焦点、对偶与主从、真实与虚拟第四节模糊与精准、简约与周严、含蓄与直露、螺旋与直线第六章宗教文化比较汤因比:东西共6大高级宗教—印度教、佛教、琐罗亚斯德教、犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教。

第一节天人之际与灵肉分离——宗教态度一、非宗教的人生1马克思.韦伯将人类从非理性的巫术与迷信向成熟的不排斥理性的文明宗教演进过程称为“世界祛除巫魅”。

2中国文化体现为对现世生活的热爱,价值尺度以人为本;西方文化则表现出对一个超越的彼岸世界的向往,以神为本。

3德国哲学家卡尔.雅斯贝尔斯提出了“轴心时代”理论。

1)公元前800-200年的时期内古代各大文明经历了一次思想的大繁荣。

2)前轴心文化:巴比伦文化、埃及文化、印度河流域文化和中国土著文化等。

3)轴心时代的意识:以理性反对神话4)中国在此时代的理性化是人文实践的理性化,把反思对象转向了“人”自身,倾向于入世和人道的价值取向二、对超越的向往1)西方文化起源:古希腊罗马文明与希伯来文明;前者为之奠定理性认识基础,后者提供了超越性的宗教尺度。

2)公元前1750年希伯来人创立犹太教3)在轴心时代,智者们开始创造新的宗教理想。

4)公元1世纪的罗马帝国时期,犹太教的一支在地中海地区称为基督教,“新约”创立。

5)基督教把人看做灵魂与肉体的结合物,灵魂归属于上帝,肉体归属于自身。

第二节多元与一元----宗教信念在以儒家思想为主导的中国传统文化里,宗教观念和信仰体系由于整个文化彻底的“人本化”二一直保持在前轴心时代自然宗教的水平,表现为信仰的多元化、泛神化和服务于社会主导价值等他为的特征。

在西方,一元神的上帝观念称为其价值的根基和支柱。

一、泛神论的多元信仰1)表象上的信仰多元并非宗教信仰的他律意识,而是一种“自求多福”的自为存在。

2)古代信仰体系—万物有灵的自然神谱。

3)唐代以后的儒、释、道三教合流形成了一套奇特的天人体系。

二、一元神的上帝崇拜1)经历了一个从多神信仰到一神崇拜的过程。

2)上帝是人类的尺度。

第三节逍遥与拯救——宗教体验一、在世的解脱和欢乐二、以爱感拯救罪感1)根据《旧约》,上帝与人之间是一种契约关系,即“我”—“你”的关系2)人类始祖在蛇的诱惑下吃了智慧果,于是人类有了智慧,也从此有了“原罪”而被上帝逐出了伊甸园。

3)“罪”在希腊文中是“偏离”的意思。

4)罪感引起的是人孤立无援的心理意识,并激起人对救赎的渴望5)爱是基督教最大的律法。

上帝之爱是基督教信仰生活的基本信条。

第四节王权与教权一、政治权力阴影下的出家人——教权只能是王权的附庸二、与王权分庭抗礼的教会1)11世纪至13世纪末是基督教会的全盛时期2)16世纪欧洲爆发宗教改革,产生了萝莉罗马天主教的新教。

中西文化比较复习提纲文化差别的最初根源在于自然环境:中国文化产生于大河流域;西方文化产生于滨海地带与近海岛屿。

(一)内陆与海洋带来的文化差异中国幅员辽阔,腹地纵深,地形多样,以高山大河为标志,其大部分地处亚洲内陆,只有东南面向大海,因此内陆文化的兴盛明显占主导地位。

而西方文化起源于欧洲。

它的43个国家中有33个面海,整个欧洲大陆就是一个半岛。

海洋是西方文化的摇篮,故在西方文化中,海洋使得各民族长期形成的强烈的海洋价值观念、海洋精神。

(二)河流带来的文化差异中西河流的流向是存在很大差别的,而这些差异影响了人们的思维方式,从而给中西方文化带来了如同河流流向般的“逆向”。

在中国普遍的是河水东南流,我国西高东低的地形也就成为我们汉民族文学或者说我们中华民族文学在内容上的一个特点。

所以古代诗词中就有了“一江春水向东流”,“请君试问东流水,抽刀斩水水更流”和“大江东往,浪淘尽,千古风骚人物”的诗句。

但与其相反,欧洲的河流大多向西北方向流向大海。

(三)风向带来的文化差异中国的春夏秋冬是从立春、立夏、立秋、立冬开始的,欧美的春夏秋冬是从春分、夏至、秋分、冬至开始的,相差一个半月。

在中国人眼里的东风即东风、热风在欧洲人眼里则是冷风。

(四)经济生活形态带来的文化差异中西民族不同的生存环境必然会带来各相异趣的生产形式和与之相适应的经济模式。

通过古代流传下来的神话传说中大量的关于农业起源的描述,农业是中华民族赖以生存的主要经济形式。

在中国远古传说中得到人们敬仰的神灵与祖先均与农业农民息息相关。

《诗经》中也有大量关于农业及农民生活的描述。

而长期以来,西方主要国家,特别是现代发达国家,其政治、经济、军事利益都首先是从海上的冒险和扩张中获得,同海上霸权与上风联系在一起的,因此航海业得到充分重视尤其发达。

2、语言文字如何影响中西文化的性格答:汉语重意,以汉民族的思维方式和语言心理观照之,就文句而言,是主观心理感情和客观景物事实交融而形成的形象或底蕴之意境在文句中的升华。

而西语重形,即词语的形态及其变化。

以西方民族思维方式和语言心理观照之,就文句而言,词语的组合不仅要意义能够贯通,而且必须要形态对应,句子只能是形态对应的主谓结构来充当。

而汉字诱导中国文化具备较强的图画性,使中国人具有较强的形象感受能力。

因此,在中国的诗词当中,往往能有很好的体现。

中文可以一音多义,多义字多,容易造成一种模糊感,即是表义模糊。

一字多用,字义就容易宽泛、笼统。

既然笼统,就可以简洁;既然简洁,就容易具有高度的概括性,就有综合能力。

中国语文容易模塑出一种阴阳互补的思维模式——中庸之道——中国文化是视觉性为主的文化性格。

绝大多数印欧语系的文字大都是拼音文字,完全符号化了,它们是流线形的结构,缺乏象形味——蚯蚓卷曲流线性。

印欧语系语文的多义字相对就少一些。

因此表意就要精确点儿。

多义字少些,导致字本身的分类必然增多。

当它需要一个表达一个确切含义的时候,就需要造新词。

西方语言容易模塑出一种非A即B的二元对立的思维模式——事物二分法——西方文化是听觉性为主的文化性格。

(492字)3、酒神精神、日神精神对西方文化、社会的影响。

答:酒神-日神精神或称戴奥尼索斯-阿波罗精神是一种哲学的、文学的概念,一种二分法。

此理论描述的两个极端均是以希腊神话的神祇命名的。

一个是太阳神阿波罗,另一个是丰收之神和酒神戴奥尼索斯。

他们均是天神宙斯的儿子。

阿波罗代表诗歌、预言、俊美整齐和光明;戴奥尼索斯则代表生命力、戏剧、狂喜和醉酒。

文学评论家以他们对比的性格描述不同的艺术风格,但希腊神话中他们并非相反象征或仇敌。

日神精神象征的是美的外观,是一种形式美、节制和对称、是分析和分辨。

日神精神象征的是形式主义和古典主义、视觉艺术。

而酒神精神来源自古希腊的酒神祭。

在酒神祭中,人们打破禁忌、放纵欲望,解除一切束缚,复归自然。

这是一种痛苦与狂喜交织的非理性状态。

酒神它对人生日常界线和规则的破坏,期间,包含着一种恍惚的成分,个人过去所经历的一切都淹没在其中了。

是一种狂热、疯狂的快感、是人与人之间的界限消弭了,成为了称为观众的一体。

酒神精神象征的是浪漫主义、音乐和表演艺术。

(408字)4、西方艺术最大特点(问题)是什么为什么出现这样的问题答:直接性的艺术表现方式,这是西方艺术在表现形式上的最大特点。

古希腊时期,当时西方的大部分建筑、雕塑、油画等等的艺术作品中,我们可以很相似地找到艺术家们所喜欢的一个认识客观——人体。

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