2014语法长难句--徐磊
2014年职称英语考试基础语法回顾：动词的时态和语态(三)
2014年职称英语考试基础语法复习：动词的时态和语态（三）动词、五个基本句型、动词的时态和语态2) 要不要 "it"的问题:先看两个句子：We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。
)该句的原始结构可理解为：We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括号部分(动词不定式)为宾语，difficult为宾语补足语The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(医生已经跟你说得很清楚了，你的胃没有什么问题。
)该句的原始结构可理解为：The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括号部分(句子)为宾语，clear为宾语补足语归纳：n 在主语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语结构中，当宾语是"动词不定式"或"句子"时，要用it(不是this, that或其他任何词)作形式宾语，将动词不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。
n 考试时，判断要不要 "it"，主要看句子后面有没有"动词不定式"或"句子"，若有，要选 "it"n 宾语、宾语补足语倒装：当宾语(名词)较长，宾语补足语较短(往往是1个形容词，如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)时，为了句子结构均衡，往往采用倒装，这里不存在"it"的使用问题, 对下句作出判断：The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超声波的出现使许多致命疾病的早期诊断成为可能。
2014江苏高考英语解析
（一）、单项选择关键词：“取材新，下手难”2014年单选“稳中求新”，语法部分的考点与历年江苏卷基本一致，词汇部分的考查在题量和难度上明显增加，很多题目更注重考查英语的地道表达，这对考生灵活运用词汇及语境理解能力提出了更高的要求，无形中给考生的作答增加了难度。
考生普遍反映文章几乎没生词，都能看懂，就是选不出来。
“题目偏难，完全没有把握”。
例如单选第34题“Good families are much to all their members, but ______ to none. A. something B. anything C. everythingD. nothing”选项看似考查代词的用法，实际更注重考查英语的地道表达。
因此，2015年的考生在平时的英语学习中需要更多注重英语类报刊杂志的阅读及英语地道表达的积累。
一、三大从句的考点分布二、动词时态和语态的考点分布三、非谓语动词四、情态动词和虚拟语气五、情景交际六、词汇和词组七、特殊句式21.Lessons can be learned to face the future, history cannot be changed.A.thoughB. asC. sinceD. unless21.A. 本题考察连词用法。
根据句意结合常识来判断，A选项更合理：“尽管历史无法改变，教训却能够被吸取来面对未来。
” B选项也有尽管的意思，但用于“n/adj/adv+as+主谓”结构中。
C选项是最大干扰项，“既然，由于”。
似乎说得通，但是题干前后两句并非因果关系。
D选项相当于if not.22.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a goodimpression is a must.A. whichB. whenC.asD. where22. D. 本题考察定语从句关系词的用法。
2014年上海高考英语语法翻译作文及答案
My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, ___25___ I might have a better chance to find a good job. ___26___ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that ___27___ ____ ___ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already ___28___(exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that ___29___ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps ___30___ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty ___31___ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned ___32___ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is ___33___ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine ___34___ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, ___35___ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by ___36___. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far ____37_____ (appropriate) In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains ___38___ (force) village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, ___39___ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution ___40___ these villages without a local shop.1.我习惯睡前听轻音乐(accustomed)2.将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。
【备战2014】2014年高考英语 语法备考(典型陷阱分析练习)谓语动词考点
非谓语动词考点◆典型陷阱题分析◆1.Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.A. enterB. to enterC. enteringD. entered【陷阱】容易误选A。
有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。
【分析】其实正确答案应是B。
此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。
即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。
请再看类似例句：(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。
值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。
请看以下试题：(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.A. to hopeB. hopeC. hopingD. hoped此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.A. practiseB. to practiseC. practisingD. practised此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即spend … (in) doing sth。
英语语法长难句与必背英语句型
英语语法长难句与必背英语句型英语长难句分析之基础语法名词性从句之名词性从句主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：第一类,用从属连词that 引导的主语从句,例如：That we shall be late is certain.That the driver could not control his car was obvious.这种结构主要是对that 从句的内容进行强调,属正式文体,连词that 不可以省略;但是在一般情况下,往往使用先行it 结构,即用it 作形式主语,而把that 从句放到后面,这时,在口语中,连词that 有时则可以省略.所以上述两句可以改为：It is certain that we shall be late.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.如果整个句子是疑问形式,就只能用先行it 结构,例如：Is it true that he would take the risk?Is it possible that they will come tomorrow?常使用先行it 结构,用that 从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：1、It + be + 形容词+ that 从句：It is clear that he was telling the truth.It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.2、It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句：It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.3、It + 及物动词+ 宾语+ that 从句：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.It shocked m e that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.4、It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句：It is said that he has been there many times.5、It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物动词+ that 从句：It seems that he has lost something.注意：在上述第1 和第2 两种句型中,that 从句前置与使用先行it,that 从句后置在意义上没有什么差异;但使用先行it 结构较为常见.在第3 种句型中,that 从句前置在语法上是可能的,但实际上并不常见,通常总是使用先行it 结构.第4 种句型实质上是被动结构,由于that 从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语,所以只能使用先行it 结构.第5 种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系,that 从句不能前置,只能使用先行it 结构,不过,这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句,例如：It happened that I had no money with me that day.→ I happened to have no money with me that day.第二类,用连接代词who、whose、which、what,连接副词when、where、how、why,以及连词whether(或if)引导的主语从句,例如：Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.→ It is not yet c lear who was responsible for the accident.What he did is not yet known.→ It is not yet known what he did.Whether it is true remains a problem.→ It remains a problem whether / if it is true.从以上例句可以看出,这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语,也可以使用先行it 结构,把主语从句放在后面,两种结构可以互换,意义上无差异,但用if 引导主语从句时,只能采取先行it 结构,也就是说if 不可以引导置于句首的主语从句.第三类,用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever 等代词引导的主语从句,例如：What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组,即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,例如：What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.→ The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished.→ Anyone who breaks the law i s sure to be punished.切记,这类主语从句不可以使用先行it 结构.上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似,但实际上是不同的.第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来,以whether/if 引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来,自然含有疑问的意味,例如： When they will have the sports meet is still a question.→ When will they have t he sports meet?Who he is doesn’t concern me.→ Who is he?Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.→ Will he join us?而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味.试比较下列各句：① What caused the accident is a complete mystery.② What caused the accident was a broken bottle.③ What she looks like doesn’t matter.④ What she’d like is a digital watch.上述各句中尽管都有一个以what 引导的主语从句,但其意义不尽相同;第①和③句中的主语从句系由“What causedthe accident?”和“What does she look like?”转化而来,所以可以改成：It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.It doesn’t matter what she looks like.第②④句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which she’d like”,所以不含疑问意味,因此不可以说：It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.It is a digital watch what she’d like.但是可以说：It was a broken bottle that caused the accident.It is a digital watch that she’d like.不过,这已不是主语从句,而是强调结构了.学好初中英语的必背句型句型31：keep sb. / sth. +adj/doing/介词短语/advYou must keep your room clean.你们必须保持房间干净。
2014届高考英语一轮复习语法部分专
2019届高考英语一轮复习语法部分专项训练251.Indeed,the small vase by the boy’s feet was the only object in the house_______didn’t seem alive.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where2. Every summer, the beautiful town welcomes top buskers, or street performers,_______ they’re called, from all over the world.A. asB. thatC. whichD. what3. Tom is addicted to the computer games，_______ his parents are worried about.A. asC. why B. whereD. which4. Ancient Rome was a country _______ culture influenced the western world forcenturies.A. whoC. whose B. whichD. where5.Almost every developing country went through a period _______ pollutionbecame serious with the rapid development.A. whereB. whoseC. of whichD. in which6.Zhang Guoli,the son of _______was arrested for taking drugs,apologized to the public.A. whoB. whomC. whichD. that7.The restaurant provides _______cheap food _______all the college students can afford.A. such; thatC. so; that B. such; asD. so; as8. I can think of many cases _______ the media have a strong effect on young men.A. why B. where C. as D. which9. Last Sunday I climbed to the top of the hill near my home，_______ I could seehalf of the city.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. there10.There will be a twenty-minute break during the performance,_______people can go to the restroom or buy some snacks.A. thatC. when B. whereD. which11.“Hourly dad” is a newly created term _______ a man is hired t o take a child to and from school, play games and work out with the child.A. whichB. whenC. whereD. how12. We have gathered nearly 100, 000 quilts, _______ up to half have gone to theflood-hit areas.A. of whichB. in whichD. for whichC. with which13. A huge amount ofoil was spilt on the East Sea, the causes of _______ are still under investigation.A. itB. thatC. whichD. whom14. Raising children is said to be a job _______ parents receive the least formaltraining.A. in whichC. where B. for whichD. to what15. Leave him a note at the reception desk, _______ he will learn how to find you.A. which B. from whichD. on whichC. with which16. Mr. Smith was so angry at all _______ Robert was doing _______ he walked outangrily.A. that; whatC. which; which B. that; thatD. what; that17. Could it be in the classroom _______ we had a talk last night _______ you leftyour keys?A. that; whereC. where; that B. in which; whereD. where; in which18.It would be a good idea to use a plastic bottle,_______cut off,as a container to grow young plants in.A. of which the topC. the top of which B. whose topD. with its top19. _______ is known to us all is that the old worker, for _______ life was hardin the past, still works hard in his seventies.A. As; whomC. It; whose B. What; whomD. What; whose20. Sun Yang won the gold medal at the 400 meters freestyle in the London OlympicGames, _______, of course, made the Chinese people happy.A. whoC. what B. whichD. that21. ShenzhouⅨ was sent up into space in June, 2019, among _______ astronauts was a woman.A. whomC. who B. whoseD. which22. Some young men want to find true love on the Internet, _______ I think is veryfunny.A. thatC. what B. whichD. who23. We have learned _______ the meeting held in Beijing in June，2019，_______ iscalled “Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit”，has signed many important files.A. that; whichC. that; as B. which; thatD. that; what24.There are many heroes deserving learning from in 2019，one of _______is Wu Bin.A. whom B. them C. who答案解析1.【解析】选C。
2014-2017语法填空真题
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
2014年I）Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the River Cleveland, Ohio. It _61____（be）unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it ____62____(actual) caught fire and burned. Now, ears later, this river is one of _63___most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.But the river wasn‟t changed in a few days __64____even a few months. It took years of work__65______(reduce ) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is___66_____(clean) than ever.Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you leave a habit __67___is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don‟t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation ,don‟t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?While there are ___68_______(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the___69_______(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 70 (patience)2014年Ⅱ）One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __61___ (be) late for school.There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___62____ some of them looked very anxious and ___63__(disappoint) .When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next ____64___ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike ____65___ (catch ) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____66___(stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept ____67___(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked,“____68___ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It …s ____69___ (I)”. She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully, Five others on the bus began talking about what the boy had done and the crowd of strangers ___70__(sudden) became friendly to one another.2015年I）Y angshuo, ChinaIt was raining lightly when I__61__(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn‟t care. A few hours__62__, I‟d been at home in Hong Kong, with __63_(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.I‟d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River_64__are picture d by artists in so many Chinese _65__(painting). Instead, I …d head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it‟s only an hour away__66_ car and offers all the scenery of thebetter-known city.Yangshuo__67__(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers_68__(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it_69__(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people_70__(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.2015年Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings(土坯房）61 (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without 64 （use）electric equipment. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 （slow）during cool nights，thus warning the house. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough __66 _ (cool) the house during the hot day: __67__ the same time, they warm up again for the night This cycle 68 (go) day after day: The walls warm up During the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures. As 69 (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly__70__thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.2016年I）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires , Asia's biggest building and fancy new hotels .But for tourists like me , pandas are its top 61 (attract).So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base , where ticket money helps pay for research . I 62 (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre, From tomorrow , I will be their UK ambassador, The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London . But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include 67 (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.On my recent visit , i held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while on is being bottle-fed, 70 other is with mum-she never suspects.2016年Ⅱ）If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify （识别）those of (1)（great）and less importance．Then，handle the most important tasks first so you‟ll feel a real sense of (2)（achieve）．Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (3)（be）often acceptable.Most of us are more focused (4)our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day．So，get an early start and try to be as productive (5)possible before lunch．This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished．Recent (6)（study）show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks(7)（regular）．Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for(8)while，exercising，or dong something you enjoy．If you find something you love doing outside of the office，you‟ll be less likely (9)（bring）your work home．It could be anything﹣gardening，cooking，music，sports﹣but whatever it is，(10)（make）sure it‟s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about．2017年I）There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.2017年Ⅱ）In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. z& It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and ___62__ word. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day.Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.参考答案2014年I）61.was 62.actually 63.the 64.or 65.to reduce 66.cleaner 67. that/which 68.amazing69.changes 70.patient2014年Ⅱ）61.being 62. and 63. disappointed 64. to 65. caught 66. to stop 67. riding 68.Did 69. me/mine 70. Suddenly2015年I）61 arrived 62 before/earlier 63its 64 that/which 65paintings 66 by 67 is 68 conducted 69 regularly 70 living2015年Ⅱ）61. built 62. the 63. ability 64. using 65. slowly66. to cool 67. at 68. goes 69. natural 70. how2016年I）61. attraction 62. was allowed 63. officially 64. to 65. when 66. permitted 67. introducing 68. its 69. d ays 70. the2016年Ⅱ）41.greater 42. achievement 43. is 44. on 45. as 46. studies 47. regularly 48. a 49. to bring 50. make2017年I）61.as 62. effects 63. to process 64. are removed 65. a 66. worse67. is68. eating69. careful 70. Which详细解析61. as 考查介词。
2014届高考英语临考冲刺语法讲解it用作形式主语代替动名词主要用于哪些句式
2014届高考英语临考冲刺语法讲解it用作形式主语代替动名词主要用于哪些句式第一篇：2014届高考英语临考冲刺语法讲解 it用作形式主语代替动名词主要用于哪些句式2014届高考英语临考冲刺语法讲解：it用作形式主语代替动名词主要用于哪些句式it用作形式主语代替动名词的用法主要见于以下句式：1.It is no use(no good, fun, great fun, a new experience, a great honour, etc)doing sth。
如：It is no good talking.空谈是没有用的。
It’s fun working for him.为他工作很有意思。
It’s great fun sailing a boat.扬帆驾舟十分有趣。
It’s no use shouting at him—he’s deaf.向他叫喊是没有用的——他耳聋。
It has been a great honour your coming to visit us.你来看望我们是极大荣幸。
2.It is good(nice, useless, interesting, pleasant, tiring, etc)doing sth。
如： It is useless speaking.光说没有用。
It was pleasant sitting there.坐在那里很愉快。
It’s so nice sitting here with you.和你坐在一起真是愉快。
It’s good hearing English spoken.听到人讲英语，我很高兴。
It’s terribly tiring working late like this.这样干到深夜是非常累人的。
3.it is worth while doing sth。
如：It’s worth while doing the work.这项工作值得做。
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总部地址
：中关村大街18号中关村数字物流港20层
2014考研英语
语法与长难句
主讲：徐磊
跨考教育基础课程
2013年1月
一、动词四大词性：名词、动词、形容词、副词。
二、英语句子的基本结构：名词（n）+动词（v）+名词（n）
例如： 我 爱 你 ！
三、各个词性在英语中使用的原则。
动词：句子的核心，有且只有一个。
名词：发出动作或者是动作的承受者。
形容词：修饰名词。
副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词。
例如：我 爱 你 ！
↑ ↑ ↑
形容词 副词 形容词 帅气的我十分爱温柔的你！
↑ ↑ ↑
副词 副词 副词 十分帅气的我十分爱非常温柔的你！
四、四大词性意义拓展
名词性：泛指一切等于名词的事物，传统语法中的主语和宾语。
动词性：泛指一切等于动词的事物，传统语法中的谓语。
形容词性：泛指一切等于形容词的事物，传统语法中的定语。
副词性：泛指一切等于副词的事物，传统语法中的状语。
｛名词本身，代词，数词
1、名词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：the+形容词（the old），to do ,doing.
｛句子变名词：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）。
2、动词性：只有动词本身
｛形容词本身
3、形容词性：｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词（with care=careful），动词+ing
（interesting），动词+ed（interested）,to do,名词（baby girl）。
｛句子变形容词：形容词性从句（定语从句）。
｛副词本身。
4、副词性： ｛其他词性变化得来：介词+名词，动词+ing，动词+ed,to do.
｛句子变副词：副词性从句（状语从句）。
五、语序调整
简单句：名词+动词+名词
修饰成分绝大多数后置，只有单个词做修饰成分时组要前置。
六、动词的十六大时态
四个时 四个态
现在时 一般
过去时 进行
将来时 完成
过去将来时 完成进行
七、名词性从句—句子变名词（主语从句、宾语从句）
三步法：1、按照简单陈述句翻译
｛看句子中是否有特殊疑问词，如果有，提前；
2、提前｛看句子中是否有“是否”意义的词，如果有，提前；
｛如果二者都没有，则要在句首加that。
3、代入主句：按照 名词+动词+名词结构调整语序进行翻译
注意：句子变名词要作为不可数名词
八、形容词性从句—句子变形容词（定语从句）
五步拆分法：1、拆分
2、翻译
3、替换
4、整体提前
5、插入
九、同位语从句
如何判断是定语从句还是同位语从句：把空格前面的名词插入空格后面从句的任何位置，
看该句是否成立，可能出现的有五种情况
1、 名词直接插入该句子成立，为定语从句
2、 名词加上“的”字插入该句子成立，为定语从句
3、 名词加上必要的“介词”插入该句子成立，为定语从句
4、 若以上三中方法插入该句子均不成立，且名词等于整个从句的意思，为同位语
5、 若以上四种情况均不成立，换其他名词再次插入，例如N1 of N2,如果N2不行，则插
入N1尝试，如果插入以后成立则为定语从句，若不成立，则为同位语从句。
十、名词性从句和形容词性从句的相互转化
例如：
名词性从句：I know what you know. =>I know the thing that you know. 形容词性从句
I know whatever you know.=>I know anything that you know
Who =the person who; whoever=any person who
What=the thing that; whatever=anything that
When=the time when; whenever=any time when
Where=the place where; wherever=any place where
How=the way hoe; however=any way how
十一、副词性从句—句子变副词（状语从句）
三步法：1、按简单句翻译
2、加副词关系词
3、代入主句翻译
状语类型：时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、方式、目的、让步、比较
十二、非谓语动词：
指动词变成了其他词性（名词、形容词、副词），但是还保留动词本身的一些特性
十三、长难句的基本分析方法
1、 数谓语动词，一个长难句子里面有几个动词就包含几个句子，主句只有一个，
从句的个数=谓语动词的数量-1。
2、 数连词，一般来说，有几个连词就有几个从句。
3、 划掉连词和其他紧跟动词的成分，最后得出的就是主句。
十四、实战练习
1、 Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share that because we are not robots
we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.
2、 While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in
reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or
achieve that？”
3、 This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation，
of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
4、 circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have
been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our
situation.
5、 The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before
we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
6、 Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects
would eat us up if birds failed to control them.