雅思写作教案1.doc

ArgumentIn IELTS, for both the academic and the General Training modules, the second writing task is often an argument or a discussion on a given topic. In this unit, we will be discussing how to write an argument.An argument is a set of statements in support of an opinion or proposed course of action. It is expressed in an orderly way, and is used to try to convince someone that the opinion or course of action is correct. In this unit, we will discuss:How to plan an argumentHow to support an argumentHow to organize an argumentHow to refute an argumentThe first step in planning an argument is to list the points you wish to make. Some of these may be facts. Some may be opinions. Facts are statements which are known to be true. Opinions are personal beliefs which may or may not be true .It is important to distinguish between facts and opinions in arguments. An argument consisting only of opinions will not be convincing to your reader. See the following sentences:1The sun rises in the east2Qing Dao is a city in Shan Dong Province.3Qing Dao is a beautiful city.4The Ghost Show, which is broadcast on Friday nights, is a terrible programExercise 1Which of the following statements are facts or opinions?lOnly weak people smoke cigarettes.2There is a drastic statistic relationship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.3 Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer.How to support an Argument（如何支撑论点）When you write an argument, you must try to convince your reader that your points are correct and reasonable. To do so you must provide strong support for your arguments. Here are some ways of supporting an argument（你应该通过一些途径支撑论点，举例法,给出相关的理由或者事实，引用事实，或适当的过度词，等）1 Supporting an argument by giving lots of examples2Supporting an argument by giving relevant and accurate reasons or facts as evidence.3Supporting an argument by giving a quotation.4Supporting an argument by using transitional words and phrases that signal your supporting evidence. 5Supporting an argument by expressing your opinion in a clear way in a topic sentence. 6supporting an argument by mentioning a source.一Giving examplesRevolutions which overthrow despotic governments by violent means often end by establishing another kind of despotism. A good example is the French Revolution of 1789, which began as an expression of democratic will, and ended by establishing Napoleon as of the Emperor of the French.Write two relevant supporting statements for each of the sentences below.1 Public money should be spent on persuading people to give up smoking2Drinking and driving don't mixUp to 75% of fatal road accidents involve alcoholPeople drink much more when they are worried.A quotation may consist of a word , phrase ,sentence ,paragraph or longer expression from the text of another writer. Quoting an authority on a subject is a way of reinforcing an argument and strengthening a point of view. Quotations also add colour and feeling to writing. But take care not to overwork the technique. It is unnecessary to substantiate every assertion you make by bolstering it up with a quotation. Select the quotations and use them sparingly.'"Prevention is better than cure”"Actions speak louder than words”The transitional words and phrases used in an argumentative writing include to begin with ,first ,next, because, since, more important, furthermore , besides, etcEg An earlier age of retirement has certain advantagesA More opportunities for jobs for younger peopleB Ambitious younger workers would be reach the top without a lot of older people blocking the way.A good topic sentence of an argumentative essay ought to be clear and to the point. It can be placed at the beginning or in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.Eg School athletes should take part in school sports but should not be excused from taking a full schedule of other subjects. Athletes should not base all their hopes on having sports careers. Dr Brown , the distinguished basketball star, pointed out that all school athletes should prepare for an alternative career ,because sports life is not long and mostly, only a small number of these athletes might succeed in this career .......................................Eg As Professor Hones points out that in an increasingly technological society, some form of tertiary training is fast becoming essential.Experimental work undertaken in this country suggests that .............How to Organize an argument 怎样组织论点A good argument has to be effectively organized so that your reader can follow the chain of argument and convinced by it. In academic writing two methods are commonly used. They are called the deductive method and the inductive method. When we use the deductive method, the main statement is made at the beginning followed by a supporting statement or statements. When we use the inductive method it is effective to outline the evidence first and present the main the point last as a conclusion.Eg Ask most people what causes strikes and they will probably say: more money. In fact, there are many causes of strikes. Moreover, a single strike could have a number of causes rather than a single cause.Obviously, the demand of more money is a major cause of strikes. A second cause is the demand for improving working conditions. But "working conditions,, covers many things. It includes the physical environment of the workplace, such as the quality of eating and recreational facilities, together with the safety and cleanliness of the workplace itself, '"working conditions^, also includes the psychological climate of the workplace.Quite often when a strike is called the official reason given is inadequate pay. But industrial psychologists have found that this may be disguising the real reasons. Such reasons might be the unpleasant attitude of a supervisor or a company official, or it might be the tedium of highly repetitive work.Furthermore, the workers themselves may not be aware of "hidden" reason. They may only be aware of general dissatisfaction, and '"inadequate pay" may just be a convenient excuse for expressing that dissatisfaction.In addition to expressing dissatisfaction, strikes have the effect of breaking the monotony of repetitive work.In conclusion, although demanding for more money is usually the main reason of strikes, there are also some other reasons.How to refute an argument 怎样反驳论点If there were no evidence for an alternative point of view, there would be no need for argument. A good argument always takes the opposing point of view seriously. If this were not the case, the argument would be more like a quarrel, consisting of the exchange of opinions and prejudices without support from evidence or reasoning. When you are writing, your refutation should do one of the following: Re—state the opinionCorrect your opponent's facts（修正或者改正对方的观点）Deny that counterargument is related to the topic 否认驳论与主题有关Indicate that the counterargument is insufficient（指出驳论不足）When you want to refute an argument, you need to restate the opinion, so the person you are writing to can understand. To show that we don't personally hold the opinions we intend to refute, we often write as reported speechEg 1 Some people assert that all pop music is rubbish.2It is ridiculous to say that English ought to be taught everywhere3It used to be stated that there were jobs which women were physically incapable of doingYour opponent5 facts ---Some people say that cutting trees harms the environment and destroys valuable natural resources.Your correction--- Selective harvesting is actually good for forests and for people because it increases productivity and provides jobs and timber.Deny that the counterargument is related to the topicWhen the topic is something about '"insufficient public transportation" and the writer's purpose is to persuade people to agree with the idea of changing and expanding the bus system ,but the writer talks a lot about the nice drivers and free fare for university students, it shows that his argument is irrelevant. You can write : '"Although nice drivers and free fare for students is true, it is not related to the topic.”Indicate that the counterargument is insufficientWrite a statement for each statement to show that the following ideas are insufficient1Cutting trees causes erosion and landslides, and destroys natural resources.2Cars are very convenient. It can be fairly quick to send you to anywhere you want to go.。