您的位置：360文档中心› 语言学The language in fiction

语言学The language in fiction

合集下载

语言学考试范围

语言学考试范围

Front vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ✌ ] [ ]central vowel [ : ] [ ☜ ] [ ✈ ]back vowels [ u: ] [ ☺ ] [ : ] [ ] [α: ]Close vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ u: ] [ ☺ ]Semi-close vowel [ e ] [: ]Semi-open vowels[ ☜ ] [ : ]Open vowels[ ✌ ] [ ] [ ✈ ] [ ][ : ]Stop （Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]Nasal 鼻音[m][n] [ŋ]Fricative 擦音[f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]Approximant 中通音[ j ] [r] [w]Lateral 边通音[l]Trill 颤音[r]Tap and Flap 触音Affricate 塞擦音[t∫] [dЗ]Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited.E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is ______.A.arbitraryB. rule-governe . combined D. illogical2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _____.A.creativeB. arbitraryC. understandableD. unique3. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A.DualityB. DisplacementC. CreativityD. Arbitrariness4. By ____ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD. interpersonal5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivitC.Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by __________.A.HallidaB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussur1./m,n/ are ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximantD. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximant中通音D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A.[i]B. [u]C. [a:]D. [i:]4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT ________.A.the position of the tongueB.theopennessof the mouthC.the shape of the lipD.the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ________.A.phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are ________.A.fricativesB. affricatesC. approximantD. stop7. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of ________.nguage universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs8. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a ______vowel.A.backB. frontC. unroundedD. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_____.A.[f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A.[m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.MinimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones12. [i:], [i], [e] are all ________ vowels.A.frontB. centralC. backD. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A.[m]B. [p]C. [w]D. [v]14. There are ________ nasals in English.A.oneB. twoC. threeD. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectiveC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph3. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. basketballC. icy-coldD. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books6. The word “irresistible” is _________ .A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful9. Of the following word-formation processes, ___is the most productive.A. conversionB. blendingC. compoundD. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ____morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational11. The word “motherboard”is ___________.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compounded oneD. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is __________ .A. a clipped oneB. a blended onC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of ___________. (2005)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008)A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3.. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________ .A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above4.The syntactic component provides the ________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _________ .(2005)A.John SearleB.John AustiC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. Halliday2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _________ .(2006)A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _______ .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn’t it?In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5.. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.B’s answer violates maxim of __________ .quantity quality manner relation8. _____________ act expresses the intention of the speaker.Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _____________ .quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _________ when an utterance is made.the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”___________. ”This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of __________.The maxim of quality The maxim of relevanceThe maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT __locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ________. (2006)dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called __________ . (2008)hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is ________.synonymous inconsistent X entailing YX presupposing Y18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of __________ .HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is ______. dialectal synonymsstylistic synonymscollocational synonymssemantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy22. “fall” and “autumn” are ___________ synonyms.dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of __________.humor sarcasm ridiculeall of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _______.synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as __________.+ animate, - human, + adult, + male.+ animate, + human, - adult, + male.+ animate, + human, + adult, - male.+ animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”?Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called __________.relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _________.conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by __________.lexical itemsa grammatical structure homonymy polysemy4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are ___________.synonyms differing in emotive meaningdialectal synonymscollocationally restricted synonymssynonyms differing in stylesponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _________.phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。

语言学样题及答案

语言学样题及答案

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ____C___.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ___B____.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音D. voiced浊音, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) ___C____.A. derivational morpheme 派生词素B. free morpheme 自由词素C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素D. free form 自由形态5. "I bought some roses" ____A___ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent with 不符合D. is synonymous with 与同义6. Y's utterance说话方式in the following conversation exchange violates 违犯冒犯the maxim of ___C_____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ____C___, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变.A. phrases 短语B. sentencesC. morphemes 词素D. utterances 话语8. Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze ___D__ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence9.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts言外行为whose point is to commit承诺the speaker to some future course of action are called __A __.A. commisives 承诺类B. directives 指令类C. expressives 表达类D. declaratives 宣告类18. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates __A_.A. the conventional 传统性nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of language 普遍性D. the arbitrariness of language19. Of the following sound combinations，only ___A____ is permissible 可允许的according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk20. Syntax句法学is the study of___B_____。

「当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库」详细书单，你读过几本？丨语言学午餐

「当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库」详细书单，你读过几本？丨语言学午餐

「当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库」详细书单，你读过几本？丨语言学午餐近年来，研究语言学和应用语言学的人多了；开设这方面专业的高校也多了，语言学硕士生和博士生也多了。

就是不以此为专业，学习语言学和应用语言学的也不乏其人。

为了给从事这个专业的师生提供便利，同时又帮助一般外语教师、涉外工作者以及汉语研究者开阔思路，扩大视野，提高效率，外研社献上了一套内容崭新而丰富的丛书——英文版《当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库》。

它覆盖了语言学与应用语言学26个分支学科。

这批书是各地有关专家教授反复研究之后精选出来的。

出版这样大规模的语言学与应用语言学丛书，这在我国语言学界和外语教学界是破天荒第一次。

详细目录：The Handbook of Linguistics语言学综览 72.90元Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works语言学理论:对基要原著的语篇研究 37.90元Language语言论 49.90An Introduction to Linguistics语言学入门 19.90元Linguistics: An Introduction语言学教程 38.90元General Linguistics Fourth edition普通语言学概论 41.90元Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech语言论:言语研究导论 19.90元Course in General Linguistics普通语言学教程 24.90 元The Study of Language Second edition语言研究 28.90元Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects汉语方言的连读变调模式 49.90元An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Second edition 语音学与音系学入门 38.90 元Gimson's Pronunciation of English Sixth edition吉姆森英语语音教程 33.90 元Understanding Phonology音系学通解 28.90 元Optimality Theory优选论 42.90 元English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course Second edition英语语音学与音系学实用教程 25.90 元The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory当代句法理论通览 76.90 元Knowledge of Language: Its Nature， Origin， and Use语言知识:其性质，来源及使用 29.90元Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction Second edition乔姆斯基的普遍语法教程 34.90 元Introducing Transformational Grammar: From Principles and Parameters to Minimalism Second edition转换生成语法导论:从原则参数到最简方案 43.90元Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction句法学:最简方案导论 26.90 元Transformational Grammar: A First Course转换生成语法教程 56.90 元Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals乔姆斯基: 思想与理想 25.90元The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory当代语义理论指南 61.90 元Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction语义学引论 35.90 元Semantics语义学 34.90 元Morphology Second edition形态学 23.90 元The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and CognitiveApproach汉语形态学: 语言认知研究法 31.90元Pragmatics: An Introduction Second edition语用学引论 35.90元Pragmatics语用学 38.90 元Pragmatics语用学 13.90 元Relevance: Communication and Cognition Second edition 关联性:交际与认知 31.90元Understanding Pragmatics语用学新解 28.90元Discourse Analysis话语分析 27.90元An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory & Method 话语分析入门:理论与方法 17.90元How to Do Things with Words Second edition如何以言行事 18.90元Studies in the Way of Words言辞用法研究 36.90元Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language言语行为:语言哲学论 19.90元Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts表述和意义: 言语行为研究 21.90元The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution言语的萌发:语言起源与进化 28.90元A Short History of Linguistics Fourth edition语言学简史 27.90元Modern Lexicography: An Introduction现代词典学入门 26.90元English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History英语学习词典史 22.90元Dictionary of Lexicography词典学词典 16.90元A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry英诗学习指南:语言学的分析方法 24.90元Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose小说文体论:英语小说的语言学入门 37.90元Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature语言模式:文体学入门 24.90元Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook实用文体学教程 22.90元Typology and Universals语言类型学与普遍语法特征 28.90元Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction 人类语言学入门 45.90元The Handbook of Socialinguistics社会语言学通览 46.90 元English as a Global Language英语:全球通用语 15.90 元The Sociolinguistics of Language社会语言学 32.90元Sociolinguistics Second edition社会语言学教程 24.90元Introduction to Sociolinguistics Third edition社会语言学引论 34.90元The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics Fourth edition会说话的哺乳动物:心理语言学入门 29.90元Psychology of Language Third edition语言心理学 41.90元Communication Between Cultures Second edition跨文化交际 28.90元Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach跨文化交际:语篇分析法 25.90元In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation换言之:翻译教程 27.90元Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice翻译与翻译过程:理论与实践 28.90元Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory Second edition语言的范畴化:语言学理论中的类典型 31.90元An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics认知语言学入门 31.90元The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach 英语的功能分析:韩礼德模式 27.90元An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second edition功能语法导论 41.90元Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning作为社会符号的语言:从社会角度诠释语言与意义 24.90元Cohesion in English英语的衔接 35.90元Introducing Functional Grammar功能语法入门 25.90元Historical Linguistics: An Introduction Third edition 历史语言学导论 33.90元Historical Linguistics历史语言学 41.90元Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学 27.90元An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学入门 28.90元Statistics in Language Studies语言研究中的统计学 29.90元A History of the English Language Fourth edition英语史 41.90元From Old English to Standard English Second edition 英语史:从古代英语到标准英语 42.90元An Introduction to Child Language Development儿童语言发展引论 22.90元Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction从语言学的角度看语言习得 22.90元Child Language New edition儿童语言 13.90元Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language 学习和运用第二语言的策略 28.90元Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition语言学和第二语言习得 28.90元Second Language Learning and Language Teaching Second edition第二语言学习与教学 22.90元Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis语言学习和语言使用中的错误:错误分析探讨 29.90元An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research 第二语言习得研究概况 36.90元Second Language Teaching and Learning第二语言教与学 31.90元Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL ClassroomESL/EFL英语课堂上的学习风格 26.90元Principles of Language Learning and T eaching Third edition 语言学习与语言教学的原则 32.90元Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy根据原理教学:交互式语言教学 42.90元The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development语言教学大纲要素:课程设计系统法 25.90元How to Teach English怎样教英语 19.90元Vocabulary， Semantics and Language Education词汇，语义学和语言教育 42.90元An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching 外语学习与教学导论 31.90元Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching语言教学的流派 16.90元International English Third edition英语:国际通用语 16.90元A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory语言教学教程:实践与理论 33.90元Research Methods for English Language Teachers英语教学科研方法 26.90元Form and Style: Research Papers， Reports and Theses Tenthedition如何写研究论文与学术报告 26.90元Using Corpora for Language Research用语料库研究语言 28.90元Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Researching Language语言学课题:语言研究实用指南 29.90元Language Test Construction and Evaluation语言测试的设计与评估 27.90元Interfaces between Second Language Acquisition and Language Testing Research第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口 19.90元Dictionary of Language Testing语言测试词典 25.90元A Guide to Language Testing: Development， Evaluation and Research语言测试指南:发展，评估与研究 19.90元Writing English Language Tests New edition英语测试 19.90元Assessment and Testing: A Survey of Research评估与测试:研究综述 26.90元Academic Writing 学术写作About Language: A Reader for Writers Fifth edition谈语言:写作读本 34.90元Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching语言教学课程设计原理 19.90元Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English朗文英语口语和笔语语法 99.90元Grammaticalization语法化学说 26.90元Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics语言与语言学辞典 46.90元The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language Second edition剑桥语言百科全书 79.00元Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics: A Handbook for Language Teaching应用语言学百科词典:语言教学手册 36.90元Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典(英英· 英汉双解) 44.90元。

中国语言文学0501和中国语言文学类区别

中国语言文学0501和中国语言文学类区别

中国语言文学0501和中国语言文学类区别In China, there are various fields and disciplines related to language and literature. One of the distinctions in this domain is between the major "Chinese Language and Literature" (0501) and the broader category of "Chinese Language and Literature." Despite their similarities, there are significant differences between these two.The major "Chinese Language and Literature" (0501) focuses on providing students with in-depth knowledge and specialized skills in studying Chinese language and literature. This program is often offered at universities as a four-year undergraduate degree. It covers various aspects such as linguistics, literary theory, classical Chinese literature, modern Chinese literature, and even works from ethnic minority groups in China.On the other hand, the broader category of "Chinese Language and Literature" encompasses a wide range of programs at different educational levels. These include notonly undergraduate degrees like 0501 but also master's degrees, doctoral degrees, or even postdoctoral research positions. Within this broader category, there are programs that may have different emphases or specializations. For example, some programs might prioritize linguistic studies while others focus more on literary analysis.The major "Chinese Language and Literature" (0501) places strong emphasis on language acquisition. Students are expected to develop high competency in both spoken and written Chinese. This involves honing their skills in grammar, vocabulary usage, rhetoric devices as well as appreciation for stylistic variations across genres.In terms of literary studies within 0501 program，students delve into classic Chinese texts such as those from the Tang Dynasty poets or Ming-Qing vernacular fiction writers like Cao Xueqin. Modern Chinese literature is also explored through readings of influential works like Lu Xun's short stories or novels by writers from the May Fourth Movement period onward.Moreover, students who specialize in 0501 may be required to study theoretical perspectives related to literary criticism and analysis. This includes exposure to key ideas from Western literary theorists such as structuralism, poststructuralism, feminism, and postcolonial theory. Additionally, students are often encouraged to engage in research and critical thinking to produce academic papers or conduct independent projects.The main focus of the broader category of "Chinese Language and Literature" is to provide a comprehensive understanding of Chinese language and literature-related disciplines. This may include sub-disciplines such as applied linguistics, modern Chinese linguistics, comparative literature, or even translation studies. Students pursuing degrees in this broader category might have moreflexibility in choosing courses according to their interests.In summary, while both the major "Chinese Language and Literature" (0501) and the broader category of "Chinese Language and Literature" involve the study of Chineselanguage and literature, they differ in terms of specialization, program offerings, scope of study, and depth of knowledge. The major "Chinese Language and Literature" (0501) focuses on providing specialized studies at the undergraduate level with an emphasis on language acquisition and traditional literary studies. On the other hand, the broader category encompasses various programs at different levels with a wider range of specializations within Chinese language and literature-related fields.中国存在着众多与语言和文学相关的领域和学科。

专八考试知识语言学部分

专八考试知识语言学部分
语素morpheme的定义：the smallest meaningful unit of language.
语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语，比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现，不能独立成词，比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义：例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种：1、蕴含entailment 例如：A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法：A真B真，B假A假，A假B不一定，B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如：A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法：其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真，A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点：考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆：涵义关系有5个：同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of

语言学样题及答案

语言学样题及答案

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ____C___.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: ___B____.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音D. voiced浊音, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) ___C____.A. derivational morpheme 派生词素B. free morpheme 自由词素C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素D. free form 自由形态5. "I bought some roses" ____A___ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent with 不符合D. is synonymous with 与同义6. Y's utterance说话方式in the following conversation exchange violates 违犯冒犯the maxim of ___C_____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ____C___, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变.A. phrases 短语B. sentencesC. morphemes 词素D. utterances 话语8. Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze ___D__ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence9.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts言外行为whose point is to commit承诺the speaker to some future course of action are called __A __.A. commisives 承诺类B. directives 指令类C. expressives 表达类D. declaratives 宣告类18. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates __A_.A. the conventional 传统性nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of language 普遍性D. the arbitrariness of language19. Of the following sound combinations，only ___A____ is permissible 可允许的according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk20. Syntax句法学is the study of___B_____。

当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库书目

1. FLTRP “当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库”series1） In a Iphabet i caI order:A Course in Language Teaching Practice and Theory （语言教学教程：实践与理论）（ISBN: 7-5600-2050-X/:作者：Penny Ur 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）A Gu i de to Language Testing: DeveIopment, Eva Iuation and Re search （语言测试指南：发展、评估与研究）（ISBN: 7-5600-2520 -X/;作者：杨慧中导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-12-01）A History of the Engl ish Language （英语史）（ISBN: 7-5600-2 388-6/;作者：AI bert and Thomas Cab I e 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）A Short Hi story of Li nguist ics （语言学简史）（ISBN： 7-5600- 2383-5/;作者：R. H. Robins著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）About Language: A Reader for Wr iters （谈语言：写作读本）（I SBN： 7-5600-1986-2/;作者:Wi I I iam H. Roberts 等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）An Introduction to Child Language DeveIopment （儿童语言发展引论）（书号：2894-2/; ISBN: 7-5600-2894-2/;作者:Susan H.Foster-Cohen 著；定价：¥ ;出版日期：2002-08-15）An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics （认知语言学入门）（ISBN: 7-5600-2377-0/;作者：F. Ungerer and H. J. Schmid 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）An Introduct ion to Corpus Linguist ics （语料库语言学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1991-9/;作者：顾曰国导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 000-08-01）An Introduction to Di scourse Ana Iys i s: Theory and Method （语篇分析入门：理论与方法）（ISBN： 7-5600-1990-0/;作者：James Paul Gee著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）An I ntroduction to Foreign Language Learn i ng and Teach ing （外语学习与教学导论）（书号：2664-8/; ISBN: 7-5600-2664-8 /;作者：Keith Johnson 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）An Introduction to FunctionaI Grammar （功能语法导论）（ISBN: 7-5600-1973-0/;作者：Halliday著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）An Introduction to Linguistics （语言学入门）（ISBN: 7-5600- 1869-6/:作者：Stuart C. Poole著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 000-06-01）An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology （语音学与音系学入门）（ISBN： 7-5600-1899-8/;作者:John Clark and Colin Ya I lop 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）An I ntroduction to Second Language Acqu i s i tion Research （第二语言习得研究概况）（ISBN: 7-5600-2010-0/;作者：蒋祖康导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）An Introduction to Socio I ingui sties （社会语言学引论）（I SB N: 7-5600-1962-5/;作者：Ronald Wardhaugh 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期:2000-08-01）Ant hropo logical L i ngu i s ti cs: An Int roduc tion （人类语言学入H）（ISBN: 7-5600-2191-3/;作者:Wi I I iam A. Foley 著；定价: ¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Approaches and Methods in Language Teach i ng （语言教学的流派）（ISBN: 7-5600-1925-0/:作者：Jack and Theodore 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Assessment and Testing： A Survey of Research （评估与测试：研究综述）（ISBN: 7-5600-2440-8/:作者：Robert Wood 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Chomsky: Ideas and Idea I s （乔姆斯基：思想与理想）（ISBN: 7-Chi Id Language （儿童语言）（ISBN： 7-5600-1904-8/;作者：李宇明导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）5600-2514-5/;作者：Neil Smity著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 001-12-01）Chomsky' s Uni versa I Grammar: An I ntroduct i on （乔姆斯基的普遍语法教程）（ISBN: 7-5600-1972-2/;作者：Vivian Cook and M ark Newson 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Cohesion in Engl ish （ISBN: 7-5600-2385-1/;作者：Hall iday 等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Communicat ion Between Cu I tures （跨文化交际）（ISBN: 7-5600- 1989-7/:作者：Larry A. Samovar等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Corpus Linguistics （语料库语言学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1961-7/；作者：Douglas Biber等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Course in Genera I Lingui sties （普通语言学教程）（ISBN: 7-56 00-2374-6/:作者：F. de Saussure著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）D ict ionary of Lex i cography （词典学词典）（ISBN: 7-5600-2034-8/:作者：R. R. K. Hartmann and Gregory James 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Discourse Analysis （话语分析）（ISBN: 7-5600-2006-2/;作者：罗选民导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Eng I i sh as a GI oba I Language （英语：全球通用语）（ISBN: 7-5 600-2369-X/;作者：David Crystal著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）En g I i sh Diction ar i es for Fore i g n Learners: A H i s tory （英语学习词典史）（书号：3011-4/； ISBN： 7-5600-3011-4/；作者：著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-09T3)En g I i sh Diction ar i es for Fore i g n Learners: A H i s tory （英语学习词典史）（书号：3011-4/； ISBN： 7-5600-3011-4/；作者：En g I i sh Phone tics and Phono logy: A Prac ti ca I Course （英语语音学与音系学实用教程）（ISBN： 7-5600-1900-5/;作者：Peter R oach著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Expression and Meaning： Studies in the Theory of Speech Act s （表述与表义：言语行为研究）（ISBN： 7-5600-2459-9/;作者：J ohn R. Searle 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Form and Style: Research Papers, Reports and Theses （如何写研究论文与学术报告）（ISBN: 7-5600-1963-3/;作者：Carole SI ade 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）From 01 d Eng I i sh to Standard Engl i sh （英语史：从古代英语到标准英语）（ISBN： 7-5600-1924-2/；作者：陈国华导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）General Linguistics （普通语言学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1933-1/;作者：李延福导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Grammatical ization （语法化学说）（ISBN: 7-5600-2372-X/;作者：Paul J. Hopper 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Historical Linguistics （历史语言学）（ISBN： 7-5600-2041-0/; 作者：R. L. Trask著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）H i stor i ca I Li ngu i s tics: An I ntroduct i on （历史语言学导论）（书号：2690-7/: ISBN： 7-5600-2690-7/；作者：Winfred P. Lehman n著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-05-01）How to Do Things with Words （如何以言行事）（书号：2581-1/: ISBN: 7-5600-2581-1/;作者：J. L. Austin 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）How to Teach English （怎样教英语）（ISBN: 7-5600-1902-1/；作者：Jeremy Harmer 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation （换言之）（ISBN: 7-5600-1919-6/;作者：申雨平导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 000-08-01）IntercuItural Communication: A Discourse Approach （跨文化交际：语篇分析法）（ISBN： 7-5600-1934-X/;作者：Ron ScoI Ion a nd Suzanne Wong ScoI Ion 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08 -01）Interfaces Between Second Language Acquisition and Language Testing Research （第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口）（书号：2579-X/; ISBN: 7-5600-2579-X/:作者：Lyle F. Bachman and A ndrew D. Cohen 主编；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）International English （英语：国际普通语）（ISBN: 7-5600-19 01-3/:作者：Peter Trudgi I I and Jean Hannah 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期:2000-08-01）Introducing FunctionaI Grammar （功能语法入门）（ISBN: 7-560 0-1987-0/:作者：Geoff Thompson著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Kno w I edge of Language: Its Nat ure, Origin, and Use （语言知识：其性质、来源及使用）（书号：2516-1/; ISBN： 7-5600-2516-1/;作者：Noam Chomsky 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-02-01）Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction （从语言学的角度看语言习得）（ISBN： 7-5600-2042-9/:作者：Helen Good I uc k 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Language as Soc i a I Semi otic: The Soc i a I I nterpretat ion of L anguage and Meaning （作为社会符号的语言：从社会角度诠释语言与意义）（ISBN： 7-5600-2432-7/；作者：Halliday 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Lan guage Tes t Const rue tion and Eva I ua tion （语言测试的设计与评估）（ISBN: 7-5600-1923-4/;作者：J. Charles Alderson 等著; 定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Language （语言论）（书号：2433-5/. 1146； ISBN： 7-5600-2433-5 /;作者：著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-05-01）Language: An I ntroduction to the study of Speech （语言论：言语研究导论）（书号：2378-9/; ISBN： 7-5600-2378-9/;作者：Edward Sapir 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）Learn i ng Sty I es i n the ESL / EFL Classroom （ESL/EFL 英语课堂上的学习风格）（书号：2667-2/； ISBN: 7-5600-2667-2/:作者：Joy M. Reid 主编;定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction （语义学因论）（ISBN: 7 -5600-1970-6/;作者：汪榕培导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 000-08-01）Lingui stics and Second Language Acqui sition （语言学和第二语言习得）（ISBN： 7-5600-1975-7/;作者：王初明导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Lingui st ics: An Introduct ion （语言学教程）（ISBN: 7-5600-20 08~9/:作者：Andrew Radford著；定价：¥元；出版日期：200 0-08-01）Longman Dietionary of Language Teaching and AppIied Linguis tics （朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典）（ISBN： 7-5600-2033-X/; 作者：菅燕红导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Longman Grammar of Spoken and Wr i tten Engl i sh （朗文英语口语和笔语语法一）（ISBN: 7-5600-2011-9/;作者：Douglas Biber 等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Modern Lexicography: An I ntroduct i on （现代词典学入门）（I SBN： 7-5600-2538-2/；作者：张伯然导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2002-02-01）Morphology （形态学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1910-2/;作者：• MatthewS著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）New Hor izons in the Study of Language and Mind （语言与心智研究）（ISBN: 7-5600-2575-7/:作者：Noam Chomsky 著；定价：¥元；出版日期：2002-02-01）课程设计原理）（ISBN: 7-5600-1971-4/;作者：Janie Ya I de n 著; 定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01)Optimal ity （优选论）（ISBN: 7-5600-2380-0/;作者：Rene Kag er 著；定价:¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language a nd Literature （语言模式：文体学入门）（ISBN ： 7-5600-1988-9/; 作者：Joanna Thornborrow 等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000 -08-01） Pragmatics （语用学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1903-X/;作者:Jean Sti I we I I Pecce i 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Pragmatics （语用学）（ISBN: 7-5600-2460-2/:作者：Stephen C. Levinson 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-11-01）Course Design for Language Teaching （语言教学Pr i nciples ofPr i nciples of Language Learning and Teaching （语言学习和语言教学的原则）（书号：2539-0/; ISBN： 7-5600-2539-0/;作者：B rown吴一安导读；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-02-01）Projects in Lingui stics: A PracticaI Guide to Researching L anguage （语言学课题：语言研究实用指南）（ISBN: 7-5600-2373- 8/;作者：Alison Wray等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09 -01）Psychology of Language （语言心理学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1928-5/; 作者：桂诗春导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Re I evance: Commun i cat i on and Cogn i t i on （关联性：交际与认知）（ISBN: 7-5600-2384-3/:作者：Dan Sperber and De i rdre Wi I so n著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Research Met hods for En g I i sh Lan guage Teachers （英语教学科研方法）（ISBN: 7-5600-1976-5/;作者:Jo McDonough and Steven McDonough 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Rout I edge Die tion ary of Lan guage and Lin gu i s tics （语言与语言学词典）（ISBN: 7-5600-1952-8/;作者：Hadumod Bussmann 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Second Language Learn ing and Teachi ng （第二语言学习与教学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1974-9/;作者：高远导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期:2000-08-01）Second Language Teachi ng and Learni ng （第二语言教与学）（I SBN: 7-5600-2376-2/；作者：David Nunan 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Semantics （语义学）（ISBN: 7-5600-2004-6/;作者：John I. Sa eed 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Sociol inguistics （社会语言学教程）（ISBN: 7-5600-2007-0/;作者：.Hudson著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Statistics in Language Studies （语言研究中的统计学）（ISBN: 7-5600-1926-9/;作者：Anthony Woods 等著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Str at egi es in Lear ning and Using a Seco nd Lan guage （学习和运用第二语言的策略）（ISBN: 7-5600-1945-5/;作者：Andrew D.C ohen著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Studies in the Way of Words （言辞用法研究）（书号：2580-3/; ISBN: 7-5600-2580-3/;作者：Paul Grice 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-03-01）Style in Fiction: A Lingu i stic I ntroduction to EngIi sh Fict i ona I Prose （小说文体论：英语小说的语言学入门）（ISBN: 7-56 00-2382-7/:作者：Geoffrey N. Ieech and MichaeI H. Short 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Sty I i st ics: A Pract ica I Coursebook （实用文体学教程）（ISBN: 7-5600-1897-1/:作者：Laura Wr ight and Jonathan Hope 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Syntax: A Minimal is t Introduction （句法学：最简方案导论）（I SBN: 7-5600-1960-9/;作者：Andrew Radford 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Teach i ng by Pr i nciples: An I ntegrative Approach to LanguagePedagogy （ ISBN: 7-5600-2461 -0/:作者：H. Doug I as Brown 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-11-01）The ArticuI ate Mamma I: An I ntroduction to Psycho I ingu i stics（会说话的哺乳动物）（ISBN: 7-5600-1927-7/；作者:Jean Aitc hison著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）The Cambr idge Encyclopedia of Language （剑桥语言百科全书）（I SBN： 7-5600-2513-7/；作者：王克非等导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2002-02-01）The EIements of Language Curr icuIum： A Systemetic Approach in Language Development （语言教学大纲要素：课程设计系统法）（ISBN: 7-5600-2517-X/;作者：周燕导读；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-12-01）The Functional Ana Iys i s of EngIi sh: A Ha I Ii dayanApproach001-11-01）The Handbook of Contemporary Semant ic Theory （当代语义学理 论）（ISBN: 7-5600-2427-0/:作者：ShaIom Lappin 主编；定价： ¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）The Handbook of Contemporary Syntact ic Theory （当代句法理论 通览）（ISBN: 7-5600-2238-3/;作者：Mark Baltin and Chris C ol I ins 主编；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-08-01）The Handbook of Linguistics （语言学综览）（ISBN ： 7-5600-24 31-9/:作者：Mark Aronoff and Jan i e Rees-Mi I I er 主编；定价： ¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）The Handbook of Linguistics （语言学综览）（ISBN ： 7-5600-243 1-9/:作者：Mark Aronoff and Janie; Rees-Mi I I er 主编；定价： ¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01） The Handbook of SocioI inguistics （英语的功能分析：韩里德模式） （ISBN ： 7-5600-2371-1/;作者:Thomas BI oor and Mer i e I BI oor 著； 定价: 元；出版日期：2（社会语言学通览）（ISBN: 7 -5600-2458-0/;作者：Florian Coulmas 主编；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-11-01）The MorphoIogy of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Appro ach （汉语形态学）（ISBN: 7-5600-2519-6/;作者：Jerome L. Pa ckard著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-12-01）The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and EvIoIution （言语的萌发：语言起源与进化）（书号：2855-1/； ISBN： 7-5600-2855-1/; 作者：Jean Aitchison 著；定价：¥；出版日期：2002-06-01）The Sociol inguistics of Language （社会语言学）（ISBN: 7-560 0-1918-8/;作者：Ralph Faso Id著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2 000-08-01）The Study of Language （语言研究）（ISBN: 7-5600-1953-6/;作者：George Yule著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）TransformationaI Grammar: A First Course （转换生成语法教程）（ISBN: 7-5600-2009-7/G .903;作者：Andrew Radford 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Typology and Uni versa I s （语言类型学与普遍语法特征）（ISBN: 7 -5600-1943-9/;作者：William Croft 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-01）Understanding Phonology （音系学通解）（ISBN: 7-5600-2375-4/;作者：Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Understand ing Pragmat ics （语用学新解）（ISBN: 7-5600-1929-3 /;作者：Jef Verschueren著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-0 8-01）Using Corpora for Language Research （用语料库研究语言）（I SBN： 7-5600-2430-0/:作者：Jenny Thomas and Mick Short 主编；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-10-01）Vocabu I ary: Sema ntics and Lan guage Educa tion （词汇、语义学和语言教育）（ISBN： 7-5600-2428-9/;作者：Evelyn Hatch and Cheryl Brown 著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2001-09-01）Writing Eng I i sh Language Tests （英语测试）（ISBN: 7-5600-19 44-7/;作者：.Heaton著；定价：¥ 元；出版日期：2000-08-0 1）2） In terms of focusGenera I Linguistics 普通语言学Aronoff, M. et al （eds）: The Handbook of Linguistics Beaugrande, … Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamen taI WordsBloomfield, L. LanguagePoole, S. An I ntroduction to Li ngui sticsRadford, A. et a I. Li ngu i stics: An I ntroductionRob i ns, R. H. Genera I Lingu i stics （Fourth Ed ition）Spa i r, E. Language: An I ntroduction to the Study of Speech Saussure, F. D. Course i n Genera I Lingui sticsYule;, G・• The Study of Language (Second Edition)Phonetics and Phonology语音学和音系学Chen, M. Y. Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese Dialects Clark, J. et a I. An I ntroduction to Phonetics and Phonology Cruttenden, A et a I Gimsos Pronunciation of Engli sh (Six th Ed i t ion)Gussenhoven, C・ et al Understanding PhonologyKager, R・ Optima Iity TheoryRoach, P・ Engl i sh Phonetics and Phono logy: A PracticaI Cour seSyntax句法学Ba I tin, M. et al (eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Syntact ic TheoryChomsky, N. Knowledge of Language: Its nature, Or igin, and UseCook, V. Chomsky' s Un i versa I Grammar: An I ntroduction (Sec ond Edition)OuhaI I a, J. I ntroduc i ng Transformational Grammar: From Pr i nc i pIes and Parameters to Mini ma Ii sm (Second Ed i tion) Radford, A. Syntax: A Minimal ist IntroductionRadford, A. Transformational Grammar: A Fi rst CourseSmith, N. Chomsky: Ideas and IdeaIsSemantics语义学Lappin, S. (edO The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theor y Lyons, J・ Lingui stic Semantics: an I ntroductionSaeed, J・ l・ SemanticsMorpho I ogy 形态学Mathews, P. H. MorphoIogy (Second Edition)Packard, J. L. The MorphoIogy of Chinese: A Linguistic andCognitive ApproachPragmat i cs 语用学Mey, J. L. Pragmatics: An Introduction (Second Edition)Lev i nson, S. C・ Pragmat icsPecei, J. S・ PragmaticsSperber, D and D. Wilson Re Ievance: Commun i cation and Cogn ition (Second Edition)Verschueren, J. Understanding PragmaticsDiscourse Analysis 话语分析Brown, G et al Discourse AnalysisGee, J. P. an I ntroduction to Di scourse Analysis: Theory and MethodPhi losophy of Language 语言哲学Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words (Second Edition) Grice, H. P. Studies in the Way of WordsSear Ie, J. R. Speech Acts: An Essay in the PhiIosophy of La nguageSear Ie, J. R. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech ActsLanguage Origin 语言起源Aitchison, J. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evol ut ionLexicography 词典学Bejoint, H. Modern Lexicography: An Introduction 现代词典学入门Cowie, A. P・ Engli sh Dietionar i es for Fore i gn Learners: A Hi story英语学习词典史Trask, R. L. Histor icaI Linguisties 词典学词典Sty I i st ics 文体学Leech, G. N. A L i ngu i st i c Gu i de to Eng I i sh Poetry英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法Leech, G. N. et al Style in F i ction: A L i ngu i stic I ntroduct ion to Engl i sh Fiet iona I Prose小说文体论：英语小说的语言学入门Thornborrow, J. et a I Patterns in Language: Sty I istics for Students of Language and Literature 语言模式：文体学入门Wr i ght, L. et al Sty I i st ics: A Pract i ca I Coursebook 实用文体学教程Typology语言类型学Croft, W. Typology and Universals语言类型学于普遍语法特征Anthropo Iogica I Li ngu i st i cs 人类语言学FoI ey, W. Anthropological Lingui stics: An I ntroduction 人类语言学入门Carro I, D. W. Psycho I ogy of Language (Thi rd Ed i t ion)语言心理学 Sociol inguistics 社会语言学Cou Imas, F. (ed) The Handbook of Socio I ingui sties 社会语言学 通览Crysta I, D. Engl i sh as a GIoba I Language 英语：全球通用语 Faso Id, R. The Socio lin guis tics of Lan guage 社会语言学 Hudson, R. A. Socio I ingui st ics (Second Ed i t i on)社会语言学教 程Wardhaugh, R. I ntroduction to Socio Iinguistics (Thi rd Ed i tion)社会语言学引论Psycho I i ngu i st ics 心理语言学Ait ch i so n, J. The Art icula te Mamma I : An Int roduc tionto Psy chol ingui st ics (Fourth Edi t ion)会说话的哺乳动物:心理语言 学入门I ntercu I tura I Communicat ion 跨文化交际Carro I, D. W. Psycho I ogy of Language (Thi rd Ed i t ion)语言心理学Samovar, L. A. et al Communication Between Cuitures (Second Edition)跨文化交际ScoI Ion, R. et a I I ntercuIturaI Communication: A Di scourse Analysis跨文化交际：语篇分析法Trans IatoI ogy 翻译学Baker, M. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation 换言之：翻译教程Bell, R. T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practis e 翻译与翻译过程：理论与实践Cognitive Linguistics 认知语言学TayI or, J. R. Lingu i stic Categor i zation: Prototypes in Ling uist ic Theory (Second Ed i t i on)语言的范畴化：语言学理论中的类典型Ungerer, F. et a I An I ntroduction to Cognitive L i ngu i stics认知语言学入门Funct iona I Li ngu i st ics 功能语言学Bloor, T・ et a I The Functional ana lysis of Engli sh: a Ha I Iidayan Approach英语的功能分析：韩礼德模式Ha I Ii day, M. A. K. An I ntroduction to Functional Grammar (Second Edition)功能语法导论Ha I I i day, M. A. K・ Language as Soc i a I Semiotic: The Soc i a II nterpretat i on of Language and Mean i ng 作为社会符号的语言：从社会角度诠释语言与意义Ha I I i day, M. A. K. et al Cohes io n in Engl i sh 英语的衔接Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar 功能语法入门H i story of Li ngu i st ics 语言学史Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics (Fourth Edition)历史语言学导论Trask, R. L. Hi stor ica I Lingui sties 历史语言学Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学Biber, D et a I Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Kennedy, G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学入门Statistics in Linguistics 语言统计学Woods, A. et al Stat i st ics i n Language Stud i es 语言研究中的统计学History of the EngI ish Language 英语史Baugh, A. C・ et a I A h i story of the EngI i sh Language (Fourt h Ed i t i on)英语史Freeborn, D. From 01d Engl ish to Standard EngIish (Second E dition)英语史：从古代英语到标准英语Fi rs t Lan guage Acqu i s i ti on 第一语言习得Foster一Cohen,, S・ H. An I ntroduction to Child Language Development儿童语言发展引论Good Iuck, H. Language Acqu i s ition: A Lingu i stic I ntroduction从语言学的角度看语言习得Peccei, J. S. Child Language (New Edition)儿董语言Second Language Acqui sition 第二语言习得Cohen, A. D. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Lang uage学习和运用第二语言的策略Cook, V. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition 语言学和第二语言习得Cook, V. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching (Se cond Edition)第二语言学习与教学James, C・ Errors i n Language Lear ning and Use: Exp I or i ng Error Ana lysis语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨Larsen-Freeman, D. et a I An I ntroduction to Second Language Acquisition Research第二语言习得研究槪况Nuna n, D・ Seco nd Lan guage Teach ing and Learning 第二语言教与学Re i d, J. M. Learni ng Sty Ies i n the ESL/EFL ClassroomESL/EFL英语课堂上的学习风格Richards, J・ C. et al Ref Iective Teach i ng i n Second Languag e Classrooms第二语言课堂教学反思Language Education 语言教育Brown, H. D. Pr inciples of Language Learning and Teaching (Third Edition)语言学习和语言教学的原理Brown, H・ D・ Teach i ng by Principles: An I nteractive Approac h to Language Pedagogy根据原理教学：交互式语言教学Brown, J. D. The EI ernents of Language Curr icuI urn: A Systema tic Approach to Program Development 语言教学大纲要素：课程设计系统法Harmer, J. How to Teach Eng I i sh 怎样教英语Hatch, E・ et a I VocabuI ary, Semantics and Language Education词汇、语义学和语言教育Johnson, K・ An I ntroduction to Fore i gn Language Learn i ng an d Teaching外语学习与教学导论Richards, J・ et al Approaches and Methods in Language Teach ing语言教学的流派Trudgi I I, P. et al I nternational EngIi sh (Th i rd Ed i tion) 英语：国际通用语Ur, P. A Course in Language Teach ing: Practice and Theory 语言教学教程：实践与理论Research Method 研究方法McDonough, J・ et a I Research Methods for Engl ish Language T eachers英语教学科研方法SIade, C・ Form and Style: Research Papers, Reports, Theses (Tenth Edition)如何写研究论文与学术报告Thomas, J. et al Using Corpora for Language Research 用语料库研究语言Wray, A et a I Projec ts i n Lin gu i s ti cs: A Prac ti ca IGuide to Researching Language语言学课题：语言研究实用指南Test i ng测试学Alderson, J. C・ et al Language Test Construetion and Eva Iua tion语言测试的设计与评估Bachman, L. F. et al I nterfaces Between Second Language Acq uisition and Language Testing Research 第二语言习得与语言测试研究的接口Davies, A. et al Dictionary of Language Test i ng 语言测试词典Henning, G・ A Guide to Language Testing: DeveIopment, Eva Iu at ion ad Research语言测试指南：发展评估与研究Heaton, J. B wr iting Engli sh Language Tests (New Ed i tion) 英语测试Wood, R. Assessment and Testing: A Survey of Research 评估与测试：研究综述Academic Writing 学术写作Roberts, W・ H・ et a I About Language: A Reader for Wr i ters (Fifth Edition)谈语言：写作读本Course Des i gn课程设计Ya I den, J. Pr i nciples of Course Des ign for Language Teach ing语言教学课程设计原理Engl ish Grammar 英语语法Biber, D・ et a 丨Lon gma n Grammar of Spoken and Wr i tten Eng I i sh朗文英语口语笔语语法Hopper, P. J. et a I Grammat ica I i zat ion 语法化学说Dictionary 词典Bussmann, H・ Rout ledge Dietionary of Language and Linguisti cs语言与语言学词典Crystai, D. The Cambr i dge Eneye I oped i a of Language (SecondEdition)剑桥语言百科全书Johnson, K. et al Encyclopedic Dietionary of AppI ied Lingui sties: A Handbook for Language Teaching 应用语言学百科词典：语言教学手册Richards, J・ C. et al Longman Dietionary of Language Teachi ng & App I ied Linguistics朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典(英英、英汉双解)。

语言学基本概念

Chapter 11. language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. design feature: refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features, among them the five major ones are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement and cultural transmission.3. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/. However, there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness. (1) there is the arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, and arbitrary and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. Eg. the dog barks wow wow in English but wangwangwang in Chinese. ⑵syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as word order is concerned. The order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. ⑶the order side of the coin of arbitrariness is conventionality. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is the conventionality of a language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.4. duality: by duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. Roughly speaking, the elements of the spoken language are sounds which do not convey meaning in themselves. The only function of sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning, such as words. We call sounds here secondary units as opposed to such primary units as words, since the secondary units are meaningless and the primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning. The property of duality then only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements and units.5. productivity: users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Much of what we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence ―A red –eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.‖ Must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing. The productivity or creativity of language partly originates from its duality, because of duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.6. cultural transmission: human language is culturally transmitted. Namely, it is transmitted from one generationto another by teaching and learning rather than only by instinct. For example, an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible.7. displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus, we can refer to Confucius, or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 4000 years and the second is situated far away from us.8. function: the use of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.9. phatic communion: refers to the social interaction of language, to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content. Ritual exchanges about health or weather such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day often state the obvious. And different cultures have different topics of phatic communion. Broadly speaking, this function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations, such as slangs, jokes, jargons, ritualistic exchanges, switches to social and regional dialects.10. evocative function: the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. Its aim is to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please. For instance, jokes are designed to amuse the audience; advertising is devised to urge customers to buy the mentioned goods.11. performative function: means that language can also be used to ―do things‖, to perform actions. On certain occasions, the uttering of the appropriate words is the central component in the performance of the act. At a meeting, for example, as soon as the chairman says ―I declare the meeting open‖, the meeting has started.12. directive function: when language is used to get the hearer do something, it serves a directive function. Most imperative sentences are associated with this function, as in ―shut the door‖.13. informative function: language serves an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out. This function is characterized by the use of declarative sentences and is most often used in all branches of learning. An example in case is ―water boils at 100 degree centigrade.‖14. expressive function: the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Examples are such simple ones as ―God heavens!‖―My God‖, or more complex ones as ―I‘m extremely sorry about…‖15. interrogative function: when language is used to get information from others, it serves an interrogative function. This includes all questions that expect answers, such as ―when did he arrive?‖. Such questions typically focus on the hearer‘s beliefs, opinion, knowledge, judgment and sometimes feelings and attitudes, for instance, ―what do you think of it?‖16. metalanguage: human language can be used to talk about itself. Eg. We can use the word ―book‖ to talk abouta book, and we can also use the expression the word ―book‖ to talk about the sign ―book‖ itself. To organize any written text into a coherent whole, writers employ certain expressions to keep their readers informed about wherethey are and where they are going, eg. Instead of saying ―the lion ate the unicorn all round the town‖, they say ―all around the town the lion ate the unicorn.‖ The change in linear order changes readers‘ perspective about the concern of the clause. This is the metalanguage function.17. macrolinguistics: an interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc18. synchronic vs. diachronicLanguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic linguistics study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various states of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have been taken place in its historical development. Synchronic descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language as it exits at the present day and most linguistic studies are of this type. Of course, synchronic study is a fiction, for language changes as the minutes pass and grammar-writing is a lengthy enterprise. However, the fiction of synchronic description is essential to linguistics.19. descriptive vs. prescriptiveA linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed, eg. how a language is actually spoken or written. And a linguistic study is prescriptive if it prescribes how a language ought to be spoken or written, tries to lay down rules for ―correct and standard‖ behavior in using language. Linguistic studies before this century are largely prescriptive in the sense that many early grammars were based on ‗high‘(literary, religious) written language. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Linguistic study is viewed as a scientific and objective undertaking, and the major task of descriptive linguists is to describe the language people actually use, be it ―correct‖or not. In other words, whatever occurs in the active language should be described and analyzed in linguistic investigation.20. competence vs. performanceA language user‘s underlying know ledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker‘s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. For example, a speaker‘s competence is stable but on certain occasions he may not perform very well due to various factors such as pressure, distress, anxiety, or embarrassment. Slips of the tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, among other things, all belong to the imperfection of performance. A person may make grammatical mistakes in speech, but that does not mean that he does not know the rule. If he is given an ungrammatical sentence, he can recognize it as ungrammatical. The point is that a speaker‘s performance does not always match his competence.Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker‘s competence, because the speaker‘s performance is too haphazard to be studied. The task of the linguists is to discover and specify the speaker‘sinternalized rules. While Saussure‘s distinction and Chomsky‘s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure tool a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, while Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and considers linguistic competence as a property of the mind of a speaker.21. langue vs. paroleSaussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as Langue and Parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions or application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not actually spoken by anyone. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable and systematic. Parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs, subject to personal and situational constraints.Saussure made this distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. According to Saussure, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, that is, to discover and study the regularities governing the actual use of language.Chapter 21. articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）: the study of production of speech sounds. It focuses on the speech sounds produced by the organs, like tongue and larynx, by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.2. acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）: the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.3. auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）: a speech is intended to be heard or perceived, it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyses or processes a sound wave. This is auditory phonetics, which is generally defined as a study concerned with the perception of speech sounds.4. coarticulation （协同发音）: a kind of phonetics process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation（逆化协同发音）and perseverative coarticulation（重复性协同发音）.5. Broad and narrow transcription: there are two ways to describe speech sounds. One is broad transcription, the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is narrow transcription, the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possible so.6. voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.7. vowel: a major type of speech sounds in terms of their articulatory characteristics. They are sound segments produces when the airstreams that come from the lungs meet with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. V owel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue; the openness of the mouth; the shape of the lips; and the length of thevowels. They are the nucleus of the syllable.8. consonant: sound segment produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.9. phoneme（音位）: smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.10. allophone（音位变体）: any of the different forms of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in ―let, play, tell‖. The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; and the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front but also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.11. phone, phoneme and allophoneA ‗phone‘(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. When we hear the words pronounced: [pit], [tip], [spit], the similar phones we have heard are [p] for one thing, and three different [p]s, readily making possible the ‗narrow transcription or diacritics‘. Phones may and may not distinguish meaning.A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Eg. the phoneme [p] is represented differently in [pit], [tip] and [spit].The phones representing a phoneme are called its ‗Allophones‘, that is, the different but do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof, so different [p]s in the above words are the allophones of the same phoneme [p].12. manner of articulation: in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.13. place of articulation: in the production of consonants, place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air.14. free variation: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast; namely, if the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word form but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds then are said to be in ―free variation‖. For example, the final consonant of ―cup‖ may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. In this case, it is the same word pronounced in two different ways: [k p] and [k p]. Such a phenomenon is called ―free variation‖.15. contrastive distribution（对立分布）& complementary distribution（互补分布）Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast, eg. [p] and [b] in [pit] and [bit], [reip] and [reib]. [p] and [b] are in contrastive distribution.When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. Eg. the aspirated English plosives never occur after [s], and the unsaturated ones never occur initially. Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. The allophones of [l] are also in complementarydistribution. The clear [l] occurs only before a vowel, the voiceless equivalent of [l] occurs only after a voiceless consonant, such as in the words ‗please‘, ‘butler‘, ‗clear‘, etc., and the dark [l] occurs only after a vowel or as a syllabic sound after a constant, such as in the words ‗feel‘, ‗help‘, ‗middle‘, etc.16. minimal pair: a technique which is used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meanings, specifically speaking, when two different forms are identical in every way expect for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. Eg. [i:] and [i], which can distinguish between beat and bit, bead and bid, and many other pairs.17. IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet. Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.18. syllable: a unit of speech sound consisting of one vowel sound of great sonority and one or more consonants of less sonority. A syllable usually consists of three parts: the onset, the peak and the coda. A syllable without a coda, namely, a syllable ending in a vowel, is an open syllable. And a syllable checked or arrested by a consonant is a closed syllable.19. suprasegmental: suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.20. stress: the degree of force used in producing a syllable.21. Phonology & PhoneticsPhonology is the study of the sound systems of languages, studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables, such as minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution and so on.Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sound, including the production of speech, which is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.A phonetist is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds, whereas a phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which from meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign accent, etc.Chapter 31. lexeme: in order to reduce the ambiguity of the term ―word‖, the term ― lexeme‖ is postulated as the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, ―write‖ is the lexeme of the set of words: writes, writing, wrote, written; and ―fat‖, the lexeme of ―fatter‖and ―fattest‖.2. variable words: in variable words, one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms, and part of the word remains relatively constant. Eg. follow, follows, following, followed.3. invariable words: refers to those words that do not have inflective ending, such as since, when, seldom.4. grammatical word: words expressing grammatical meanings, such as conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns. The grammatical words usually serve to link the different parts together of a language, therefore they are also known as function words.5. lexical word: words which have lexical meanings, that is , those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language, they are also known as content words.6. closed-class: one whose membership is fixed or limited and new members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all closed class items.7. open-class: one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. And with the emergence of new ideas and inventions, new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.8. Morphology: a branch of linguistics, studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed, eg. the verb ―purity‖ in English consists of two parts, ―pur (e)‖ and ―–ify‖, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding ―-ify‖to an adjective. This is a morphological rule that may function to account concerned with two fields, the study of inflections and the study of word formation.9. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word ―barks‖ in ―the dog barks‖ consists of two morphemes in orthographic forms: ―bark‖and ―-s‖, neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units. A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. Words may consist of one morpheme or more than one morphemes.10. free morpheme: those morphemes that may occur alone and constitute words by themselves, such as ―bed‖, ―tree‖, ―sing‖ and ―dance‖. In other words, all monomorphemic words are free morphemes.11. bound morpheme: those morphemes that can not occur alone but must appear with at least another morpheme, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―-al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-― in ―disclose‖ and so on.12. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. That‘s to say, it is the part of the word left when all the affixed are removed. In the word ―internationalism‖, after the removal of ―inter-―,‖-al‖ and ―-ism‖, what is left is the root ―nation‖. All the words contain a root morpheme. A root may be free or bound.13. stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. friend- in ―friends‖, and friendship- in ―friendships‖ are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.14. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Affixes are limited in number in a language, and generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix,suffix and infix, depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word.15. inflectional morpheme: is also called inflectional affix. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes,e.g. –(e)s, -ing,-(e)d, -est16. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. Eg. ―-s‖ in ―boys‖, ―-ed‖ in ―talked‖, ―-‗s‖ in ―Ann‘s‖.17. word-formation: in its restricted sense, it refers to the process of word variations signaling lexical relationships. It can be further subclassified into the compositional type ---- compound, and derivational type ---- derivation. (lexical change: 18-25)18. compound: compound words refer to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as ice-cream, sunrise. Compounds can be further divided into two kinds, the endocentric compound, such as self-control, pain-killer; and exocentric compound, such as playboy, takehome.19. derivation: this can also be called ―affixation‖. It is the morphological process whereby grammatical of lexical information is added to the base, root or stem. Affixation can be subdivided into prefixation, the addition of a prefix to make a new word, and suffixation, adding a suffix to a word. The word ―international‖ is result of both prefixation and suffixation.20. invention: since economic activities are most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their products or their brand names, such as Kodak, Loke.21. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, smoke + fog---smog, boat + hotel---boatel22. abbreviation: also called ―clipping‖, that is a new word is created by cutting either the final or initial, or the both part of the word. Eg. advertisement → ad. telephone → phone detective → tec23. acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, such as WTO →World Trade Organization, WB → World Bank. This process is also widely used i n shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields, such as Radar →radio detecting and ranging, V AT → value added tax.24. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take ―televise‖for example, the word television predated the occurrence of the word televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language.25. borrowing: there are several types of processes which regard to borrowing, such as loanword, loanblend, loanshift and loan translation.①loanword: the borrowing of loanwords is a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with onlya slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter. For instance, English borrowed ―au pair‖, ‖encore‖ from French ; tea from Chinese.②loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. In English, the first parts of the words coconut and China-town came from Spanish and Chinese respectively, but the second parts are of the English origin.③loanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native. Bridge is an English word, but when it refers to a type of card game, the meaning was borrowed from the Italian ponte.④loan translation: a special type of borrowing, in which each morpheme or a word is translated in the equivalent morpheme or word in another language. For instance, the English word almighty is a literal translation from the Latin omnipotens. This is also called Calque, which may be a word, a phrase or even a short sentence. The English expression free verse was translated from Latin‘s verse libre.26. lexicon: the total stock of the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.27. allomorph: allomorph refers to a phenomenon that some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as ―dog‖, ―cat‖, while in other instances there may be considerable variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms, eg. The plural meaning in English can be represented by the voiceless /s/, the voiced /z/ and others, like ―map-maps /s/‖, ―dog-dogs /z/‖, each would be said to be an allomorph of the plural morpheme. (phonological change: 28-31)28. loss: the loss of sound can first refer to the disappearance of the very sound as a phoneme in the phonological system, take the sound /x/ in old English for example, holh /holx/---hollow, sorh /sorx/---sorrow, or it may also occur in utterances at the expense of some unstressed vowels. Eg. temperature /temp r t /---/tempr t /29. addition: sounds may also be added to the original sound sequence, eg. in English, the word ―rapscallion‖ was formed by adding the habitual /p/ inside the root rascal.30. metathesis: a process involving an alternation in the sequence of sounds. Metathesis had been originally a performance error, which was overlooked and accepted by the speech community. Eg. the word ―bird‖ was ―brid‖ in O.E. The word ―ask‖ used to be pronounced as /aks/.31. assimilation: refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called ‖contact‖ or ‖contiguous‖ assimilation. Assimilation takes place in quick speech very often, eg. in expression such as immobile, illegal, the negative prefixes im-, il- should be in- etymologically. Sometimes, assimilation could occur between two sounds that are not too far separated, eg. discussing shortly (/s/ becomes /f/) and confound it (/ / becomes / /). This is called ―non-contiguous‖ or ―distant‖ assimilation.32. dissimilation: the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. As shown in the change of the word ―grammar‖ in old English to ―glamour‖ in modern English, ―marbre‖ in French to ―marble‖ in English, one of the phonemes, /r/ dissimilates to /l/ in the course of time, which results in the change of morphemes concerned.(semantic change: 33-36)。

语言学期中测验

1. The study of language as a whole is often called ________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. Traditional grammar regards the ________ form of language as primary, not the spoken form.A. oralB. writtenC. writingD. vocal3. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A．Saussure B．Chomsky C．Halliday D．Anonymous 4. According to F. de Saussure, ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language5. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ________.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas6. Which of the following isn’t the design features of human language?A. arbitrarinessB. performanceC. dualityD. displacement7. The core of linguistics excludes ________.A. semanticsB. morphologyC. phoneticsD. psycholinguistics8. Morphology refers to the ________ of words.A. scienceB. formC. historyD. system9. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ________.A. morphemeB. phoneC. phonemeD. allomorpheme10. The word “boyish” contains two ________.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs11. ________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are called ________ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. independentC. freeD. derivational13. ________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes14. In English “-ise” and “-tion” are called ________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes15. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ________ to form a new word.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. word16. The words such as “lab” and “doc” are ________.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words17. Chinese, the most popular language of the world, belongs to the ________ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. AustronesianD. Afroasiatic18. An important set of extensive sound changes affecting vowels, known as the Great V owel Shift, occurred at the end of the ________.A. Old English periodB. Middle English periodC. Modern English periodD. Middle ages19. The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of ________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. affixesD. case markings20. The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of ________.A. gender markingsB. case markingsC. tense markingsD. both A and B21. The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its ________.A. soundB. vocabularyC. morphological systemD. syntax22. The most obvious way in which Modern English differs lexically from Old English is in the number of borrowed words from other languages, particular from ________.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. German23. The word “Motel”comes from “motor+hotel”. This is an example of in morphology.A.BackformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym24. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A．Symbolic B．Dual C．Productive D．Arbitrary 25. What is the most important function of language?A．Interpersonal B．Phatic C．Informative D．Metalingual26. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. historicalD. comparative27. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A．competence B．parole C．performance D．langue28. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ．A．informative B．phatic C．directive D．performative29. Language is the tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves .A.an expressive functionB.an informative functionC.a performative functionD.a persuasive function31. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performingA.an illocutionary actB. a perlocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. none of the above32. The study of the mental process of language comprehension and production isA.corpus linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC.theoretical linguisticsD. psycholinguistics33. Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A．Word B．Morpheme C．Allomorph D．Root 34. Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A．Morphology B．Syntax C．Phonology D．Semantics35. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is calledA.hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy36. All words contain a ___________．A．root morpheme B．bound morpheme C．prefix D．suffix 37. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is ___________．A．homonymy B．hyponymy C．polysemy D．synonymy 38. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called___________．A．lexicon B．morphology C．syntax D．semantics 39. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" are ___________．A．gradable opposites B．converse oppositesC．co-hyponyms D．synonyms40. "Big" and "Small" are a pair of___________ opposites．A．complementary B．gradable C．complete D．converse41. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion ofA.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context42. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A.a simple sentenceB.a coordinate sentenceC.a complex sentenceD.none of the above43. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal”. This is an example ofA.widening of meaningB.narrowing of meaningC.meaning of shiftD.loss of meaning44. The words kid, child, offspring are examples ofA.dialectal synonymsB.stylistic synonymsC.emotive synonymsD.collocational synonyms45. In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose．The second person violates the ___________．A．Quantity MaximB．Quality MaximC．Relation MaximD．Manner Maxim46. The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation．A．quantity B．quality C．manner D．relation 47. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A Un lockB Govern mentC Go esD Off-stage48. ____ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A OnomatopoeiaB CollocationC DenotationD Assimilation49. The sentence “Close your book and listen to me carefully”performs a(n) _____ function.A interrogativeB informativeC performativeD directive50. The speech act theory was first put forward byA.John SearleB.John AustinC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. HollidayDivide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next.Example: microfilm: micro + filmmanuallydictationhomosexualperspectivebiologyIn what ways are the following expressions ambiguous? Explain them by two different tree diagrams and translate them into Chinese:The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting.He hit the boy with the steak.Write down the ten ways of forming new words and illustrate them with examples.。

英语语言学、文学和文化

英语语言学、文学和文化English Linguistics, Literature, and Culture: An Interconnected Trio.The English language, literature, and culture are inextricably intertwined, forming a multifaceted tapestry that reflects the richness and diversity of human expression. Linguistics, the scientific study of language, provides the foundation for understanding the structure, function, and evolution of English. Literature, encompassing both written and oral forms, showcases the creative use of language to explore human experiences, emotions, and ideas. Culture, encompassing beliefs, values, customs, and traditions, shapes the context in which language is used and literature is created.Linguistics: The Building Blocks of Language.Linguistics delves into the intricate workings of the English language, examining its sounds, grammar, vocabulary,and meaning. Phonology, the study of speech sounds, investigates how they are produced, combined, and perceived. Morphology, the study of word formation, analyzes how words are constructed from morphemes, the smallest meaningfulunits of language. Syntax, the study of sentence structure, examines how words are organized into meaningful utterances. Semantics, the study of meaning, explores how words and sentences convey ideas and concepts.Literature: The Art of Expression.Literature, on the other hand, is the art of using language to create stories, poems, plays, and other written works that explore human experience. Poetry, with its focus on rhythm, rhyme, and imagery, evokes emotions and conveys profound insights. Fiction, including novels and short stories, immerses readers in imaginative worlds, allowing them to experience the lives of others and explore complex themes. Drama, through its dialogue and action, brings characters and their conflicts to life, providing apowerful medium for social commentary and emotional exploration.Culture: The Context of Communication.Culture plays a pivotal role in shaping both language and literature. The beliefs, values, and traditions of a society influence the way language is used, the topics that are considered appropriate for literary exploration, andthe interpretations given to literary works. For example,the concept of individualism in Western culture has influenced the focus on individual characters and personal narratives in English literature.Interrelation of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture.The interrelation between linguistics, literature, and culture is evident in various ways. Linguistic analysis can enhance our understanding of literary texts by revealingthe nuances of language use, such as the choice of words, sentence structures, and figurative devices. Conversely, literary analysis can provide insights into the evolution and usage of language, as writers often push the boundaries of linguistic conventions to create new forms of expression.Furthermore, cultural contexts influence both the language and literature of a society. For instance, the influence of Puritanism on American culture is reflected in the themes of morality, guilt, and salvation found in much of American literature.Conclusion.The fields of English linguistics, literature, and culture are inseparable, each contributing to a deeper understanding of the human condition. Linguistics provides the scientific framework for understanding language, while literature showcases its creative potential. Culture, as the context in which language is used and literature is created, shapes and influences both. By exploring the interconnections between these three disciplines, we gain a richer and more comprehensive appreciation of the power and beauty of English as a language, a medium of artistic expression, and a reflection of human culture.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

The language in fiction
There are three basic levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose --- the
novelist and reader, narrator and narratee, character A and character B. These basic discourse
structures involve six participants at least, while each participant own his own angle of view, so it
means the language in fiction involves six different viewpoints at least. When we analyze the
fiction prose , the most important factor in the level of narrator and narrate is the viewing angle of
narrator, the most common narrators’ viewpiont is “I-narrators” and “Third-person narrators”.
There are many factors influence the viewpoint, such as situation, information and deixis, and the
speech presentation have the following possibilities: Direct Speech, Indirect Speech, Narrator’s
Representation of Speech Acts and Narrator’s Representation of Speech. Among of these , Direct
Speech and Narrator’s Representation of Speech is in the both end of the list. In Direct Speech,
readers only got the report of other’s language from narrator. The thought presentation is similar
with speech presentation which has the same possibilities. Direct thought is more tend to present
conscious and deliberative thought. The stream of conscious writing may is the extremely way of
the impressions in the mind. When people talk of the prose style, they usually mean the Authorial
Style, so that the style can be recognized through the language the author use. For instance,
Hemingway’s works can be identified with his briefly writing style. Besides, just as authors can be
said to have style, so can text. Text style is focus on the linguistics choices to help to build the
textual meaning. For example, we can discuss whole writing style of
and meanwhile we can analyze the poetry style in it.

相关文档
最新文档