TPO17 听力script
中级英语听力教程：Lesson 17 How to Keep Fit
How to Keep FitText ATen years ago I used to be very fit. T cycled to work and I got a lot of exercise at the weekends. I used to play tennis a lot and go for long walks. In those days I didn't earn very much. I had a job in an office. It wasn't a very good job but I had a lot of time to do the things I enjoyed doing.Then, about eight years ago, I got a much better job. The pay was better. But the hours were a lot longer, too. I bought a car and drove to work every day. I began to take people out to lunch. 'Expense account' lunches. And I began to put on weight, too. I stopped playing tennis and going for long walks at the weekend because I just didn't have any time for things like that any more.There's a lot of stress in a job like mine. Perhaps that's why I starred drinking more than I used to. For example,I used to have only half a glass of whisky when I got home, then I started filling the glass to the top. Then I had another glass , and then another. I started smoking a lot , too. I never used to smoke at all.Two months ago I had a heart attack. At first I just couldn't believe it. `I'm too young,' I said. Luckily it wasn't very serious. Iwas in hospital.a few days and they did a lot of tests. The doctor advised me to stop smoking and to eat less. He told me to do a lot of other things , too. But I don't see how I can do some of them and keep my job. For example, he advised, me to work less, and get more exercise. But I just havern't any time! My job takes everything out of me!Sometimes I wonder if I should get. anather jab. Perhaps I could do something like I used to do. But if I do that, I won't earn as much. I have a family to support: I have to think of them, too. I just don't know what I should do. What do you think?Text BHere is one person who really believes in keeping fit. Her name is Mrs Laura Taylor. She is 45 but looks at least 10 years younger. Let's listen to her story.It all started about two. years ago. Tn those days things were very different. I was overweight. I used to smoke a lot- about 30'cigarettes a day. I never got any exercise. I used to stay at home all day: I never went out into the fresh air, except to do the shopping.. And even then I used to take the car.One day I looked at myself in the misror.'My God,' I thought. `I look terrible t' I tried to touch my toes. I couldn't.do it. I found an old dress.I couldn't put it on. It was too small. Or rather, I was too fat! The next day I tried to jog a little. At first it was terrible. I mean I just couIdn't run. Not even a short distance. And at ftrst people used to laugh at me.`Why are you running? Are you in a hurry?' they shouted. But now I've completely changed the way i live. I've stopped reating meat and I've statted,eating far more fresh vegetables. My husband and daughter have started that, tdo. At first they didn't like the new food. But they've changed. About six months ago I sold my car and bought a bike. Recently I've started doing yoga exercises. My husband often goes cycling with me now and my daughter jogs with me in the evening. 'They've both lost weight and are much healthier than they used to be, too.Additional InformationYOGAHave you ever tried to hold your breath for a long time and then let it out slowly? This is one of the techniques of anancient Indian discipline known as Yoga. For thousands of years , people have used Yoga to help search for happiness and contentment.Students of Yoga often study for as long as 20 years before becoming masters, or Yogis. They learn many different physioal exercises. These exercises are designed to put the students in good Physical condition. Then theycan concentrate on deep religious thoughts without worrying about physical discomforts.Many Yoga exercises involve putting the body into difficult positions. Some of them are very hard to learn. Have you ever tried to fold your legs over one another? This is one of the basic Yoga positions. It is called the lgtus position. Most people find it difficult to stay in that positio for even a few minutes. But Yogis train themselves to remain inthe lotus position for hours or even days. They are taught to overcome the physical discomforts of holding these positions. Other exercises and rules teach concentation- Yogis feel this is the key to finding inner peace. This kind of concentration is called meditation.Yogis and many other people practice meditatjon. Theyclaim that it makes them feel relaxed and peaceful. Some people say that it makes them feel better - just as good exercise does. But other people claim that it is a way of achieving a strong religious feeling. These peopie say that meditation helps them feel much closer to God.The word Yoga itself comes from an ancient Saqgkrit word meanin "union". What kind of union do you think the word refers to? Why would peoplewant to have this kind of experience?1drovevbl.驾驶，drive的过去式；n.畜群参考例句：He drove at a speed of sixty miles per hour.他以每小时60英里的速度开车。
托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】摘要：托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】!为帮助大家更好的使用托福听力TPO资料，小编今天特给出最新修订版内容，让大家了解最新的考试内容，这是完整的托福TPO1-31听力原文文本还有音频资料哦!托福 TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】!为帮助大家更好的使用托福听力 TPO资料，小编今天特给出最新修订版内容，让大家了解最新的考试内容，这是完整的托福TPO1-31听力原文文本还有音频资料哦!TPO1Conversation 1NarratorListen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian.StudentHi, um…, I really hope you can help me.LibrarianThat’s why I’m here. What can I do for you?StudentI’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I’m… having a hard time finding articles. I don’t even know where to start looking.LibrarianYou said this is for your psychology course, right? So your focus is on …StudentDream Interpretation.LibrarianWell, you have a focus, so that’s already a good start. Hmmm… well, there’re a few things… oh wait… have you checked to see if your professor put any materials for you to look at on reserve?Studentifferent journals.Librarian针对大家托福听力提分困难的复习处境，小马有开发出模拟托福听力考场环境的托福听力APP,小马托福听力APP中涵盖了TPO1-34听力真题全部内容的，答案解析应有尽有。
大学英语四级听力-17(无听力原文)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
大学英语四级听力-17(无听力原文)(总分252, 做题时间90分钟)Section ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.• A. That Monica already knows about the party.• B. That Karl doesn't know Monica.• C. That Karl will probably tell Monica about the party.• D. That Karl won't tell Monica about the party.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.• A. He is surprised.• B. He feels very happy.• C. He is indifferent.• D. He feels very angry.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.• A. To wait a while before the meeting starts.• B. To drink coffee before the meeting.• C. To take a coffee break after the meeting starts.• D. To have coffee later.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.• A. He felt better an hour ago.• B. His headache should have quit an hour ago.• C. He forgot to take the medicine for his headache.• D. His head still hurts.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.• A. h looks quite new.• B. It needs to be repaired.• C. It looks old, but it works well.• D. Its engine needs to be paintedA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.• A. She already has tickets for both of them.• B. She is trying to fool him.• C. She thinks it's going to be hard to get the tickets.• D. She doesn't want to get the tickets.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.• A. He enjoys reading letters.• B. He has been job-hunting.• C. He is offering the woman a job.• D. He is working for a company.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN• A. She won the match easily.• B. She won the match though she fell.• C. She lost the match though she did not fall.• D. She lost the match because she fell.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DConversation OneSSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.• A. He bought it from the cinema.• B. He was given by his friends.• C. He went to the opening day ceremony.• D. He bought it from his friends.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.• A. Many people want to watch this film.• B. The name of the film is "Star Wars".• C. They are going to watch the pre-sale "Star Wars" movie.• D. Some people spend 200 dollars on one ticket of the film.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.• A. $10.• B. $ 50.• C. $100.• D. $ 200.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7SSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.• A. At 5.• B. At 6.• C. At 7.• D. At 8.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CConversation TwoSSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.• A. Physics.• B. History.• C. Philosophy.• D. Geography.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.• A. He is fascinated with PC games.• B. He watches too many soap operas.• C. He has to read many reference hooks.• D. He likes chatting with his roommates.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN15.• A. Improving his English and taking notes.• B. Getting involved in the class and having a sound sleep at night.• C. Sitting in the front and setting the alarm clock earlier.• D. taking notes and taking to the professor.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:ASection BPassage OneSSS_SIMPLE_SIN16.• A. Sam Maynard saved his job with humor.• B. Humor is important in our lives.• C. Early bird gets the worm.• D. Humor can solve racial discriminations.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN17.A. Because he was ill.B. Because he got up late.C. Because he was caught in a traffic jam.D. He was busy applying for a new job.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:CSSS_SIMPLE_SIN18.• A. By entertaining his supervisor.• B. By apologizing to his boss.• C. By pleasing his colleagues.• D. By applying for the job again.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN19.• A. Many lose life's battles for they are lacking in a sense of humor.• B. It wasn't the first time that Sam came late for his work.• C. Sam was supposed to come to his office at 8:30.• D. Humor is the most effective way of solving problems.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BPassage TwoSSS_SIMPLE_SIN20.• A. 2-4 times.• B. 4-6 times.• C. 6-8 times.• D. About 10 times.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN21.• A. Dreams show people are working at night.• B. Dreams help people look at situations and fears in their daily lives.• C. Dreams can help us solve our problems.• D. Dreams allow us to have different personalities.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN22.• A. King and queen stand for our bosses.• B. Small animals stand for children.• C. A long journey means worries about one's own work.• D. Crossing a river means we are successful.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BPassage ThreeSSS_SIMPLE_SIN23.• A. To get supplies.• B. To get to their iobs.• C. To carry their products.• D. To enjoy themselves.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN24.• A. Beeause they all work in the **pany.B. Because they do not want their children to take school buses.• C. Because they live more than a mile from the school.• D. Because they take turns driving their children to school.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN25.• A. All the American families have cars.• B. Car pools put fewer ears on the road.• C. Parking places are always available in large cities.• D. Cars are driven only by businessmen.A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:BSection CThe most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can 1 the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bitof 2 **e across accidentally--or a sudden 3 , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such 4 encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it. But noteacher can make the 5 or the joy happen. That's up to you.A research paper, 6 in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a 7 where the joy of discovery and learning **e to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and 8 process, and ideal learning process. 9 But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just a classroomexercise. 10 ,which forms the basis of many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering. So, 11 !SSS_FILL26.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:exceed[解析] 36-46The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can (exceed) the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bitof (information) **e across accidentally--or asudden (insight) , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such (personal) encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it. But no teacher can makethe (excitement) or the joy happen. That's up to you.A research paper, (assigned) in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and intoa (process) where the joy of discovery and learning **e to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an activeand (individual) process, and ideal learning process. (It provides a structure within which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education) But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. (It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing) ,which forms the basis of many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering. So, (to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying experience) !SSS_FILL27.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:informationSSS_FILL28.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:insightSSS_FILL29.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:personalSSS_FILL30.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:excitementSSS_FILL31.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:assignedSSS_FILL32.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:processSSS_FILL33.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:individualSSS_FILL34.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:It provides a structure within which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to educationSSS_FILL35.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizingSSS_FILL36.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 7答案:to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying experience1。
口译与听力unit 17-a
1. Investors are also concerned that once the economy improves, people might lose interest in further education.投资者还担心，一旦经济恢复，人们可能会对继续教育失去兴趣。
2. We are much more inclusive of students, allowing their participation on many levels, in contrast to the traditional lecture model.相对于传统的授课方式，我们的教学方法对学生更加包容，让他们通过多种方式来学习。
3. Private companies are becoming conscious of their social responsibility and many would like to join such initiatives.私营公司正在意识到它们的社会责任，而且许多公司愿意加入这样的计划。
4. In addition to making art, he sold it, not only dealing his own work but that of other artists.除了制造艺术，他也自己销售他不仅经营自己的绘画，而且卖其他艺术家的作品。
5. To our surprise, he landed up by gaining a scholarship.令大家吃惊的是，他最后竟得到了一笔奖学金。
6. Due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding school.由于高昂的学费，大多数普通家庭无力支付他们的孩子上寄宿学校。
【TPO小站】托福听力完全自学讲义_非常详细
新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1.新托福和旧托福的对比考试形式预读题目笔记题型PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 multiple choiceIBT新托福Internet No Yes New types2.题量，时间，分数文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min /conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 min SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准3.题目的考查形式➢考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本➢电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书➢新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题➢答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限➢答题流程：永不悔改4.文章材料的考查形式➢文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查➢文章长度：比旧托福长➢文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活➢文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5.新托福考试题型概述IBT listening comprehensionBasiccomprehensionGist questionDetail questionPragmaticunderstandingPurpose questionAttitude questionConnectinginformationOrganization questionInference question题号问题题型1Why does the student go to see theprofessor?Gist question2 According to the professor, whatinformation should the student include inher statement of purpose?Detail Question3What does the professor consider unusualabout the student’s background?Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about Detail Questionhis friend who went ot medical school?5 What does the professor imply about thepeople who admit students to graduateschool?Inference question6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question7 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the woman say this?Purpose question8 According to the conversation, why aretransposes sometimes called “jumpinggenes”?Detail Question9 According to the conversation, what are twoways in which bacteria cells get resistancegenes?Detail Question10What can be inferred about the resistancegenes discussed in the conversation?Inference question11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question12What is the professor’s point of viewconcerning the method of “safe yield”?Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two Detail Questionproblems associated with removing wter from an underground system?14 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question15What is a key feature of a sustainable watersystem?Detail Question16 What does the professor imply about watersystems managed by the “safe yield”method?Inference question17Why does the professor talk about Plato’sdescription of society?Gist question18 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor imply aboutplato’s ethical theory?Attitude question19 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor ask this?Purpose question20 What are two points that reflect Plato’s Detail Questionviews about education?21 Based on information in the lecture, indicatewhether the statements below abouthuman emotion reflect beliefs held by Plato,Organizationquestion22According to Plato, what is the maincharacteristic of a good or just person?Detail Question23 What is the main topic of the lecture? Gist question24According to the professor, why did onescientist grow a rye plant in water?Detail Question25 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question26 The professor mentions houseplants thatreceive too much water. Why does shemention them?Detail Question27 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor intend to explain?Purpose question28According to the professor, what similarity isthere between crabgrass and rye plants?Detail Question29 What is the lecture mainly about? Gist question30 Why does the professor talk about aconstruction company that has work indifferent cities?Detail Question31 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question32What is an example of a violation of the“unity of command” principle?Detail Question33 According to the professor, where mightthere be a conflict in an organizationalstructure based on both projects andfunction?Detail Question34 Indicate whether each sentence belowdescribes functional organization or project organization. Place a check mark in thecorrect box.Organizationquestion➢Gist question: 6➢Detail question: 16➢Purpose question: 6➢Attitude question: 1➢Organization question: 2➢Inference question: 3 6.界面展示7.IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分图片资料名称特点推荐使用方法The Official Study Guide ●题目数量不多●难度较简单●题型全面，和考试相同，质量高●精听精做●题目分类研究●文章精读研究●不建议模考ETS TOEFL PRACTICE ONLINE ●一共14套，其中新东方引进4套，还有2套是OG题目，其他全部为全真试题●难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现●题型全面，场景全面●精听精做●建议最后冲刺模考DELTA 新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题●题目数量大，后面有四套模拟试题●前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟●精听精做●建议考前强化训练●对语速跟读●听力材料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些●题型和考试相差很多，不建议细钻模仿DELTA 新托福考试模拟试题●题目数量大，有六套模拟试题●具体特点同蓝皮delta●建议考前模拟●对语速跟读模仿BARRON 新托福考试全真模考题与精解●题目数量大，后面有7套模拟试题●难度偏小，在基础班使用●建议平时精听训练KAPLAN模考试题四套●有四套模拟试题●听力部分略难，语速略快●配合模拟光盘，有临考感觉●考前模考THOMSON模考试题两套●只有两套题，但质量很好，文章难度适中，题目难度和Barron相近，感觉上略难一些，和考试非●建议模考常相似。
剑桥听力17
剑桥17-18听力1.Listen and draw a line.1)Woman: Look, that’s a big elephant.Man: Yes, it’s a purple elephant.Woman: Put the elephant on the bus.Man: OK, put the elephant on the bus.2)Woman: Can you see a tiger?Man: Yes, it’s a yellow tiger.Woman: OK, put the tiger on the bike.Man: What?Woman: Put the tiger on the bike.Man: All right. Put the tiger on the bike.3)Woman: Can you see a duck?Man: Yes, It’s a yellow duck.Woman: Put the duck under the tree.Man: I’ll put the duck under the tree.4)Woman: Can you see a fish?Man: Yes.Woman: Put the fish in the water.Man: I’ll put the fish in the water.5)Woman: Can you see the balls?Man: Yes, there are two balls.Woman: Put one ball on the umbrella, and other one in the water. 2.Listen and write.Woman: Look, this is a boy, his name is Jack. J-a-c-k. Woman: How many children is he playing with? Man: It should be four.Woman: What is the mouse doing?Man: He’s playing with a ball.Woman: How many balls does this cat play?Man: Five balls.Woman: What is the monkey eating?Man: It’s a fish.Woman: What’s in the boy’s hand?Man: It’s a bird.Woman: No, it’s not a bird. It’s a chicken.Man: OK, it’s a chicken.3.Listen and tick the box.What’s Ben playing with?He’s playing with a lizard.Where’s Jane?She is in the kitchen.What does Tom like eating?He likes apples.Where is the dog?It’s under the bed.Which girl is Jane?The girl with green hair.What animal has Bill got?He hasn’t got anything.4.Listen, colour and draw.Man: Can you see the big tree?Woman: Yes.Man: Colour the big tree red.Woman: OK, colour the big tree red.Man: Can you see ducks?Woman: There are two ducks.Man: Colour the duck in the water blue.And colour the duck near the water yellow. Woman: Colour the duck in the water blue.And colour the duck near the water yellow.Man: Can you see the two birds?Woman: Yes.Man: Colour one bird black, and one bird gray. Woman: Colour one bird black, and one bird gray. Man: Colour the umbrella purple.Woman: Colour the umbrella purple.Man: Draw a green ball in the water.Woman: Draw a green ball in the water.Man: Draw a dog between the table and the chair. Woman: Draw a dog between the table and the chair.5.Listen and tick.1)What’s Nick doing?He’s listening to the radio.2)What’s the cat doing?She’s watching the fish.3)Which boy is Ben?The boy on the horse.4)Where is the mouse?He’s in front of the bed.。
高中英语听力突破I Unit 17英语听力
高中英语听力突破I Unit 17听力文件无病毒请放心打开听力风向标听力中有关职业与身份、关系话题的测试是必考而且是非常重要的内容。
一般要求根据谈话内容判断说话者一方或双方的职业、身份以及双方的关系等。
试题多为以who，what 开头的特殊疑问句。
要求根据内容中所提供的言论和行动，结合生活常识判断说话人的身份。
如听到May I have your order? 就可判断说话者是餐馆服务员。
另一种情况是根据谈话内容判断说话双方之间的身份关系。
问题经常是What’s the relationship between the two speakers? 这种题目并不难。
首先，三个选项往往是表示三种不同的职业或者表示说话者之间的关系的词，如teacher and student，听时要把握住对话中的关键词，如：听到renew，library 就可判断为图书管理员与读者关系，这样一般可以选对答案。
必备工具箱常用词汇：relationship 关系，teacher 教师，professor 教授，lecturer 讲师，engineer 工程师，librarian 图书管理员，secretary 秘书，doctor 医生，dentist 牙医，conductor 售票员，waitress 女服务员，operator 接线员，cashier 收银员，salesman 推销员，clerk 办事员，tailor 裁缝，novelist 小说家，writer 作家，lawyer 律师，cook 厨师，butcher 屠夫，manager 经理，leader 领导，boss老板，coach 教练，employee 雇员，parents 父母，father 父亲，mother 母亲，brother 兄弟，sister 姐妹，aunt 婶，姨，姑，uncle 叔，伯，姑父，cousin 堂兄弟姐妹，nephew 侄子，niece 侄女，son 儿子，daughter 女儿，relative 亲威，friend 朋友，boyfriend 男朋友，girlfriend 女朋友，pen-friend 笔友，e-pal 网友，neighbour 邻居，classmate 同学，roommate 室友，team mate 队友，colleague 同事常用短语：the relationship between ………之间的关系，work as …当……，in charge (of) 负责；主管，make a/ the difference 有影响，很重要，have nothing to do with …和……毫无关系，off duty 下班，on duty 值班，上班，each other 互相，get along/ on with 进展，相处融洽，look after 照管，照料，by oneself 独自，单独，keep in touch 保持联系，keep one’s word 守信用，at work 在工作，忙于，out of work 失业，help sb. with sth.在……方面帮助某人，blame sb. for 因……责备某人，question sb. on就……询问某人，be satisfied with对……感到满意，share happiness and sorrow 同甘共苦，be busy with 忙于，at somebody’s service 愿意为某人效劳常用句型：Can you give me your name and address and telephone number, please?你能留下你的姓名、地址和电话号码吗？Where are you from? 你是哪里人？I am a…我是……I work in …我在……工作。
托福听力TPO66 Script
Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and the literature professor.How was that conference last weekend? Professor Mouse.Great. I heard some really terrific presentations, refreshing topics too about authors you don't usually hear too much about.Why not?Oh well you know. It's a funny thing about academia. You'd think scholars would do research about every topic imaginable. But actually some authors, some genres aren't respected very much. So not very much is written about them. Uh Gothic literature, detective novels...But that's what the conference was about?Yeah, pretty much. It was kind of subversive, I guess. But there's a whole wealth of knowledge out there just waiting to be explored. I find that really exciting.Sure.Yeah uh anyway. You wanted to ask me about the final paper?Yeah which I see now ties into the theme of that conference. Since we're supposed to write about a book from one of those lesser genres. I was wondering what about science fiction?Sure, though it's a genre that's actually getting more and more respect within academia. There was even a talk at the conference about Jack Vance.Oh He wrote planet of adventure, right?Yeah He's a well researched-respected science fiction writer. If you're interested in science fiction, you could look them up. That lead you to lots of other authors and lots of possibilities for your paper.Great, well I'm relieved you think that's a good genre to study. I'll find a book that interests me and do the paper on that. It seems like most people assume that science fiction is kind of like, I don't know, junk literature.Yes, a lot of people do.Yeah. But I've read some things and I think that some of it is really well written and it takes so much imagination to write sci-fi.Well Careful though there's a difference between science fiction and sci-fi.What do you mean?Well see sci-fi, that's what you you tend to see in films. It has all the spaceships and robots. And it focuses on exotic technology. You know a wow factor let like special effects at the expense of a well written story. I think a lot of people don't realize this and tend not to make a distinction.Okay.But true science fiction is much more intellectual than that. The story is very important. And even though it might take place in an imaginary world, and it might have exotic gadgets, the focus is on the plot. Science fiction creates metaphors about our world. And well what it means to be human. It's meant to get people to think about real things like like history and human behavior. That's worthy of your time, butGreat. Well Uh can I let you know next week which book I want to write about? Sure.Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Okay. Today I want to talk about sleep. We all sleep, humans sleep, many animals sleep. When we sleep, we aren't actually unconscious, but in a state of reduced awareness of our surroundings. Now what does that mean for animals in the wild if they're in a state like that, unable to monitor their environment?Well they're helpless, vulnerable to predators, maybe?Right. They're vulnerable to predators, yet they sleep. So let's talk about why? The biology of sleep. So the first thing I want you to understand is that sleeps a very risky behavior. And risky behaviors don't evolve unless they bring the animals some kind of benefit that outweighs that risk. So sleep must have a really important function. And I wanna emphasize that there's a difference between sleep and other forms of inactivity, like regular rest. The insects, for instance, rest, but they don't sleep. What's specific to sleep is that the brain alters many of its usual activities, including its connection to sensory and motor organs. It it shuts those connections down. So a sleeping animal can usually neither sense nor move. And I say usually because well well we'll get to that in a minute.So basically all mammals and birds sleep, but there are some unusual ways of sleeping. Take marine mammals like dolphins, dolphins need to swim up for air once in a while. So they can't completely shut off all movement and sensation so their brain can't shut down completely. But dolphins get around this. How? Well, they sleep one brain hemisphere at a time. Sleeping dolphins actually look like they're just resting awake and occasionally swim up for air. So how can we even tell they're sleeping? Well we measured their brain activity, which showed that 1/2 was active while the other was sleeping. Oh that's some adaptation, Huh? So what is the function of sleep? As I said, it must be important. But why? Okay, I know you're all tempted to say um that sleeps when the whole body rests. That sleep is our mechanism to to recover from physical activity. And And it's true when you sleep, your muscles lose their tone, they relax, the body saves energy. But this could happen even during regular waking rest I mean that's probably what happens when insects rest. You don't need sleep for that. You can get the same benefit by resting awake. So this doesn't explain why sleep evolved. To explain the real function, the most important benefit of sleep. You'll need to focus on the brain, not the muscles. Remember how we can tell that a dolphin sleeping, not just resting? It's because of unique pattern of brain activity, which is a clue that sleeps function has to do specifically with the brain. And that's the general consensus, because that's what could explain why it evolved. It also explains why sleep is a characteristic of mammals and birds, because they have the most complex brains of all animals. The The simpler brain, uh like like a reptiles, gets by with little sleep or or even without sleep. Okay. So we we know that sleep benefits the brain, but in what way? We're not sure yet. OK. So one hypothesis is that um during sleep. thebrain synthesizers molecules that it needs for proper functioning when awake. The longer we stay awake, the more those molecules get depleted. So the brain needs to replenish them. And this supposedly happens during sleep. Uh I'm talking about uh energy sources like glycogen and some types of neurotransmitter as that are needed to transmit signals between nerve cells. So these get replenished during sleep. And the next morning our brain is working with a full supply of energy and neural transmitters again, well that that explains why we feel so alert and mentally refreshed after a night's sleep. Ah yes, Jim?Well you know, I don't..I don't work well in the morning at all.Yeah, I do my best work at night too.Not everyone's at their best in the morning. I'll grant you that. But that doesn't rule out the replenishment hypothesis. It's just a bit more complicated than I said. Then we're fairly sure that there's this other rhythm of mental activity going on that's independent of sleep. I's like a preprogrammed 24 hours cycle. Your mental activity peaks at a certain hour everyday, like at night for you two. And then it goes down at some other point. But the point is that after a sleepless night, that peak is not as high as it would normally be. And the longer you go without the lower those peaks get. So the replenishment may be needed to keep the metal peaks high. Does that make sense? The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. That's what I'm trying to say.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.So we'll continue today with the topic of fish movement. And we'll focus on the role of fins. Uh you can think of things pretty much like the arms and legs of humans. It's what allows movement, basically. But as we'll see, they also do a lot more. Before we go on with the function of specific fins, I'll just say a few general remarks, so you get an overall picture. Um Fins are mainly used for moving the fish forward for propulsion, as it's called, but they're also needed for stability, steering and braking. That's right, fish have to have a way to put on the brakes, too. Now some fish are so fast, they're not good at stopping even with their fins. Requiem sharks, for example, Well you know how sharks are built for speed. But these requiem sharks have difficulty stopping. They're unable to break themselves efficiently, so they must take sharp turns in order to slow down or stop. Because of this uh this brake problem. Requiem sharks avoid swimming into coral reefs. Carl reefs are usually crowded. Um don't allow a lot of space for large fish to take sharp turns. So these sharks roam around the outside of the coral reefs. Um a fish lives in a 3 dimensional world you know with forces pushing and pulling it in all directions. The forces I'm referring to are gravity, which pulls the fish downward, buoyancy, which holds it up in the water, uh and something called drag. Now, drag means to slow down uh to impede movement. It's a term that applies to the effect of the force acting on any object moving through a fluid or through air. So for instance, the force of air on an airplane, drag acts to pull the airplane in the opposite direction to the direction of motion. Well all of these forces, gravity, buoyancy, and drag could be potentially dangerous for fish if it weren't for the fact that they have, Yep you guessed it, fins. So fins allow fish to keep from rolling or flipping over, they stabilize the fishes' head. Fins are crucial for determining the speed at which fish travel to change direction. In a word, fins allow the fish to maneuver efficiently through the water.Okay. Remember, most fish have two general types of fins. The first type is median fins. Median fins are located along the mid-line of the fish, uh such as the door sills on the back and the caudal fins, um the tail fin. the other type of fin is the paired fins at each side of the fish. For today, the caudal fin is the one we'll focus on. The caudal fin, that is the tail fin is the main propulsive agent for most fish, it keeps them moving forward. Some fish have a broad tail that gives the fish a quick burst of speed from a standing position. And um this is useful for going after a meal or swimming away from a predator. You'll find that fast, long distance swimmers have a very long and narrow caudal fin, which is very efficient. Now, do all fish have caudal fins? No, not all. Some sea horses and deals get along without them just fine. Well a seahorse swims in an upright vertical position. Um. It looks like it's standing upright. so it uses a fin on its back. the dorsal fin, as if it were a coddle fin. And eels well don't really need to swim very rapidly. And like I said, most are missing the caudal fin, but but most fish do have caudal fins. I'll give you two examples of caudal fins, and we'll seehow they work. OK, let's see. Uh I'll focus on the tuna and the black fish. The tunas body is built for speed, but the caudal fin the caudal fin is key here, because it's moon shaped tail creates hardly any drag in the water, uh and it can reach really high speeds of even 60 to 80 kilometers per hour. That's pretty amazing. Then there's um the really interesting case of the black fish, which has a rounded caudal fin, as you can see. And in sudden bursts, it almost acts like a propeller on a plane that can even produce the sound that resembles an explosion. I bet you never thought a fish fin could do that. Um and you can see how this is useful to a fish when it goes to catch something, or tries to avoid a predator, it needs to accelerate in an instant.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee at the financial services office.Hi, how can I help you?Hi, my name's Arnie. This is my first semester here, and I'm hoping you might be able to help me. See. I don't know how to put this, but I'm having some trouble managing my money.You mean you didn't pay your tuition bill?No No, I'm okay with the big stuff. I mean I have student loans that pay for most of the tuition, but well it's it's the everyday things that add up.Oh You mean like books, food, things like that.Yeah. My parents give me an allowance for that stuff, but it's just not enough. I've asked them to increase it even a little, but they' think I need to learn to manage on my own.Well that's a really common problem with first year students. You've come to the right place. We have resources that can help. So first question, do you have a budget worked out for your spending?Um No, I don't.OK. I can send you a budget worksheet. I's a computer document, and it'll help you think through what your expenses are and where you can cut costs. You'll be surprised at how much the little things add up. You know If you spend $2 on a cup of coffee each morning, that's almost $200 a semester.So if I could, make my own coffee, that'd be great. But I can't since I live in the dorm. True, but that's just an example. I also have this other sheet with suggestions. It's just a list of money saving ideas, like by used books instead of new ones, uh and and buy a bike since that's cheaper than taking the bus or owning a car.Um I'd love to get a bike. Then I could even get a job in town.Well if you're thinking about a job. We do have postings for on campus jobs as well. They are on the bulletin board outside my office.Yeah I saw it on my way in. It's empty.Yes, well the positions get filled pretty quickly, but no one's open up to. Uh I I can't guarantee any thing, but if something becomes available, that's where you're going to find out about it.Well If I got a job, I'd certainly have a little more spending money. And that would show my parents I'm managing on my own.But what's your course load this semester? If you have more than four courses, you might want to work on your budget and monitor your spending rather than get a job for now.Well I have four courses, but one is biology. And there's a 3 hour lab each week. So it's really like a 5th course.You wanna think about it then, maybe try to work on your budget and spending for a month and see how you're doing. If you're still strapped for cash, but you're keeping up with all your course work, then you could try to find a job.Yeah and may be by then that bulletin board won't be empty.Lecture 3Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.So we talk less time about theory of mind. Can someone summarize what that refers to? Janice?It has to do with an ability to, well, isn't it like realizing that people can have different beliefs, that we don't all necessarily believe the same things?Right. The term theory of mind refers to a cognitive ability, which is the ability to it it's recognizing that other people have knowledge, ideas, beliefs that may be different from our own. So we say that people have a theory of mind, because we recognize that other people may have different beliefs than we do. It may sound trivial, but new born infants don't seem to have it. It seems to develop in children somewhere between the ages of three and five. A consequence of having a theory of mind is that we recognize other people's motivations and can sometimes predict what they'll do in certain situations. But the question for us is whether animals have a theory of might. Researchers who deal with primates, like monkeys, tend to accept the likelihood that monkeys have a theory of mind, particularly because they're social animals and live in groups. So they'd certainly benefit from the ability to uh understand motivations to predict the behavior of other monkeys. So for example..That’s..Excuse me?Sorry. But that's assuming it makes sense to say that animals have beliefs.Right. Of course. Yeah, we're assuming that we're inferring beliefs from behavior. They act one way for a reason, not just from instinct, but because they have certain knowledge and have reasoned that a particular course of action would be beneficial. One type of evidence that humans have a theory of mind is behavior like deception, because intending to deceive someone requires knowing that they can have different beliefs than you do. Well researchers who were observing a group of vervet monkeys in west Africa discovered just this type of behavior in vervets. Now vervets live in social groups, and occasionally a new member will try to join an established group. Well the researchers noticed that every time a new male would try to join the group, one particular low ranking male member of the group habitually made a false alarm call that a leopard was approaching the group. When the low ranking monkey did this, all the group members in the new comer would immediately retreat into the trees to safety. Obviously being a low ranked male, our friend had little interest in seeing a new male member who would almost certainly outrank him, join the group. And this tactic did stop that from happening.So the idea is that the monkey knew there was no leopard, but believed that the other monkeys would think there was a leopard? Realize that the others would have a different belief than he had?Right. We infer the monkey had a belief from its behavior. The researchers interpreted the vervets' behavior to mean that it had an understanding of other vervets' mind and how they react. However, this monkey's behavior, after issuing the falsealarm call, makes this interpretation somewhat less likely. After the alarm call, when all of the other monkeys had climbed up into the trees, our friend then came down from his own tree, crossed over to the tree of the intruder, the one who wanted to join the group, and issued the false alarm call again, perhaps to make sure the intruder really got the message. The problem is, if you really did have a theory of mind, he would have realized that climbing down from his tree would show the others that he was aware there was no leopard around. So maybe the alarm called doesn't show that this particular monkey had a theory of mind. May be he simply learned to associate his false alarm call with the action of monkeys retreating into the trees. May be he had learned to provoke a reaction without really understanding what motivated the other monkey's behavior.So how do we know which interpretation is right?Good question. That's often an issue with observational studies. They produce evidence that's well, like in this case, people who start out believing that animals have a theory of mind can always pick observations that best support their case. But those who doubt it can always find an alternative interpretation for what was observed. So is there some other methodology, lab experimentation, for example, that's more objective? That would produce more objective evidence about this?。
TPO听力答案全集
TPO1-24听力答案全集【无老师力荐】2012年7月目录TPO 01 (1)TPO 02 (2)TPO 03 (2)TPO 04 (3)TPO 05 (3)TPO 06 (4)TPO 07 (4)TPO 08 (5)TPO 09 (5)TPO 10 (6)TPO 11 (6)TPO 12 (7)TPO 13 (7)TPO 14 (8)TPO 15 (8)TPO 16 (9)TPO 17 (9)TPO 18 (10)TPO 19 (10)TPO 20 (11)TPO 21 (11)TPO 22 (12)TPO 23 (12)TPO 24 (13)TPO 01Section 11. D2. B3. C4. A5. B6. C7. C8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. D14. The amount of…/ The age of…/ Zircon in the…15. B 16. A 17. BSection 21. B2. A3. D4. BDE5. C6. B7. B8. AC 9. C 10. A 11. BDE 12. D 13. C14. Olympic: Is family…/ Eastern: Displays….15. D 16. A 17. CTPO 02Section 11. C2. Include：ACD/ Not include: B3. A4. D5. B6. C7. B8. C9. C 10. A 11. D 12. D13. B 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. BDSection 21. AC2. C3. D4. B5. A6. D7. only extrinsic: B/ only intrinsic: AD/ both: C8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. A14. AD 15. C 16. DTPO 03Section 11. B2. C3. A4. D .5 D 6. C 7. B8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. D14. B 15. C 16. B 17. CSection 21. B2. A3. C4. A5. C6. A7. D8. A 9. B 10. B 11. CD 12. C 13. D14. B 15. A 16. A 17. BTPO 04Section 11. AD2. C3. AD4. D5. B6. C7. NO/YES/YES/NO 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. C12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. BD 17. DSection 21. B2. C3. D4. C5. AD6. C7. D8. A 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. BD14. The Federal Art…/ The National…/ Arts councils…/ The federal budget…15. A 16. C 17. DTPO 05Section 11. C2. A3. B4. AC5. D6. B7. C8. AD 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. D14. B 15. C 16. AB 17. DSection 21. B2. A3. C4. BD5. B6. B7. C8. D 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. Folk tales: BC/ Fairy tales: ADEF 17. ATPO 06Section 11. C2. A3. D4. BC5. B6. B7. A8. A 9. D 10. ABE 11. BC 12. AB13. D 14. D 15. BC 16. B 17. ASection 21. D2. C3. AC4. C5. B6. B7. A8. A9. D 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. ACE14. BD 15. B 16. C 17. DTPO 07Section 11. D2. C3. AC4. D5. B6. C7. D8. B9. AC 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. D14. AC 15. B 16. C 17. BSection 21. A2. B3. C4. BC5. D6. C7. AC8. AD 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A13. 1.pressure…/2.a liquid…/3.friction…/4.the glacier…14. AD 15. B 16. A 17. CTPO 08Section 11. D2. B3. D4. B5. C6. D7. C8. B 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. D14. A 15. AB 16. D 17. BSection 21. B2. A3. NO/YES/YES/YES/NO4. D5. C6. D7. D8. C9. B10. 1.B-the first…/2.D-the printing…/3.C-the number…/4.A-a inexpensive…11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. CTPO 09Section 11. A2. D3. B4. C5. C6. B7. CD8. D 9. C 10. BD 11. A 12. A 13. CD14. B 15. B 16. A 17. CSection 21. C2. B3. C4. D5. A6. D7. D8. B 9. AD 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. C14. B 15. A 16. CD 17. BTPO 10Section 11. C2. B3. C4. AC5. D6. B7. ACD8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. D14. A 15. B 16. A 17. CSection 21. C2. BD3. A4. A5. C6. D7. AD8. C 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. A14. B 15. YES/NO/YES/YES/NO 16. D 17. B一想到新托福，就想到咱老无！TPO 11Section 11. A2. B3. A4. D5. C6. C7. AD8. C 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. B14. C 15. BD 16. A 17. ASection 21. B2. C3. A4. D5. D6. C7. C8. A 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. BD14. B 15. D 16. C 17. ATPO 12Section 11. C2. B3. A4. D5. A6. D7. B8. C9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. A14. C 15. D 16. B 17. ASection 21. B2. C3. B4. D5. A6. AC7. B8. C9. D 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. BD 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. BTPO 13Section 11. C 2 B 3Ａ 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. AD 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. DSection 21. A2. C3. AD4. B5. D6. D7. AC8. Chanson 1/3 Romance 2/49. B 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. AD 17. ASection 11. B2. A3. AD4. C5. BD6. D7. A8. C9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. CD14. B 15. A 16. C 17. BSection 21. D2. C3. BD4. AD5. C6. B7. D8. AD9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. D14. D 15. C 16. B 17. ATPO 15Section 11. C2. D3. D4. A5. A6. D7. AD8. BC9. A 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B14. AD 15. AC 16. D 17. CSection 21. D2. B3. C4. A5. C6. B7. AD8. B9. C 10. CD 11. A 12. B 13. ABE 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. BSection 11. D2. C3. D4. B5. B6. D7. YNYYYN 8. C 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. DSection 21. D2. B3. B4. BC5. D.6. D7. D8. AC9. B 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. BC 14. A 15. AB 16. C 17. ATPO 17Section 11. B2. C3. AD4. D5. B6. C7. B8. BD9. D 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. ASection 21. C2. B3. A4. A5. D6. C7. B8. AD9. D 10. BC 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. CD 15. C 16. AB 17. BSection 11. C2. A3. A4. D5. C6. C7. B8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. C14. D 15. B 16. BC 17. DSection 21. D2. C3. A4. A5. B6. B7. YYNYN8. AC9. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. A14. C 15. AC 16. D 17. BTPO 19Section 11. C2. C3. A4. B5. D6. B7. D8. A 9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. B14. AD 15. C 16. AC 17. CSection 21. C2. A3. AC4. BDE5. B6. B7. A8. D9. B 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. BC14. B 15. C 16. D 17. BSection 11. B2. AC3. C4. D5. A6. D7. A8. BAABA 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. AD14. D 15. AD 16. B 17. BSection 21. C2. A3. B4. D5. B6. B7. B8. A 9. AC 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. A14. C 15. C 16. B 17. C一想到新托福，就想到咱老无！TPO 21Section 11. C2. C3. B4. D5. A6. B7. AC8. D 9. C 10. A 11. BD 12. C 13. B14. AD 15. C 16. D 17. ASection 21. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. B7. C8. D 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. B14. CD 15. A 16. D 17. CSection 11. D2. AC3. B4. C5. D6. B7. AD8. D9. A 10. D 11. C 12. D 13. C14. BC 15. A 16. B 17. CSection２1. B2. B3. C4. C5. B6. D7. AB8. B9. A 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. C14. D 15. B 16. D 17. BCTPO 23Section 11. C2. A3. C4. B5. C6. D7. C8. A9. A 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. B14. A 15. B 16. D 17. DSection 21. B2. D3. B4. A5. C6. A7. D8. B9. C 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. D14. AB 15. A 16. D 17. CSection 11. B2. AB3. D4. B5. B6. B7. BD8. C9. A 10. D 11. A 12. AD 13. C14. BD 15. A 16. C 17. DSection 21. A2. AD3. B4. 122115. D6. D7. A8. C9. BC 10. B 11. AD 12. A 13. BC 14. AC 15. D 16. A 17. B。
TPO 听力文本完整 版
TPO26Listening ScriptConversation1Listen to a conversation between a student and a university print shop employee.StudentHi.I saw your ad in the campus newspaper.EmployeeOh.We don’t have any job openings right now.StudentOh,no.I meant the other ad,about the services you provide for students.You see,I have been working at the campus tutoring center as a maths tutor.But things have changed,including my schedule.And now I want to start doing tutoring work independently.But in order to,basically,start my own business,I need to get the word out.EmployeeOK.StudentI was thinking I should get something printed up that I can hand out to people.EmployeeAh.Well,actually,I just printed up some great-looking fliers for someone doing the same thing.StudentFliers.Yeah,that’s an idea.I guess then I could post themEmployeeYeah.And you can hand them out too.But,oh,you know what?I did something really neat for someone last week.She didn’t want to go the traditional route,you know,business cards,fliers,so we customized pencils for her.StudentPencils?EmployeeYeah.You know,a little message printed on the pencil.StudentOh,that’s cool.EmployeeYeah.But you should know,it’s not our cheapest option.Oh,and you know those little sticky notes?StudentYou do those too?EmployeeWell,we did once.I think those bright pieces of paper would be real attention getters.You know,students use them all the time,so they should be good for business.I don’t know why we haven’t done more.StudentWow.EmployeeSo you’ve got some options.StudentRight.Well,what about business cards?My friend has these business cards.She does tutoring too.And she got them at this place in town,but they were kind of expensive.EmployeeFor business card?Well,I don’t know what your friend paid.But we could do something real simple and it wouldn’t be much.Like for a batch of250for one of our standard designs,20dollars maybe.Student20dollars sound EmployeeEmployeeNow,there are some other choices that’ll affect the cost.You know,like different background patterns,using color ink, that sort of thing.And it also depends on how many words you want to include.StudentOK.Well,I know what I want them to say.But I am just thinking,I kind of like that pencil idea.EmployeeYeah.I thought it was neat.Now,of course you can only fit your name and phone number,and like,in your case,maths tutoring on it.StudentRight.Well,I could custom design the business cards though right?That’s what my friend did.She said she designed them at the computer right there at the print shop.EmployeeWell,you can do that here too.But accustomed design would be a bigger investment for your business than one of our standard designs.StudentWell,I don’t know.I am interested in business cards,so can I look att he standard designs?Lecture1-Advertising(Green Marketing)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an advertising class.ProfessorLast class someone asked about green marketing.Green marketing refers to companies promoting the product as environmentally panies often turn to advertising experts to help them do this.Green marketing seems recent,but advertising professionals grew interest in it several decades ago.The seeds for green marketing were probably planted in1970,when the first Earth Day took place.Rallies all over the United States were organized to protest environmental degradation.Some20million demonstrators participated in that first Earth Day. And it helped spark dozens of environmental laws.The biggest was the Endangered Species Act of1973,which protects imperiled animal species from extinction.There was also passage of the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act was strengthened.Earth Day,environmental laws,environmental issues in the news,being green was entering the mainstream.And businesses started saying,hey,we can get involved in this.So in1975,a major advertising trade group held its first workshop on ecological marketing.A few years later,we began seeing ads tapping into people’s environmental concerns.But as some green marketers learned the hard way,green marketing must still involve all the same principles of a traditional marketing campaign.Your ad must attract attention,stimulate consumers’interest,create a desire for your product,and motivate people to take action,to buy your product.So let me tell you about one green marketing campaign that failed at first and explain why.It was for a compact fluorescent light bulb.We’ll call it the eco-light.It was first introduced,I believe,in the late90s.It cost far more than a regular incandescent bulb.The advertising message was basically,use this eco-light and save the planet.But that message wasn’t effective.Research shows that consumers don’t want to let go of any traditional product attributes, like convenience,price and quality.Even though surveys indicate that almost everybody cares about the environment.So the company reintroduced the eco-light with a new message,one that emphasized cost savings,that the eco-light lowers electric bills and lasts for years.So it’s good for the Earth,cost-effective and convenient because it doesn’t have to be changed every few months.This ad campaign worked like a charm.Something else,uh,the company that makes the eco-light,researchers would consider it an’extreme green company’,not only because its products are energy-efficient,but because the company tries to reduce its environmental impact in other ways too.Like in addition to selling Earth-friendly products,its offices and factories are designed to conserve energy and use all sorts of recycled materials.A company that only recycles office paper,researchers would classify as a’lean green company’.And there are other degrees of greenness in between.So if your green marketing strategy’s gonna work,your message should be valid on all dimensions.When a company as a whole is credited for reducing its environmental impact,this can lead to brand loyalty.People will come back and buy your product more and more.However,let’s say you’re fined for violating the Clean Water Act while manufacturing products from recycled materials.The public would eventually find out.You can’t just make the claim that a product is environmentally friendly and not follow through on.Lecture2-Biology(Carbon Cycling)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.ProfessorOK.Just before the end of the last class,we started talking about trace metals,metals found in living organisms in very small quantities that serve an important biological,important nutritive function in those organisms.And one trace metal that serves a nutritive function is zinc.Zinc assists in a number of processes in humans,but we are going to focus on just one,one that applies to a number oforganisms,not just humans.See,zinc plays a major role in carbon cycling,the conversion of various kinds of molecules with carbon,like carbon dioxide,into other kinds of molecules with carbon that organisms can use.So,take respiration.Our bodies,our cells produce carbon dioxide when they break down sugars.We need to get the C02out of our bodies,so the C02is converted into carbonic acid,which the blood is able to carry to the lungs.Once the carbonic acid reaches the lungs,it’s converted back into carbon dioxide so that we can breathe it out.Now,this whole conversion process relies on a particular enzyme.Uh,who remembers what an enzyme is?Bob?Uh,it’s a protein,a specific kind of protein,one that speeds up chemical reactions.ProfessorExactly.Different enzymes assist indifferent chemical reactions.Now,the one that speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide has zinc in it.So this zinc enzyme is critical for gettingC02out of our bodies through the lungs.And it’s also extremely important for plants.Bob,can you tell us why?StudentFor making food,for photosynthesis?ProfessorExactly.For photosynthesis.Plants also convert carbon dioxide into different forms ofcarbon-containing molecules and the conversion process used relies on the very same enzyme that work in humans.So zinc is also important for plants.OK.But zinc is scarce in certain environments.And it’s particularly scarce in waters near the surface of river sand lakes and shallower parts of oceans,which might make us wonder how plants could live there at all.In fact,there are a lot of marine plants that survive,that grow and reproduce in surface waters.In particular,there are a lot of diatoms.Diatoms are microscopic,photosynthetic organisms and they are a major source of food for other organisms in the ocean.There are a number of different types of diatoms,and,well,diatoms play a very important role in the carbon cycling process,because they help make carbon available to other organisms in deeper parts of the ocean.The carbon that these diatoms use in photosynthetic is transferred to other parts of the ocean when the diatoms are eaten,say,by a fish that absorbs the carbon and then swims to another part of the ocean,or when diatoms die and fall to the ocean floor.So how did diatoms survive if zinc is so scarce?Well,recently researchers discovered that a specific type of diatom makes a different enzyme that serves the same purpose.But this enzyme doesn’t contain zinc.Instead this new enzyme incorporates another trace metal,cadmium.Kelly,you’ve got a question?StudentYeah.I thought cadmium was toxic.Didn’t you say that?It is poisonous to humans.Uh,actually,we used to think that it was toxic to all biological life,that it didn’t serve any biological purpose.But new study suggests that cadmium can actually substitute for zinc,that organisms can use it instead of zinc when there isn’t enough zinc in their environment.Now,the discovery of this cadmium-based enzyme is really important for a number of reasons.It’s actually the first enzyme we have discovered that uses cadmium.So it’s possible that other not so typical trace metals may be used in chemical processes,that marine organisms might make enzymes from other trace metals when the essential one is scarce.And there may be other types of diatoms that use cadmium to cycle carbon.But there’s something else to think about.What is one of the most common greenhouse gases in our atmosphere,one of the major culprits in global warming.Carbon dioxide,right?Now,if all these diatoms are taking carbon dioxide from the surface,converting it and transporting it to the bottom of the ocean,well,maybe there’s more to that whole process,that cycle,something that we’ve overlooked.So further research might tell us more about these warming cycles too.Convcrsation2Hi,Jean.How was the...uh,the conference,right?the conference on volunteerism?That’s where you were last week. Good.And let me know if you have any questions.StudentWell,there is something that I wanted to ask you now.It’s about something I noticed at the beach.ProfessorOh,what’s that?StudentWell,see,there are a lot of jellyfish there,floating in the water.ProfessorThat couldn’t have been pleasant.StudentNot for swimming.But it was interesting.I mean,the jellyfish were glowing.I swear they were.And I am wonderwhat that’s about.ProfessorAh,glowing jellyfish.That is interesting.Uh,it’s called bioluminescence.And actually we are going to talk about it later in the semester.Basically,bioluminescence is light that’s produced by a chemical reaction.StudentReally?Inside the jellyfish?ProfessorWell,not all jellyfish,about half of them.Actually,a lot of marine organisms have the ability,especially in deeper parts of the ocean.StudentOh,I get it.Like the darker it gets,the more the fish needs light,right?ProfessorWell,bioluminescence serves a number of functions.Most aquatic organisms use it for communication and for attracting prey.But jellyfish usually use it as a defense against predators.Some jellyfish produce bright flashes of light that confuse predators,to,uh,to startle them.But jellyfish closer to the surface,probably like the jellyfish you saw, they use bioluminescence to hide.The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight,so they blend in,and, uh,and predators can’t see them.StudentWow,really?Well,I am looking for a topic for my term paper,so maybe I could do it on these glowing jellyfish.That’s why I wanted to ask you about them,you know,to find out if there was really something to write about.ProfessorIt’s a great topic.But you’ll have to make sure the topic is manageable.Like I said,about half of all jellyfish are bioluminescent,so you may want to look at a particular type of jellyfish or several types that benefit from bioluminescence in the same way,or you could investigate current research on bioluminescence,on,on the chemical process,or...Here’s an idea.You seem to be very involved in local issues.See if you can identify the jellyfish you observed on the beach and how they fit into the local ecosystem.StudentYeah,you know,some of the environmental groups I met last week might even able to help me.Lecture3-Astronomy(Comets)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorOK.We have been looking at some of the smaller members of our solar system,comets.You already know about the structure of comets.Let’s continue our discussion now by talking about orbits,especially those of the so-called periodic-orbit comets.These are the comets that circle around the Sun pretty regularly.They return again and again, predictably,after a certain period of time.That’s why we say their orbits are periodic.Probably the most famous and brightest of these is Hailey’s comet.Hailey’s comet comes from far out in the solar system,goes in close to the Sun,and then out again.At its closest approach to the Sun,Hailey’s comet is about twice as close to the Sun as Earth is.And at its farthest,it’s about thirty-five times farther from the Sun than we are,which puts it out beyond Neptune.Basically,the idea here is that a periodic comet,with its very elongated orbit,just keeps coming back around again and again.With Hailey’s comet, well,it returns every75years,roughly.But where is Hailey’s comet during most of this time?Well,like all orbiting bodies,a comet moves faster when it’s closer to the Sun.So it only spends about a year or two in our neighborhood,inside the orbit of Jupiter.Most of its time is spent way out beyond Jupiter’s orbit,poking along near the farther reaches of it own orbit.Because of this,we can only see Hailey’s for a few months every75years,first on its way in toward the Sun,and then on its way out again.Now,you remember from our previous discussion that a comet’s nucleus,its core,is made up of ice and dust,like a frozen snowball.And as it approaches the Sun,it starts to heat up.And some of the ice vaporizes into gas and spreads out from the nucleus.The gases that vaporize from the comet,the comet never collects them back again,so on every orbit,the comet leaves part of itself behind.OK.How old is this solar system?Four and a half billion years,remember?AndHailey’s is going around the Sun once every75years and losing stuff each time.Sothe comet should be long gone by now,right?I mean,how come Hailey’s is still there?After four and a half billion years.How could it be?Well,the answer is that this comet hasn’t always been in such a short periodic orbit,since once a comet gets into an orbit that keeps it coming in close to the Sun quite frequently.Well,that comet’s probably not going to be around too much longer.So this kind of periodic orbit is only a phase in a comet’s life.A phase that just precedes its final breakup We’ve seen comets do that,going toward the Sun and then come back around, torn into pieces.But lots of comets aren’t like that.They come in,pass behind the Sun,and then travel back out.But with an orbit so large,and its farthest place so far away from the Sun that we just don’t know how far out it goes.We just can’t determine that very accurately from the close-in part of the orbit that we do see.So these are often called parabolic-orbit comets.Parabolic means the orbit is open at the far end.Actually the orbit probably does close and return the comet to the vicinity of the Sun eventually,but the period might be tens of thousands of years.And basically,we can’t determine it.So we just,we refer to them as open-ended parabolic-orbit comets.So,what can change a comet with one of these long orbits where they only come by the Sun occasionally into a much more frequent periodic visitor?Well,gravitational interaction with planets,right?If a comet on one of these long period orbits at some point comes close to Jupiter or Saturn or one of the other planets,then the pull of that planet’s gravity might alter the orbit,maybe make it much shorter.So this comet,if it happens to pass by a planet just the right way,it can be drawn into a new orbit,one that’ll capture it and keep it coming back around the Sun much more often.Lecture4-Art Conservation(Archimcdes Palimpsest)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art conservation class.ProfessorSo far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art,like ancient frescos,early oil paintings,etc.But although our field is called art conservation,it also involves...what?StudentUm...preserving other types of cultural materials too.ProfessorVery good.Not just art.Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies,all contain important historical information.In fact,let me give you an example.You’ve heard about the Greek scholar,Archimedes,who lived more than2,000years ago,I am sure.Archimedes was a great mathematician.For example,he discovered the formula for the volume of a sphere.Not much of his work has survived,but what has survived is brilliant.And then in 1906,a Palimpsest of Archimedes’writing was discovered.Now,a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later.I’ll explain in a minute.This Archimedes palimpsest,as it’s now called,is by far the most important palimpsest anyone has ever seen.Because it contains the only known existing copy of Archimedes’treatise,called Method. Archimedes shows in it how maths can be applied to physics and physical reasoning back to maths problems,which is how he calculated the volume of the sphere,for example.This maybe commonplace today,but was revolutionary in his time.A few years ago,the palimpsest was sold at an auction for2million dollars.It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection,but fortunately,the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote,so the contents can be shared with the world and studied.But there are two main problems.What do you think the first one might be?Jennifer?StudentUrn....well,it sounds like it’s extremely old.So probably some pages are at the point of crumbling into dust?ProfessorTrue.And some are moldy,and some were eaten away at by bookworms.This thing’s really decayed.But on top|of that,there’s another issue.And this is the reason why it’s a palimpsest.You see,the text apparently sat around in a library in Constantinople until1229A.D.But then a scribe erased,scraped away the writing as clean as he could in order to use the pages to write his own book on.Why would he do that?Take a guess.ProfessorWell,they used parchment to write on,but yes,there was a parchment shortage.StudentSo you are saying the parchment was basically recycled?ProfessorCorrect.Then,even later on,in the twentieth century,a forger painted ancient-looking pictures on several of the pages in order to make the book seem older and increase its value.So unfortunately,that’s quite a history.StudentBut professor Wilkens,if the scribe scraped away Archimedes’words and if these paintings covered the pages,how can the original work be recovered?ProfessorAh,that’s why I am telling you the story.That’s our task as conservationists,isn’t it?To find a way.There were still faint traces of Archimedes’words on the pages.First,we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies,using ultraviolet light.But that didn’t work on every page.But then,there was this new idea that came from a scientist studying spinach.Student:Spinach?ProfessorYes.Spinach.This physicist,Uwe Bergman,does research that involves studying iron in spinach.He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ink.So he came up with an idea to use the same method of looking at iron in spinach to view the iron on the palimpsest pages.And his idea worked.Bergman’s technique allows X-rays to pass through the forged paintings,pass through the scribe’s writing to hit the iron traces from the ink of the original Archimedes’text and create an image just of the iron on the pages.The iron-based letters seem to just pop off the page.The original text and diagrams emerged,line by line,diagram after diagram.And that’s kind of typical of our field.There’s a lot of interdisciplinary work.People from several different fields might be involved in working with a single art.。