微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
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微观经济学Microeconomics-精品课件
• 参考教材 ：黄亚钧 郁义鸿主编 《微观经 济学》，高等教育出版社，2003年。
• 参考书目： • [美]H.范里安著 《微观经济学：现代观
点》，上海三联书店 上海人民出版社， 1994年； • [美]平狄克 鲁宾费尔德 著 《微观经济 学》，中国人民大学出版社，1997年。 • 黎诣远 《微观经济分析》，清华大学出 版社
13、He who seize the right moment, is the right man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。21.7.1421.7.1 401:18:2501:18 :25July 14, 2021
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14、谁要是自己还没有发展培养和教 育好， 他就不 能发展 培养和 教育别 人。202 1年7月 14日星 期三上 午1时1 8分25 秒01:18:2521.nomic Man 经济人
• 如果说，稀缺是社会存在的经济概括， 那么，经济人这个概念就是对社会意 识的经济学概括。
• 经济学并不研究稀缺本身，而是研究 在稀缺条件下人的行为，也就是研究 经济人的行为。
© copyrights by Changde Zheng 2004. Economic college，Southwest University For Nationalities.
ii) Scarcity means that to have more of some things there must be less of others (Opportunity Cost): Production Possibilities Frontier
iii) Scarcity implies choice
•
15、一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计 ，莫如 树木； 终身之 计，莫 如树人 。2021 年7月上 午1时1 8分21. 7.1401:18July 14, 2021
《微观经济学》PPT课件
〔1〕静态分析法： 只分析某 一时点上经济变量的状况
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析 始点和终点的经济变量的 状 况
〔3〕动态分析法 引入时间因 素,分析某一时期内经济变量 的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、 经 济 模 型 〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价 值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了 比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具 有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕 〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化 为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个 国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生 产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事 实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么 〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一 定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是 什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的 年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财 政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不 是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学 提出两个目标： 第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".
Microeconomics 2011 Chapter 1 微观经济 教学课件
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
You make choices that are in your self-interest—choices that you think are best for you.
Choices that are best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest.
What?
Agriculture accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. production, manufactured goods for 20 percent, and services for 80 percent.
In China, agriculture accounts for 10 percent of total production, manufactured goods for 50 percent, and services for 40 percent.
Two Big Economic Questions
What? What goods and services get produced and in what quantities? How? How are goods and services produced? For Whom? For whom are the various goods and services produced?
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
Two Big Economic Questions
You make choices that are in your self-interest—choices that you think are best for you.
Choices that are best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest.
What?
Agriculture accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. production, manufactured goods for 20 percent, and services for 80 percent.
In China, agriculture accounts for 10 percent of total production, manufactured goods for 50 percent, and services for 40 percent.
Two Big Economic Questions
What? What goods and services get produced and in what quantities? How? How are goods and services produced? For Whom? For whom are the various goods and services produced?
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
迈克尔版本微观经济第一章ppt (英文版)
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
微观经济学microeconomics Chapter1PPT课件
of alternatives.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
• Whether to go to college or to work? • Whether to study or go out on a date? • Whether to go to class or sleep in?
Principle #1: People Face Trade-offs.
• To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Bicycle v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
© 22000171ThCoemnsgoangSeoSutohu-Wthe-sWterenstern
© 20©1120C0e7nTghaogmesoSnoSuotuht-hW-Weesstteernn
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It. • Decisions require comparing costs and benefits
• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.
平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
4 of 18
1.1 THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.
In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
微观经济学英文版
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
Microeconomics
Yan YAN
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
You want to buy a clock in the grocery near the campus. The price is $20. A friend tells you that it is $10 in the supermarket in downtown. Would you buy the clock in the supermarket？
1) plot the straight-line relationship between all combinations of X and Y on a blank piece of graph paper.
2)let us say that you absolutely need 6 hours of leisure per day, no more, no less. On the graph, mark the point that corresponds to 6hours of leisure.
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Economics
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
01:14
4
An Object of Study
The keys to Economics ----Three Entities Three Behaviors
Consumer → Umax ( Utility ) Firm → πmax ( Profit ) Government → Wmax ( Welfare )
Adam Smith
Consumer ,Firm Theory of Equilibrium Price The maximum of benefit
J.M.Keynes
Overall economy Theory of National Income The maximum of welfare
01:14
Current Economics (1930s —)
Representative : J.M.Keynes Work:General Theory of Employment ,Interest And Money Standpoint:Advocate that government interfere in economy .
Formation and Development of Current Economics
Neoclassical Economics (1870s—1930s)
Representative : A.Marshall Work:Economics Principle (1890) Standpoint: Equilibrium Price Theory, Laissez-faire
01:14
6
The Methods of Studying Economics
The methods of studying Economics
Positive Analysis Normative Analysis
Positive Analysis objective describe the facts of economy what is Normative Analysis subjective involve value judgments what ought to be or what ought not to be
The Definition of Economics
Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
01:14
10
Introduction
The End
Classical Economics (1650s—1870s)
Representative ： Adam Smith Work:The Wealth of Nations (1776) Standpoint:Laissez-faire economy
01:14 2
An Object of Study
Neo-classical economics
Complete rationality ； Clear Market ；complete information
Keynesian economics
Market mechanism is imperfect ； Government can control economy
Introduction
An Object of Study The Methods of Studying Economics Theory System of Economics
中文版
Contents
An Object of Study
Formation and Development of Current Economics
Mercantilism (17C—18C )
Representative: A.Montchrestien Work: Political Economics Presenting To King and Queen Standpoint: Advocate that government interferes in economy .
01:14
7
The Methods of Studying Economics
The other methods
Equilibrium Analysis Static state analysis and Dynamic state analysis Quality and Quantity Analysis Marginal Analysis Inductive method and Deductive Method
01:14 3
An Object of Study
The Definition of Economics
The origin of Economics
Economics originates from objective scarcity and the need of choice that the scarcity leads to. Scarcity is the term used by economists to indicate that man's desire for a “thing” exceeds the amount of it that is freely available from Nature. Choice is the act of selecting among restricted alternatives. Contents of choice: what, how, for whom.
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
01:14
4
An Object of Study
The keys to Economics ----Three Entities Three Behaviors
Consumer → Umax ( Utility ) Firm → πmax ( Profit ) Government → Wmax ( Welfare )
Adam Smith
Consumer ,Firm Theory of Equilibrium Price The maximum of benefit
J.M.Keynes
Overall economy Theory of National Income The maximum of welfare
01:14
Current Economics (1930s —)
Representative : J.M.Keynes Work:General Theory of Employment ,Interest And Money Standpoint:Advocate that government interfere in economy .
Formation and Development of Current Economics
Neoclassical Economics (1870s—1930s)
Representative : A.Marshall Work:Economics Principle (1890) Standpoint: Equilibrium Price Theory, Laissez-faire
01:14
6
The Methods of Studying Economics
The methods of studying Economics
Positive Analysis Normative Analysis
Positive Analysis objective describe the facts of economy what is Normative Analysis subjective involve value judgments what ought to be or what ought not to be
The Definition of Economics
Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
01:14
10
Introduction
The End
Classical Economics (1650s—1870s)
Representative ： Adam Smith Work:The Wealth of Nations (1776) Standpoint:Laissez-faire economy
01:14 2
An Object of Study
Neo-classical economics
Complete rationality ； Clear Market ；complete information
Keynesian economics
Market mechanism is imperfect ； Government can control economy
Introduction
An Object of Study The Methods of Studying Economics Theory System of Economics
中文版
Contents
An Object of Study
Formation and Development of Current Economics
Mercantilism (17C—18C )
Representative: A.Montchrestien Work: Political Economics Presenting To King and Queen Standpoint: Advocate that government interferes in economy .
01:14
7
The Methods of Studying Economics
The other methods
Equilibrium Analysis Static state analysis and Dynamic state analysis Quality and Quantity Analysis Marginal Analysis Inductive method and Deductive Method
01:14 3
An Object of Study
The Definition of Economics
The origin of Economics
Economics originates from objective scarcity and the need of choice that the scarcity leads to. Scarcity is the term used by economists to indicate that man's desire for a “thing” exceeds the amount of it that is freely available from Nature. Choice is the act of selecting among restricted alternatives. Contents of choice: what, how, for whom.