经济学课件-英文(13)
萨缪尔森《经济学》课件
How markets solve the three economic problems
What goods and services will be produced is determined by the dollar votes of consumers in their daily purchase decisions. Firms are motivated by the desire to maximize profits (net revenues, or the difference between total sales and total costs). How things are produced is determined by the competition among different producers. The best way for producers to meet price competition and maximize profits is to keep costs at a minimum by adopting the most efficient methods of production. For whom things are produced – who is consuming, and how much – depends, in large part, on the supply and demand in the markets for factors of production. Factor markets determine wage rates, land rents interest rate, and profits.
克鲁格曼国际经济学课件英文官方第10版1第一章
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Gains from Trade (cont.)
3. Trade benefits countries by allowing them to export goods made with relatively abundant resources and import goods made with relatively scarce resources. 4. When countries specialize, they may be more efficient due to larger-scale production. 5. Countries may also gain by trading current resources for future resources (international borrowing and lending) and due to international migration.
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Gains from Trade (cont.)
2. How could a country that is the moБайду номын сангаасt (least)
efficient producer of everything gain from trade?
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Countries use finite resources to produce what they are most productive at (compared to their other production choices), then trade those products for goods and services that they want to consume. Countries can specialize in production, while consuming many goods and services through trade.
曼昆经济学原理Chapter13企业行为与产业组织 中英文笔记
Chapter 13 The Costs of Production 生产成本§1. 什么是成本What are costs?一．Total revenue, Total cost & Profit 总收入、总成本和利润1.企业的目标是利润最大化The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.2.总收入Total revenue：企业出售产品所得到的货币量the amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output3.总成本Total cost：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production4.利润Profit：总收入－总成本Total revenue - Total cost二．作为机会成本的成本Costs as Opportunity Costs1.一个企业的生产成本包括生产物品与劳务量的所有机会成本A firm’s cost of production includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.2.显性成本Explicit costs：要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素成本input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm3.隐性成本Implicit costs：不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm4.结论：经济学家既考虑显性成本又考虑隐形成本，会计师负责记录流入企业和流出企业的货币，因此他们衡量显性成本忽略隐形成本三．作为一种机会成本的资本成本The Cost of Capital as An Opportunity Costs 已经投资于企业的金融资本的机会成本是一项重要的隐形成本四．经济利润与会计利润Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit1.经济利润Economic Profit：经济学家衡量，即企业总收益减去生产所销售物品与服务的总机会成本（显性的+隐性的）Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit).2.会计利润：会计师衡量，即企业的总收益减去企业的显性成本Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s total revenue minus only the firm’s explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs.3.由于会计师忽略了隐形成本，所以经济利润小于会计利润Economic profit is smaller than accounting profit.4.当总收益大于显性成本和隐性成本时，企业赚取经济利润When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.5.经济利润是企业供给物品与服务的动机所在，获得正经济利润的企业将继续经营§2. 生产与成本Production And Costs一．生产函数The Production Function1.生产函数Production Function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品的产量之间的关系the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good2.边际产量Marginal Product：增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input ·计算公式：Marginal Product = Additional output ÷Additional input即：边际产量= 产出增加量÷投入增加量3.边际产量递减Diminishing Marginal Product：一种投入要素的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases例：由于雇佣的工人越来越多，每个新雇佣的工人对产量的贡献越来越小，这是因为有限的设备数量不能将他的潜能发挥出来。
宏观经济学英文PPT课件
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
国际经济学课件：第十三章汇率决定理论
四、购买力平价说的评价
积极意义： （1）是影响最大的汇率决定理论 （2）开辟了从货币角度分析汇率决定的先河 （3）对长期均衡汇率的变化趋势如何进行预测提供了方法
• 缺陷： • （1）只分析了物价对汇率的影响，不能解释与通货膨胀无直接关系，却对
• 经济实力弱（经济增长缓慢甚至衰退、 高通货膨胀 率、国际收支巨额逆差、外汇储备短缺以及经济结 构、贸易结构失衡，本币不断贬值
（八）其他因素
• 汇率变化常常是十分敏感的，一些非经济因素、非 市场因素的变化往往也会波及到外汇市场。一国政 局不稳定、有关国家领导人的更替、战争爆发等等， 都会导致汇率的暂时性或长期性变动。
❖ 纸币成为法定的偿付货币，简称法币。
❖ 政府规定纸币代表的金量并维持纸币黄金比价。
❖ 纸币充当价值尺度、流通手段和支付手段。
❖ 黄金只发挥储藏手段和稳定纸币价值的作用。
• 1929～1933年世界性经济危机的爆发，使资本主义国际 金融陷入极大混乱，各国黄金储备比例失调，国际信用瓦 解，迫使各国放弃金本位制和金汇兑本位制，英国于1931 年，美国于1933年，法国于1936年先后放弃金本位，从 此资本主义世界分裂成为相互对立的货币集团和货币区， 持续了一个世纪左右的国际金本位退出历史舞台，各国开 始普遍实行纸币本位制。
• 在纸币制度下，两国货币之间的汇率取决于它们各自在国内所代表 的实际价值，而货币的对内价值又是用其购买力来衡量的。因此， 货币的购买力对比就成为纸币制度下汇率决定的基础。
三、纸币制度下影响汇率变动的主要因素
• （一）国际收支
• 汇率变化
国际收支
• 国际收支逆差或贸易逆差 外汇收入<外汇支出 供给< 需求 本币贬值
• 国际收支顺差或贸易顺差 外汇收入>外汇支出 供给> 需求 本币升值
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
微观经济学英文版精品PPT课件
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
What is Microeconomics ?
It is concerned with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms and households.
You want to buy a computer which is $2510. while it is $2500 in the supermarket in downtown. Wherever you buy the computer, it would return to the producer if there is any problem. Where would you buy it？
There are three types of economies:
Market economy Command economy Mixed economy
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics (C. Society’s technological possibilities)
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study f how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
宏观经济学课件(英文版)
The breakdown of GDP into its various components, such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
VS
A measure of the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.
04
Fiscal Policy and Government Speing is a significant component of the economy, representing a significant share of GDP.
Government spending can also act as a stabilizer during economic downturns, stimulating growth and absorbing economic shocks.
05
Monetary Policy and Central Bank Operations
The main monetary policy tools used by central banks are open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rate policy.
02
Examples include stimulus packages during the Great Recession, infrastructure spending programs, and social welfare policies.
国际经济学英文课件萨尔瓦多第十版ch01
也就是说，两个国家GDP越大、距离越近， 则预期两国贸易额越大
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A globalizing world provides opportunities and challenges to nations and people in the world. 世界正在迅速全球化，这给全世界的国家和人 民带来了很多机遇，也带了巨大的挑战。
Flow of goods and services Flow of labor and jobs Flow of financial instruments, currency
大多数国家积极参与
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Globalization of the World Economy
Anti-Globalization Movement 反全球化运动
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Much larger for smaller industrial and developing countries than for United States
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
宏观经济学英文课件
slide 2
Important issues in macroeconomics
▪ What is the government budget deficit?
How does it affect the economy?
▪ Why does the U.S. have such a huge trade
and aggregate income.
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 15
Digression: Functional notation
▪ General functional notation shows only
that the variables are related:
even when the economy is booming?
▪ Why are there recessions?
Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
D
Q
Quantity of cars
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
deficit?
▪ Why are so many countries poor?
What policies might help them grow out of poverty?
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 3
U.S. Gross Domestic Product