学术上的“剽窃”与“抄袭”究竟指何种行为

按照国外学术研究最重要的规范指导书之一《美国语文学会研究论文写作指南》（MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers，5th edition）的定义，“剽窃”（plagiarism）指的是一种欺骗形式，它被界定为“虚假声称拥有著作权（authorship）：即取用他人思想之产品（taking the product of another person’s mind），将其作为自己的产品拿出来的错误行为。”……在你自己的文章中使用他人的思想见解或语言表述（another person’s ideas or expressions），而没有申明其来源的，就是剽窃。（第30页）

《指南》接着提到几类“剽窃形式”，其中包括在下列几种情况下对见解、资料、用语的来源出处“没有给予相应的承认”的行为：“复述他人行文或特别贴切的词语”、一站式搞定论文·写作·修改·发表·插稿，有了期刊之家网，一次握手，终生相伴！八年历程，谱写信赖！！相遇——相识——相知——相传！解决论文问题有的放矢避免被退稿拒稿可以及时咨询拥有八年论文安排发表从业经历口碑相传叩叩117146538的期刊之家网杨主任拥有丰富的经验与相关知识。“变换措词使用他人的论点和论证”、“呈示他人的思路”等（见《指南》同页）。指导书还用大量例证对种种剽窃形式做出了极其严格的界定。

——以上定义引自《指南》第54篇：《北京大学英语系核查组关于黄宗英学术剽窃行为的评价报告》

剽窃的定义：
The concise Oxford dictionary (6th edition) (1976)

Plagiarise - Take and use another person's (thoughts，writings，inventions) as one's own.

The Cambridge international dictionary of English (1995)

Plagiarise - To use (another person's idea or part of their work) and pretend that it is your own.

The Oxford advanced learner's dictionary (5th edition) (1995)

Plagiarise - To take somebody else's ideas or words，and use them as if they were one's own.

Collins COBUILD English language dictionary (1987)

If you plagiarise someone else's ideas，or part of a piece of writing or music by someone else，you use it in your own work and pretend that you thought of it or created it.

Funk and Wagnalls' new standard dictionary (1921)

Plagiarism is the act of appropriating the ideas，writings，or inventions of another without due acknowledgement； specifically，the stealing of passages either for word or in substance，from the writings of another and publishing them as one's own.

Collin's pocket English dictionary (1987)

Plagiarism is the taking of ideas，writings，etc. from another and passing them off as one's own

University of Hertfordshire Policies and Regulations，17.7，5.2.

Plagiarism is the representation of another person's work as the student's own，either by extensive unacknowledged quotation，paraphrasing or direct copying.

MLA handbook for writers of research papers (1995)

To use another person's ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source is to plagiarise.