A dynamic comprehensive method fo
AdynamiccomprehensivemethodforlandslidecontrolWeiZuoana,c,⁎,LiShihaia,J.G.Wangb,WanLingcaInstituteofMechanics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080,China
bTropicalMarineScienceInstitute,NationalUniversityofSingapore,10KentRidgeCrescent,Singapore119260,Singapore
cCollegeofResourceandEnvironmentalSciences,ChongqingUniversity,Chongqing400044,China
Received11March2005;receivedinrevisedform17September2005;accepted27September2005
AbstractAslopefailureisdevelopedduetoprogressiveexternalloadsanddeteriorationsofslopegeomaterials,thusformingaprogressiveanddynamicdevelopmentandoccurrenceoflandslides.Sitegeologicalpropertiesandotheractivefactorssuchashydrodynamicloadandhumanactivitiesarecomplexandusuallyunknown,thusthisdynamicdevelopmentandoccurrenceoflandslidescanonlybeunderstoodthroughtheprogressiveaccumulationofknowledgeonthelandslides.Forsuchaprogressiveprocess,thispaperproposesadynamiccomprehensivecontrolmethodforlandslidecontrol.Thiscontrolmethodtakesfulladvantageofupdatedmonitoringdataandsiteinvestigationsoflandslides,andemphasizestheimplementationofpossiblemeasuresforlandslidecontrolatreasonablestagesandindifferentgroups.Thesemeasuresaretopreventtheoccurrenceofalandslidedisaster.Asacasestudy,alandslideprojectatthePanluoopen-pitironmineisanalyzedtoillustratethisdynamiccomprehensivecontrolmethod.©2005ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:Landslidedisaster;Progressivefailure;Dynamiccontrol;Engineeringtreatment
1.IntroductionChina'sambitiousWesternGreatDevelopmentProjects,especiallytheconstructionoftheThreeGorgesDaminsouthwesternChinaandotherlarge-scaleengineeringprojects,haveconsiderablydisturbedthenaturallandscapesinthatarea.Thesedisturbanceshaveinducedalargenumberofnaturaldisastersincludinglandslides(Liuetal.,2004).SouthwesternChinaisamountainousandhigh-rainfallarea,thuslandslidesareseriousproblemseveryyear.Landslidesoftenresultinextensivepropertydamagesandsometimeslossofhumanlife.AccordingtoChinesegovernmentalstatis-ticaldata,Chongqingcity,whichislocatedinsouth-westernChina,had29896cragsandlandslidesin1998.Theirtotalmudvolumereaches50×106m3.InordertopreventpotentialdisastrouslandslidesintheThreeGorgesReservoirarea,Chinahasspent4billionRMB(approximately500millionUSdollars)inthefirststagetreatment.TheselandslideshavealsoattractedtheattentionofChineseandinternationalscientists.Theyanalyzedthekeyfactorsfortheoccurrenceoflandslides(Liuetal.,2004;Kwongetal.,2004;XieandXu,1999;Zhangetal.,1999)andproposedmanymethodsforstabilityassessment(XiaandLi,2002).Theobjectiveforthestabilityassessmentofland-slidesistofindoutasuitablecontrolmethodtopreventormitigatelandslides(SegaliniandGiani,2004;Petleyetal.,2005;Voight,1988).Acontrolmethodforlandslidesisbasedoneitherstrengtheningearthmaterials(increasingresistingforces)orreducingthe⁎
Correspondingauthor.
E-mailaddress:jiangxi315@163.com(W.Zuoan).
0013-7952/$-seefrontmatter©2005ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.019massweightswithinpotentialslidingmass(decreasingdrivingforces)orboth.Foraslidingmass,thecontrolmethodrequireshaltingorreversingthosefactorsthatworsenitsinstability.Currentstabilizationmeasuresforlandslidesinclude:drainingsurfaceandundergroundwaterfromtheslidingarea,excavatingandredistribut-ingslidingmass,andinstallingretainingfacilities(Pipkinetal.,1997).Foraslidingmass,somesinglemeasures,especiallystabilizingpilesasretainingfacilities,havebeenstudiedindetail(Poulos,1995;Hassiotosetal.,1997).However,potentialorprogres-sivefailureoflandslides(Miaoetal.,1999;Petleyetal.,2005)isevolvingwiththeevolutionofbothexternalandinternalloadingfactors.Forsuchlandslides,oneormoremeasuresmustbeappliedintimetopreventfurtherslidingdevelopment.Thesemeasuresincludenotonlytraditional“hard”remedialtreatmentssuchasretainingfacilitiesbutalsosome“soft”measuressuchasthemanagementofexternalloadingsandinternalfactors.Sofar,noinnovativemethodisavailableforlandslidecontrolexceptconventionalmethods.Theconventionalmethodsaresuitableforthoselandslidesalreadyintheircriticalstatesandwithfullyknowninformation.Forpotentiallandslidesandprogressivelandslides,conventionalmethodsarenotsuitableduetotheirtechnicaldemeritsandhighcosts.Someexamplesarereportedonthefailuresofthoseconventionallandslidecontrolmethods(Zhang,2000).Infact,alandslideisacomplicatedmechanicalprobleminitsstateevolution,riskassessment,andhazardmitigation(Fengetal.,2004).Asacontrast,alarge-scalelandslideinFujianprovinceofChinawassuccessfullymitigatedandcontrolledfornearly10yearswithadifferentlandslidecontrolmethod.Inthisreport,weanalyzethecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentandevolutionofthislandslideandsummarizeanewlandslidecontrolmethodcalledthedynamiccomprehensivecontrolmethod.Wefirstdiscuss,ingeneral,thegeologicalbackground,contentandtheadvantageofthedynamiccomprehensivecontrolmethodoverconventionalcontrolmethods.Wefurtheranalyzetheefficiencyandthecost-effectivenessofthisnewmethodthroughacasestudy.
康复医学英语题目
康复医学英语题目Rehabilitation Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach to Restoring Health and Well-BeingThe field of rehabilitation medicine is a dynamic and multifaceted discipline that focuses on the comprehensive treatment and management of individuals with various physical, cognitive, and psychosocial impairments. Rehabilitation medicine encompasses a wide range of specialized interventions aimed at restoring function, promoting independence, and enhancing the overall quality of life for individuals facing challenging health conditions.At the core of rehabilitation medicine is the belief that every person possesses the inherent capacity for recovery and growth. Whether an individual is recovering from a debilitating injury, managing a chronic illness, or adapting to a lifelong disability, the rehabilitation process is designed to empower them to regain control over their lives and actively participate in their own healing and personal development.One of the key aspects of rehabilitation medicine is the interdisciplinary approach. A team of healthcare professionals,including physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, nurses, and social workers, collaborate to develop personalized treatment plans that address the unique needs of each patient. This collaborative effort ensures that all aspects of the individual's well-being are addressed, from physical function and mobility to cognitive abilities, emotional well-being, and social integration.Physical therapy plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation process, focusing on the restoration of strength, flexibility, and overall physical function. Through a combination of therapeutic exercises, manual techniques, and the use of specialized equipment, physical therapists work closely with patients to help them regain their independence in activities of daily living, such as walking, climbing stairs, and performing self-care tasks.Occupational therapy, on the other hand, concentrates on enabling individuals to participate in the activities that are meaningful and essential to their daily lives. Occupational therapists assess the individual's functional abilities, environmental factors, and personal goals, and then develop interventions that address the barriers to independence and participation in work, leisure, and social activities.Speech-language pathology is another key component of rehabilitation medicine, addressing issues related to communication,swallowing, and cognitive-linguistic functions. Speech-language pathologists work with patients to improve their ability to express themselves, comprehend language, and safely swallow food and liquids, which are vital for maintaining an optimal quality of life.The rehabilitation process is not solely focused on physical and functional restoration but also encompasses the emotional and psychological well-being of the individual. Rehabilitation psychologists and counselors play a vital role in supporting patients and their families throughout the rehabilitation journey, helping them cope with the emotional and mental challenges that often accompany physical impairments or chronic health conditions.Rehabilitation medicine also emphasizes the importance of community integration and social support. By collaborating with community organizations, support groups, and social service providers, rehabilitation professionals help patients transition back into their communities, ensuring that they have access to the resources and support they need to continue their recovery and maintain their independence.One of the remarkable aspects of rehabilitation medicine is its ability to adapt and evolve to meet the changing needs of the patient population. As new technologies, research findings, and evidence-based practices emerge, rehabilitation professionals continuouslyrefine their approaches to provide the most effective and innovative interventions. From the use of robotic-assisted devices and virtual reality-based therapies to the implementation of telehealth services, the field of rehabilitation medicine is at the forefront of incorporating cutting-edge advancements to enhance patient outcomes.In conclusion, rehabilitation medicine is a comprehensive and dynamic field that is dedicated to restoring the health and well-being of individuals facing a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges. Through the collaborative efforts of an interdisciplinary team, personalized treatment plans, and a focus on community integration, rehabilitation professionals empower patients to regain control over their lives, maximize their functional abilities, and achieve their personal goals. As the field continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing healthcare landscape, rehabilitation medicine remains a vital component in the continuum of care, offering hope and support to those who are on the path to recovery and personal growth.。
公司战略_英文教材(2篇)
第1篇Section 1.1: Definition and Importance of Corporate StrategyCorporate strategy refers to the comprehensive plan of action that a company undertakes to achieve its long-term goals and objectives. It involves the allocation of resources, the development of competitive advantages, and the creation of sustainable value for the organization and its stakeholders. The importance of corporate strategy cannot be overstated, as it serves as the guiding framework for decision-making at all levels of the organization.Section 1.2: Scope and Levels of StrategyCorporate strategy encompasses a broad scope and operates at different levels within an organization. The strategic hierarchy typically includes corporate-level strategy, business-level strategy, and functional-level strategy.- Corporate-Level Strategy: This involves determining the overall direction and scope of the organization. It addresses questions such as which industries to compete in, how to allocate resources across different businesses, and how to manage the portfolio of businesses within the organization.- Business-Level Strategy: This focuses on how individual businesses can achieve competitive advantage within their specific markets. It involves decisions about market positioning, product differentiation, cost leadership, and innovation.- Functional-Level Strategy: This deals with the strategies ofindividual departments or functions within the organization, such as marketing, finance, operations, and human resources. These strategies support the overall business-level and corporate-level strategies.Section 1.3: Key Elements of Corporate StrategySeveral key elements are integral to the development and execution of corporate strategy:- Vision and Mission: The vision defines what the company aspires to become in the future, while the mission outlines its purpose and values.- Objectives: These are specific, measurable goals that guide the strategic planning process and help evaluate the success of the strategy.- Strategic Choices: These include decisions about the company's competitive positioning, market segments, and resource allocation.- Implementation Plan: This outlines the steps required to execute the strategy, including the allocation of resources, timelines, and responsibilities.- Performance Measurement: Key performance indicators (KPIs) are used to monitor the progress of the strategy and make necessary adjustments.Chapter 2: External Analysis: The Business EnvironmentUnderstanding the external environment is crucial for developing effective corporate strategy. This chapter explores the key factors that influence the business environment, including:Section 2.1: Macro-environmental Factors- Political Factors: Government policies, regulations, and stability can significantly impact business operations.- Economic Factors: Economic conditions, such as inflation, interest rates, and economic growth, influence consumer spending and business investment.- Social Factors: Demographic trends, cultural values, and social norms affect consumer preferences and market demand.- Technological Factors: Advances in technology can create new opportunities and threats, as well as disrupt existing business models.- Environmental Factors: Concerns about climate change, sustainability, and environmental regulations can impact the long-term viability of businesses.- Legal Factors: Laws and regulations related to labor, health, safety, and intellectual property can affect business operations.Section 2.2: Industry AnalysisIndustry analysis helps identify the competitive landscape and potential opportunities and threats. Key aspects of industry analysis include:- Industry Attractiveness: Assessing the overall profitability andgrowth potential of the industry.- Industry Structure: Understanding the competitive dynamics, such asthe number of competitors, barriers to entry, and industry life cycle.- Key Success Factors: Identifying the critical factors that determine success in the industry, such as cost leadership, differentiation, and innovation.Section 2.3: Competitor AnalysisAnalyzing competitors is essential for developing a competitive strategy. This involves:- Competitive Positioning: Understanding the relative strengths and weaknesses of competitors.- Competitive Strategies: Identifying the strategies employed by competitors, such as cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.- Competitive Dynamics: Assessing the competitive intensity andpotential for strategic alliances or rivalries.Chapter 3: Internal Analysis: The Organ ization’s Capabilities and ResourcesAn organization’s internal capabilities and resources play a crucialrole in its ability to implement corporate strategy. This chapter examines the key internal factors that influence strategy:Section 3.1: SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a tool used to assess an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This analysis helps identify areas where the organization can leverage its strengths andopportunities while mitigating its weaknesses and threats.Section 3.2: Core CompetenciesCore competencies are the unique strengths and capabilities that give an organization a competitive advantage. Identifying and developing core competencies is essential for creating sustainable competitive advantage.Section 3.3: Organizational Structure and CultureThe organizational structure and culture can either facilitate or hinder the implementation of corporate strategy. This section explores how these factors can influence strategy development and execution.Chapter 4: Strategy FormulationStrategy formulation involves the process of developing a comprehensive plan to achieve the organization’s objectives. This chapter discusses the key steps in strategy formulation:Section 4.1: Setting ObjectivesObjectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Setting clear objectives helps guide the strategic planning process and ensure alignment across the organization.Section 4.2: Strategy AlternativesIdentifying and evaluating different strategy alternatives is crucialfor selecting the most appropriate approach. This involves considering various strategic options, such as market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification.Section 4.3: Strategy SelectionSelecting the best strategy requires balancing the potential risks and rewards of each alternative. This section discusses the criteria usedfor strategy selection and the importance of considering stakeholder perspectives.Chapter 5: Strategy ImplementationOnce a strategy has been formulated, the next step is to implement it effectively. This chapter explores the key elements of strategy implementation:Section 5.1: Organizational AlignmentEnsuring that all levels of the organization are aligned with the strategic objectives is essential for successful implementation. This involves communicating the strategy, training employees, and aligning incentives.Section 5.2: Resource AllocationAllocating resources effectively is crucial for executing the strategy. This includes budgeting, managing human resources, and ensuring the availability of technology and other necessary assets.Section 5.3: Monitoring and ControlMonitoring the progress of the strategy and making necessary adjustments is essential for maintaining its effectiveness. This involves setting KPIs, conducting regular performance reviews, and implementingcorrective actions.Chapter 6: Strategy Evaluation and AdaptationThe business environment is dynamic, and strategies need to be regularly evaluated and adapted to remain relevant. This chapter discusses the importance of strategy evaluation and adaptation:Section 6.1: Performance ReviewRegularly reviewing the performance of the strategy against the set objectives helps identify areas for improvement. This involves analyzing KPIs, conducting benchmarking, and soliciting feedback from stakeholders.Section 6.2: Strategic AdaptationAdapting the strategy to changing circumstances is essential for maintaining a competitive edge. This involves identifying emerging trends, reassessing the external and internal environment, and revising the strategy as needed.ConclusionCorporate strategy is a complex and dynamic process that requirescareful planning, implementation, and adaptation. By understanding the key elements of corporate strategy, organizations can develop and execute effective strategies that drive sustainable growth and success. This textbook provides a comprehensive guide to the development and implementation of corporate strategy, equipping students and practitioners with the knowledge and tools to navigate the complex business environment.第2篇IntroductionCompany strategy is a crucial aspect of business management that involves the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of plans to achieve the long-term goals of an organization. This textbook aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of company strategy, covering key concepts, frameworks, and real-world applications. By the end of this text, readers will be equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to develop effective strategies for their organizations.Chapter 1: Understanding Company Strategy1.1 Definition of Company StrategyCompany strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, identifying key goals and objectives, and determining the resources required to achieve them. It is a roadmap that guides the organization in making decisions that will ensure its sustainable growth and competitive advantage.1.2 Importance of Company StrategyEffective company strategy is essential for several reasons:- Survival: A well-defined strategy helps an organization navigate the competitive landscape and survive in the long term.- Growth: A clear strategy can lead to the expansion of market share, new product development, and increased profitability.- Competitive Advantage: Strategy helps an organization differentiate itself from competitors and create a unique value proposition.1.3 Components of Company StrategyThe key components of company strategy include:- Vision: The desired future state of the organization.- Mission: The organization's purpose and reason for existence.- Objectives: Specific, measurable goals that support the vision and mission.- Strategic Initiatives: Actions taken to achieve the objectives.- Resources: The human, financial, and material resources required to execute the strategy.Chapter 2: Strategic Planning Frameworks2.1 SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing an organization. It helps inidentifying areas where the organization can capitalize on its strengths, overcome its weaknesses, exploit opportunities, and mitigate threats.2.2 PESTEL AnalysisPESTEL analysis is a framework used to assess the external factors that can impact an organization. It includes political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors.2.3 Porter's Five ForcesPorter's Five Forces is a model used to analyze the competitive environment of an industry. It includes the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers, thethreat of substitute products or services, and the industry rivalry.2.4 Value Chain AnalysisValue chain analysis is a tool used to understand the activities that create value within an organization. It helps in identifying areas where the organization can gain a competitive advantage.Chapter 3: Strategic Choices3.1 Generic StrategiesMichael E. Porter's generic strategies include cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. These strategies help organizations to achieve competitive advantage in different ways.- Cost Leadership: Offering products or services at a lower cost than competitors.- Differentiation: Offering unique and valuable products or servicesthat are not easily imitated.- Focus: Targeting a specific market segment with specialized products or services.3.2 Business-Level StrategiesBusiness-level strategies are specific actions taken by an organization to achieve its competitive advantage within a particular market. These strategies include cost leadership, differentiation, and focus.3.3 Corporate-Level StrategiesCorporate-level strategies involve decisions about the scope and direction of the entire organization. These strategies include diversification, integration, and delayering.Chapter 4: Strategy Implementation4.1 Organizational StructureAn organization's structure should align with its strategic goals. This chapter discusses different organizational structures, such as functional, divisional, matrix, and network.4.2 Strategic ControlStrategic control involves monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the strategy. This chapter covers key performance indicators (KPIs) and strategic control systems.4.3 Strategic ChangeStrategic change is the process of implementing new strategies. This chapter discusses the stages of strategic change, including planning, managing resistance, and communication.Chapter 5: Case Studies and Real-World ApplicationsThis chapter presents case studies of successful and unsuccessful strategies, demonstrating the practical application of the concepts discussed in the previous chapters.ConclusionCompany strategy is a dynamic and complex process that requires careful planning, implementation, and continuous evaluation. This textbook has provided a comprehensive overview of company strategy, covering key concepts, frameworks, and real-world applications. By understanding and applying these principles, organizations can develop effective strategies that will lead to their success in the competitive business environment.References- Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press.- Ansoff, H. I. (1957). Strategic Management: A Systematic Approach. Prentice-Hall.- Johnson, G., Whittington, R., & Scholes, K. (2018). Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases. Pearson Education Limited.- Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social Structure and Organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations (pp. 142–193). Chicago: Rand McNally.Appendices- Glossary of Key Terms- Case Study Questions- Further Reading List。
speed phonics
Speed PhonicsIntroductionSpeed Phonics is a dynamic approach to teaching phonics - the method of teaching reading through phonetic patterns and sounds. It is designed to help children learn to read quickly and successfully by focusing on developing their phonics skills in a fast-paced and interactive way.The Importance of PhonicsPhonics is a fundamental skill that lays the foundation for reading and writing. It helps children understand the relationship between sounds and letters, allowing them to decode words and develop reading fluency. Research has shown that a strong phonics foundation leads to better reading comprehension and overall literacy skills.Key Features of Speed Phonics1. Multisensory ApproachSpeed Phonics adopts a multisensory approach, engaging children through multiple senses. It combines visual, auditory, and kinesthetic techniques to enhance learning and retention. By incorporating activities that involve seeing, hearing, and moving, children can reinforce their understanding of phonics concepts.2. Rapid ProgressionThe program is designed to move at a rapid pace, introducing new phonetic patterns and rules in a systematic and logical sequence. This allows children to build on their existing knowledge and progress quickly through the curriculum. The speedy progression ensures that children stay engaged and motivated throughout their learning journey.3. Interactive Learning ActivitiesSpeed Phonics incorporates a variety of interactive learning activities to make the learning process enjoyable and engaging. These activities include games, puzzles, songs, and hands-on tasks that encourage active participation and reinforce phonics concepts. With this interactive approach, children can have fun while mastering their phonics skills.4. Continuous AssessmentRegular assessments are an integral part of the Speed Phonics program. They allow teachers to monitor individual progress and identify areas that need further attention. By understanding each child’s strengths and weaknesses, educators can tailor the instruction to meet their specific needs, ensuring effective learning outcomes.Benefits of Speed Phonics1. Improved Reading SkillsSpeed Phonics accelerates reading progress by enabling children to quickly decode words and apply phonetic rules they have learned. This leads to improved reading fluency, comprehension, and overall reading proficiency. With increased confidence in their reading abilities, children are more likely to become avid readers.2. Enhanced Spelling and Writing AbilitiesAs children develop their phonics skills, they become more adept at spelling and writing. They can apply their knowledge of phonetic patterns to accurately spell and construct words. This not only helps them become better writers but also improves their overall communication skills.3. Increased Confidence and MotivationThe fast-paced and interactive nature of Speed Phonics instills a sense of achievement in children. As they progress through the lessons and experience success in reading and writing, their confidence grows. This boost in confidence motivates them to continue learning and expanding their phonics skills.4. Solid Foundation for Further LearningSpeed Phonics provides children with a solid foundation for further language and literacy development. By mastering theessential phonetic patterns and sounds, children are better equipped to tackle more complex reading materials and expand their vocabulary. This strong foundation sets them up for lifelong learning success.ConclusionSpeed Phonics is a highly effective phonics program designed to teach children to read quickly and confidently. With its multisensory approach, rapid progression, interactive activities, and continuous assessment, it provides a comprehensive and engaging learning experience. By building strong phonics skills, children develop the necessary foundation for successful reading, writing, and overall language development.。
费曼物理学讲义 英文版
费曼物理学讲义英文版Feynman Lectures on PhysicsPhysics is a fascinating and complex field of study that has captivated the minds of countless individuals throughout history. One of the most renowned and influential figures in the world of physics is Richard Feynman, whose legendary lectures on the subject have become a cornerstone of scientific education. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, originally published in the 1960s, are a testament to Feynman's extraordinary ability to explain complex concepts in a clear and engaging manner.Feynman's approach to teaching physics was unique and groundbreaking. Rather than simply reciting facts and formulas, he emphasized the importance of understanding the underlying principles and the interconnectedness of various physical phenomena. His lectures were not merely a collection of dry, theoretical discussions, but rather a dynamic exploration of the natural world, where he encouraged his students to question, experiment, and discover.One of the key strengths of the Feynman Lectures on Physics isFeynman's ability to simplify complex ideas without sacrificing their depth or accuracy. He had a remarkable talent for breaking down seemingly daunting concepts into their most fundamental components, making them accessible to a wide range of audiences, from seasoned physicists to curious laypeople.Throughout the lectures, Feynman's infectious enthusiasm and genuine love for the subject matter shine through. He was not content to merely transmit information; instead, he sought to ignite a passion for learning and discovery in his students. His lectures were peppered with thought-provoking analogies, engaging demonstrations, and a keen sense of humor, all of which served to make the study of physics more engaging and enjoyable.One of the most notable aspects of the Feynman Lectures on Physics is the breadth and depth of the topics covered. From the fundamental laws of mechanics and thermodynamics to the intricacies of quantum mechanics and the mysteries of the universe, Feynman's lectures provide a comprehensive and authoritative exploration of the physical world. Each lecture is meticulously crafted, with Feynman guiding the reader through complex ideas step by step, building a solid foundation of understanding.Perhaps one of the most striking features of Feynman's teaching style is his ability to make the seemingly abstract and theoreticalconcepts of physics come alive. He often used practical examples and thought experiments to illustrate the principles he was discussing, helping his students to visualize and internalize the material. This approach not only made the lectures more engaging but also reinforced the relevance and applicability of physics in the real world.Another remarkable aspect of the Feynman Lectures on Physics is the way in which Feynman challenged his students to think critically and independently. He did not simply present information as a set of immutable facts; instead, he encouraged his students to question assumptions, to explore alternative perspectives, and to develop their own analytical and problem-solving skills. This emphasis on active learning and critical thinking has been a hallmark of Feynman's legacy, inspiring generations of physicists and scientists to approach their work with a similar sense of curiosity and intellectual rigor.The Feynman Lectures on Physics have become a revered and influential work in the field of physics education. They have been translated into numerous languages and are widely used as a reference and teaching resource around the world. The lectures have not only shaped the understanding and appreciation of physics for countless individuals, but they have also served as a model for effective and engaging scientific communication.In conclusion, the Feynman Lectures on Physics are a testament to the genius and pedagogical prowess of Richard Feynman. Through his innovative teaching methods, his deep understanding of physical principles, and his unwavering dedication to inspiring curiosity and discovery, Feynman has left an indelible mark on the field of physics and the way it is taught and learned. The lectures continue to be a source of inspiration and enlightenment for students and scholars alike, and their enduring legacy is a testament to the transformative power of knowledge and the joy of scientific exploration.。
轿车车顶结构的综合性能分析与评价
轿车车顶结构的综合性能分析与评价.设计?计算?研究?轿车车顶结构的综合性能分析与评价★刘爽1高云凯1张鲲鹏2(1.同济大学;2.上海汽车集团股份有限公司技术中心)【摘要】运用有限元数值模拟法研究了轿车车顶结构的模态特性,抗凹性能,覆雪强度,抗压强度等结构性能.系统评价了轿车车顶结构的静态,动态性能,包括载荷,边界条件的设置等,并给出了相应的评价准则及适用范围.将各个工况下的评价体系进行整合,得到合理的综合评价体系,为整车设计或车顶结构的相关产品研发提供了参考.主题词:轿车车顶结构结构-眭能综合评价中图分类号:U463.82+1文献标识码:A文章编号:1000—3703(2012)01—0017—05 AnalysisandEvaluationonGeneralProperty0fCarRoofStructureLiuShuang.,GaoYunkai,ZhangKunpeng(1.TongjiUniversity;2.SAICGroupTechnicalCenter)【Abstract]Inthispaper,thegeneralpropertyofvehicleroofstructure,includingmodalchara cteristic,dentresistance,strengthofroof-snowandroofcrusharestudiedwithfiniteelementsimulation.Sta ticanddynamicpropertyofcarroofstructure,includingloadandboundaryconditionsettingareevaluated,andcorrespon dingevaluationcriteriaandscopeofapplicationaregiven.Finally,theevaluationsystemcomprisingvariousconditionsi sintegrated,andareasonable comprehensiveevaluationsystemisobtained.Thissystemprovidesasignificantreferencefo rthedesignofvehicleandroofstructuraloptimizationandimprovement.Keywords:Car,Roofstructure,Structureproperty,Generalevaluation 1前言有限元分析法已经被广泛应用于汽车结构设计和成形仿真中【.目前.对轿车车顶结构的评价方法尚未形成体系.仅有法规FMVSS216(车顶准静态压溃试验》对其抗压强度进行评价,而其它性能的评价并没有法规对应:各个企业的评价准则也大都不相同.国内尚没有相关标准.国外在这方面研究工作也较少.大多是在单一工况下进行的分析.如主要部件对车顶结构的影响等本文以国内某汽车公司研发的轿车结构为例.采用有限元分析法对其车顶结构的综合评价方法进行研究.将各工况下车顶结构的分析进行整合与统一.研究包括车顶结构模态分析,抗凹性能分析,车顶覆雪强度分析,车顶结构的抗压强度分析等.2车顶结构的模态分析汽车车身结构的模态分析是汽车新产品开发中基金项目:上海汽车工业科技发展基金会(1011)资助.2012年第1期结构分析的主要内容.尤其是车身结构的低阶弹性模态.不仅控制汽车常规振动的关键指标.而且反映汽车车身结构的整体刚度性能嗍本文通过计算不同约束状态下车身截断部分的模态.即车顶结构模态来获取合适的约束边界条件.通过与白车身出现车顶局部模态时的模态振型对比.确定车顶结构的边界条件.验证有限元模型可靠性2.1车顶模态分析有限元模型'分析对象是整车有限元模型的截断部分.根据需要在A,B柱1/2位置处截取车顶的主要结构,主要板件之间连接方式为焊接有限元模型使用壳单元离散.选取单元大小为10mm,采用四边形单元. 少量三角形单元用于过渡结构按照表1所列的网格质量标准优化模型网格分析采用HYPER. WORKS作为前处理器.基于ABAQUS求解器进行求解,点焊采用connector的CWELD单元模拟.缝焊采用刚性couple—kin单元模拟顶盖与横梁之间的胶连接采用正六面体实体单元模拟.设计.计算.研究.表1单元网格划分标准网格质量指标范围单元长宽比<5单元翘曲角度/(.)<11四边形最大内角/(.)<135四边形最小内角/(.)>45三角形最大内角/(.)<12O三角形最小内角/(.)>30雅克比>0.6三角形所占比例,96<5车顶结构有限元模型如图1所示.整个模型共有68915个节点,66615个单元,393个焊点,三角形单元比例为3.1%.图1轿车车顶结构的有限兀模型2.2两种不同约束状态下的模态分析模型截断处采用两种约束方式.第一种是约束全部自由度.第二种是只约束平动自由度通过两种约束条件下的动态特性和整车在自由边界条件下的模态振型做对比.计算得到车顶结构的前l0阶模态频率,振型以及整车在30～150Hz范围内的自由模态频率和振型模态评价参数如表2所列表2车顶结构模态参数评价Hz车顶结构车顶结构参数整车结构(SPC3)(SPC6)前横梁垂向振动72.6172.45872.472加强横梁垂向振动118.1118.5118.41中部垂向振动145.4146.94146.52分析结果显示.车顶结构在两种约束条件下的典型模态频率和振型与整车白车身结构在自由边界条件下的模态频率和振型相当.故可以认为截取的车顶结构有限元模型在该种约束条件下符合整车结构要求.从而验证了该有限元模型的准确性.确定了其约束边界条件本文选取约束截断处全部自由度作为以后分析的初始边界条件3车顶结构的抗凹性能分析3.1抗凹性能定义抗凹性能通常参考于静态抗凹性能或动态抗凹一18一性能静态抗凹性能是指板件抵抗由静态载荷所引起的永久变形能力,这些载荷包括触摸,按压,置放行李时用手或肘部所施加的力等由于静态抗凹性能是评价结构性能的基本标准.故本文只研究车顶结构的静态抗凹性能3.2抗凹性能的评价指标抗凹性能是反映覆盖件使用性能的一项重要特性.分为静态指标和动态指标.静态指标包括抗凹刚度,局部凹痕抗力:动态指标包括抗凹稳定性[8】. a.抗凹刚度是指板件抵抗凹曲弹性变形的能力.b.局部凹痕抗力是指板件在加载一卸载过程完成后.局部存有的残余凹痕深度(DENTDEPTH), 反映了其抵抗局部凹陷的塑性变形能力c.抗凹稳定性是指板件在外载荷达到一定程度.抗变形能力突然消失而造成失稳现象时.板件抵抗失稳的能力.该现象和屈曲类似.即在临界载荷位置处出现位移的剧烈响应.表现为"大通过"(snap—through)~象,称为"油罐效应"(oil—canning).3.3抗凹性能的检验准则3.3.1抗凹刚度的检验准则抗凹刚度通常有3种方法进行检验评估:一定载荷作用下产生的凹陷位移;产生一定凹陷挠曲位移时承受的外载荷:外载荷作用下载荷一位移曲线的斜率实际应用时.一般选取一定载荷作用下产生的凹陷位移作为检验依据,如≤(fo是检验限定值)则合格.否则不合格关于检验载荷F和限定位移,各国还没有统一标准.本文采用的准则是在130N载荷作用下凹陷位移不超过6mm为合格3.3.2局部凹痕抗力的检验准则通常采用两种方法对局部抗凹力进行评估:a.一次加载法施加所需要的载荷F后卸载.由加载一卸载曲线获得一定载荷作用下的最大挠度和残余凹痕深度b.逐级加载法以等增量的加载方式逐步完成加载一卸载过程,从而获得载荷一残余凹痕深度曲线. 一般来讲.静态抗凹性能分析所采用的评价准则是产生固定凹痕深度时所需要的临界外载荷,若≥Fp(Fp是理论值)则合格,否则不合格.理论外载荷通常选取材料产生0.1mm残余凹痕深度时所施加的外载荷..厂Q的计算公式㈣如下:1l15fol=0.557tryt汽车技术.设计.计算.研究?表4抗凹性评价参数凹陷位移残余凹痕深度位置Rl/N稳定性/mm/mm参考点14.9360.038178稳定参考点24.9410.038168稳定参考点35.8270.020174稳定参考点45.8290.020173稳定参考点53.9670.064153稳定参考点65.8400.021172稳定参考点76.0290.10113O稳定4车顶结构的覆雪强度分析4.1车顶覆雪强度的评价方法车顶结构在雪压作用下会产生凹陷变形.随着覆雪厚度增加,变形量也会增大.若变形过大,会造成整体结构失稳或顶盖局部的超大塑性变形本文采用的评价准则是.获取车顶结构发生压溃时的顶盖覆雪厚度.若该厚度大于标准值.则其满足强度指标.否则不满足4.2车顶覆雪强度有限元分析4.2.1车顶覆雪强度分析有限元模型在车顶表面沿垂直方向(Z方向)施加大小为5.537kPa的分布载荷将加载一卸载曲线转化为覆雪厚度一时间曲线.雪密度取0.25g/cm,.所获得的加载曲线及边界条件如图7所示图7车顶覆雪强度分析有限兀模型4.2.2车顶覆雪强度的数值模拟在覆雪压力作用下.车顶结构变形如图8和图9所示.可以看出,在t=0.1S时覆雪压力达到最大, 此时车顶结构的最大应力为528.8MPa.已经远远超过材料的屈服极限.而产生的最大位移为97.98 mm.证明此时车顶结构已经被压溃.选取变形最大区域内某节点的位移一时间曲线来确定压溃时的覆雪厚度.由图1O可以看出,当t=0.07s时,节点位移急剧增加.表明此时车顶结构被压溃,对应的覆雪厚度为1.582m.已远大于标准值,说明该车顶结构的覆雪强度满足要求.一20一暑{《图8t=0.1s时的应力分布图9=0.1s时的位移变化图10变形最大区域内某节点的位移一时间曲线5车顶结构的抗压强度分析5.1车顶结构抗压强度的评价准则目前车顶结构抗压强度评价法规采用美国联邦机动车辆安全标准FMVSS216((车顶准静态压溃试验》旧.法规要求当刚性加载装置压力达到1.5倍汽车整备质量或22240N(取两者较小值)时.刚性加载装置位移不应超过127mm由于加载条件限制, 本文采用当刚性加载装置位移达到160mm时刚性加载平面与车顶之间的接触力变化范围来评价车顶结构抗压强度.一方面,观察刚性加载平面在接触力达到要求值时的位移是否在限定范围内:另一方面.观察刚性加载平面在之后的位移范围内,接触力是否会下降至要求值之下二者之间接触力越大,抵抗能力越强5.2车顶结构抗压强度有限元分析5.2.1整车有限元分析模型进行车顶结构抗压强度仿真分析时,有限元模型包含了试验侧的前,后车门,并且保持车门为关汽车技术.设计.计算?研究?闭状态.约束左,右门槛上各点的全部自由度,用来模拟试验中车辆的固定.载荷加载装置是刚性不变形的物块.仿真分析中使用762mmxl829mlTl的矩形刚性平面模拟.刚性平面以一定速度匀速沿其法向下压.对车顶进行加载.本文前处理采用HYPERWORKS,LS—DYNA作为求解器.模型中共有853386个节点.794923个单元,单元类型包括六面体实体单元,板壳单元,梁单元,刚性单元,弹簧单元等车顶结构抗压强度有限元分析模型如图11所示图11车顶结构抗压强度有限兀模型5.2.2车顶结构抗压强度的数值模拟图12为车顶结构抗压强度分析变形图.可以看出刚性加载平面与车顶接触的区域为主要变形区域.抗压分析中.用刚性加载平面与车身之间的接触力来评价车顶抵抗变形能力.本文中刚性加载平面以2m/s的恒定速度加载.选择加载时间为80 ms.此时,加载平面的位移为160mnl,所得到的刚性加载平面与车身之间的接触力一时间曲线如图13 所示Z疆趟图12车顶抗压强度分析变形情况图13刚性加载平面与车身的接触力一时间曲线该款轿车的整车整备质量为1420kg.故刚性加载平面的加载力要求值为20874N.从图13中可以看到,当加载力为20874N时,加载时间为6.7ms,对应的加载位移是13.33mm.该位移值远小于2012年第1期127Film;当加载时间为63.5ms时,对应的加载位移是127mm,且此时的接触力为42600N.故当加载位移在13.33127mm区间时.加载力均大于20874N. 因此.该车顶结构的抗压强度符合FMVSS216法规要求.6结束语通过有限元数值模拟分析法对轿车车顶结构的综合性能进行了分析与评价.综合性能主要包括结构的模态特性,抗凹特性,覆雪强度特性以及抗压强度特性.系统评价了车顶结构的静态,动态性能,包括载荷,边界条件的设置,给出了相应的评价准则及合理的适用范围.并且将各个工况下的评价体系进行整合.得到合理的综合评价体系,为整车设计或车顶结构的相关产品研发提供参考.参考文献1MarzbanradJ.ThicknessAndMaterialYieldStrength EffectsofThinSheetsonDentResistance.Wseas TransactionsonAppliedandTheoreticalMechanics,V o1. 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EffectofSteelStrengtheningMechanismsonDent ResistanceofAutomotiveBodyPanels.Paper980960,SAE,1998.11白小芳,廖世晖,周定陆.Abaqus在汽车顶盖覆雪分析中的应用.重庆,长安汽车工程研究院CAE所.一21—.设计.计算.研究.汽车液压制动系统优化设计平台开发王斌-过学迅-张巍1叶鹏1张杰2(1.武汉理工大学;2.华中科技大学)★【摘要】根据企业实际项目需要,通过面向对象的程序设计思想,利用Visualc++开发了汽车液压制动系统计算分析软件.介绍了该软件的功能结构,设计流程等.以某车制动系统设计计算为例,对软件的计算,分析,参数化建模能力进行了验证.该软件平台通过ACCESS数据库,储存了大量经验数据和制动法规来辅助用户设计开发,能够精确计算制动系统的20余项内容以全面分析整车制动性能.主题词:液压制动系统VisualC++参数化建模中图分类号:U463.52+l文献标识码:A文章编号:1000—3703(2012)01—0022—04 ResearchonVehicleHydraulicBrakeSystemDevelopmentPlatformWangBin,GuoXuexun,ZhangWei,Y ePeng,ZhangJie(1.WuhanUniversityofTechnology;2.HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology) 【Abstract】Inaccordancewithactualprojectdemand,avehiclehydraulicbrakesystemanalysissoftware isdevelopedbyusingVisualC++withtheideaofobject-orientedprogramming.Thispaperdes cribesthesoftwarefunction,structure,designprocess.Andbycomputingofavehiclebrakesystemdesignasexample,thec omputing,analysis,parametricmodelingcapabilityhavebeenverified.Thissoftwareplatformstoresuplargeam ountofempiricaldataandbraking—relatedregulationstoassistuserindesignanddevelopmentthroughACCESSdatabank,whic hcallcalculatemore thantwentyelementsofthebrakingsystemaccuratelytoanalyzevehiclebrakingperformanc einacomprehensiveway.Keywords:Hydraulicbrakesystem,VisualC++,Parametricmodeling相比Matlab(GUI),VisualC++是一款更专业的开发软件Matlab编程简单但程序只能在安装有Matlab的PC上才能运行:VisualC++不仅运行效率高,移植性好,与其他大型软件的接El也更稳定.本文结合企业实际项目.用VisualC++开发一款汽车制动系统开发平台.缩短了制动系统的开发周期基金项目:浙江省重大科技攻关项目,编号2008C01002.1软件功能按照软件工程学方法.需要对软件设计进行总体规划.本系统的设计目标是,为实际生产建立实用的设计,分析和仿真平台,在功能上满足实际设计需要.如帮助选择制动器结构型式:确定制动器主要结构参数.并根据参数对其性能从理论角度进行分12RAINSGC,KANIANTHRAJN.Determinationofthe SignificanceofRoofCrushonHeadandNeckInjuryto PassengerV ehicleOccupantsinRolloverCrashes.SAE Paper950655.13PaineM,NewlandC.RoofStrengthandOccupant ProtectioniflRolloverCrashes.2009AustralasianRoad SafetyResearch,PolicingandEducationConference,New SouthWales.Sydney,November10—13,2009.14EdwardMoffatt,JeyaPadmanaban.NHTSA'SBenefit ModelintheProposedFMVSS216RoofStrength一22一Standard.SAETechnicalPaper2007—01—0373.2007.15郝琪.陈奎.基于数值模拟的车身材料抗凹性分析.湖北汽车工业学院.2008(6):11～14.16祝军.李一兵.汽车滚翻事故的再现分析方法.公路交通科技.2006(6):162～165.17LUHongzhou,MAMingtu,Y ouJianghai,LIZhigang.A ResearchProgressofDentResistanceforAutomobileBody Panels.ChineseJournalofMechanicalEngineering,2009. (责任编辑帘青)修改稿收到日期为2011年11月1日.汽车技术。
安防管理英语
安防管理英语Security Management in EnglishSecurity management is a critical component of modern society, ensuring the safety and protection of people, property, and information. It involves a multifacetedapproach that includes physical security, personnel security, and cybersecurity measures.Physical security is the foundation of any security management system. It involves the use of barriers, locks, alarms, and surveillance systems to deter and prevent unauthorized access to facilities. Access control systems are integral to this, allowing only authorized individuals toenter sensitive areas.Personnel security focuses on the background checks and vetting of employees and visitors to ensure they do not posea threat to the organization. Training and awareness programs are also essential to educate staff on security protocols and the importance of vigilance.Cybersecurity is a growing concern in today's digital age. It encompasses the protection of digital information from theft, damage, or unauthorized access. This includes the useof firewalls, encryption, and secure communication channelsto safeguard sensitive data.Effective security management also requires a robust incident response plan. This plan should outline the steps to be taken in the event of a security breach, including immediate actions, communication strategies, and long-term recovery processes.Continuous monitoring and assessment are key to maintaining a strong security posture. Regular audits and updates to security policies and technologies help toidentify and address potential vulnerabilities before they can be exploited.In conclusion, security management in English is a dynamic field that demands a proactive and comprehensive approach. By integrating physical, personnel, and cybersecurity measures, organizations can create a secure environment that protects their assets and ensures the safety of all stakeholders.。
地区电网电能质量综合评估新方法_刘颖英
知道某个电压等级的电能质量综合评估结果是不 够的。因此，本文提出了将地区电能质量综合评估 分层考察的概念。首先利用遗传投影寻踪方法对地 区各电压等级母线进行智能化电能质量综合评估； 然后利用特征值赋权法对地区各变电站、地区各电 压等级进行电能质量综合评估；最后综合各电压等 级的评估结果，对整个地区的电能质量进行综合评 估，从而可以得到地区各个层面的电能质量综合评 估结果。假设某地区有 A、B 两座变电站，每个变 电站有 220、110 和 35 kV 3 个电压等级，则该地区 电能质量综合评估流程如图 1 所示。
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第 28 卷 第 22 期 2008 年 8 月 5 日
中 国 电 机 工 程 学 Proceedings of the CSEE 中图分类号：TM 72
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Vol.28 No.22 Aug. 5, 2008 ©2008 Chin.Soc.for Elec.Eng. 学科分类号：470⋅40
文章编号：0258-8013 (2008) 22-0130-07
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能质量不合格时的情况。具体划分方式为：将电能 质量单项指标分别在限值范围内平均分为 5 个等 级，为质量合格时的等级划分；对不合格时的电能 质量单项指标划分为 4 级，跨度为合格时跨度的 2 倍。这样的等级划分有利于在质量合格时精细考察 质量情况，而在质量不合格时大范围考察质量情 况。从 1~9 级，电能质量情况逐级下降，分级情况 如图 3 所示。考虑到在实际工程中对优质电能质量 的要求范围不易过于苛刻，将 2 级和 3 级同时定义
特质 优质 优质 良好 合格 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 极重污染
NMR relaxometry as a versatile tool to study Li ion dynamics in potential battery materials
article info
Available online 9 February 2012
Keywords: Li ion dynamics NMR spin–lattice relaxation Battery materials Li7La3Zr2O12 Li12Si7
abstract
NMR spin relaxometry is known to be a powerful tool for the investigation of Li þ dynamics in (nonparamagnetic) crystalline and amorphous solids. As long as significant structural changes are absent in a relatively wide temperature range, with NMR spin–lattice (as well as spin–spin) relaxation measurements information on Li self-diffusion parameters such as jump rates and activation energies are accessible. Diffusion-induced NMR relaxation rates are governed by a motional correlation function describing the ion dynamics present. Besides the mean correlation rate of the dynamic process, the motional correlation function (i) reflects deviations from random motion (so-called correlation effects) and (ii) gives insights into the dimensionality of the hopping process. In favorable cases, i.e., when temperature- and frequency-dependent NMR relaxation rates are available over a large dynamic range, NMR spin relaxometry is able to provide a comprehensive picture of the relevant Li dynamic processes. In the present contribution, we exemplarily present two recent variable-temperature 7Li NMR spin– lattice relaxation studies focussing on Liþ dynamics in crystalline ion conductors which are of relevance for battery applications, viz. Li7 La3Zr2O12 and Li12Si7.
摩萨MXview系列工业网络管理软件介绍说明书
MXview SeriesIndustrial network management software designed for converged automation networks, supports an optional wireless add-on moduleFeatures and Benefits•Discovers and visualizes network devices and physical connectionsautomatically•Central management of configurations and firmware for Moxa devices•Multiple options for events and notifications with self-defined threshold andduration•Comprehensive reports,including inventory,traffic,and availability reports•Provides RESTful API and web widget to embed MXview into industrialapplications•Supports third-party Ethernet switches through SNMP MIB files•Generates OPC2.0compliant tags automatically to integrate with SCADA/HMI applications•Dynamic topology view shows the status of wireless links and connectionchanges at a glance1•Visual,interactive roaming playback function to review the roaming history ofclients1•Detailed device information and performance indicator charts for individualAP and client devices1IntroductionMoxa’s MXview network management software is designed for configuring,monitoring,and diagnosing networking devices in industrial networks. MXview provides an integrated management platform that can discover networking devices and SNMP/IP devices installed on subnets.All selected network components can be managed via a web browser from both local and remote sites—anytime and anywhere.In addition,MXview supports the optional MXview Wireless add-on module1.MXview Wireless provides additional advanced functions for wireless applications to monitor and troubleshoot your network,and help you minimize downtime.Experience1Year of MXview Wireless For FreeFrom now until Dec31,2021,you can try the MXview Wireless module for free for one year by simply activating the MXview Wireless add-on promotional license for your MXview instance.2Download the Promotional License Activation Guide at /wirelessguide.1.This feature requires the MXview Wireless add-on license(LIC-MXview-ADD-WIRELESS-MR),which can be purchased separately.An active MXview license isrequired in order to activate the add-on license.2.The1–year promotional license term begins the moment the license is activated.If you wish to continue using MXview Wireless after the promotional license hasexpired,you will need to purchase the MXview Wireless add-on perpetual license(LIC-MXview-ADD-WIRELESS-MR).Visualization•Discovers up to2,000Moxa devices and SNMP/ICMP devices within scan range•Visualization of redundant link status and device roles of network redundancy protocols•Visualization of graphic VLAN groups•Security view for the security status of network devices with industrial security standard•Displays third-party device icons•A network management dashboard to view the network status quickly •Visualization of network traffic loading with color-coded links •Device front panel visualization,including ports and LED indicators •Visualization of managed PoE device power consumption •Wireless device dashboard that shows dynamic AP-client relationships and performance indicator charts for wireless devices3•Roaming playback to review a client's roaming status33.This feature requires the MXview Wireless add-on license(LIC-MXview-ADD-WIRELESS-MR),which can be purchased separately.An active MXview license isrequired in order to activate the add-on license.Network Diagnostics and Event Notification•Detect problems in real-time with SNMP trap/inform,or periodic polling•Generate trend graphs to track bandwidth utilization and error packet rate statistics,accurate to four decimal places•Supports Syslog server for centralized message management •Configurable event notification alarms sent through email,Microsoft Teams,Slack,MXview ToGo.and SNMP trap,or locally through program notification,message box,and audio alerts•Multiple options for events and notifications with self-defined threshold and duration •Generate OPC2.0compliant tags automatically to integrate with SCADA/HMI applications•Group health OPC tag represents entire network status•Real-time device availability monitoring•Supports third-party Ethernet switches through MIB files •Collaborate with third-party NMS through SNMP traps•Provides RESTful API and web widget for integrating MXview into the existing systemComprehensive Reports•Maintain device availability reports and record for up to90days •Generate an inventory report for each device on the network •Compile comprehensive device properties report •Generate network traffic trend reportsCentralized Configuration and Firmware Management•Bulk deployment of device configurations and firmware •In one click,back up the entire MXview database,including topology,job scheduling,events,and device properties •Scheduling for periodic configuration backup•Save history of configuration changes•Comparison tool for checking differences between2configurationsMobile App for Network Monitoring•MXview ToGo mobile app for remote monitoring andnotification—anytime,anywhere•Smart Device Identification with QR Code enhances operationalefficiency•Device Locator with mobile app reduces searching time at fieldsitesSpecificationsHardware RequirementsCPU2GHz or faster dual-core CPU RAM8GB or higherHardware Disk Space MXview only:10GBWith MXview Wireless module:20to30GB4OS Windows7Service Pack1(64-bit)Windows10(64-bit)Windows Server2012R2(64-bit)Windows Server2016(64-bit)Windows Server2019(64-bit)ManagementSupported Interfaces SNMPv1/v2c/v3and ICMPSupported DevicesAWK Products AWK-1121Series(v1.4or higher)AWK-1127Series(v1.4or higher)AWK-1131A Series(v1.11or higher)AWK-1137C Series(v1.1or higher)AWK-3121Series(v1.6or higher)AWK-3131Series(v1.1or higher)AWK-3131A Series(v1.3or higher)AWK-3131A-M12-RTG Series(v1.8or higher)AWK-4121Series(v1.6or higher)AWK-4131Series(v1.1or higher)AWK-4131A Series(v1.3or higher)DA Products DA-820C Series(v1.0or higher)DA-682C Series(v1.0or higher)DA-681C Series(v1.0or higher)DA-720Series(v1.0or higher)EDR Products EDR-G903Series(v2.1or higher)EDR-G902Series(v1.0or higher)EDR-810Series(v3.2or higher)EDR-G9010Series(v1.0or higher)EDS Products EDS-405A/408A Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-405A/408A-EIP Series(v3.0or higher)EDS-405A/408A-PN Series(v3.1or higher)EDS-405A-PTP Series(v3.3or higher)EDS-505A/508A/516A Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-510A Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-518A Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-510E/518E Series(v4.0or higher)EDS-528E Series(v5.0or higher)EDS-G508E/G512E/G516E Series(v4.0or higher)EDS-G512E-8PoE Series(v4.0or higher)EDS-608/611/616/619Series(v1.1or higher)EDS-728Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-828Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-G509Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-P510Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-P510A-8PoE Series(v3.1or higher)EDS-P506A-4PoE Series(v2.6or higher)EDS-P506Series(v5.5or higher)EOM Products EOM-104/104-FO Series(v1.2or higher)ICS Products ICS-G7526/G7528Series(v1.0or higher)ICS-G7826/G7828Series(v1.1or higher)ICS-G7748/G7750/G7752Series(v1.2or higher)ICS-G7848/G7850/G7852Series(v1.2or higher)ICS-G7526A/G7528A Series(v4.0or higher)ICS-G7826A/G7828A Series(v4.0or higher)ICS-G7748A/G7750A/G7752A Series(v4.0or higher)ICS-G7848A/G7850A/G7852A Series(v4.0or higher) IEX Products IEX-402-SHDSL Series(v1.0or higher)IEX-402-VDSL2Series(v1.0or higher)4.Recommended amount to store1month of performance and event history.IEX-408E-2VDSL2Series(v4.0or higher)IKS Products IKS-6726/6728Series(v2.6or higher)IKS-6524/6526Series(v2.6or higher)IKS-G6524Series(v1.0or higher)IKS-G6824Series(v1.1or higher)IKS-6728-8PoE Series(v3.1or higher)IKS-6726A/6728A Series(v4.0or higher)IKS-G6524A Series(v4.0or higher)IKS-G6824A Series(v4.0or higher)IKS-6728A-8PoE Series(v4.0or higher)ioLogik Products ioLogik E2210Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2212Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2214Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2240Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2242Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2260Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik E2262Series(v3.7or higher)ioLogik W5312Series(v1.7or higher)ioLogik W5340Series(v1.8or higher)ioThinx Products ioThinx4510Series(v1.3or higher)MC Products MC-7400Series(v1.0or higher)MDS Products MDS-G4012Series(v1.0or higher)MDS-G4020Series(v1.0or higher)MDS-G4028Series(v1.0or higher)MDS-G4012-L3Series(v2.0or higher)MDS-G4020-L3Series(v2.0or higher)MDS-G4028-L3Series(v2.0or higher)MGate Products MGate MB3170/MB3270Series(v4.2or higher)MGate MB3180Series(v2.2or higher)MGate MB3280Series(v4.1or higher)MGate MB3480Series(v3.2or higher)MGate MB3660Series(v2.5or higher)MGate5101-PBM-MN Series(v2.2or higher)MGate5102-PBM-PN Series(v2.3or higher)MGate5103Series(v2.2or higher)MGate5105-MB-EIP Series(v4.3or higher)MGate5109Series(v2.3or higher)MGate5111Series(v1.3or higher)MGate5114Series(v1.3or higher)MGate5118Series(v2.2or higher)MGate W5108/W5208Series(v2.4or higher)MGate5217I Series(v1.0or higher)NPort Products NPort S8455Series(v1.3or higher)NPort S8458Series(v1.3or higher)NPort5110Series(v2.10or higher)NPort5130/5150Series(v3.9or higher)NPort5200Series(v2.12or higher)NPort5100A Series(v1.6or higher)NPort P5150A Series(v1.6or higher)NPort5200A Series(v1.6or higher)NPort5400Series(v3.14or higher)NPort5600Series(v3.10or higher)NPort5610-8-DT/5610-8-DT-J/5650-8-DT/5650I-8-DT/5650-8-DT-J Series(v2.7orhigher)NPort5610-8-DTL/5650-8-DTL/5650I-8-DTL Series(v1.6or higher)NPort IA5000Series(v1.7or higher)NPort IA5150A/IA5150AI/IA5250A/IA5250AI Series(v1.5or higher)NPort IA5450A/IA5450AI Series(v2.0or higher)NPort6000Series(v1.21or higher)NPort5000AI-M12Series(v1.5or higher)PT Products PT-7528Series(v3.0or higher)PT-7710Series(v1.2or higher)PT-7728Series(v2.6or higher)PT-7828Series(v2.6or higher)PT-G7509Series(v1.1or higher)PT-508/510Series(v3.0or higher)PT-G503-PHR-PTP Series(v4.0or higher)PT-G7728Series(v5.3or higher)PT-G7828Series(v5.3or higher)SDS Products SDS-3008Series(v2.1or higher)SDS-3016Series(v2.1or higher)TAP Products TAP-213Series(v1.2or higher)TAP-323Series(v1.8or higher)TAP-6226Series(v1.8or higher)TN Products TN-4516A Series(v3.6or higher)TN-4516A-POE Series(v3.6or higher)TN-4524A-POE Series(v3.6or higher)TN-4528A-POE Series(v3.8or higher)TN-G4516-POE Series(v5.0or higher)TN-G6512-POE Series(v5.2or higher)TN-5508/5510Series(v1.1or higher)TN-5516/5518Series(v1.2or higher)TN-5508-4PoE Series(v2.6or higher)TN-5516-8PoE Series(v2.6or higher)UC Products UC-2101-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2102-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2104-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2111-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2112-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2112-T-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2114-T-LX Series(v1.7or higher)UC-2116-T-LX Series(v1.7or higher)V Products V2406C Series(v1.0or higher)VPort Products VPort26A-1MP Series(v1.2or higher)VPort36-1MP Series(v1.1or higher)VPort P06-1MP-M12Series(v2.2or higher)WAC Products WAC-1001Series(v2.1or higher)WAC-2004Series(v1.6or higher)For MXview Wireless AWK-1131A Series(v1.22or higher)AWK-1137C Series(v1.6or higher)AWK-3131A Series(v1.16or higher)AWK-4131A Series(v1.16or higher)Note:To use advanced wireless functions in MXview Wireless,the device must be inone of the following operation modes:AP,Client,Client-Router.Package ContentsNumber of Supported Nodes Up to2000(may require purchase of expansion licenses)Ordering InformationMXview-5050––MXview-100100––MXview-250250––MXview-500500––MXview-10001000––MXview-20002000––MXview Upgrade-50050nodes–LIC-MXview-ADD-WIRELESS-MR––Wireless©Moxa Inc.All rights reserved.Updated Sep10,2021.This document and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of Moxa Inc.Product specifications subject to change without notice.Visit our website for the most up-to-date product information.。
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文翻译Newly compiled on November 23, 2020Title:ADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUES WITH MTCONNECTAuthor:Vijayaraghavan, Athulan, UC BerkeleyDornfeld, David, UC BerkeleyPublication Date:06-01-2009Series:Precision Manufacturing GroupPermalink:Keywords:Process planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect Abstract:Robust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verify their effectiveness. In this paper wediscuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standard for data exchange in manufacturingsystems, in addressing two specific issues in process planning and verification. We use data froman MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimate the cycle time required for machining complexparts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths tothe required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions to therequired part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easilyenabling process planning and verification in an industrial environment.Copyright Information:All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for anynecessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn moreADDRESSING PROCESS PLANNING AND VERIFICATION ISSUESWITH MTCONNECTAthulan Vijayaraghavan, Lucie Huet, and David DornfeldDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720-1740William SobelArtisanal SoftwareOakland, CA 94611Bill Blomquist and Mark ConleyRemmele Engineering Inc.Big Lake, MNKEYWORDSProcess planning verification, machine tool interoperability, MTConnect.ABSTRACTRobust interoperability methods are needed in manufacturing systems to implement computeraided process planning algorithms and to verifytheir effectiveness. In this paper we discuss applying MTConnect, an open-source standardfor data exchange in manufacturing systems, in addressing two specific issues in processplanning and verification. We use data from an MTConnect-compliant machine tool to estimatethe cycle time required for machining complex parts in that machine. MTConnect data is also used in verifying the conformance of toolpaths to the required part features by comparing the features created by the actual tool positions tothe required part features using CAD tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of MTConnect in easily enabling process planning and verificationin an industrial environment.INTRODUCTIONAutomated process planning methods are acritical component in the design and planning of manufacturing processes for complex parts. Thisis especially the case with high speed machining, as the complex interactions betweenthe tool and the workpiece necessitates careful selection of the process parameters and the toolpath design. However, to improve the effectiveness of these methods, they need to be integrated tightly with machines and systems in industrial environments. To enable this, we need robust interoperability standards for data exchange between the different entities in manufacturing systems.In this paper, we discuss using MTConnect – an open source standard for data exchange in manufacturing systems – to address issues in process planning and verification in machining.We discuss two examples of using MTConnect for better process planning: in estimating the cycle time for high speed machining, and in verifying the effectiveness of toolpath planning for machining complex features. As MTConnect standardizes the exchange of manufacturing process data, process planning applications can be developed independent of the specific equipment used (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). This allowed us to develop the process planning applications and implement them in an industrial setting with minimal overhead. The experiments discussed in this paper were developed at UC Berkeley and implemented at Remmele Engineering Inc.The next section presents a brief introduction to MTConnect, highlighting its applicability in manufacturing process monitoring. We then discuss two applications of MTConnect – in computing cycle time estimates and in verifying toolpath planning effectiveness. MTCONNECTMTConnect is an open software standard for data exchange and communication between manufacturing equipment (MTConnect, 2008a). The MTConnect protocol defines a common language and structure for communication in manufacturing equipment, and enables interoperability by allowing access to manufacturing data using standardized interfaces. MTConnect does not define methods for data transmission or use, and is not intended to replace the functionality of existing products and/or data standards. It enhances the data acquisition capabiltiies of devices and applications, moving towards a plug-and-play environment that can reduce the cost of integration. MTConnect is built upon prevalent standards in the manufacturing and software industry, which maximizes the number of tools available for its implementation and provides a high level of interoperability with other standards and tools in these industries.MTConnect is an XML-based standard andmessages are encoded using XML (eXtensibleMarkup Language), which has been usedextensively as a portable way of specifying data interchange formats (W3C, 2008). A machinereadable XML schema defines the format ofMTConnect messages and how the data itemswithin those messages are represented. At thetime of publication, the latest version of the MTConnect standard defining the schema is (MTConnect, 2008b).The MTConnect protocol includes the following information about a device:Identity of a deviceIdentity of all the independent components ofthe deviceDesign characteristics of the deviceData occurring in real or near real-time by thedevice that can be utilized by other devices or applications. The types of data that can beaddressed includes:Physical and actual device design dataMeasurement or calibration dataNear-real time data from the deviceFigure 1 shows an example of a data gatheringsetup using MTConnect. Data is gathered innear-time from a machine tool and from thermal sensors attached to it. The data stored by the MTConnect protocol for this setup is shown inTable 1. Specialized adaptors are used to parsethe data from the machine tool and from thesensor devices into a format that can beunderstood by the MTConnect agent, which inturn organizes the data into the MTConnect XML schema. Software tools can be developed which operate on the XML data from the agent. Sincethe XML schema is standardized, the softwaretools can be blind to the specific configuration ofthe equipment from where the data is gathered. FIGURE 1: MTCONNECT SETUP.TABLE 1:MTCONNECT PROTOCOL INFORMATION FOR MACHINE TOOL IN FIGURE 1.Device identity “3-Axis Milling Machine”Devicecomponents1 X Axis; 1 Y Axis; 1 Z Axis;2 Thermal SensorsDevice designcharacteristicsX Axis Travel: 6”Y Axis Travel: 6”Z Axis Travel: 12”Max Spindle RPM: 24000Data occurringin deviceTool position: (0,0,0);Spindle RPM: 1000Alarm Status: OFFTemp Sensor 1: 90oFTemp Sensor 2: 120oFAn added benefit of XML is that it is a hierarchical representation, and this is exploited by designing the hierarchy of the MTConnect schema to resemble that of a conventional machine tool. The schema itself functions as a metaphor for the machine tool and makes the parsing and encoding of messages intuitive. Data items are grouped based on their logical organization, and not on their physical organization. For example, Figure 2 shows the XML schema associated with the setup shown in Figure 1. Although the temperature sensors operate independant of the machine tool (with its own adaptor), the data from the sensors are associated with specific components of the machine tool, and hence the temperature data is a member of the hierarchy of the machine tool. The next section discusses applying MTConnect in estimating cycle time in high-speed machining.ACCURATE CYCLE TIME ESTIMATESIn high speed machining processes there can be discrepancies between the actual feedrates during cutting and the required (or commanded) feedrates. These discrepancies are dependenton the design of the controller used in the machine tool and the toolpath geometry. While there have been innovative controller designs that minimize the feedrate discrepancy (Sencer,2008), most machine tools used in conventional industrial facilities have commercial off-the-shelf controllers that demonstrate some discrepancies in the feedrates, especially when machining complex geometries at high speeds. There is a need for simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in these machining conditions. Apart from influencing the surface quality of the machined parts, feedrate variation can lead to inaccurate estimates of the cycle time during machining. Accurate estimates of the cycle time is a critical requirement in planning for complex machining operations in manufacturing facilities. The cycle time is needed for both scheduling the part in a job shop, as well as for costing the part. Inaccurate cycle time estimates (especiallywhen the feed is overestimated) can lead to uncompetitive estimates for the cost of the part and unrealistic estimates for the cycle time. Related Workde Souza and Coelho (2007) presented a comprehensive set of experiments to demonstrate feedrate limitations during the machining of freeform surfaces. They identified the causes of feedrate variation as dynamic limitations of the machine, block processing time FIGURE 2: MTCONNECT HIERARCHY.for the CNC, and the feature size in the toolpaths. Significant discrepancies were observed between the actual and commanded feeds when machining with linear interpolation (G01). The authors used a custom monitoring and data logging system to capture the feedrate variation in the CNC controller during machining. Sencer et al. (2008) presented feed scheduling algorithms to minimize the machining time for 5- axis contour machining of sculptured surfaces. The algorithm optimized the profile of the feedrate for minimum machining time, while observing constrains on the smoothness of the feedrate, acceleration and jerk of the machine tool drives. This follows earlier work in minimizing the machining time in 3-axis milling using similar feed scheduling techniques(Altintas, 2003). While these methods are very effective in improving the cycle time of complex machining operations, they can be difficult toapply in conventional factory environments asthey require specialized control systems. The methods we discuss in this paper do notaddress the optimization of cycle time during machining. Instead, we provide simple tools to estimate the discrepancy in feedrates during machining and use this in estimating the cycletime for arbitrary parts.MethodologyDuring G01 linear interpolation the chief determinant of the maximum feedrateachievable is the spacing between adjacentpoints (G01 step size). We focus on G01 interpolation as this is used extensively when machining simultaneously in 3 or more axes.The cycle time for this machine tool to machinean arbitrary part (using linear interpolation) is estimated based on the maximum feedachievable by the machine tool at a given path spacing. MTConnect is a key enabler in this process as it standardizes both data collectionas well as the analysis.The maximum feedrate achievable is estimated using a standardized test G-code program. This program consists of machining a simple shapewith progressively varying G01 path spacings.The program is executed on an MTConnectcompliant machine tool, and the position andfeed data from the machine tool is logged innear-real time. The feedrate during cutting at the different spacings is then analyzed, and amachine tool “calibration” curve is developed, which identifies the maximum feedrate possibleat a given path spacing.FIGURE 3: METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING CYCLE TIME.Conventionally, the cycle time for a giventoolpath is estimated by summing the time takenfor the machine tool to process each block of Gcode, which is calculated as the distancetravelled in that block divided by the feedrate ofthe block. For a given arbitrary part G-code to be executed on a machine tool, the cycle time is estimated using the calibration curve as follows. For each G01 block executed in the program, the size of the step is calculated (this is the distance between the points the machine tool is interpolating) and the maximum feedrate possible at this step size is looked up from the calibration curve. If the maximum feedrate is smaller than the commanded feedrate, this line of the G-code is modified to machine at the (lower) actual feedrate, if the maximum feedrate is greater, then the line is left unmodified. This is performed for all G01 lines in the program, and finally, the cycle time of the modified G-code program is estimated the conventional way. This methodology is shown in Figure 3. The next section discusses an example applying this methodology on a machine tool.ResultsWe implemented the cycle time estimation method on a 3-axis machine tool with a conventional controller. The calibration curve of this machine tool was computed by machining a simple circular feature at the following linear spacings: ”, ”, ”, ”,”, ”, ”, ”, ”. Weconfirmed that the radius of the circle (that is, the curvature in the toolpath) had no effect on the feedrate achieved by testing with circular features of radius ”, ”, and ”, andobserving the same maximum feedrate in all cases. Table 2 shows the maximum achievable feedrate at each path spacing when using a circle of radius 1”. We can see from the table that the maximum feedrate achievable is a linear function of the path spacing. Using a linear fit, the calibration curve for this machine tool can be estimated. Figure 4 plots the calibration curve for this machine tool. The relationship between the feedrate and the path spacing is linear asthe block processing time of the machine tool controller is constant at all feedrates. The block processing time determines the maximumfederate achievable for a given spacing as it isthe time the machine tool takes to interpolateone block of G-code. As the path spacing (or interpolatory distance) linearly increases, thespeed at which it can be interpolated alsoincreases linearly. The relationship for the datain Figure 4 is:MAX FEED (in/min) = 14847 * SPACING (in)TABLE 2: MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE FEEDRATE AT VARYING PATH SPACINGSpacing Maximum Feedrate”””””””””We also noticed that the maximum feedrate for agiven spacing was unaffected by thecommanded feedrate, as long as it was lesserthan the commanded feedrate. This means thatit was adequate to compute the calibration curveby commanding the maximum possible feedratein the machine tool.FIGURE 4: CALIBRATION CURVE FOR MACHINE TOOL.Using this calibration curve, we estimated thecycle time for machining an arbitrary feature inthis machine tool. The feature we used was a3D spiral with a smoothly varying path spacing,which is shown in Figure 5. The spiral path isdescribed exclusively using G01 steps andinvolves simultaneous 3-axis interpolation. Thepath spacing of the G-code blocks for thefeature is shown in Figure 6.FIGURE 5: 3D SPIRAL FEATURE.FIGURE 6: PATH SPACING VARIATION WITH GCODE LINE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE.Figure 7 shows the predicted feedrate based onthe calibration curve for machining the spiralshape at 100 inches/min, compared to the actualfeedrate during machining. We can see that the feedrate predicted by the calibration curvematches very closely with the actual feedrate.We can also observe the linear relationship between path spacing and maximum feedrate by comparing figures 6 and 7.FIGURE 7: PREDICTED FEEDRATE COMPARED TO MEASURED FEEDRATE FOR SPIRAL FEATURE AT 100 IN/MIN.FIGURE 8: ACTUAL CYCLE TIME TO MACHINE SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES. The cycle time for machining the spiral atdifferent commanded feedrates was alsoestimated using the calibration curve. Figure 8 shows the actual cycle time taken to machinethe spiral feature at different feedrates. Noticehere that the trend is non-linear – an increase infeed does not yield a proportional decrease incycle time – implying that there is somefeedrate discrepancy at high feeds. Figure 9 compares the theoretical cycle time to machineat different feedrates to the actual cycle time andthe model predicted cycle time. We can see thatthe model predictions match the cycle times very closely (within 1%). Significant discrepancies are seen between the theoretical cycle time and the actual cycle time when machining at high feed rates. These discrepancies can be explained bythe difference between the block processingtime for the controller, and the time spent oneach block of G-Code during machining. At high feedrates, the time spent at each block is shorterthan the block processing time, so the controller slows down the interpolation resulting in a discrepancy in the cycle time.These results demonstrated the effectiveness of using the calibration curve to estimate feed, and ultimately apply in estimating the cycle time.This method can be extrapolated to multi-axis machining by measuring the feedrate variationfor linear interpolation in specific axes. We canalso specifically correlate feed in one axis to the path spacing instead of the overall feedrate. FIGURE 9: ACTUAL OBSERVED CYCLE TIMESAND PREDICTED CYCLE TIMES COMPARED TO THE NORMALIZED THEORETICAL CYCLE TIMES FOR MACHINING SPIRAL FEATURE AT DIFFERENT FEEDRATES.TOOL POSITION VERIFICATIONMTConnect data can also be used in verifying toolpath planning for the machining of complex parts. Toolpaths for machining complex featuresare usually designed using specialized CAM algorithms, and traditionally the effectiveness ofthe toolpaths in creating the required partfeatures are either verified using computer simulations of the toolpath, or by surfacemetrology of the machined part. The formerapproach is not very accurate, as the toolpath commanded to the machine tool may not matchthe actual toolpath travelled during machining.The latter approach, while accurate, tends to betime consuming and expensive, and requires the analysis and processing of 3D metrology data(which can be complex). Moreover, errors in the features of a machined part are not solely due to toolpath errors, and using metrology data fortoolpath verification may obfuscate toolpatherrors with process dynamics errors. In aprevious work we discussed a simple way toverify toolpath planning by overlaying the actualtool positions against the CAM generated tool positions (Vijayaraghavan, 2008). We nowdiscuss a more intuitive method to verify the effectiveness of machining toolpaths, wheredata from MTConnect-compliant machine toolsis used to create a solid model of the machined features to compare with the desired features.Related WorkThe manufacturing community has focussed extensively on developing process planning algorithms for the machining of complex parts.Elber (1995) in one of the earliest works in thefield, discussed algorithms for toolpathgeneration for 3- and 5-axis machining. Wrightet al. (2004) discussed toolpath generationalgorithms for the finish machining of freeform surfaces; the algorithms were based on thegeometric properties of the surface features. Vijayaraghavan et al. (2009) discussed methodsto vary the spacing of raster toolpaths and tooptimize the orientation of workpieces infreeform surface machining. The efficiency ofthese methods were validated primarily bymetrology and testing of the machined part. MethodologyTo verify toolpath planning effectiveness, we logthe actual cutting tool positions during machiningfrom an MTConnect-compliant machine tool,and use the positions to generate a solid modelof the machined part. The discrepancy infeatures traced by the actual toolpath relative tothe required part features can be computed by comparing these two solid models. The solidmodel of the machined part from the toolpositions can be obtained as follows:Create a 3D model of the toolCreate a 3D model of the stock materialCompute the swept volume of the tool as ittraces the tool positions (using logged data)Subtract the swept volume of the tool from thestock materialThe remaining volume of material is a solidmodel of the actual machined part.The two models can then be compared using 3D boolean difference (or subtraction) operations.ResultsWe implemented this verification scheme bylogging the cutter positions from an MTConnectcompliant 5-axis machine tool. The procedure toobtain the solid model using the tool positionswas implemented in Vericut. The two modelswere compared using a boolean diff operation in Vericut, which identified the regions in the actual machined part that were different from therequired solid model. An example applying thismethod for a feature is shown in Figure 10.FIGURE 10: A – SOLID MODEL OF REQUIRED PART; B – SOLID MODEL OF PART FROM TOOL POSITIONS SHOWING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN ACTUAL PART FEATURES AND REQUIRED PART FEATURES. SHADED REGIONSDENOTE ~” DIFFERENCE IN MATERIAL REMOVAL.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS MTConnect makes it very easy to standardize data capture from disparate sources anddevelop common planning and verification applications. The importance of standardization cannot be overstated here – while it has always been possible to get process data from machine tools, this can be generally cumbersome andtime consuming because different machine tools require different methods of accessing data.Data analysis was also challenging to standardize as the data came in differentformats and custom subroutines were needed to process and analyze data from differentmachine tools. With MTConnect the data gathering and analysis process is standardized resulting in significant cost and time savings. This allowed us to develop the verification tools independent of the machine tools they were applied in. This also allowed us to rapidly deploy these tools in an industrial environment without any overheads (especially from the machine tool sitting idle). The toolpath verification was performed with minimal user intervention on a machine which was being actively used in a factory. The only setup needed was to initially configure the machine tool to output MTConnect-compliant data; since this is a onetime activity, it has an almost negligible impacton the long term utilization of the machine tool. Successful implementations of data capture and analysis applications over MTConnect requires a robust characterization of the data capture rates and the latency in the streaming information. Current implementations of MTConnect are over ethernet, and a data rate of about 10~100Hzwas observed in normal conditions (with no network congestion). While this is adequate for geometric analysis (such as the examples in this paper), it is not adequate for real-time process monitoring applications, such as sensor data logging. More work is needed in developing theMTConnect software libraries so that acceptable data rates and latencies can be achieved.One of the benefits of MTConnect is that it can act as a bridge between academic research and industrial practice. Researchers can developtools that operate on standardized data, whichare no longer encumbered by specific data formats and requirements. The tools can then be easily applied in industrial settings, as the framework required to implement the tools in a specific machine or system is already in place. Greater use of interoperability standards by the academic community in manufacturing research will lead to faster dissemination of research results and closer collaboration with industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank the reviewers for their valuable comments. MTConnect is supported by AMT –The Association for Manufacturing Technology. We thank Armando Fox from the RAD Lab at UC Berkeley, and Paul Warndorf from AMT for their input. Research at UC Berkeley is supported by the Machine Tool Technology Research Foundation and the industrial affiliates of the Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability. 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