外文文献翻译格式
毕业论文的参考文献的中文格式与翻译
毕业论文的参考文献的中文格式与翻译参考文献是毕业论文中非常重要的部分，它汇集了作者在撰写论文过程中所参考的资料和引用的文献来源。
为了使参考文献的格式和翻译准确无误，以下是毕业论文参考文献的中文格式与翻译的详细介绍。
一、参考文献的中文格式在毕业论文中，参考文献的中文格式通常按照GB/T 7714-2015《文后参考文献著录规则》的要求进行编写。
下面是中文参考文献的格式示例：[1] 作者. 文献题目[J]. 期刊名, 年份, 卷号(期号): 起始页码-结束页码.[2] 作者. 文献题目[M]. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年份.[3] 作者. 文献题目[D]. 保存地: 保存单位, 年份.[4] 作者. 文献题目[EB/OL]. (更新或出版日期) [引用日期]. 可获取网址.上述格式中，方括号内的数字代表参考文献的顺序编号，作者表示文献的作者姓名，文献题目是对文献内容的简要概述，期刊名指的是该文献发表的期刊名称，年份代表文献发表的年份，卷号(期号)指的是该文献发表的期刊卷号和期刊期号，起始页码和结束页码表示文献在期刊中所占的页码范围，出版地指的是文献出版的地点，出版社表示文献的出版社，出版年份指的是文献的出版年份，保存地表示文献现在保存的地方，保存单位指的是文献的保管单位，更新或出版日期指的是网上资源的更新或出版日期，引用日期是获取网上资源时的日期，网址指的是网上资源的网址。
二、参考文献的翻译当我们在毕业论文中引用外文文献时，需要对文献题目进行翻译以便读者能够理解。
下面是一些常见的翻译方法和示例：1. 直译法：将外文文献的标题逐字逐句地直接翻译成中文。
示例：[1] Smith J. How to Write a Research Paper[J]. Journal of Academic Writing, 2018, 5(2): 123-135.翻译为：[1] 史密斯 J. 如何写一篇研究论文[J]. 学术写作杂志, 2018,5(2): 123-135.2. 意译法：根据文献的内容和语境将外文文献的标题进行意义上的翻译。
外文会议论文参考文献格式
外文会议论文参考文献格式外文会议论文参考文献格式英语论文参考文献格式是什么样的大家知道吗?下面由小编为大家精心收集的外文会议论文参考文献格式，希望可以帮到大家!外文会议论文参考文献格式篇1一、英语论文参考文献的类型参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文论文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.[1] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages[J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 –67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.[1] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.[1] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[2] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language T eaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.7.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期8.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的.进一步解释或补充说明。
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计)文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范一、毕业论文(设计)文献综述（一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。
2.正文综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向,特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果.通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。
文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确,量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。
文献综述字数在5000字以上。
正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。
参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号.期刊类文献书写方法:［序号］作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题(篇）名[J]。
刊名,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年:起止页次。
论文集类文献书写方法:［序号］作者.篇名［C].论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年:起止页次。
学位论文类书写方法：［序号]作者.篇名[D]。
出版地：单位名称，年份。
电子文献类书写方法:［序号]主要责任者。
题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志］出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径。
参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文(设计）工作的要求。
（二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1。
封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）"根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”,其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。
第二部分：文献综述主题1.中文摘要与关键词摘要标题(五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）摘要内容(五号，宋体）关键词标题(五号，宋体，顶格,加粗）关健词内容（五号,宋体，词间用分号隔开）2.正文标题标题最多分四级。
手把手教你把一篇英文文献瞬间翻译成格式的中文
手把手教你把一篇pdf英文文献瞬间翻译成doc格式的中文一、准备工作：需要安装软件：1. Adobe Acrobat professionals 8.1 这是真正的pdf制作软件（网上找激活码）按上吧，可以吧任何格式文档搞成pdf。
图12．谷歌浏览器二、翻译开始了1．用Adobe Acrobat professionals 8.1打开你要翻译的pdf英文文献。
然后点导出如图所示选择HTML网页格式导出生成一个这个htm格式网页文件2．点击打开这个网页如图复制地址红框中的3．点击谷歌浏览器打开粘贴地址吽，看到箭头指的的了吗、客气啥翻译呗。
搞定了还没完，不要直接复制这上面中文，选项另存为网页，再建个word复制进去就行了。
当然，谷歌的翻译水平不敢恭维还是认真校对，自己慢慢改吧，对长篇文章很管用滴。
若pdf文档质量不好，无法导出想要的格式那没办法了如何翻译外文文献在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google 翻译google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
交通安全外文翻译文献中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITA TIONS OF ACCIDENT ANALYSISS.OppeAbstraetAccident statistics, especially collected at a national level are particularly useful for the description, monitoring and prognosis of accident developments, the detection of positive and negative safety developments, the definition of safety targets and the (product) evaluation of long term and large scale safety measures. The application of accident analysis is strongly limited for problem analysis, prospective and retrospective safety analysis on newly developed traffic systems or safety measures, as well as for (process) evaluation of special short term and small scale safety measures. There is an urgent need for the analysis of accidents in real time, in combination with background behavioural research. Automatic incident detection, combined with video recording of accidents may soon result in financially acceptable research. This type of research may eventually lead to a better understanding of the concept of risk in traffic and to well-established theories.Keyword: Consequences; purposes; describe; Limitations; concerned; Accident Analysis; possibilities1. Introduction.This paper is primarily based on personal experience concerning traffic safety, safety research and the role of accidents analysis in this research. These experiences resulted in rather philosophical opinions as well as more practical viewpoints on research methodology and statistical analysis. A number of these findings are published already elsewhere.From this lack of direct observation of accidents, a number of methodological problems arise, leading to continuous discussions about the interpretation of findings that cannot be tested directly. For a fruitful discussion of these methodological problems it is very informative to look at a real accident on video. It then turns out that most of the relevant information used to explain the accident will be missing in the accident record. In-depth studies also cannot recollect all the data that is necessary in order to test hypotheses about the occurrence of the accident. For a particular car-car accident, that was recorded on video at an urban intersection in the Netherlands, between a car coming from a minor road, colliding with a car on the major road, the following questions could be asked: Why did the driver of the car coming from the minor road, suddenly accelerate after coming almost to a stop and hit the side of the car from the left at the main road? Why was the approaching car not noticed? Was it because the driver was preoccupied with the two cars coming from the right and the gap before them that offered him thepossibility to cross? Did he look left before, but was his view possibly blocked by the green van parked at the corner? Certainly the traffic situation was not complicated. At the moment of the accident there were no bicyclists or pedestrians present to distract his attention at the regularly overcrowded intersection. The parked green van disappeared within five minutes, the two other cars that may have been important left without a trace. It is hardly possible to observe traffic behavior under the most relevant condition of an accident occurring, because accidents are very rare events, given the large number of trips. Given the new video equipment and the recent developments in automatic incident and accident detection, it becomes more and more realistic to collect such data at not too high costs. Additional to this type of data that is most essential for a good understanding of the risk increasing factors in traffic, it also important to look at normal traffic behavior as a reference base. The question about the possibilities and limitations of accident analysis is not lightly answered. We cannot speak unambiguously about accident analysis. Accident analysis covers a whole range of activities, each originating from a different background and based on different sources of information: national data banks, additional information from other sources, especially collected accident data, behavioral background data etc. To answer the question about the possibilities and limitations, we first have to look at the cycle of activities in the area of traffic safety. Some ofthese activities are mainly concerned with the safety management of the traffic system; some others are primarily research activities.The following steps should be distinguished:- detection of new or remaining safety problems;- description of the problem and its main characteristics;- the analysis of the problem, its causes and suggestions for improvement;- selection and implementation of safety measures;- evaluation of measures taken.Although this cycle can be carried out by the same person or group of persons, the problem has a different (political/managerial or scientific) background at each stage. We will describe the phases in which accident analysis is used. It is important to make this distinction. Many fruitless discussions about the method of analysis result from ignoring this distinction. Politicians, or road managers are not primarily interested in individual accidents. From their perspective accidents are often treated equally, because the total outcome is much more important than the whole chain of events leading to each individual accident. Therefore, each accident counts as one and they add up all together to a final safety result.Researchers are much more interested in the chain of events leading to an individual accident. They want to get detailed information abouteach accident, to detect its causes and the relevant conditions. The politician wants only those details that direct his actions. At the highest level this is the decrease in the total number of accidents. The main source of information is the national database and its statistical treatment. For him, accident analysis is looking at (subgroups of) accident numbers and their statistical fluctuations. This is the main stream of accident analysis as applied in the area of traffic safety. Therefore, we will first describe these aspects of accidents.2. The nature of accidents and their statistical characteristics.The basic notion is that accidents, whatever there cause, appear according to a chance process. Two simple assumptions are usually made to describe this process for (traffic) accidents:- the probability of an accident to occur is independent from the occurrence of previous accidents;-the occurrence of accidents is homogeneous in time.If these two assumptions hold, then accidents are Poisson distributed. The first assumption does not meet much criticism. Accidents are rare events and therefore not easily influenced by previous accidents. In some cases where there is a direct causal chain (e.g. , when a number of cars run into each other) the series of accidents may be regarded as one complicated accident with many cars involved.The assumption does not apply to casualties. Casualties are often related to the same accident andtherefore the independency assumption does not hold. The second assumption seems less obvious at first sight. The occurrence of accidents through time or on different locations are not equally likely. However, the assumption need not hold over long time periods. It is a rather theoretical assumption in its nature. If it holds for short periods of time, then it also holds for long periods, because the sum of Poisson distributed variables, even if their Poisson rates are different, is also Poisson distributed. The Poisson rate for the sum of these periods is then equal to the sum of the Poisson rates for these parts.The assumption that really counts for a comparison of (composite) situations, is whether two outcomes from an aggregation of situations in time and/or space, have a comparable mix of basic situations. E.g. , the comparison of the number of accidents on one particular day of the year, as compared to another day (the next day, or the same day of the next week etc.). If the conditions are assumed to be the same (same duration, same mix of traffic and situations, same weather conditions etc.) then the resulting numbers of accidents are the outcomes of the same Poisson process. This assumption can be tested by estimating the rate parameter on the basis of the two observed values (the estimate being the average of the two values). Probability theory can be used to compute the likelihood of the equality assumption, given the two observations and their mean.This statistical procedure is rather powerful. The Poisson assumptionis investigated many times and turns out to be supported by a vast body of empirical evidence. It has been applied in numerous situations to find out whether differences in observed numbers of accidents suggest real differences in safety. The main purpose of this procedure is to detect differences in safety. This may be a difference over time, or between different places or between different conditions. Such differences may guide the process of improvement. Because the main concern is to reduce the number of accidents, such an analysis may lead to the most promising areas for treatment. A necessary condition for the application of such a test is, that the numbers of accidents to be compared are large enough to show existing differences. In many local cases an application is not possible. Accident black-spot analysis is often hindered by this limitation, e.g., if such a test is applied to find out whether the number of accidents at a particular location is higher than average. The procedure described can also be used if the accidents are classified according to a number of characteristics to find promising safety targets. Not only with aggregation, but also with disaggregation the Poisson assumption holds, and the accident numbers can be tested against each other on the basis of the Poisson assumptions. Such a test is rather cumbersome, because for each particular case, i.e. for each different Poisson parameter, the probabilities for all possible outcomes must be computed to apply the test. In practice, this is not necessary when the numbers are large. Then the Poissondistribution can be approximated by a Normal distribution, with mean and variance equal to the Poisson parameter. Once the mean value and the variance of a Normal distribution are given, all tests can be rephrased in terms of the standard Normal distribution with zero mean and variance one. No computations are necessary any more, but test statistics can be drawn from tables.3. The use of accident statistics for traffic safety policy.The testing procedure described has its merits for those types of analysis that are based on the assumptions mentioned. The best example of such an application is the monitoring of safety for a country or region over a year, using the total number of accidents (eventually of a particular type, such as fatal accidents), in order to compare this number with the outcome of the year before. If sequences of accidents are given over several years, then trends in the developments can be detected and accident numbers predicted for following years. Once such a trend is established, then the value for the next year or years can be predicted, together with its error bounds. Deviations from a given trend can also be tested afterwards, and new actions planned. The most famous one is carried out by Smeed 1949. We will discuss this type of accident analysis in more detail later.(1). The application of the Chi-square test for interaction is generalised to higher order classifications. Foldvary and Lane (1974), inmeasuring the effect of compulsory wearing of seat belts, were among the first who applied the partitioning of the total Chi-square in values for the higher order interactions of four-way tables.(2). Tests are not restricted to overall effects, but Chi-square values can be decomposed regarding sub-hypotheses within the model. Also in the two-way table, the total Chisquare can be decomposed into interaction effects of part tables. The advantage of 1. and 2. over previous situations is, that large numbers of Chi-square tests on many interrelated (sub)tables and corresponding Chi-squares were replaced by one analysis with an exact portioning of one Chi-square.(3). More attention is put to parameter estimation. E.g., the partitioning of the Chi-square made it possible to test for linear or quadratic restraints on the row-parameters or for discontinuities in trends.(4). The unit of analysis is generalised from counts to weighted counts. This is especially advantageous for road safety analyses, where corrections for period of time, number of road users, number of locations or number of vehicle kilometres is often necessary. The last option is not found in many statistical packages. Andersen 1977 gives an example for road safety analysis in a two-way table. A computer programme WPM, developed for this type of analysis of multi-way tables, is available at SWOV (see: De Leeuw and Oppe 1976). The accident analysis at this level is not explanatory. It tries to detect safety problems that need specialattention. The basic information needed consists of accident numbers, to describe the total amount of unsafety, and exposure data to calculate risks and to find situations or (groups of) road users with a high level of risk. 4. Accident analysis for research purposes.Traffic safety research is concerned with the occurrence of accidents and their consequences. Therefore, one might say that the object of research is the accident. The researcher’s interest however is less focused at this final outcome itself, but much more at the process that results (or does not result) in accidents. Therefore, it is better to regard the critical event in traffic as his object of study. One of the major problems in the study of the traffic process that results in accidents is, that the actual occurrence is hardly ever observed by the researcher.Investigating a traffic accident, he will try to reconstruct the event from indirect sources such as the information given by the road users involved, or by eye-witnesses, about the circumstances, the characteristics of the vehicles, the road and the drivers. As such this is not unique in science, there are more examples of an indirect study of the object of research. However, a second difficulty is, that the object of research cannot be evoked. Systematic research by means of controlled experiments is only possible for aspects of the problem, not for the problem itself. The combination of indirect observation and lack of systematic control make it very difficult for the investigator to detectwhich factors, under what circumstances cause an accident. Although the researcher is primarily interested in the process leading to accidents, he has almost exclusively information about the consequences, the product of it, the accident. Furthermore, the context of accidents is complicated. Generally speaking, the following aspects can be distinguished: - Given the state of the traffic system, traffic volume and composition, the manoeuvres of the road users, their speeds, the weather conditions, the condition of the road, the vehicles, the road users and their interactions, accidents can or cannot be prevented.- Given an accident, also depending on a large number of factors, such as the speed and mass of vehicles, the collision angle, the protection of road users and their vulnerability, the location of impact etc., injuries are more or less severe or the material damage is more or less substantial. Although these aspects cannot be studied independently, from a theoretical point of view it has advantages to distinguish the number of situations in traffic that are potentially dangerous, from the probability of having an accident given such a potentially dangerous situation and also from the resulting outcome, given a particular accident.This conceptual framework is the general basis for the formulation of risk regarding the decisions of individual road users as well as the decisions of controllers at higher levels. In the mathematical formulation of risk we need an explicit description of our probability space, consistingof the elementary events (the situations) that may result in accidents, the probability for each type of event to end up in an accident, and finally the particular outcome, the loss, given that type of accident.A different approach is to look at combinations of accident characteristics, to find critical factors. This type of analysis may be carried out at the total group of accidents or at subgroups. The accident itself may be the unit of research, but also a road, a road location, a road design (e.g. a roundabout) etc.中文译文交通事故分析的可能性和局限性S.Oppe摘要交通事故的统计数字, 尤其国家一级的数据对监控和预测事故的发展, 积极或消极检测事故的发展, 以及对定义安全目标和评估工业安全特别有益。
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部经济学部专业经济学年级 2007级班级名称 07经济学6班学号 16020706001学生姓名张瑜琴指导教师陈锶2011 年05月目录1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1)2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2)3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4)3.1内在的单位 (4)3.2财务子公司 (5)3.3策略的同盟 (5)3.4服务公司模型 (6)4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8)5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。
整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。
如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。
资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。
如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。
然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。
举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。
或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。
这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。
在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。
在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。
外文文献的引用格式
外文文献的引用格式一、APA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母.（出版年份）. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围。
例如：Smith, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 35(2), 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和出版年份，用括号括起来。
例如：According to Smith (2020), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.二、MLA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母. “文献.” 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份。
例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和页码，用括号括起来。
例如：According to Smith (123), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.三、Chicago格式Chicago格式是美国芝加哥大学推荐的引用格式，广泛应用于历史、艺术、哲学等领域。
Chicago格式有两种引用方式：脚注和尾注。
具体格式如下：1. 脚注/尾注作者姓，名字首字母. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份.例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上脚注或尾注编号，如：1。
外文翻译及文献综述规范与要求
毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）Electrode layout of ZnO pyroelectric sensorsAbstractIn the present study, an electrode layout of pyroelectric sensors is developed to improve electric signals. Voltage responsivity is a main target to enhance the performance of pyroelectric sensors. A partially covered, top electrode has been proven to effectively increase the voltage responsivity of pyroelectric sensors. In the experimental results, the proposed electrode layout with an array type in ZnO pyroelectric sensors possessed higher voltage signals, about 3.6 times that of a fully covered type, and about 2 times that of a partially covered type. Moreover, a finite element model is used to explore the temperature variation rate in ZnO pyroelectric sensors for both the fully covered and the partially covered electrodes. In the simulation results, the partially covered electrode can indeed improve the temperature variation rate in the ZnO layer.Keywords: MEMS; Pyroelectric; Sensor; ZnO1. IntroductionMultilayer pyroelectric sensors have been successfully used in many applications, such as pollution monitoring, hot image detectors, intruder alarms, and gas analysis. They possess many advantages including non-cooled detection, room-temperature operation, lower system costs, fast speeds, port-ability, having a wide spectral response with high sensitivity and being integrable with on-chip circuitry [1-3]. The conventional pyroelectric sensors are comprised of a pyroelectriclayer sandwiched between top and bottom electrodes. The topside is exposed to a heat source. The dynamic response currentof pyroelectric sensors is proportional to the temperaturevariation rate of pyroelectric layers [1]. A higher temperaturevariation rate in the pyroelectric layer leads to a higher response current for the pyroelectric sensors. A partially covered,top electrode has been proven to result in a higher responsivity than that of a fully covered electrode because it opens windows for the ZnO layer to directly come into contact with theheat source [4]. Therefore, the electrode layout plays an important role in pyroelectric sensors. This concept has been expanded to etch a three-dimensional pattern on the respon- sive element of LiTaO3; lateral temperature gradients will beinduced on the sidewall of responsive elements under homogenous irradiation. Therefore, the temperature variation rates of responsive elements increases, which can increase the voltage responsivity of pyroelectric sensors [5].ZnO is a unique material because it possesses various prop-erties like semiconductivity, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity. Wide band-gap wurtzite phase ZnO has attracted attentiondue to its versatility in many promising applications, such as blue and ultraviolet light emitters, transparent conductors,solar cell windows, gas sensors, photovoltaic devices, pyroelectric imaging sensors, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR). ZnO films have been synthesized by numerous methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, the filtered cathodic vacuum arctechnique, and the sol-gel process. The quality of ZnO films obtained by these methods depends on the growth methods and conditions. Thus, preferential orientation of ZnO films depends on growth conditions. The most densely packed and thermodynamically favorable growth orientation in a ZnO wurtzite structure is the one with the c-axis perpendicular to a substrate. ZnO films, with the c-axis normal to the substrate, are preferred in many applications, such as ZnO pyroelectric devices [4, 6] and film bulk acoustic resonators [7]. The pyroelectricity of ZnO is attributable to non-centro-symmetrical crystals and has a specific polar axis along the direction of spontaneous polarization [1, 2]. Given that ZnO is subjected to temperature variations, its internal polarization will produce an electric field. ZnO films are usually deposited by RF sputtering. The properties of ZnO are affected by sputtering conditions such as the composition of mixed process gases, working注意：英文翻译标题格式： Times New Roman－四号－加粗；英文正文： Times New Roman－五号－单倍行距。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式一般需包括以下内容：
1. 文献翻译的题目：对外文文献的标题进行翻译，并在翻译后的题目前加上“外文文献翻译：”。
2. 文献的出处：包括外文文献的作者名称、文献标题、原文出版信息等。
3. 翻译的正文：按照文章的段落，将外文文献逐段翻译成中文。
在翻译的文本前后加上序号，以示区分。
4. 翻译的语言风格：外文文献翻译应注重语言风格的保持。
翻译时要根据文章的风格，选择适当的中文表达方式，保持原文的句子结构和词汇用法。
5. 原文和译文对照：将原文和译文对照排列，方便读者对照阅读。
可以将原文和译文分别排列在左右两栏中，或者将原文和译文分别放在不同的页面上，便于对照阅读。
6. 翻译中的注释：如果有部分内容翻译困难或有待解释的地方，在翻译文中添加注释。
注释的格式一般为在译文后面加上方括号，括号内的文字为注释内容。
7. 译者的信息：在文献翻译末尾一般会加上译者的姓名，并注明译者的专业领域或者工作单位。
总之，外文文献翻译格式需要将原文翻译成中文，保持原文的结构和风格，并加上适当的注释和对照，方便读者阅读和理解。